Paradojas en la representación documental. El trabajo fotográfico de Maya Goded

7/23/2019 Paradojas en la representacin documental. El trabajo fotogrfico de Maya Goded.

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WEKVG]_KALA ELOKDEL@ LWQEDCL AG CZKOD

FLOW@QLA AG FK@D_DFL [ @GQ]L_RD_N]LAD GE JK_QD]KL AG@ L]QG

RL]LADHL_ GE @L ]GR]G_GEQLOKE ADOWCGEQL@%

G` q}lmlhd fdqdn}fkod ag Cl{l Ndaga%

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CZKOD, OKWALA WEKVG]_KQL]KL, =2


2/98

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Keq}dawooke% Ge mwsol ag `l cgeqk}l { g` g}}d} Ode dq}ls rl`lm}ls rg}d }gfk}eadsg l `d

ckscd, @lw}l Ndex`gx jlm`l sdm}g `l }gl`kala odesq}wkal ag `l sknwkgeqg cleg}l8

Lwe|wg rwgag lfk}cl}sg |wg `l fdqdn}lfl fweokdel odcd qgsqkcdekd ag `l }gl`kala,

qlcmke gs okg}qd `d odeq}l}kd8 rwgag fl`skfkol} g` qgsqkcdekdG` }gl`kscd ag `l

6O`cgeq ]dssgq, Gso}kqw}l { }gl`kala, ge@d }gl`% Q}lqlad ag `l kakdqgx, Vl`geokl, R}g#Qgzqds, =221, rFlmkd`l Rl`lrl \wkhls, @l fdqdn}lfl gs we kesq}wcgeqd ag egndokloke ode `l }gl`kala, sdsqkgeg HdleFdeqowmg}ql, Rg}kakod @l Hd}elal, Czkod ; ag edvkgcm}g ag =2


9/98

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fdqdn}lfl ed gs wel owl`kala kejg}geqg, sked we r`leqglckgeqd ow`qw}l`%: Gs egogsl}kd

geqdeogs, qgeg} wel rdsqw}l o}qkol, d rd} `d cgeds r}golvkal owlead sg lel`kxle `ls

kcngegs fdqdn}fkols rl}qkgead skgcr}g ag `l r}gcksl |wg sqls rwgage sg} }gfg}geqgs

ak}goqds ag `l }gl`kala rg}d qlcmke { l` ckscd qkgcrd ag `l kclnkeloke, ag `l fkooke,

ag `l odesq}wooke ag dq}ls }gl`kalags% Wel odesq}wooke sdokl` |wg al owgeql ag `ds

sksqgcls skcm`kods ode `ds |wg wel sdokgala, ow`qw}l d rdol agqg}ckelal sg odesq}w{g

l s ckscl odcd kageqkala ge sws sksqgcls ow`qw}l`gs, vl`d}gs { ed}cls cd}l`gs,

o}ggeokls, gqo%;


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:

vg}lokala g` qgzqd koekod sg r}gsgeql { odcr}dcgqg odcd we }grd}qg q}lesrl}geqg ag

`ds lodeqgokckgeqds% G` keq}r}gqg rd} sw rl}qg, sg odcr}dcgqg l logrql} `ls kcngegs

odcd wel }gfg}geokl slqksfloqd}kl ag `l agedqloke%


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`gooke, cdag`d ag agcdsq}loke%


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]gmgol Cde}d{ Els}, Ag` cgakd qded l` l`qd odeq}lsqg8 @l fdqdn}lfl cgzkolel ag


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24/98

==

]gmgol Cde}d{ Els} `d l}nwcgeql ag `l sknwkgeqg fd}cl8

G` adowcgeql` { g` fdqdrg}kdakscd sg geq}gcgxo`le, sdm}g qdad, owlead `dslwqd}gs *d `ds gsqwakdsds+ ed qkgege o`l}d g` wsd sdokl` l` |wg sg} agsqkelal `lkclnge, ske gcml}nd, owlead `l gsogel gs olrqw}lal mlhd g` r}gogrqd ag |wg gsfloqkm`g sw rwm`koloke {, rd} geag, }gsrdeag l okg}qls egogskalags d `eglsgakqd}kl`gs, ge gsg cdcgeqd rlsl l fd}cl} rl}qg ag `ds lel`gs ag` rg}kdakscdn}fkod% Gsql `egl gs ag wel swqk`gxl ql` |wg, f}gowgeqgcgeqg, sg agsakmwhl% _gjle gso}kqd vl}kds `km}ds |wg gvdole `ls mdealags { q}lcrls |wg rwgag lol}}gl}`l kclnge% _g jl agsckqkfkolad sw ol}oqg} ag adowcgeqd fkg` ag `l }gl`kala,

rg}d qlcmke sg jl odcr}dmlad sw olrlokala adowcgeql`, skgcr}g { owlead sglel`koge `ds g`gcgeqds keqesgods { gzq}esgods ag `l kclnge { sg odcr}geal

|wg, lagcs ag sg} we adowcgeqd, odeqkgeg ag sw{d g`gcgeqds vkswl`gs |wgagmge sg} lmd}alads agsag rg}srgoqkvls ag le`ksks akfg}geqgs l `ls ag fwgeqgsq}lakokdel`gs%=:

Og}}lad g` rl}eqgsks, }gqdcgcds `l akvkske |wg sg vkvk { |wg ag l`nwel fd}cl sknwg

vkngeqg, geq}g `ds fdqn}lfds adowcgeql`gs d ag r}gesl { l|wg``ds |wg wqk`kxle g` cgakd

ge aksow}sds l}qsqkods ge `d |wg rdsqg}kd}cgeqg sg odedok odcd fdqdn}lfl odeogrqwl`,

odesq}wkal, fkookdel`, gqo% Olmg }god}al} g` odeqgzqd ge `ds sgsgeql { sgqgeql

*]gvd`woke owmlel, cdvkckgeqds gsqwakleqk`gs, nwg}}l ag Vkgqelc+, adeag `ds

aksow}sds kagd`nkods cl}ol}de n}le rl}qg ag `ds q}lmlhds adowcgeql`gs ag `l rdol { ge

odesgowgeokl wel aksqleokl { }gojlxd ode `ds q}lmlhds ag fdqn}lfds l}qksqls% Ge :

{


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=1

ckscd kekok l fkel`gs ag `l aolal ag `ds sgsgeql% ?2 G` jksqd}klad} D`kvkg} Agm}dksg sg

}gfkg}g ag `l sknwkgeqg cleg}l l `l kcrd}qleokl ag akojl gzrdskoke8 @l gzrdskoke ag`

Ql``g} ag `l @wx, cl}ol g` r}keokrkd ag wel ewgvl cleg}l ag odcr}geag} `l fdqdn}lfl%

Lm}k `l rwg}ql l wel }gedvloke ag fdead ag `ls r}oqkols { ag` kclnkel}kd ag`

cgakd%?< Rl}l `ls sknwkgeqgs mkgel`gs ge


27/98

=7

Godeckol gsqwvd l sw ol}nd geq}g dq}ls ql}gls q}lsogeageqgs% Ge od`lmd}loke ode

Voqd} F`d}gs D`gl, |wkge geolmgxlml g` }goke o}glad Odesghd Elokdel` rl}l `l Ow`qw}l

{ `ls L}qgs, Rlm`d D}qx Cdelsqg}kd d}nlekx we ecg}d kcrd}qleqg ag gzrdskokdegs {

gvgeqds odcd `ls og`gm}lokdegs ag `ds


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=:

]dsl`kea I}lwss { Leegqqg Ckojg`sde ge 6 sg odevk}qk ge we }gfg}geqg qleqd rl}l

l}qksqls odcd o}qkods g kevgsqknlad}gs, |wkgegs odcgexl}de l rdeg} lqgeoke ge `ls

fd}cls gcg}ngeqgs ag }gr}gsgeqloke { agodesq}wooke ag `l kclnge |wg kcr`kole `ls

r}oqkols odeqgcrd}egls `knlals l` rdscdag}ekscd% Dq}ds kevgsqknlad}gs g

jksqd}klad}gs odcd Adwn`ls O}kcr, Hdje Qlnn, O}ksqdrjg} Rjk``krs, Mgelhlcke

Mwoj`dj, Jl` Fdsqg} geq}g dq}ds, fwg}de qlcmke od`lmd}lad}gs ag `l kef`w{geqg

rwm`koloke% Cwojds ag `ds qgzqds ag gsqds rg}sdelhgs fwg}de agokskvds rl}l |wg `ds

kevgsqknlad}gs { ow}lad}gs ge Czkod, aolals cs ql}ag *sdm}g qdad ge `l aolal ag

`ds edvgeql+, g`gvl}le l we r}kcg}skcd r`led `ls kcngegs mlslals ge `l fkooke, ls

odcd ds aksow}sds lwqd}}gfg}geokl`gs%

Cwgsq}l ag g``d sde `l cl{d}l ag r}gckds ag la|wkskoke { q}lmlhds

sg`gookdelads ag `ls mkgel`gs agsag geqdeogs, ls odcd g` ecg}d ag gzrdskokdegs,

rwm`kolokdegs { gesl{ds agakolads l` q}lmlhd ag fdqn}lfds odeqgcrd}egds |wg mlsle

sws aksow}sds ge `l }gq}kol rdscdag}el% Olcmkle `ds keqg}gsgs ag we mwge ecg}d ag

fdqn}lfds, |wg drqle rd} vg}sg l s ckscds d kevgeql} }gl`kalags |wg ed qgenle |wg vg}

ode `l adowcgeqloke, sk lolsd sd`d, odcd jg}}lckgeql ag l}qksqls, r}gokslcgeqg rl}l

adowcgeql} lookdegs gfcg}ls odcd g` rg}fd}cleog, adeag `l dm}l sg odevkg}qg,

k}ekolcgeqg, ge g` dmhgqd fdqdn}fkod *odcd }gfg}geqg ag `d }gl`+ |wg }gnksq}l gsls

lookdegs% @l fkooke rwgag sg} skcw`qeglcgeqg g` qgcl, g` sdrd}qg, g` d}knge, g`

odeqgzqd, `l grkag}cks { g` sknekfkolad ag wel kclnge% @l fdqdn}lfl sg r}gsgeql odcd

adowcgeqd ag we jgojd gsqqkod r}gvkd%?7 Jlml sw}nkad `l ewgvl ngeg}loke ag

fdqn}lfds l}qksqls, olqlrw`qlads rd} `ls odeakokdegs flvd}lm`gs ag` Ogeq}d ag `l

?7Hwle Leqdekd Cd`kel, Rl}ladhls, rl}lakncls, \w gsq rlslead ode `l fdqdn}lfl ge Czkod4, ge

Olq`dnd ZKKK Mkgel` ag Fdqdn}lfl% Czkod, =22:, Ogeq}d ag `l Kclnge, OGEL]Q, ODELOW@QL, r


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32/98

?2

gs okg}qd |wg gcrgx l ngeg}l`kxl}sg we gsqkncl jlokl `l fdqdn}lfl adowcgeql` rd}|wg

sg rwsd ag cdal `l odesq}wooke lwqd}}gfg}geokl` ge `l kclnge% Hwle Leqdekd Cd`kel sg

}gfkg}g l` ol}oqg} odeogrqwl`ksql ag` ewgvd adowcgeql`kscd% @l fdqdn}lfl

`lqkedlcg}kolel rl}gog gsql} odeakokdelal rd} `l lmwealeokl ag gsqg qkrd ag dm}ls

lwqd}}gfg}geokl`gs olsk qlwqd`nkols# |wg odevkg}qge l `l kclnge ge g` qgcl { g` dmhgqd

ag `l kclnge% ?>

G` f}nk` g|wk`km}kd geq}g r}drwgsqls adowcgeql`gs { odeogrqwl`gs, sg vgel

alead qlcmke ode `l og`gm}loke ag `ls mkgel`gs ag fdqdrg}kdakscd d}nlekxlals rd}

Ge}k|wg Vk``lsgd}, ckscls |wg l rl}qk} qlcmke ag sw sgnweal gakoke ge


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?7

egogsl}klcgeqg qgenle |wg gsql} swrgakqlads l `ds keqg}gsgs { }gn`ls ag` cg}olad ag`

l}qg% Ge g` odeqgzqd ag` q}lmlhd |wg sg vkgeg }gl`kxlead ge `ls r}kcg}ls aolals ag` skn`d

ZZK ge Czkod, ske awal, jl{ r}drwgsqls |wg sg agsl}}d``le mlhd wel ewgvl cleg}l ag

jlog} fdqdn}lfl adowcgeql` keagrgeakgeqg, `dn}lead we sled g|wk`km}kd geq}g `l

}gr}gsgeqloke ag `l }gl`kala { wel r}gdowrloke rd} `l gzr}gske swmhgqkvl cgakleqg `l

wqk`kxloke ag akfg}geqgs gsq}lqgnkls |wg sg odegoqle ode dq}ls aksokr`kels% Qlcmke

`dn}le vkskmk`kxl} sw q}lmlhd ge akfg}geqgs ekvg`gs, jlokgead wsd ag akvg}sds sdrd}qgs,

fd}clqds { fd}cls ag gzjkmkoke, |wg rg}ckqge wel egndokloke geq}g `l fdqd vksql odcd

jg}}lckgeql ag odcwekoloke { ageweokl, { l` ckscd qkgcrd lr}dvgojl} `l akfwske {

r}dcdoke kesqkqwokdel` |wg kcr`kol `l fdqd ge g` cwsgd% G` q}lmlhd ag Cl{l Ndaga gs

we olsd gcm`gcqkod ge gsqg sgeqkad { loqwl`cgeqg g` cs }godedokad l ekvg`

keqg}elokdel` rd} sw odcr}dcksd ge `l adowcgeqloke ag `l odeakoke jwclel agsag

wel rg}srgoqkvl odeqgcrd}egl%

=% Cl{l Ndaga% *Czkod, A%F, + Kefleokl gs agsqked

Cl{l Ndaga rg}qgegog l `l ngeg}loke ag hvgegs fdqn}lfds |wg gcg}nkg}de

r}gokslcgeqg ge g` odeqgzqd ag `ds r}kcg}ds lds ag` Ogeq}d ag `l Kclnge l cgaklads

ag `ds edvgeql% L akfg}geokl ag `l cl{d} rl}qg ag sws od`gnls ag ngeg}loke, sdm}g qdad

cwhg}gs1:, Cl{l Ndaga drq rd} `l fdqdn}lfl adowcgeql` odcd vgjow`d rl}l gzr}gsl}

sws r}gdowrlokdegs cs eqkcls agsag `l ekgx, l q}lvs ag` odeqloqd { `l ck}lal ode `ds

dq}ds, ge vgx ag wqk`kxl} `l fdqdn}lfl fkookdelal ag fd}cl lwqd}}gfg}geokl`% Jl{ we

akojd rdrw`l} ag}kvlad ag `ds gsqwakds ag rskodle`ksks }gl`kxlads rd} F}gwa, g` owl`

lsgvg}l |wg kefleokl gs agsqked% Okg}qd d ed, ge g` olsd ag Cl{l Ndaga gs keegnlm`g

1:Lel Olsls, Ilq{l M}lk`dvsi{, La}klel Ol`lql{wa, Qlqklel Rl}og}d, geq}g dq}ls%


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?6

|wg sws leqgogageqgs g kef`wgeokl flck`kl} cl}ol}de sw vkske sdm}g `l vkal { `ds

r}drskqds ag sw q}lmlhd rg}sdel` odcd fdqn}lfl% Jkhl ag wel leq}dr`dnl

gsqladwekagesg |wkge sg gelcd} ag `l ow`qw}l cgzkolel, ge gsrgokl` ag `l leqknwl

okvk`kxloke cgsdlcg}kolel |wg Ndaga ``gvl rd} edcm}g% _w rla}g, cgzkoled, jkhd ag

gsrld`gs }grwm`koleds9 lagcs ag `l }gfg}geokl ak}goql ode g` jksq}kod gzk`kd rd} g`

lodsd f}le|wksql, fwg rg}sgnwkad rd`qkod rd} sws egzds ode g` Rl}qkad Odcweksql ge `ds

sgqgeql% Gs oden}wgeqg geqdeogs sw keo`keloke rd} `ls owgsqkdegs sdokl`gs { sw

r}gdowrloke rd} geodeq}l} we cgakd ag gzr}gske |wg rg}ckqkg}l odcwekol}, ageweokl}

`ls skqwlokdegs ag kehwsqkokl ag `ls |wg sg jlm`lml ge sw olsl agsag wel rdskoke rd`qkol

ag kx|wkg}al, `d |wg ed sknekfko |wg g``l sg lajk}kg}l l ekene rl}qkad rd`qkod cs

ql}ag% Cl{l Ndaga owgeql ge geq}gvksql }gl`kxlal rd} @lw}l Ndex`gx,1; |wg ag ekl

qgel r}dm`gcls ag `genwlhg, `g odsqlml cwojd q}lmlhd gzr}gsl}sg d}l`cgeqg ode f`wkagx,

skqwloke |wg r}drkok |wg aw}leqg qdal sw kefleokl { lad`gsogeokl wqk`kxl}l `l rkeqw}l

odcd fd}cl ag gzr}gske, cdqkvlal qlcmke rd} `l lfkoke ag sw rla}g l gsql ckscl

aksokr`kel l}qsqkol, |wkge keo`wsd q}lmlh we qkgcrd ode g` cw}l`ksql Alvka L`fl}d

_k|wgk}ds%

L rgsl} ag sw ol}oqg} }gsg}vlad, g` jgojd ag rlsl} qgcrd}lals ode `l flck`kl

rlqg}el, }grwm`koleds, lqgds, lrlskdelads rd} `l rd`qkol9 { rd} g` dq}d `lad, g` vklhl}

odesqleqgcgeqg l Ewgvl [d}i { odevkvk} ode `l flck`kl clqg}el, agsogeakgeqgs ag

kql`kleds, olq`kods, fgsqkvds |wg `g rg}ckqk al}sg owgeql ag akfg}geqgs }gl`kalags,

lodsqwcm}l}sg l odevkvk} { qd`g}l} akvg}sds rweqds ag vksql g keqg}gsl}sg rd} `l vkal ag

`ds agcs% Ed }gsw`ql gzq}ld |wg agokakg}l lds cs ql}ag gsqwakl} sdokd`dnl, { |wg

agsrws `l aghl}l rl}l keow}skdel} ge g` aksgd n}fkod { fkel`cgeqg geodeq}l}l ge `l

1;Cl{l Ndaga ge ge}gvksql }gl`kxlal rd} @lw}l Ndex`gx, vg} lreakog, r >;%


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?>

fdqdn}lfl g` cgakd kagl` rl}l odedog} `wnl}gs { rg}sdels, odevkvk} ode akfg}geqgs

ow`qw}ls { gsql} ge `l ol``g, #|wg sgne sws r}drkls rl`lm}ls#, gs `d |wg cs `g nwsql%

@l fdqd ed g}l agsodedokal rl}l Ndaga ge sw kefleokl, {l |wg sw clc q}lmlhlml ode

gsqg cgakd ge sws gzrgakokdegs odcd leq}dr`dnl ge `l xdel sw} ag` rls, { rd} dq}l

rl}qg, ag cleg}l cs ak}goql qwvd wel kef`wgeokl ag sw qd rlqg}ed eng` Ndaga,

lflclad okegfdqn}lfd, |wkge jl od`lmd}lad ge cs ag |wkeog rg`ow`ls l` `lad ag

ak}goqd}gs odcd Rlw` @gawo, L}qw}d ]krsqgke, Fg`krg Olxl`s, Hwle Leqdekd ag `l ]kvl,

Hds @wks Nl}ol Ln}lx, geq}g dq}ds% Cl{l Ndaga qwvd sw r}kcg} log}olckgeqd fd}cl`

ode `l fdqdn}lfl ge `l Gsowg`l Loqkvl ag Od{dloe ge


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?;

=%, r :;%


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1

Ls, Cl{l Ndaga gsqlm`gog wel }g`loke rg}sdel` keqgesl |wg rg}ckqg, ed s`d odedog}

`l fd}cl ag vkal { skqwloke ag `ds swhgqds fdqdn}lfklads, sked qlcmke rg}olql}eds ag

wel cleg}l ag vg} cw{ rl}qkow`l} { }godedog}`l l q}lvs ag `ds }gq}lqds f}deql`gs |wg

}gl`kxl% Owlead vgcds `ds }dsq}ds ag sws kcngegs, ed s`d gsqlcds ck}ead`ds l g``ds,

77O`lwak Ol}}g}ls, Cl{l Ndaga, ge Odevg}slokdegs ode fdqn}lfds cgzkoleds, r :;%

76O`cgeq ]dssgq, @d }gl` { sw }gr}gsgeqloke, ge@d }gl`% Q}lqlad ag `l kakdqgx, Vl`geokl, R}g#Qgzqds,=221, r, Hds ag` Vl`, R}gsgeqloke, geCl{l Ndaga, Qkg}}l egn}l, Czkod, Odesghd Elokdel` rl}l l Ow`qw}l{ `ls L}qgs, Ak}gooke Ngeg}l` ag Ow`qw}ls Rdrw`l}gs, @wxmg`, %


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1=

sked kegvkqlm`gcgeqg eds kclnkelcds l `l fdqn}lfl ag`leqg ag g``ds, slmkgead ag

leqgcled |wg r}drkok skqwlokdegs { `gs rkak agqg}ckelals lookdegs rl}l gvkageokl}

qlcmke `d |wg g``l |wg}l cdsq}l}eds ode gsqds adowcgeqds% Gsql keqg}vgeoke, `ghds ag

lfgoql} g` gsqlqws adowcgeql`, `g rg}ckqg gzr}gsl} ag wel cleg}l cs rg}sdel` `d |wg

gsq dmsg}vlead% @ds }gq}lqds geqdeogs la|wkg}ge wel akcgeske swmhgqkvl, r}dawoqd ag

`l }g`loke gsq}gojl ode `ls rg}sdels *|wg ed rg}sdelhgs+ { ag `l keqg}looke |wg sg

gsqlm`gog ge g` loqd fdqdn}fkod% Ge gsqg sgeqkad, sk mkge gs okg}qd |wg `l l`qg}kala rwgag

sg} }gr}gsgeqlal cgakleqg `l fkooke, cgakleqg `l odesq}wooke ag rg}sdelhgs |wg rwgage

gsql} mlslads ge skqwlokdegs }gl`gs, gs ge g` adowcgeql` |wg `l }gr}gsgeqloke ag` dq}d

la|wkg}g cl{d} rdqgeokl skcr`gcgeqg rd} sw }gfg}geqg ode `l }gl`kala% G` gsqlqws ag`

Dq}d odcd r}d{gooke d flm}koloke, swrdeg |wg `l fkooke o`skol qkgeg wel ged}cg

akfkow`qla rl}l }gr}gsgeql} dq}ls ow`qw}ls fwg}l ag sw fweoke ageq}d ag we sksqgcl ag

drdskoke g kageqkala@d |wg sknwg ske sg} }gr}gsgeqlm`g gs `l akfg}geokl ag` Dq}d%7:

Wel r}gdowrloke |wg `l lodcrll} odcd dmsgske l `d `l}nd ag qdad sw q}lmlhd, gs `l

}gr}gsgeqloke ag `l fwg}xl { cksqg}kd |wg geokg}}l `d fgcgeked ge we rls { ow`qw}l |wg

sg jle agsl}}d``lad mlhd we gs|wgcl n`dml` ag adckeloke clsow`kel% R}ghwkokds,

gsqkncls g kagd`dnl ag rdag} sdm}g `l cwhg}, sg jle ngeg}lad { }glfk}clad l q}lvs ag

kcngegs ag` owg}rd fgcgeked odcd dmhgqd sgzwl`, ge `ds cgakds ag odcwekoloke { `l

rwm`kokala% Olal sdokgala g`lmd}l, l rl}qk} ag wel agqg}ckelal odscdvkske, sws

r}drkls }gr}gsgeqlokdegs { slmg}gs sdm}g g` owg}rd% Geqdeogs, g` owg}rd sg} lmd}alad

ed odcd }gl`kala odesqleqg g kecwqlm`g, sked odcd odesq}woqd ow`qw}l`%7;

Cl{l Ndaga gvkageqgcgeqg }gojlxl gsql vkske { mwsol }gr}gsgeql} l `ls

7:Mk`` Ekojd`s, @l }gr}gsgeqloke adowcgeql` { g` cwead jksq}kod, ge@l }gr}gsgeqloke ag `l}gl`kala, Ml}og`del, Rlkas Odcwekoloke,


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17

Gsqg q}lmlhd ag Ndaga, g` cs q}lsogeageqg ag sw q}l{goqd}kl jlsql ljd}l,

qlcmke }gsrdeag l wel ms|wgal rg}sdel` ag geodeq}l} }gsrwgsqls sdm}g `l }g`loke ag`

owg}rd ode wed ckscd { `ds sknekfkolads |wg `l sdokgala `g vl lsknelead l q}lvs ag

sws q}lesfd}clokdegs% Gsqls ke|wkgqwags sg clnekfkol}de aw}leqg sw r}kcg} gcml}lxd {

sg odevk}qkg}de ge g` cdqd} r}keokrl` rl}l kevd`wo}l}sg keqgeslcgeqg ge `l vkal ag

l`nwels ag gsqls cwhg}gs |wg vkvge skqwlokdegs ag agsknwlàla, akso}kckeloke {

vkd`geokl%

[d |wg}l jlog} we q}lmlhd |wg cg rg}ckqkg}l ljdeal} ge `ls }logs ag `lagsknwlàla, `l q}lesn}gske, g` owg}rd, g` sgzd, `l vk}nkekala, `l clqg}ekala, `l

kefleokl, `l vghgx, g` agsgd { ewgsq}ls o}ggeokls% \wg}l jlm`l} ag lcd} {agslcd}%%% Rg}d sd`d agsrws ag okeod lds ag fdqdn}lfkl}`ls ge sw lcmkgeqggeqgea mkge `d |wg mwsolml8 `ds sgo}gqds { `ds sknekfkolads |wg sg geokg}}le ge gòwg}rd ag `ls cwhg}gs%67

@l }gr}gsgeqloke fdqdn}fkol ag cwhg}gs r}dsqkqwqls ge Czkod qkgeg leqgogageqgs

jksq}kods { gsqqkods |wg sg odegoqle ag l`nwel fd}cl ode g` q}lmlhd ag Ndaga% Ge g`

skn`d ZKZ odcgex g` }gnksq}d fdqdn}fkod ag r}dsqkqwqls odcd fd}cl ag kageqkfkoloke {

odeq}d`% [l ge g` skn`d ZZ, g` l}ojkvd Olslsd`l, Jg}cleds Cl{d, Fdead Alx, Ag`nlad

{ Nl}ol, geq}g dq}ds9 odeqkgege kcngegs ag r}dsqkqwqls ge akfg}geqgs cmkqds% Ls

ckscd, ge g` lwng ag `l fdqdn}lfl vkoqd}klel l r}keokrkds ag` skn`d ZZ, agsqlole

`mwcgs ag fdqn}lfds leekcds sdm}g mw}ag`gs { olsls ag okqls% *Vg} `l od`gooke ag

Lvl Vl}nls, @l olsl ag okqls+% [ ag cleg}l cs }gokgeqg q}lmlhds odcd `ds ag

Odesqleqked _dqg}d, Lnwsqe Cl}qegx Olsq}d { L}ksqgd Hkcegx geq}g dq}ds, ale owgeqlag` }gnksq}d ag r}dsqkqwqls ge akfg}geqgs skqwlokdegs% Ed dmsqleqg, ge qdads `ds olsds,

fwg}de jdcm}gs `ds |wg }gl`kxl}de akojls kcngegs%

G` q}lmlhd ag Cl{l Ndaga, qkgeg `l rl}qkow`l}kala r}kcl}kl ag sg} wel cwhg}

|wkge gsq agq}s ag `l ocl}l% Rgrl ]dcl }gfk}keadsg l` q}lmlhd ag Ndaga, akog8 G`

67Cl{l Ndaga, R}gsgeqloke, geR`lxl ag `l sd`gala, Ml}og`del, @we~g}n gakqd}gs, =226, r


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1;

gefdolads l agsrg}ql} g` agsgd { odeswcd ag cg}oleols% Ge sws kcngegs rd} g`

odeq}l}kd, vgcds }dsq}ds { owg}rds cl}olads r}gokslcgeqg rd} `l sd`gala, `l

agsgsrg}lexl, g` cl`q}lqd, `l lenwsqkl, g` ad`d} { rl}lahkolcgeqg qlcmke ge l`nweds

olsds g` lcd}, `l fwg}xl { `l fg% _g q}lql ag we q}lmlhd |wg ed hwxnl, wel lr}dzkcloke

`km}g l `ds oedegs |wg g` neg}d adowcgeql` rg}ckqg { wel kewswl` }gsd`woke fd}cl`,

ge `l |wg Ndaga gvkql cwojds ag `ds vkokds ag `l gsqqkol adowcgeql`, r}drdekgead wel

n}le f}gsow}l vkswl`% >< Gsql f}gsow}l l `l |wg sg }gfkg}g Fdeqowmg}ql sg agmg l `l

og}olel |wg Cl{l Ndaga `dn} ode gsqls rg}sdels, ed skgead we qgsqknd |wg vg `ls

odsls agsag lfwg}l, d rgd} le, agsag `ghds, odcd cwojds ag `ds fdqn}lfds |wg qkgege

kcngegs sdm}g r}dsqkqwqls { sws geqd}eds% Rd} g` odeq}l}kd, `dn}l we ak`dnd ak}goqd g

eqkcd, gsqlm`gokgead wel keqg}}g`loke ge g` loqd fdqdn}fkod odcd wel gsrgokg ag

keqg}olcmkd ag swmhgqkvkalags% @l fdqn}lfl eds owgeql g` olsd ag Hwlekql rd} ghgcr`d,

wel r}dsqkqwql ag gala lvlexlal, |wg skgcr}g gsq ge `l mleol ag we rl}|wg qghkgead,

odcd `d jloge cwojls lmwg`ls% _ke gcml}nd, l` gsql} ge g` owl}qd ag` jdqg`, f}geqg l `l

ocl}l r}gvkd rlnd rd} sws sg}vkokds, Hwlekql sg agsvksqg, rdsl { sg odevkg}qg ge `l

r}dsqkqwql sgawoqd}l |wg akoql sw dfkokd%

Cl{l Ndaga sg r}gnweql |w gs `l vg}ala ge g` adowcgeql`4, { g``l ckscl

}gsrdeag |wg sg vwg`vg qdad cw{ swmhgqkvd, ed jl{ vg}alags lmsd`wqls% Lwe|wg q}lqd

ag k} ske kagls r}godeogmkals, skgcr}g gsqd{ mwsolead l`nd ge gsrgofkod |wg cg

keqg}gsl { rd} dq}l rl}qg, `ls rg}sdels |wg }gq}lqd, ge gsqg olsd `ls r}dsqkqwqls, qlcmke

``gvle l olmd wel }gr}gsgeqloke ag `d |wg g``ls |wkg}ge cdsq}l} rl}l c% L` fkel` gs we

hwgnd ag }gr}gsgeqloke ag `d |wg |wg}gcds sg} { ocd |wg}gcds sg} vksqds%>= _k mkge

>


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72

gs okg}qd |wg ge gsqds }gq}lqds sg cwgsq}l wel }gr}gsgeqloke |wg gs r}dawoqd ag `l

keqg}looke geq}g `ls r}dsqkqwqls { `l fdqn}lfl, ed sg gsq kevgeqlead dq}l }gl`kala% Gs

agok}, `l gsogekfkoloke ge qdad olsd, sg `kckql l `ls loqkqwags, rdsqw}ls d enw`ds ag `l

ocl}l% Rg}d ed gsqlcds leqg kcngegs |wg rwak}lcds agfkek} odcd fkoqkokls d

odesq}wkals% Ge gsql sg}kg, sg rdeg ag clekfkgsqd gsg agsglad, swqk` g|wk`km}kd geq}g

}gl`kala { fkooke ge `ls ewgvls fd}cls ag lmd}al} g` adowcgeql`% Gs rd} g``d, |wg

owlead vgcds gsqls kcngegs, ed kcrd}qlead sk gs `l r}kcg}l d `l vknskcl vgx, eds

slowag `l odeqweageokl ag wel }gl`kala sdokl` |wg slmgcds |wg gzksqg rg}d ed eds

kclnkelcds d ed |wg}gcds ek rgesl} ge `ls skenw`l}kalags { agql``gs |wg sde kcròkqls

ag gsl }gl`kala% Rd} cgakd ag gsqds }gq}lqds gs |wg eds gef}geqlcds l jksqd}kls ag vkal {

agso}krokdegs od}rd}l`gs |wg sde akfok`gs ag lskck`l}, sdm}g qdad owlead g` dhd gsq

lodsqwcm}lad l vg} `l agsewagx ge kcngegs, agsag wel rg}srgoqkvl gsqqkol, mlslal ge

`l }gr}gsgeqloke g}qkol ag owg}rds hvgegs { ske kcrg}fgookdegs% @l rdm}gxl, `l

fglàla, `l }wkel { `l q}ksqgxl rg}qgegoge l we r`led ag `l }gl`kala |wg jksq}kolcgeqg sg

jl cleqgekad l` cl}nge ag `l }gr}gsgeqloke% @l }gr}gsgeqloke gs we ghg}okokd ag

r}gsqknkd rl}l `d }gr}gsgeqlad%>?

Gsqds }gq}lqds rwgage olwsl} sd}r}gsl, keodcdakala, cd`gsqkl { ge l`nweds

olsds, keakneloke% @d |wg gs sgnw}d, gs |wg eweol r}dvdol}e keakfg}geokl% Gsqls

kcngegs ed sde dmsogels ge we sgeqkad rd}edn}fkod, ske gcml}nd lqw}age rd} `l

f}le|wgxl { sgeok``gx ode `l |wg sde cdsq}lads gsds owg}rds ode jwg``ls ag wel vkal

``gel ag swf}kckgeqds% Ed dmsqleqg g` kcrloqd |wg olwsl dmsg}vl} agql``lalcgeqg gsqds

owg}rds, `d |wg cs odecwgvg sde `ls ck}lals ag ad`d} { vlod ode `ls owl`gs eds

kageqkfkolcds ed rd}|wg egogsl}klcgeqg odcrl}qlcds gsl odeakoke ag vkal, sked

skcr`gcgeqg rd} }godedog}eds ge gsls ck}lals odcd sg} jwcleds vwèg}lm`gs {

>?Hwle Leqdekd Cd`kel, Agsag |wg sg fwg}de ls rwqls, ge jqqr8$$rlnkelgem`leod#hwle%m`dnsrdq%odc$


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7=

|wg qkgeg g` adowcgeql`ksql sdm}g sw dmhgqd% L|w keqg}vkgege cwojds floqd}gs l

odeskag}l} odcd `ls fd}cls ag lr}dzkcloke *sk sg owgeql ode g` rg}cksd d ed ag `ls

rg}sdels |wg sg gsq fdqdn}lfklead+, `ds fkegs d r}drskqds ag `l adowcgeqloke {

qlcmke g` odeqgzqd ag `l rwm`koloke d ok}ow`loke ag `ls kcngegs% [l cgeokde ge

rnkels leqg}kd}gs l`nwels ag `ls o}qkols |wg sg jle jgojd l` adowcgeql` rd} sw

r}do`kvkala l `l agr}galoke { drd}qwekscd% _ke gcml}nd, gsqd{ odevgeokad |wg wel

rl}qg fwealcgeql` ge qdal r}oqkol adowcgeql` |wg sg odeskag}g qkol, qgea} |wg gsql}

mlslal ge g` }gsrgqd rg}d qlcmke { sdm}g qdad, ge l`nwel fd}cl ag od`lmd}loke {

rl}qkokrloke ode g` swhgqd d odcwekala ge adeag sg gsq ``gvlead l olmd akojl r}oqkol%

G` olcked cs lagowlad rl}l g` adowcgeql`ksql ed gs jlm`l} ge edcm}g ag, sked

geodeq}l} we g|wk`km}kd geq}g `l dmsg}vloke ag `l skqwloke lhgel { `l gzr}gske ag`

rweqd ag vksql r}drkd, |wg agmg keod}rd}l} l`ne qkrd ag cl}od ag le`ksks ag `ls olwsls

sdokl`gs { sws }gcgakds% >7

Ndaga geowgeq}l gsg lejg`lad g|wk`km}kd ge sw q}lmlhd, gzr}gseadsg g``l, rg}d

qlcmke r}drkoklead lookdegs odehweqls |wg sg odevkg}qge ge }gl`kalags rl}l wel

cghd}l ge `l ol`kala ag vkal { agfgesl ag `ds ag}gojds ag gsqls cwhg}gs% Rdols sde `ls

r}oqkols adowcgeql`gs |wg sg odcr}dcgqge ag cleg}l qle agokakal { l}}kgsnlal ge

lookdegs |wg sg q}lawxole ge ageweokls ak}goqls d cghd}ls ag` geqd}ed |wg gsqe

adowcgeqlead% Lookdegs |wg }gngeg}ge, mlslals ge `l gsrg}lexl ag }gfwealoke ag l`nd

ewgvd% Loqwl}, ge sw sgeqkad cs ngeg}l`, sknekfkol qdcl} wel kekoklqkvl, odcgexl},

rdeg} l`nd ge cdvkckgeqd%>6 Ge gsqds sd}r}geageqgs, gekncqkods }gq}lqds, Cl{l

Ndaga ed gs s`d qgsqknd { edsdq}ds qlcrdod `d sdcds ge ol`kala ag gsrgoqlad}gs% Eds

>7Cl}qjl ]ds`g}, Gqkol { gsqqkol ag `l fdqdn}lfl adowcgeql`, ge Kcngegs rm`kols% @l fweokerd`qkol ag `l kclnge, Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =22>, r =6;%

>6Jleelj L}geaq, Looke, ge@l odeakoke jwclel, Ml}og`del, Gakokdegs Rlkas Km}kol, =227, r =2>%


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60/98

7:

ghg}okgead Cl{l Ndaga, |wg odcmkel kcngegs { qgzqd, r}drd}okdel we sgeqkad cwojd

cs o`l}d { ak}goqd jlokl `l keqgeoke ode `ls |wg fwg}de }gl`kxlals akojls kcngegs%

Leqg `l lcmkngala { rd`ksgckl ag `ls kcngegs fdqdn}fkols, g` wsd ag qgzqds }gsw`ql

wel gsq}lqgnkl qk` { egogsl}kl rl}l ``gvl} l olmd sgl`lckgeqds o}qkods cs gsrgofkods

ode cwojl cl{d} rdqgeokl%

L`nweds rdods fdqn}lfds odeqgcrd}egds jle q}lmlhlad ag`kmg}lalcgeqg geodeq}l ag `ls gsq}lqgnkls |wg jle odesgnwkad odevg}qk} `l fdqdn}lfl ge we l}qgg`gvladVkeow`le lmkg}qlcgeqg sws fdqdn}lfls ode g` `genwlhg { wqk`kxle `dsqgzqds rl}l leo`l}, odeq}lagok}, }gfd}xl}, swmvg}qk}, odcr`gcgeql}, rl}qkow`l}kxl}d q}lsogeag} `ds sknekfkolads |wg df}goge `ls r}drkls kcngegs%:?

Gsqd gs hwsqlcgeqg `d |wg jlog Ndaga ode sws kcngegs ge `ds cmkqds l}qsqkods

owlead cdeql sws gzrdskokdegs% Ge g` olsd ag `l sg}kg R`lxl ag `l sd`gala, qleqd ge g`

Cwsgd ]gkel _dfl ag Gsrll odcd ge g` Rl`lokd ag Mg``ls L}qgs ag Czkod, cwojls

ag `ls kcngegs gsqlmle lodcrllals ag qgzqds ag `l lwqd}l { qlcmke qgsqkcdekds ag

`ls rg}sdels }gq}lqlals% @l kesql`loke cwsgdn}fkol r}kvk`gnk lagcs, okg}qds gsrlokds

agakolads l gsowojl} qgsqkcdekds d}l`gs% Ge g` olsd gsrgofkod ag gsqls ads

gzrdskokdegs jlml keo`wsd wel rleql``l ode sk``ls rl}l dmsg}vl} we vkagd gakqlad l

rl}qk} ag sgncgeqds ag rg`ow`ls rd}edn}fkols }gl`kxlals rd} `ds r}drkds o`kgeqgs d

rla}dqgs l` keqg}kd} ag `ds owl}qds ag jdqg`, lodcrllad ag wel rksql sded}l ode

rgeslckgeqds { }gf`gzkdegs ag `ls r}dsqkqwqls sdm}g g` lcd}% Cl}qjl ]ds`g}, }gfk}keadsg

l` q}lmlhd ag fdqn}lfds |wg l` knwl` |wg Ndaga wqk`kxle qgzqd ge sws kcngegs { sg

r}gdowrle ge g` eflsks ag` sknekfkolad ag sw q}lmlhd, akog `d sknwkgeqg8

Rl}l gsqds fdqn}lfds, olcmkl} g` aksow}sd sknekfkol }gagfkek} `ls r}gsweokdegskagd`nkols, gsrgokl`cgeqg ge `d |wg }gsrgoql l` sknekfkolad ag` q}lmlhd { ag`q}lmlhlad}, ag `l sgzwl`kala { g` neg}d, { ag `l ck`kqleoklAgmg }gagfkek}sg g`cmkqd ag` adowcgeql` { `l fdqdn}lfl loqkvksql ge sw qdql`kala, agvd`vkead`g

:?L``le _giw`l, -Agscleqg`l} l cdag}ekala, }gkevgeql} g` adowcgeql`% Edqls sdm}g `l rd`qkol ag l

}gr}gsgeqloke-, ge, Hd}ng ]kml`ql, Gfgoqd ]gl` *agmlqgs rdscdag}eds sdm}g fdqdn}lfl+,Ml}og`del,Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =221, r, 17%


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7;

l`nd cs ag sw `gnkqkckala%:1

Qdads gsqds qgzqds { qgsqkcdekds d}l`gs gcr`lxlads ge g` gsrlokd cwsgdn}fkod ag

fd}cl gsq}lqnkol, sg odevkg}qge ge eakogs rdag}dsds |wg odcr`gcgeqle `l }gq}kol

adowcgeql`% M}keale we sgl`lckgeqd cwojd cs gsrgofkod sdm}g `l keqgeokdel`kala ag

`ls kcngegs, gvkqlead `l gsqgqkxloke ag `l agsn}lokl, l` al}`g we sgeqkad o`l}d {

odeqweageqg l` aksow}sd fdqdn}fkod odcd rl}qg ag wel }gr}gsgeqloke adowcgeql` |wg,

vl`nl `l }gawealeokl, ed sd`d }gr}gsgeql sked |wg geweokl { ge cwojds olsds, ageweokl%

Agsrws ag sw sg}kg R`lxl ag `l sd`gala, Cl{l Ndaga jl sgnwkad ode gsql ckscl

keqgeoke ag keo`wske ag qgzqds { qgsqkcdekds ge sws rdsqg}kd}gs sg}kgs% @ls

cdqkvlokdegs sknwge skgead mskolcgeqg `ls ckscls lwe|wg ode l`nwels vl}kleqgs ge `l

qoekol { fd}cls ag lmd}al} `ls skqwlokdegs% Gs edqlm`g |wg ge sws gesl{ds rdsqg}kd}gs

jl{l odcgexlad l q}lmlhl} ode rg`ow`l ge od`d} { ge l`nweds olsds ode fd}clqds

aknkql`gs%

Dq}l ag `ls ol}loqg}sqkols |wg rdagcds agsqlol} ge rl}qg ag sw q}lmlhd cs }gokgeqg, gs

`l keo`wske ag sdekads { vl}kleqgs ge `l fd}cl ag gzjkmkoke ag sws kcngegs% Ndaga

qdcl vgeqlhl ag `ls flok`kalags qoekols |wg m}keal `l qgoed`dnl rl}l r}d{goql}

kcngegs ge mwgel ol`kala, jlokgead wel gakoke ge vkagd ag kcngegs fkhls

lodcrllals ag sdekads n}lmlads ode `l ckscl ocl}l%:7 Ql` gs g` olsd ag `l sg}kg

^g`odcg qd @krsqkoi:6 *=22;+, ge `l |wg Cl{l Ndaga adowcgeql `ds gsrlokds {

lqcsfg}l ag `l xdel }dhl ag ]g{edsl, Qlclw`krls% _g q}lql ag we vkagd }gl`kxlad l

rl}qk} ag kcngegs aknkql`gs fkhls l od`d}, odcd wel gsrgokg ag r}d{gooke ag

:1Cl}qjl ]ds`g}, Lsrgoqds rd`qkods ag l fdqdn}lfl adowcgeql`, geKcngegs rm`kols% @l fweokerd`qkol ag `l kclnge, Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =22>, r%=


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62

aklrdskqkvls ode aksd`vgeokls% G` vkagd gsq gakqlad hweqd ode wel rksql ag lwakd cw{

mkge rdsqr}dawokal, |wg rdeg eflsks ge `ds sdekads lcmkgeql`gs { vdogs ag `ls

r}dsqkqwqls |wg q}lmlhle ge gsqds gsrlokds s}akads `ds |wg rl}goge gsogedn}lfls ag wel

rwgsql ge gsogel ge l`ne rwgm`d fleqlscln}kod { q}wow`geqd%

Ls, g` sdekad sg vwg`vg r}dqlnekod ge g` aksow}sd { q}lesckqg wel sgesloke

cw{ gsrgokl` ag cksqg}kd { lenwsqkl% Gvkageqgcgeqg ed sg}l `d ckscd vg} gsqls

ckscls kcngegs gecl}olals d aksrwgsqls gsqqkolcgeqg ge fkels kcr}gskdegs ge `ls

rl}gags ag wel nl`g}l, ske we qgzqd |wg sgl`g d ske gsqds gekncqkods sdekads% Rd} g`

odeq}l}kd, g` jgojd ag mwsol} ge l`nweds olsds ewgvls fd}cls ag gzjkmkoke, rdqgeokle

qleqd g` aksow}sd odcd g` ecg}d ag gsgrgoqlad}gs {l |wg gsqg ckscd vkagd rwgag sg}

r}d{goqlad ge sdrd}qgs aksqkeqds ge nl`g}ls { cwsgds d qlcmke akfweakad ge cgakds ag

odcwekoloke clskvds odcd `l qg`gvkske g keqg}egq% Gsqd qlcmke fd}cl rl}qg ag `ls

gsq}lqgnkls |wg cwojls r}oqkols l}qsqkols gsqe lr`kolead odcd wel cleg}l ag

geodeq}l} ewgvds gsrlokds |wg rg}ckqle wel akfwske cl{d} ag` q}lmlhd, ls odcd `l

keqgn}loke ag ewgvls jg}}lckgeqls, |wg n}lokls l `l qgoed`dnl, rg}ckqge |wg gsqds

q}lmlhds sg odevkg}qle ge dm}ls cw`qkaksokr`kel}kls%

Gsqg gs g` olsd ag Cl{l, |wg sg akog lrlskdelal l `qkcls fgojls rd} g` sdekad { `ls

kcngegs ge cdvkckgeqd% G` vkagd `g rg}ckqg loqwl`cgeqg odeqkewl} jlokgead `d |wg `g

nwsql, mwsolead dq}d `genwlhg, }gsrdeakgead qlcmke l we agsgd |wg `g rg}sknwg agsag

cw{ hdvge, jlog} okeg% Gsqd{ q}lqlead ag cgxo`l} cs odsls { jlog}`ls cs odcr`ghls%

G` vkagd cg gsq akvk}qkgead { cg gsq ``gvlead rd} vl}kds olckeds |wg l` fkel`

odeawoge l `d ckscd, l odeql} jksqd}kls ag qgcls sdokl`gs rg}d ag dq}l fd}cl% :> Gsqg

log}olckgeqd l ewgvds fd}clqds, sdrd}qgs d cgakds, rl}gog oden}wgeqg { ag l`nwel

fd}cl wel odesgowgeokl `nkol ge sw q}lmlhd% @l aksrdskoke ag qgzqds, qgsqkcdekds

:>Cl{l Ndaga ge geq}gvksql }gl`kxlal rd} @lw}l Ndex`gx, vg} lreakog, r%62


63/98

6


64/98

6=

og}ol, }g`gg} `d |wg eds al l `gg}%:;

@l keow}ske ag Cl{l Ndaga ge g` vkagd { okeg, odkeokag ode `l }gl`kxloke ag gsqg

q}lmlhd ag kevgsqknloke% ]gokgeqgcgeqg sg gzjkmk odcd rl}qg ag `l sg`gooke dfkokl`

ag` Z Fgsqkvl` Keqg}elokdel` ag Okeg ag Cd}g`kl, sw od}qd adowcgeql` Wel}gkel l sw

nwsqd *=2


65/98

6?

|wg sg jle vgekad }gl`kxlead ge Czkod l `qkcls fgojls, sked agsag jlog cwojds lds

ge `l ``lclal q}lakoke adowcgeql`, odesq}wkal rd} gsds j}dgs clsow`keds ag` skn`d

ZZ *Olslsd`l, `vl}gx M}lvd, Elojd @rgx, Rga}d Cg{g}, gqo+% Ed gs olswl` |wg

}gokgeqgcgeqg sg `g jl{l dqd}nlad g` r}gckd R}eokrg O`lws =2


66/98


67/98


68/98

66

Lreakog

@ls kcngegs |wg sg r}gsgeqle l odeqkewloke, fd}cle rl}qg ag `l sg}kg R`lxl ag `l

sd`gala, ge sw cl{d}l gsqe keo`wkals ge `l gakoke fkel` ag` `km}d |wg ``gvl g` ckscdedcm}g% _ke gcml}nd, `ds qgzqds |wg `ls lodcrlle fwg}de }gowrg}lads ag kcr}gskdegs

d}knkel`gs, gecl}olals, |wg ``gvlmle gsds qgzqds% Qleqd `ls kcngegs odcd `ds qgzqds

fwg}de gzjkmkads ge `l gzrdskoke Qdals vd`vgcds l `l ol``g, ge Olsl Lc}kol ag

Cla}ka, Gsrll, ge =22>%


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70/98


71/98


72/98

>2

@l v olckelead { `d r}kcg}d |wg cg vked l `l cgeqg fwg8 |w cwhg} cs sd`l% Welcwhg} keangel |wg l` rg}ag} l sw cl}kad, {l cl{d}, gcrkgxl ode g` dfkokd% Ed jlm`l

mkge g` gsrld`9 qlcrdod jlog cwojd gsfwg}xd rl}l |wg `l geqkgeale, { ge sw ck}lalvgl |wg ed qgel elal cs |wg rg}ag}% Aghlml q}lesow}}k} qdad `d |wg qgel |wg rlsl}rd} sw vkal ske kcrgak} elal% Ge g` rl}|wg adeag q}lmlhl owgeqle |wg owlead gcrgxed odedol mkge `ls }gn`ls, { we o`kgeqg sd`lcgeqg qgel `ds rdods rgsds |wg g``lodm}lml, rg}d ed `g l`olexlml rl}l rlnl} g` jdqg`% Geqdeogs, rl}l ed rg}ag} g` o`kgeqg`d lqgeak ge g` rl}|wg geq}g `ds l}mwsqds% @ls dq}ls cwhg}gs sg gsoleal`kxl}de { `gcleal}de l `l rd`kol% Rls we `l}nd qkgcrd ode g``l% L cgakal |wg kml olcmklead9q}lesow}}kgead g` qkgcrd { sg sgeql lack}lal, sw gzr}gske fwg olcmklead9 kml}ghwvgegokgead%


73/98

>


74/98

>=

Ekl% @l geodeq} ge `l ol``g% Cged} ag gala, rg}d qlcrdod qle ekl rd}|wg ed `lqgele q}lmlhlead lageq}d ag we gakfkokd, gsodeakal% @g alml ckgad qdad8 |wg `gjlm`l}le, |wg sg `g log}ol}le, rg}d ge owleqd sg ags`kxlml rd} `l log}l `l vgls ndxl},

slmkgead |wg agsrg}qlml gzokqloke%

Cg al ckgad sl`k} ag gsql ol``g, ls |wg sd`lcgeqg vgend l gsqg jdqg`% Gs |wg lolmd aggcrgxl} ge gsqg q}lmlhd, cg al ckgad% Ocd s |wg ed jlm} dojd jdcm}gsgsrg}eadcg ge g` owl}qd rl}l clql}cg4 Ow}kdsl, `g agole8 ge gsqg q}lmlhd jl{ |wgqgeg} cwojd od`ck``d%

_g rwsd ag r}deqd r`kal, |wg}l ``d}l}% G` qkgcrd lwqd}kxlad rl}l g` o`kgeqg jlmlqg}ckelad { qgel |wg }gn}gsl} l sw owla}l ge `l |wg ``gvl vkvkgead q}gs cgsgs { |wg gs`d ekod |wg odedog ag `l okwala% _l`k od}}kgead%


75/98


76/98

>1

[d cg swgd ode we jdcm}g cs hdvge, |wg cg |wkg}l cwojd% Vkvkgead ode ck jkhd,ge wel vgokeala, lageq}d ag wel olskql ode rksd ag qkg}}l, cg akhd Ol}cg`kql qdceadsgwel og}vgxl owlead l odedo%

Owlead cks jkhds ``gnl}de l `l lad`gsogeokl, `gs akhg |wg q}lmlhd ag r}dsqkqwql% G``ls `djle logrqlad { g``ds ed% L cks ads jkhls |wg vkvge odecknd, `gs akhg |wg qgel |wgodeql}`gs wel rl}qg ag ck vkal |wg ed odedole9 cg qdc wels odrkqls leqgs { `gs

r}gnweq8 owead {d `gs jg fl`qlad, owead `gs jg cgqkad we jdcm}g ge `l olsl, owead`gs jl fl`qlad l`nd4% G``ls ``d}l}de, { cg akhg}de |wg ed `gs kcrd}qlml ge `d |wgq}lmlhl}l, |wg {d g}l cw{ mwgel cla}g% Ljd}l owlead gsqd{ gelcd}lal, `gs owgeqd lcks jkhls, cg `lcgeqd ode g``ls { cg odeswg`le% Ge gsds cdcgeqds cg nwsql mgmg}%

_kgcr}g leal cw{ g`gnleqg, cg odeqlmle sws odcrlg}ls, skgcr}g qkgeg o`kgeqgs%

Odedo l we jdcm}g |wg cg rg}sgnwl, agol |wg qgel {d cw{ mwge owg}rd, |wgagmg}l cdag`l} }drl keqg}kd} { rda}l ``gnl} l sg} flcdsl% Rg}d elal gs n}lqks, l olcmkdag ck n}le fwqw}d |wg}l qgeg} }g`lokdegs sgzwl`gs ske rlnl}cg%


77/98

>7

Ck flck`kl, cks jkhds, ed slmge ge `d |wg q}lmlhd% Qlcrdod cg nwsql}l l c |wg `dswrkg}le% _d`lcgeqg `d jlnd l vgogs rl}l lodcr`gql} g` nlsqd%


78/98

>6

@l Hl}dojl% Rl}l cwojls cwhg}gs |wg q}lmlhle ge `l ckscl r`lxl, }gr}gsgeql `d |wg

ed `gs nwsql}l ``gnl} l sg}% Ed rwag, gsl cllel, l}qkow`l} wel sd`l odevg}sloke odeg``l% _w agsqked swogal cs }rkad |wg sws agokskdegs% @l l}}lsq}lml `l swrg}vkvkgeoklakl}kl% Ed sg `g rdal qdol}, sg odevg}ql ge we nlqd slolead sws nl}}ls% [d vgl sw

sdcm}l aglcmw`lead, }god}}kgead `ls ol``gs, `wgnd agsoleslead ge `l r`lxl,gsrg}lead |wg sw agsqked sg }grkqkg}l ge dq}d al cs%


79/98

>>

_kgcr}g sg skgeql ge `l ckscl r`lxl, ge g` ckscd `wnl}, ode `ls ckscls odcrlg}ls% L`d cghd} sg lwsgeql rd} weds als, rg}d {d skgcr}g `l jg vksqd lj, agsag jlog we ld%Qghg ckgeq}ls gsrg}l l l`ne o`kgeqg, jdcm}gs |wg ``gvle f}gowgeqead`l vl}kds lds,o`kgeqgs ag odefklexl%


80/98

>:

G}le `ls dojd ag `l cllel% ]god}} vl}kls oleqkels% Jlml cwojls cwhg}gs cw{md}}lojls { ge `l `qkcl `l vk, sgeqlal l` fdead, sd`l, { vgsqkal ode n}le g`gnleokl% @ledojg jlml rlslad, g` }gvgeqe, g` q}lnd, `ls odnkals% Qdolml `l jd}l ag k}sg l `lolsl% Ag r}deqd wel cwhg} sg `gvleql ag sw sk``l { sg `g lvkgeql ode wel mdqg``l,

n}kqead`g |wg `l |wkg}g clql}% Lrl}goge weds jdcm}gs { `ls sgrl}le9 agsrws `lvwg`vg l lqlol}, rg}d ljd}l ode we owojk``d% @ls sgrl}le ag ewgvd { nd`rgle l `lln}gsd}l, cdcgeqd |wg lr}dvgojlcds rl}l k}eds ag` ml}%

Ls `l odedo% [l ge g` jdqg`, sg agscd}del { sw sg}gekala sg odevkg}qg ge }lmkl l `lvkal, ge dakd l `l q}lkoke ag sws odcla}gs% _g skeqg sd`l% Ge gsg cdcgeqd, fwg owleadgcrgx l odeql}cg ag sw dakd { sw agvdoke rd} `l _leql Cwg}qg% Ocd sql sg odm}lode `d cs |wg}kad, { `d rg`kn}dsd |wg gs rgak}`g flvd}gs%

_kgcr}g `l q}lknd od`nlal ag ck owg``d, { rd} g``l ed gsqd{ sd`l


81/98

>;

@l r}dsqkqwoke cg jkxd sgeqk} agsglal odcd cwhg}% Lagcs, cg jkxd sgeqk} |wg rdalslol} l cks jkhds lag`leqg godeckolcgeqg, { l c ckscl% Dq}l slqksflooke gs `l vkal|wg jd{ ``gvd ode Ol}`ds, |wg qlcmke gs l`nd cw{ kcrd}qleqg rl}l c, rd}|wg |wkx sked jwmkg}l gsqlad l|w, ek sk|wkg}l `d jwmkg}l odedokad%

Ol}`ds { {d skgcr}g lealcds ag }ksl9 owlead ed akog wel qdeqg}l, `l aknd {d, { lsolckelcds rd} `l ol``g% R`lqkolcds% L ` `g nwsqle cwojls odsls |wg l c qlcmke cgnwsqle% Cg geoleql `l cskol, olckel}, }g`lhl}cg ge `wnl}gs sd`ds, l ` qlcmke9 `gnwsql cwojd `gg} `km}ds, { l c qlcmke%


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:2

Geq}gvksql l Cl{l Ndaga }gl`kxlal rd} @lw}l Ndex`gx ge `l okwala ag Czkod%Od{dloe, cl{d ag` =2


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:


84/98

:=

@N8 Gsl r}kcg}l sg}kg |wg ls, aknlcds cs rg}sdel`, |w sknekfko rl}l qk4

CN8 Gsg r}kcg} q}lmlhd ag `l odsql ojkol fwg odcd lnl}}l} odefklexl ag `d |wg |wg}ljlog}, geqgeag} |w g}l `d |wg |wg}l jlog}, |wg sk sg rwgag `gvleql} we r}d{goqd, cl}o

rd} aeag |wg}l gcrgxl} l jlog} fdqdn}lfl%

@N8 Ge gsqds r}kcg}ds lds, |wke qg l{wa, |wke o}kqko qws fdqds, |wke qg lsgsd} lfd}cw`l} we r}d{goqd, d `d jkoksqg qw sd`l4

CN8 Mwged, rl}l ck `l fdqd gs wel odsl cw{ sd`kql}kl% Gs vkvk}`d cw{ sd`d { qlcmkerl}l owkal} we rdod qw r}dogsd rd} aeag vls% _ke gcml}nd, jkog wel }g`loke fwg}qgode N}lokg`l Kqw}mkag% Jwmd mlsqleqg odcwekoloke { `g gesglml cwojd cksfdqdn}lfls, r`lqkomlcds% Agsrws l` k} l Ewgvl [d}i odesqleqgcgeqg, qdc wedsow}sds ge g` KOR *Ogeq}d Keqg}elokdel` ag fdqdn}lfl+, Lj odedo l Ilq{l M}lk`dvsi{ {eds vglcds cwojd% @wgnd odedo l Lel Olsls, gcrgxlcds l jlog} qlcmke wel}g`loke fwg}qg ag ak`dnd% Qdc dq}d ql``g} ge Ewgvl [d}i |wg cg nwsq cwojskcd|wg g}l elal cs gso}kmk}% Gso}kmk} ag cks fdqdn}lfls% Gsd qlcmke cg sk}vkcwojskcd% Qdalvl `d jlnd, sg jl vwg`qd we cqdad ag q}lmlhd% \w |wkg}d agok},jlokl aeag |wkg}d k}4, skgeqd |wg gsd cg lo`l}l lwe|wg owgsql cwojd l` r}keokrkd%

Agsrws qdc dq}d ql``g} ge g` Ogeq}d ag `l Kclnge ode Mglq}kx Edvl}d odeqkewlead ode`l gso}kqw}l% Qlcmke cg l{wa cwojskcd ge `l sg}kg sdm}g r}dsqkqwqls ag `l Cg}oga%Geqgea `l kcrd}qleokl ag `ls rl`lm}ls, lwe|wg rl}l ck skgcr}g jle skad odcr`kolals%Rg}d agfkekqkvlcgeqg gsd jlog |wg geqkgeals mkge rd} g` olcked ge g` |wg vls%

@N8 Gsg q}lmlhd ag gso}kqw}l, skgcr}g gsq agq}s ag qw q}lmlhd, eweol rkgesls |wgrwgal k}, d ge g` q}lmlhd ag fdqd rwgal aknlcds sl`k} l `l swrg}fkokg, rwm`kol}`d hweqdode `ls fdqds4

CN8 Eweol rkgesd ge gsd rg}d l` fkel` }gsw`ql |wg sk% Rd} ghgcr`d wel sg}kg |wg qgendag `ls cwhg}gs ag Hw}gx, l` fkel` lolm skgead wel sg}kg |wg vgea odcd rd}qlfd`kd odel od`gookdeksqls ode we qgzqd cd% _kgcr}g jg qgekad wel egogskala, rd}|wg skgcr}gqdals `ls rg}sdels |wg fdqdn}lfd `ls n}lmd%

@N8 Agsrws ag `l odsql ojkol, |w r}d{goqd jlogs4

CN8 Agsrws ag `l odsql ojkol sknd q}lmlhlead cg vd{ l q}lmlhl} l ag}gojdsjwcleds { |wgad gcml}lxlal% Geqdeogs gs owlead gcrkgxd l fdqdn}lfkl} g` Aksq}kqdFgag}l`, `l Okwala ag Czkod% Cg gcrgx l keqg}gsl} g` lsweqd ag `ls r}dsqkqwls ag `lCg}oga% Odcgeo l k}, }god}}g} sws ml}}kds { qgel `l fleqlsl ag odedog} wel cwhg} |wgghg}ol `l sgzwl`kala { g}l cla}g% Fwg wel egogskala ag k} { r`lqkol} ode wel cwhg}, welodsl ls ag sgeok``d, d sgl elal cw{ odcr`kolad d r}dfwead% Rg}d ag }grgeqg ck q}lmlhdsg vd`vk odcd we veow`d geq}g sdok`dnds { we r}dn}lcl ag Ag}gojds Jwcleds {{cg nwsq rd}|wg qlcmke jlml vgogs |wg {d cg |wgalml cw{ f}wsq}lal% G}l wel fd}clag olel`kxl} cks f}wsq}lokdegs% _g l}c wel }ga ag cwhg}gs |wg qlcmke fwk odedokgead%

@N8 Ge gsqg rweqd gsqlcds jlm`lead ag` q}lmlhd ag `l Cg}oga, rd} |w lds lealcds {ocd gsqs q ge g` cwead ag `l fdqd ge gsg cdcgeqd { |w rkgesls ag` cwead ag `l fdqdge gsg cdcgeqd4


85/98

:?

CN8 Cgq cks fdqds ge g` odeow}sd Gwngeg _ckqj% Cg nled g` r}gckd% Ed cg jlmlkad cw{ mkge ge Czkod ode gsql sg}kg { gsd cg l{wa godeckolcgeqgGe gsgodeqgzqd odedo l we fdqn}lfd kql`kled, Rld`d Rg``gn}kek ge ^d}à R}gss% Cg }godcgeacgqg}cg l `l lngeokl Clnewc adeag ` q}lmlhlml% Agsrws odedo l _wsle Clksg`ls { lHkc Ndàmg}n |wkge cg kevkq l al} we ql``g} ge Mg}oig`g{, Ol`kfd}ekl% Ge Clnewc

lr}gea cwojls odsls odcd l cdvg} cs ck q}lmlhd% L l}cl}`d cs, l r}gsgeql}`d cs,lwe|wg qlcmke swf} cwojls agogrokdegs%

@N8 Ocd kcrloq Clnewc ge qws qgcls, ge `ds `wnl}gs4

CN8 O}gd |wg gsql} ge Clnewc `d |wg cg jkxd fwg, al}cg owgeql |wg {d ed sg q}lmlhl}mlhd r}gske% [d ed rwgad gsql} fdqdn}lfklead { |wg cg gsqe ``lclead ge `l dfkokel lagok}cg8 {l jkxd fw`led we q}lmlhd knwl`, geqdeogs {l ed sl`k { `l r}kcg}l rd}qlal qkgeg|wg sg}ed, {d ed q}lmlhd ls% [d ed rwgad q}lmlhl} rgeslead |wg jl{ dq}ds q}gsq}lmlhds { |wg ck q}lmlhd qkgeg |wg sg} cghd}% [d ed rwgad ode gsl r}gske%

@N8 \w q}lmlhd rg}sdel` gsqlmls jlokgead ge gsg cdcgeqd4

CN8 Gcrgo l q}lmlhl} cwojd rl}l }gvksqls, odsl |wg {l ed |wkg}d jlog}% G` jgojd agq}lmlhl} q}gs als l|w, q}gs l``, qgcls aw}ds odcd |wg ed, ek cg aghlml mwgels fdqdsek {d fweokded mkge { rl}l ck ed cg ge}k|wgog ge elal% Agsrws gsql ckscl }ga agcwhg}gs |wg qg owgeqd ode `ls |wg q}lmlhlml cg kevkql}de l Okwala Hw}gx { lj {l fwk {d

rd} ck owgeql% [ jl{ qgcls odcd Okwala Hw}gx |wg akogs {d ed rwgad ``gnl}, |wggso}kmle we l}qow`d swrg}fkokl` owlead jl{ weds rg}kdaksqls |wg jle jgojd we q}lmlhdcw{ r}dfwead { gsd cg f}wsq}lcg f}wsq}lml cwojd% Geqdeogs `wgnd gsd `d qdc odcdl`nd cd { fwg wel sg}kg cw{ }l}l |wg ed sg qdalvl sk cg nwsql d ed cg nwsql, fwg cw{ad`d}dsd%%

@N8 \w rls4

CN8 Aknd, rd}|wg qg cgqgs ge wel lngeokl d q}lmlhls rl}l wel }gvksql { gs jd}}km`g, `d|wg gsqls fdqdn}lfklead sg vwg`vge wel cg}oladqgoekl eweol slm}s aeag vle llolml} ode |w l}qow`d, |wke `d gso}kmk ed4, Okwala Hw}gx fwg jd}}km`g% _kgeqd |wg

rg}a odefklexl, cg lswsq cwojd, cg ak owgeql |wg {d g}l cw{ vwèg}lm`g rd}|wg g}lclc, jl{ odsls |wg agso}wm} ag` sg} jwcled |wg skcr`gcgeqg ed rwgad% _kgcr}g

rges |wg {d rdal ode owl`|wkg} qgcl { cg rdal cgqg} ge owl`|wkg} `lad ed4, {dskgcr}g akhg {d ed sd{ ckgadsl { cg geodeq} ode g` ckgad, ode g` qg}}d}, odeed

rwgad ode gsqd%

@N8 Ge qdals qws sg}kgs leqg}kd}gs jl{ wel rg}sdel lag`leqg, { qw q}lmlhd gs ag cwojdveow`d keqg}swmhgqkvd ag ak`dnd ode `l rg}sdel |wg qkgegs ag`leqg, { l|w g` ak`dnd edsg slmg ode |wke gs rd}|wg jl{ we jwgod, jl{ we vlod9 jl{ l`nwkge |wg gsq { ed gsq%Gsq rd}|wg gsq ge `ls fdqds, rg}d |wg agslrl}gok vkd`geqlcgeqg ag `l gsogel%Geqdeogs, |w rwgags agok}cg ag gsd ag keqgeql} fdqdn}lfkl} we vlod4

CN8 Gsd gsqlml keqg}gsleqg agok}, mwged, ocd vd{ l jlm`l} ag l`nd |wg ed vgd4, jl{we vlod, geqdeogs g}l odcd fd}xl} l ocd vd{ l jlm`l} ag gsqd4 Lrl}qg gs g` qgcl csakfok` |wg jg fdqdn}lfklad, d sgl gs cw{ akfok` fdqdn}lfkl}`d rd}|wg ge }gl`kala ed gsq

rlslead elal{ `d |wg gsq rlslead gs fwg}qscd, { l `l vgx cg gcrgx l al} qg}}d},{d ed cg rdal odefgsl} |wg {l ed rdal% Wel vgx q}lql}de ag geq}l} l ck owl}qd l `ls


86/98

:1

ads ag `l cllel ge we jdqg` ag |wkeql{ cg fwk o`l}d, odcd g}l ck r}d{goqd cg fwk,rls wels edojgs ag qg}}d}, jd}}km`g% Qlcrdod cg ak owgeql |wg {d ed |wg}l vkvk} gsqd,rl}l |w {d |wg}l vkvk} gsd ed4 rl}l |w cg |wg}l l}}kgsnl}4 [ q}lmlhl} rl} }gvksqlsodcd Eg~s~ggi g` odcr}dcksd rl}l g``ds vl`g cla}gs% Jd{ ge al `l cl{d}l geClnewc { ge vl}kds, rwgs gsd vl`g cla}gs ed4, jlogs `l ojlcml rd}|wg qg vl l q}lg}

ojlcml, qg vl l k} mkge, rg}d g` odcr}dcksd ode `d |wg gsqs akokgead rwgs vl`g cla}gs,gsd sk gs olal vgx, o}gd |wg gsq cgeds ag cdal qgeg} wel drkeke ge `d |wg gsqsjlokgead% Olal vgx gs cs f}wsq}leqg jlog} adowcgeql`% _kgeqd |wg sg jl agsvl`d}kxlad,{ jlog} adowcgeql` ge Czkod gs

Agsrws jkog wel sg}kg adeag sgeq odcd |wg cg qgel odcd |wg }gowrg}l} vklhl} sd`l,rwgs gsd gs `d |wg cs cg nwsqlml, { jlog} fdqd rd} jlog} fdqd { {l ed vkvk} g` ckgad {ed qgel |wg sg} qdal gsql odsl ag la}gel`kel { rls}qg`l qle cl`, geqdeogs gcrgo lvklhl} { lj sl`k dq}l sg}kg |wg qlcmke skgeqd |wg agh l `l ckqla, |wg gs `d ag `ls

m}whls% Qdad gcrgx rd} ow}l}cg l ck ckscl qdads cks ckgads, { `wgnd {l sg fwgodevk}qkgead ge wel sg}kg [ {l, ``gnw l `ds owl}geql { akhg {l gsqd{ lqg}}lal, {l

odcd |wg qgend |wg k}`d olcmklead { g kad odcd q}lqlead ag olcmkl} { jg qdcladagokskdegs ag jlog} dq}ls odsls, lw|ewg skgcr}g cg hl`le gsqg qkrd ag qgcls fwg}qgs%

@N8 Ag l`nwel cleg}l `ls r}dsqkqwqls gsqe ge g` cl}nge ag `d sdokl`, ge `ds `ckqgs {`ls m}whls qlcmke% \wg ed sde logrqlals% Ge |w sg rl}goge gsqds qgcls, ocd `dsodegoqls, ocd q}lmlhlsqg `l sg}kg ag `ls m}whls4

CN8 _k, jlokgead `l sg}kg ag m}whls, cg fwk alead owgeql ag |wg g}le cw{ rl}gokals l`ls r}dsqkqwqls ed4 D sgl, qdads ge g` rwgm`d `ls odesw`qle, qdads `ls vge, rg}d l `l vgx lqdads `gs al rgel agok} |wg vle l vg} l `l m}whl, l` fkel` vkvge ge ge `ls d}k``ls ag `lokwala { ed sde mkge vksqls rd}|wg cwojls jle ndxlad `l sgzwl`kala, ed qkgege jkhds, edsde `ls cwhg}gs |wg agmg}le ag sg} ge `ds rwgm`ds% Geqdeogs s, skgcr}g cg jl nwsqladgsql} ge g` `ckqg, skgcr}g cg jl nwsqlad fdqdn}lfkl} gsd, cg jl nwsqlad {d qlcmkevkvk}`d% Agsrws ag r}dcgqg} |wg {l ed `d kml l jlog} agsrws ag `ds owl}geql, rwgslolm ge ]g{edsl, qlcmke q}lmlhlead ode g` qgcl ag r}dsqkqwoke, agfkekqkvlcgeqg gsl`nd odcd |wg jl skad }gow}}geqg%

@N8 [ `l sg}kg ag `l mg``gxl4

CN8 @l sg}kg ag `l mg``gxl `l gcrgo l` ckscd qkgcrd |wg q}lmlh `d ag `l r}dsqkqwoke{ qlcmke g}l wel odsl sdm}g g` owg}rd |wg gsqlml {d vkvkgead { cg nwsql qdals gsqlsodsls |wg `l mg``gxl awg`g { qdad `d |wg jl{ |wg jlog}{ qdad gcrgx rd}|wg wel vgxwel r}dsqkqwql |wg gsqlml fdqdn}lfklead sg |wkq `l }drl { q}ll we od}sgq ag gsqds ls

odcd ag {gsd% [ g}l `l dmsgske ag |wg qgend |wg gsql} f`lol% [ cg geoleq qdal gsqlodsl ag cleqgeg}qg, { mwged {d qlcmke gsqlml r}gdowrlal, jlml gend}alad, odcd |wgqlcmke jlml olcmklad ck owg}rd, geqdeogs qlcmke rwgs g}l we qgcl |wg cgkeqg}gslml%

@N8 Rd} |w skgeqgs |wg aghlsqg l cgakls `l sg}kg ag `ls m}whls4

CN8 _kgeqd |wg `d agh l cgakls rd}|wg%%%qgend cwojskcls odsls, qgend }gogqlsgso}kqls, cg flsokele `ls }gogqls, cg geoleqlmle gsqls }gogqls ag ck}l, v rd} welnl``kel, ads jwgvds, `g jlogs lsqlcmke qgend cwojds owgeqds |wg sde mkge mdekqds%

Fdqdn}lfk weds adowcgeqds ge we rwgm`d ag >>, adeag gsqe lowslead l wel cwhg}rd} sg} jgojkog}l ge Nwlelhwlqd, ge wels ag `ls xdels adeag cs sg ow`r l cwhg}gs, {


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sg |wgcl}de l l`nwels cwhg}gs rd} sg} m}whls% Eweol jkog elal ode gsd% _kgcr}g rgesge we `km}d ode }gogqls { eweol `d jg jgojd% Gsqd{ we rdod oleslal ag `l fdqdadowcgeql`, rd} qdal gsql f}wsq}loke ag slol}`d, gs cw{ akfok` slol} fdqd adowcgeql`,gsqd{ jlokgead dq}ls odsls, gsqd{ lr}geakgead dq}ls odsls { gsq mdekqd rd}|wg skgcr}gjg |wg}kad odeql} jksqd}kls, geqdeogs ljd}l gsqd{ dmsgskdelal |wg |wkg}d odeql} wel

jksqd}kl ode g` adowcgeql`, geqdeogs `l fdqd sg jl vwg`qd dq}l odsl% Geqdeogs {l gsqd{odcd hwnlead ode gsrlokds { `l elqw}l`gxl, qdql`cgeqg akfg}geqg% Gsqd ag` adowcgeql`ge vkagd cg lrlskdel, d sgl, `d |wkg}d ak}knk} jlokl dq}d `lad rd}|wg ed `g vgd l `l fdqd,d sgl `l fdqd skgeqd |wg `qkclcgeqg {l gsrw}l nl`g}l, ed jl{ }gvksqls |wg qg age wegsrlokd l}nd%

@N8 Ag |w jls vkvkad qdads gsqds lds4

CN8 Gsqds `qkcds lds jg qgekad `l mwgel swg}qg ag dmqgeg} mgols, geqdeogs gsd cg jlrg}ckqkad rdag}`g al} we nk}d l ck q}lmlhd, gzrg}kcgeql} { lr}geag}, cgqg}cg cs lgsqwakl} { gsd% [ lm} wel L%O%, rl}l `gvleql} cks r}d{goqds% Qlcmke cg a owgeql |wg

cg nwsql `gvleql} r}d{goqds |wg qgenle |wg vg} ode fdqd, vkagd, qglq}d d `d |wg sgl, jgkad lm}kgead rwg}qls rl}l jlog} odsls akfg}geqg { {l ed gs qleqd g` rgsd elal cs ge `lfdqdn}lfl { jlog} fdqd adowcgeql`%

@N8 Ode |w sg akvkg}qg Cl{l Ndaga jd{4

CN8 Gsqd{ jlokgead `d ckscd rg}d ge vkagd% _knd ode `ls odsls sdokl`gs {adowcgeql`gs% Ljd}kql gsqd{ akvg}qkal geodeq}lead dq}d `genwlhg, ljd}kql ode `d |wg cgakvkg}qd gs gakqlead, lr}geakgead dq}d `genwlhg% Elal cs |wg ljd}kql qgendcdvkckgeqd, fdqd { sdekad, |wg g` sdekad cg qkgeg cw{ lrlskdelal%

@N8 Owlead wed vl o}gokgead wed vl qdclead d ladrqlead cdag`ds |wg l `l cghd} qg

g|wkvdols d ed rg}d |wg `ls vgs odcd l`nwkge |wg qw |wkskg}ls sg} ls, odcd gslrg}sdel% Q jls qgekad ge l vkal ls odcd we cdag`d4

CN8 _kgeqd |wg l q}lvs ag ck vkal jg qgekad odcd cwojds cdag`ds ag cwhg}gsaksqkeqls, skgcr}g jle skad cwhg}gs cw{ loqkvls, cw{ gcr}geagad}ls% Jlog rdod vkedwel l}qksql |wg l ck cg nwsql cwojd, Lnegs Vl}al, |wg {d `l vk ls odcd ag dojgeql {qleqds lds, { sknwg q}lmlhlead ge sws r}d{goqds { ode sw ocl}ll `l ckqla ag `l ol``gge Od{dloe, n}lmlead% Cg geoleql gsl kclnge%


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Geq}gvksql =% Geq}gvksql l Cl{l Ndaga }gl`kxlal rd} Mgehlce @rgx L`oeql}lge `l okwala ag Czkod% Od{dloe, akokgcm}g ag` =2


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:>

Gs agok}, {d jg hwnlad ode cwojls kageqkalags qlcmke, l vgogs cg r}dqghdcdsq}eadcg odcd dq}l rg}sdel |wg ed sd{% Ljd}l {l cg odedoge cwojls ag g``ls {slmge |wke sd{, |wke gs ck gsrdsd,gqo%

M@L8 \w gs `d |wg qg keqg}gsl ag `l }gr}gsgeqloke ag` owg}rd fgcgeked4

CN8 @d |wg cg keqg}gsl gs gsql }g`loke gzq}ll |wg sg qkgeg ode g` sknekfkolad ag`owg}rd leqg `l sdokgala { `ls odeq}lakookdegs leqg wed ckscd% Ocd kef`w{g g`clqg}kl`kscd { odeswckscd sdm}g `ls rg}ogrokdegs ag` owg}rd, `l fd}cl ge `l |wg edsvle gawolead rl}l |wg agsag cw{ rg|wgds qgenlcds wel odeogroke gsqqkol

r}ghwkoklal ag` owg}rd { sw fweoke sdokl` sdm}g qdad leqg `ds jdcm}gs%

M@L8 @gs rlnlmls l `ls r}dsqkqwqls |wg fdqdn}lfklmls4

CN8 _k, l cwojls s% _dm}g qdad l` r}keokrkd, leqgs ag odedog}`ls cghd} { leqgs ag |wgcg kevkql}le l sw olsl% Qkgege ql}kfls { qkgcrds, lagcs ag |wg qkgege |wg al} welowdql% Qlcmke }gsrdeal l we hwgnd d fleqlsl cl ge g` sgeqkad ag rlnl}`gs { agok}`gs

|wg |wg}l qdcl}`gs fdqds, gqo% Cwojls ed |wkskg}de |wg `ls fdqdn}lfkl}l d |wkql}sg `l}drl, dq}ls keo`wsd cg lcgelxlmle% Jwmd ag qdad% Ag gsds geowgeq}ds qlcmke odedo ll`nwels |wg sg jkokg}de cks lcknls% Gvg`kl rd} ghgcr`d, cg akhd |wg }gn}gsl}l owleadqwvkg}l l ck jkhl { |wg `l mwsol}l rl}l r`lqkol}% Owlead }gn}gs {l ed gsqlml ge `l ol``g{ `l qwvg |wg mwsol} ge sw olsl% Ge gsds geowgeq}ds rdsqg}kd}gs {l ed `g rlnlml, sd`d

rlnlml `l odckal d `ds q}lnds, gqo% @wgnd {d fwk `l cla}kel ag sw jkhl { `g odcr} g`vgsqkad% L Ol}cge rd} ghgcr`d `l odedo agsrws, { g``l eweol cg rkak akeg}d% Odeg``l qlcmke gsqlm`go wel }g`loke ag cwojd qkgcrd { cwojd cs gsq}gojl% Fwk qgsqkndag sw mdal, `g l{wa ode g` lag`leqd ag sw agrl}qlcgeqd, cg rl}gol hwsqd rd}|wg g``lcg l{wa l gsqlm`gog} cwojls cs }g`lokdegs { lagcs cg owka qdad gsg qkgcrd%

M@L8 Qgend geqgeakad |wg Ol}cge fwg ak}goqd}l ag `l olsl Zdojk|wgqxl`% Ocd fwg`l vkeow`loke ag qw q}lmlhd fdqdn}fkod ode qw rl}qkokrloke ge lookdegs rd} rl}qg agd}nlekxlokdegs ed nwmg}elcgeql`gs, kesqkqwokdegs odcd Ag}gojds Jwcleds, gqo4

CN8 Owlead gsqlml gcrgxlead `l sg}kg ag r}dsqkqwqls, qlcmke gsqlml q}lmlhlead odeekds ag `l ol``g { odedo l `l @ko% Qg}gsl Ncgx ag @ge |wg gsqlml q}lmlhlead geAg}gojds Jwcleds ag` AF, `g nwsq ck q}lmlhd { cg kevkq l q}lmlhl} ode g``l weqkgcrd% L`` qwvkg}de we r}d{goqd ``lclad OLK_ *Ogeq}d ag Lqgeoke Keqgn}l` l_gzdsg}vkad}ls+ geolmgxlad rd} G`sl Odeag, ode rsko`dnds, lmdnlads, sdok`dnds, gqo%[d fwk ag l`nwel fd}cl g` ge`log geq}g g``ds { l`nwels ag `ls r}dsqkqwqls |wg rdaleegogskql} cs ag gsqg qkrd ag d}kgeqloke d l{wal% Lr}gea cwojd, o}gd |wg sg jkxd we

q}lmlhd cw{ mwged, almle qg}lrkls ag n}wrd, gqo% G``ls lr}geakg}de qlcmke ld}nlekxl}sg { sg akg}de owgeql ag |wg egogskqlmle we gsrlokd% R}gsgeq l Ol}cge odeHgswsl ]da}nwgx, |wkge gsqlml jlokgead `ls ngsqkdegs ak}goqlcgeqg ode g` ndmkg}ed ag`A%F, rl}l `l adeloke ag we r}gakd { o}gl} `l olsl Zdojk|wgqxl`% Ge `l olsl {d ed qwvg

rl}qkokrloke rdsqg}kd}cgeqg, sd`d `ls r}gsgeq { sg akd |wg Ol}cge fwg}l `l ak}goqd}l ag`l olsl% Agsrws, odcd skgcr}g rlsl, olcmk `l lackeksq}loke { olcmkl}de `ds

r}dn}lcls, ed jwmd akeg}d, gqo, { sg og}} `l olsl% L vgogs gs lndqlad} g`kevd`wo}lckgeqd qle og}oled% O}gd |wg ode Ol}cge rd} ghgcr`d, vl l sg} wel }g`lokeag qdal `l vkal%


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M@L8 Rd} |w agokags wsl} m`leod { egn}d rl}l `l sg}kg R`lxl ag `l sd`gala4

CN8 Ge gsg cdcgeqd sgeql |wg qdalvl rdal sgnwk} gzrg}kcgeqlead, mwsolead odslsge g` m`leod { egn}d% Cg geoleql% Lwe|wg ljd}l gsqd{ jlokgead od`d}, ge gsg cdcgeqd

rl}l `d |wg |wg}l agok}, g}l kagl` g` m`leod { egn}d% Rl}l gsl sg}kg ge gsrgofkod, `d |wg

cg keqg}gslml g}l gsql} `d cs og}ol ag g``ls, ed qleqd g` geqd}ed, `d |wg rgeslmle%Geqdeogs o}gd |wg qleqd g` fd}clqd, `l ocl}l { ge gsqg sgeqkad g` m`leod { egn}d sgr}gsqlmle rl}l `d |wg |wg}l agok} ag sw rg}sdel`kala, sw }gr}gsgeqloke, gqo% [rdsqg}kd}cgeqg rd} ghgcr`d ge `l sg}kg @krsqkoi ag `ls r}dsqkqwqls ag ]g{edsl, wqk`kood`d} rd}|wg `d |wg cg keqg}gslml g}l g` gsrlokd, rdeg} eflsks ge g` `wnl} odcdgsogedn}lfl, {d qlcmke gsqlml ge dq}d cdcgeqd ag ck vkal, gqo% Ljd}l skndgcdokdelal ode g` od`d}, sknd agsowm}kead`d%

M@L8 Lagcs ag `ls geq}gvksqls { r`qkols |wg n}lmlmls ge qws geowgeq}ds, qkgegskcngegs ag rgòw`ls rd}edn}fkols }gl`kxlals ge g` odeqgzqd |wg wqk`kxlsqg ge qwsgzrdskokdegs ge Mg``ls L}qgs { ge Olsl Lc}kol ge Gsrll% Rd} |w qg keqg}slsqg ge

gsqls rgòw`ls4CN8 Cg rwsg l vg} cwojskcls rgòw`ls rd}ed |wg sg jloge ge `ds ckscds jdqg`gs ag

rlsd ag `l Cg}oga, { cg nwsqlml vg} `l }g`loke |wg sg al% Ocd vge `ds jdcm}gs l `lscwhg}gs { `ls cwhg}gs l `ds jdcm}gs% Jl{ wels cw{ qkg}els, sde qdql`cgeqg lclqgw}s%Rd} ghgcr`d, jl{ wel |wg aw}l cwojd qkgcrd { vgcds n}le rl}qg ag `l rgòw`l ocd sggsq rdekgead `ls cgakls, g` xlrlqd, { jd}ls ag g``l ge g` gsrghd% Qlcmke gs g` o`koj ag`l rwql, g` xlrlqkqd m`leod% Gsd cg geoleql rd}|wg ge `ls rgòw`ls rd}ed n}kenls d

r}dfgskdel`gs rwgs ed swogag elal ag gsqd% Gsd cg rl}gok ag `d cs ow}kdsd% [ dq}lssde `ls |wg rdege `ls olcl}kqls gsodeakals adeag sg vge odsls cs vkd`geqls% Ge gsqlsokeqls vd`v l geodeq}l} l`nwels ag `ls rl}ladhls |wg {l lavg}ql }gl`kxlead ck q}lmlhdfdqdn}fkod% Okg}qls odeawoqls, ag cwojl qg}ew}l, odcd `l odcdakala ode `l |wg `ls

r}dsqkqwqls rl}goge cdvg}sg geq}g `l ocl}l { g` o`kgeqg, rg}d qlcmke l|wg``dscdcgeqds ge `ds |wg lsdcl g` ad`d} { g` }gojlxd, ed jloge sked lwcgeql} `llcmkvl`geokl ag `ds sgeqkckgeqds |wg sg rdege ge hwgnd ge gsqls }g`lokdegs ge `ls |wg `lf}deqg}l geq}g g` agsgd, `l vkd`geokl { g` sgzd gsql swclcgeqg agsakmwhlal%

M@L8 Oweqlcg ocd sg al g` r}dogsd ag olcmkl} d lr}dvgojl} `l qgoed`dnl rl}lgcrgxl} l jlog} vkagd { olcmkl} g` cgakd rl}l el}}l} qws kcngegs%

CN8 _kgcr}g `d |wg cs cg keqg}gs fwg odeql} jksqd}kls% G` vkagd ge gsg sgeqkad g}l

we rlsd elqw}l`% Rd}|wg skgcr}g qlcmke g}l gso}kmk} odsls, qgzqds |wg wsd rl}lfdqdn}lfkl}% Geqgeag} l q}lvs ag `l gso}kqwq}l `d |wg |wg |wkg}d agok}% Lagcs skgcr}gn}lmd sdekads, odevg}slokdegs, gqo% @wgnd ek `ls wsd rg}d qgend cwojds clqg}kl`gsn}lmlads d }gowrg}lads |wg vd{ hweqlead ckgeq}ls fdqdn}lfd% Geqdeogs g` vkagd cg

rg}ckqg qlcmke wsl} qdad gsqd, `ls vdogs, `ds qgsqkcdekl`gs { gsd cg geoleql% Cg skgeqdcw{ ocdal ode g` vkagd ge gsg sgeqkad% Ljd}l `d gzq}ld gs |wg ed s |wg jlog} odecks fdqds% Rd}|wg cks fdqds ljd}l ed owgeqle jksqd}kls, sde cs sgeslokdegs% Jl qdcladdq}d sgeqkad `l fdqdn}lfl rl}l c%


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:;

O}ded`dnl ag` q}lmlhd fdqdn}fkod ag Cl{l Ndaga


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;2

Gzrdskokdegs keakvkawl`gs


93/98

;


94/98

;=

Jgcg}dn}lfl

Nl}ol, Jg}eeagx, L}qw}d, @l Hd}elal, ow`qw}l, =2 ag cl{d ag` =226, vg}ske aknkql`%jqqr8$$~~~%hd}elal%welc%cz$=226$27$=2$keagz%rjr4sgoqkde3ow`qw}l&l}qko`g3l27e=ow`

Ckokg`k, O}ksqkel, G` owg}rd odcd odesq}wooke ow`qw}l`, ge ]gvksql Lksqjgsks Ed%1=,Kesqkqwqd ag Gsqqkol, Rdeqkfkokl Wekvg}skala Olq`kol ag Ojk`g, =22>%

F}deqkg}s df ]gl`kq{% R}keog O`lws L~l}as =2


95/98

;?

Odeag ]da}nwgx, G`sl, @l agsknwl`ala ag neg}d8 wel akcgeske sdokl` ag `lr}dsqkqwoke fgcgekel, ge Odcg}okd sgzwl` ge `l Cg}oga8 wel rg}srgoqkvlodesq}woqkvksql sdm}g g` sgzdsg}vkokd, Len`kol Mlwqksql @rgx { G`sl Odeag ]da}nwgx*odd}akelad}ls+, Czkod, A%F, WLC, Rd}}l, =226%

O}kcr, Adwn`ls, Ag` cwsgd l `l mkm`kdqgol, ge N`d}kl Rkolsd { Hd}ng ]kml`ql *gas%+,Keakfg}geokl { skenw`l}kala, Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, %

Agm}dksg, D`kvkg}, Fwnl cgzkolel% We }god}}kad rd} `l fdqdn}lfl ge Czkod,Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =227%

Akak#Jwmg}cle, Ng}dngs , -@l jksqd}l ag` l}qg odcd aksokr`kel lelo}ekol- geLeqg g`qkgcrd% Mwgeds Lk}gs, La}klel Jkal`nd gakqd}l, =226%

Fdeqowmg}ql, Hdle, Cl{l Ndaga, ge M`kei%


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;1

Cl}xd, Hd}ng @wks { ]kml`ql, Hd}ng, Q}gs vg}skdegs ag `l r}oqkol ow`qw}l` odeskag}lalodcd o}qkol ow`qw}l`% Geq}gvksql l N}dwr Clqg}kl`, Ml}ml}l I}wng} { Nwg}}k``l Nk}`s-,ge Hd}ng @wks Cl}xdFdqdn}lfl { loqkvkscd, Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =22?%

Clwla, Lel Cl}l, Fdqdn}lfkl odcd fwgeqg jksq}kol8 @goqw}l g keqg}r}gqloke, ge

Rdsgs g F`ln}leqgs% Geslkds sdm}g jksq}kl g fdqdn}lfkls, ]kd ag Hlegk}d, Mkm`kdqgolGawff, =22:, R% 12%

Cl}owsg, Jg}mg}q, @l qgeageokl dow`ql ge g` rskodle`ksks, ge G}ds { okvk`kxloke,Ml}og`del, Gakqd}kl` L}kg`, =2


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;7

]dssg``, Alekg`l, ]kols { flcdsls, Ml}og`del, Jlqhg Oleqx, =22=%

_d`dcde#Ndaglw, Lmknlk`Vkvkgead ode odeq}lakookdegs%R}oqkols o}qkols ge `l g}l ag`l gsqqkol ag `l dfg}ql, ge @ds wsds ag `l kclnge, fdqdn}lfl, fk`c { vkagd ge `lOd`gooke Hwcgz%Mwgeds Lk}gs, @l od`gooke Hwcgz, Gsrlokd Fwealoke Qg`gfekol,=221%

_giw`l, L``le, -Agscleqg`l} `l cdag}ekala, }gkevgeql} g` adowcgeql`% Edqls sdm}g `lrd`qkol ag `l }gr}gsgeqloke-, ge Hd}ng ]kml`ql *ga%+, Gfgoqd ]gl` *agmlqgs rdscdag}edssdm}g fdqdn}lfl+%Ml}og`del, Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =221%_deqln, _wsle, Leqg g` ad`d} ag `ds agcs, Cla}ka, =221, Rweqd ag `goqw}l%

Qlnn, Hdje, @l akfwske ag `l fdqdn}lfl8 }gfd}ckscd { }gq}kol adowcgeql` ge g` Eg~Agl`, geG` rgsd ag `l }gr}gsgeqloke, Ml}og`del, Gakqd}kl` Nwsqlvd Nk`k, =227%

Vk}ed, Rld`d, N}lcqkol ag `l cw`qkqwa, Cla}ka, Q}lfkoleqgs ag swgds, =22?%

Dq}ls fwgeqgs

Keqg}egq

Ag}}kal, Hlo|wgs Cl` ag l}ojkvd% Wel kcr}gske f}gwaklel, q}lawooke ag RlodVkal}qg, ge Gakoke aknkl` ag Ag}}kal ge olsqg``led,jqqr8$$~~~%hlo|wgsag}}kal%odc%l}$qgzqds$cl`)ag)l}ojkvd%jqc% Odefg}geokl

r}deweoklal ge @dea}gs g` 7 ag hwekd ag


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[dwqwmg

Mwsoln`kl, Ganl}ad, ge Rl}ladhl ag `l }gr}gske8 @l kcrdqgeokl ag` Gsqlad leqg `lag`keowgeokl d}nlekxlal { l od}}wroke%jqqr8$$~~~%{dwqwmg%odc$~lqoj4v3Cn=2DiDL:Eo

Clwls, Alvka, ^jd ik``ga ^l`qg} Mgehlcke4 gejqqr8$$~~~%{dwqwmg%odc$~lqoj4v3\wGi_W|fzoo&r`l{egzq3

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Paradojas en la representación documental. El trabajo fotográfico de Maya Goded