9
Gestión y Ambiente 125 Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133 Revista Gestión y Ambiente Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia Recibido para evaluación: de 2FWXbre de 201 Aceptación: 2 de 1RYLHPEUH de 2012 5HFLELGR YHUVLyQ ¿QDO GH 1RYLHPEUH GH Marcela Arango Aramburo 1 Yris Olaya 2 1. Ingeniera Ambiental Universidad Católica de Oriente Maestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Universidad Nacional de Colombia [email protected] [email protected] 2. Ing. Ambiental y Sanitario, MSc. Universidad del Magdalena. Docente Investigador. RESUMEN: /RVSDVLYRVDPELHQWDOHVPLQHURV3$0VHUH¿HUHQD³XQiUHDGRQGHH[LVWHODQHFHVLGDGGHUHVWDXUDFLyQ PLWLJDFLyQ R FRPSHQVDFLyQ SRU XQ GDxR DPELHQWDO R LPSDFWR QR JHVWLRQDGR SURGXFLGR SRU DFWLYLGDGHV PLQHUDV LQDFWLYDV R DEDQGRQDGDV TXH SRQH HQ ULHVJR OD VDOXG FDOLGDG GH YLGD R ELHQHV S~EOLFRV R SULYDGRV´ (Q &RORPELD QR VH KDQ UHJODPHQWDGR ORV 3$0 SHUR GDGD OD DQWLJHGDG \ OD SUHYDOHQFLD GH OD LQIRUPDOLGDG HQ OD H[SORWDFLyQ PLQHUD HO LQWHUpV HQ GH¿QLU UHJODPHQWDU \ JHVWLRQDU HVWDV REOLJDFLRQHV HV FUHFLHQWH (Q HVWH DUWtFXOR QRV DSUR[LPDPRV D OD SUREOHPiWLFD GH OD YDORUDFLyQ GH SDVLYRV DPELHQWDOHV HQ &RORPELD EDViQGRQRV HQ OD UHYLVLyQ GH OD JHVWLyQ GH 3$0 PLQHURV HQ HO PXQGR H LGHQWL¿FDPRV ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ FODYH SDUD UHDOL]DU GLFKD JHVWLyQ HQ &RORPELD Palabras Clave: 3DVLYRV $PELHQWDOHV PLQHUtD YDORUDFLyQ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ ABSTRACT: 0LQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO OLDELOLWLHV 3$0 IURP LWV DFURQ\P LQ 6SDQLVK are areas where there is D QHHG IRU UHVWRUDWLRQ PLWLJDWLRQ RU FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU HQYLURQPHQWDO GDPDJH RU XQPDQDJHG LPSDFW SURGXFHG E\ LQDFWLYH RU DEDQGRQHG PLQLQJ WKDW WKUHDWHQV KHDOWK TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RU SXEOLF RU SULYDWH SURSHUW\ ,Q &RORPELD WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO OLDELOLWLHV IURP PLQLQJ KDYH QRW EHHQ UHJXODWHG EXW JLYHQ WKH DJH DQG WKH SUHYDOHQFH RI LQIRUPDOLW\ LQ PLQLQJ WKHUH LV LQFUHDVLQJ LQWHUHVW LQ GH¿QLQJ UHJXODWLQJ DQG PDQDJLQJ WKHVH REOLJDWLRQV ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH DSSURDFK WKH SUREOHP RI YDOXLQJ PLQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO OLDELOLWLHV E\ H[DPLQLQJ GLIIHUHQW PDQDJHPHQW DSSURDFKHV IRU VXFK OLDELOLWLHV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG :H DOVR LGHQWLI\ NH\ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV WR PDQDJH PLQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO OLDELOLWLHV LQ &RORPELD Key words: HQYLURQPHQWDO SDVVLYH PLQLQJ YDOXDWLRQV FRQWDPLQDWLRQ 1. INTRODUCCIÓN $ GLIHUHQFLD GH RWURV SURFHVRV SURGXFWLYRV OD PLQHUtD VH GHVDUUROOD HQ XQ SHUtRGR ¿QLWR GH WLHPSR $O H[WUDHU UHFXUVRV QR UHQRYDEOHV GH OD VXSHU¿FLH WHUUHVWUH HVWD DFWLYLGDG SURGXFH FDPELRV HQ RFDVLRQHV LUUHYHUVLEOHV HQ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH /RV SODQHV GH FLHUUH GH PLQDV TXH HQ &RORPELD VH HVWDEOHFHQ HQ ODV OH\HV GH GDQ SDXWDV SDUD TXH HO WLWXODU GH OD DFWLYLGDG PLQHUD UHKDELOLWH ODV iUHDV TXH XWLOL]y 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ &RORPELD H[LVWHQ ]RQDV GRQGH VH KDQ FHUUDGR R DEDQGRQDGR DFWLYLGDGHV PLQHUDV VLQ HO FRQWURO HIHFWLYR SRU FDXVDV FRPR OD PLQHUtD LOHJDO H LQIRUPDO \ OD IDOWD GH VHJXLPLHQWR \ FRQWURO GH ODV DXWRULGDGHV FRPSHWHQWHV /RV VLWLRV DEDQGRQDGRV SHUPDQHFHQ FRPR IRFRV GH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ SURYRFDQGR OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD FDSDFLGDG GH ORV VXHORV \ JHQHUDQGR SUREOHPDV GH VDOXG D SREODFLRQHV GH ODV iUHDV GLUHFWDPHQWH LPSDFWDGDV =HUUDJD ' )UtDV 2

pasivos ambientales mineros en colombia

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Gestión y

Ambiente125

Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133

Revista Gestión y Ambiente

Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia

Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia

Recibido para evaluación: �� de 2FWXbre de 201�Aceptación: 2� de 1RYLHPEUH de 20125HFLELGR�YHUVLyQ�¿QDO�����GH�1RYLHPEUH�GH�����

Marcela Arango Aramburo1

Yris Olaya2

1. Ingeniera AmbientalUniversidad Católica de OrienteMaestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Universidad Nacional de [email protected] [email protected]

2. Ing. Ambiental y Sanitario, MSc. Universidad del Magdalena. Docente Investigador.

RESUMEN: /RV�SDVLYRV�DPELHQWDOHV�PLQHURV��3$0��VH�UH¿HUHQ�D�³XQ�iUHD�GRQGH�H[LVWH�OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�UHVWDXUDFLyQ��

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Palabras Clave: 3DVLYRV�$PELHQWDOHV��PLQHUtD��YDORUDFLyQ��FRQWDPLQDFLyQ

ABSTRACT:0LQLQJ�HQYLURQPHQWDO�OLDELOLWLHV��3$0�IURP�LWV�DFURQ\P�LQ�6SDQLVK��are areas where there is

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1. INTRODUCCIÓN

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Gestión y

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126 Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133

Revista Gestión y Ambiente

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(Q�&RORPELD�� HVWH�SUREOHPD�VH�DJUDYD�SRU� OD� LQIRUPDOLGDG�PLQHUD� \� SRU� OD� YXOQHUDELOLGDG�GH�ODV�FRPSDxtDV�D�ODV�YDULDFLRQHV�GHO�SUHFLR�GH�ORV�PLQHUDOHV��8QD�GH�ODV�SULQFLSDOHV�FDXVDV�GH�DEDQGRQR�GH�PLQDV�HV�OD�GLQiPLFD�GH�ORV�SUHFLRV�GH�ORV�PLQHUDOHV��OD�FXDO�KDFH�ÀXFWXDU�ORV�QLYHOHV�GH�LQWHUYHQFLyQ�PLQHUD��DO�SXQWR�TXH�PXFKDV�]RQDV�VRQ�DEDQGRQDGDV�SRU�ODUJRV�SHUtRGRV�GH�WLHPSR�VLQ�QLQJ~Q� WLSR�GH�FRQWURO�DPELHQWDO�\�VRQ� UHDFWLYDGDV�QXHYDPHQWH��VLQ�SUHYLD�HYDOXDFLyQ�GH� ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�DPELHQWDOHV�SURGXFLGDV�SRU�ORV�FLHUUHV�DQWHULRUHV��*RQ]iOH]���������OD�IDOWD�GH�UHFXUVRV��DFFLGHQWHV��VLWXDFLyQ�ODERUDO��IDOWD�GH�PHUFDGR�\�FDPELR�GH�WHFQRORJtD�VRQ�FDXVDV�HVSHFL¿FDV�SRU�ODV�FXDOHV�VH�SXHGH�FHUUDU�XQD�PLQD�SRU�XQ�SHULRGR�GH�WLHPSR��3DOPD��������

2. PROBLEMÁTICA DE LOS PAM

/D�PLQHUtD�DEDQGRQDGD�WLHQH�XQ�DPSOLR�UDQJR�GH�LPSDFWRV�DPELHQWDOHV�\�VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV��:RUUDO�HW�DO����������(QWUH� ORV� LPSDFWRV�DPELHQWDOHV�PiV� IUHFXHQWHV�GH� ODV�PLQDV�DEDQGRQDGDV�HVWiQ��SDLVDMHV�ItVLFDPHQWH�DOWHUDGRV��SLODV�GH�GHVHFKRV��VXEVLGHQFLD��FRPEXVWLyQ�HVSRQWiQHD�GH�GHVHFKRV�GH�FDUEyQ��FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�GHO�DJXD��HGL¿FLRV�\�SODQWDV�DEDQGRQDGRV��SpUGLGD�GH�YHJHWDFLyQ��SR]RV�DELHUWRV��open shafts���KXHFRV��$GHPiV��HQ�ODV�PLQDV�DEDQGRQDGDV�KD\�QXPHURVDV�IXHQWHV�GH�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�SDUD�DJXDV�VXSHU¿FLDOHV�\�VXEWHUUiQHDV�DVt�FRPR�SDUD�HO�VXHOR�� �SRU�HMHPSOR��¿OWUDFLRQHV�GH�iFLGR��ODYDGR�GH�PHWDOHV��DXPHQWR�HQ�VHGLPHQWRV�\�FRQWDPLQDFLyQ�SRU�KLGURFDUEXURV��&RQ�IUHFXHQFLD��OD�PLQHUtD�H[SRQH�PDWHULDOHV�TXH�QR�VRQ�DGHFXDGRV�SDUD�HO�FUHFLPLHQWR�GH�SODQWDV��GHMDQGR�SDLVDMHV�GHIRUHVWDGRV��GRQGH�HV�GLItFLO�TXH�VH�HVWDEOH]FDQ�SODQWDV�QDWLYDV�\�FRORQL]DGRUDV��&RPR�UHVXOWDGR��ODV�PLQDV�DEDQGRQDGDV�VRQ�LQKyVSLWDV�SDUD�OD�YLGD�VLOYHVWUH�\�PXFKDV�HVSHFLHV�QR�UHJUHVDQ�D�HVWDV�iUHDV��:RUUDOO�HW�DO�����������

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“La denominación “pasivo ambiental minero” hace referencia a los impactos ambientales JHQHUDGRV�SRU� ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV�PLQHUDV�DEDQGRQDGDV� FRQ�R� VLQ� GXHxR�X�RSHUDGRU� LGHQWL¿FDEOHV�\�HQ�GRQGH�QR�VH�KD\DQ�UHDOL]DGR�XQ�FLHUUH�GH�PLQDV�UHJODPHQWDGR�\�FHUWL¿FDGR�SRU�OD�DXWRULGDG�correspondiente”,

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Gestión y

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127

Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia - Arango & Olaya

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Figura 1. Contextualización de Pasivos Ambientales Mineros Fuente: elaboración propia

F i g u r a 2 . H e r r a m i e n t a s Metodológicas para el manejo de PAMFuente: elaboración propia

Gestión y

Ambiente

128 Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133

Revista Gestión y Ambiente

3. GESTIÓN PASIVOS AMBIENTALES MINEROS

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2. http://www.relasc.org/index.php?/esp/ReLASC/Nuestra-Historia. consultada 07/07/2011

3. De la secretaría de ambiente y desarrollo sustentable de la nación. http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/?idseccion=154 consultado 07/07/2011

4. PODER LEGISLATIVO DE %2/,9,$���������³/H\�1UR��������Ley de Medio Ambiente”. La Paz.

5. Definición Mostrada Por e l Gob ie rno Mex i cano en OD� ³� 5HXQLyQ� &RQMXQWD� GH� ODV�Comisiones de Energía y Minas y Medio Ambiente y Turismo del Parlamento Latinoamericano” �%UDVLOLD������

6. CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA. ������� ³/H\� ������� /H\� TXH�Regula los Pasivos Ambientales de la Actividad Minera”. Lima

Gestión y

Ambiente

130 Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133

Revista Gestión y Ambiente

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�� (Q�HO�������<XSDUt�HODERUD�HO�,QIRUPH�³Pasivos ambientales mineros en Sudamérica”.

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7. Código de Minas, Ley 685 de Agosto 15 de 2001

8. Reunión de asesoría Antonio Romero, 3 de mayo de 2011

Gestión y

Ambiente

131

Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia - Arango & Olaya

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Factores para el Manejo de los PAM

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�� Cuando el daño esta diferido en el tiempo:

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Figura 3. Factores a tener en cuenta para la estimación del daño causado por los PAM

Gestión y

Ambiente

132 Volumen 15 - No. 3, Diciembre de 2012, Medellín ISSN 0124.177X. pp 125-133

Revista Gestión y Ambiente

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�� Cuando el daño esta diferido en el espacio:

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�� Cuando la actividad responsable de la afectación no es clara

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Gestión y

Ambiente

133

Problemática de los pasivos ambientales mineros en Colombia - Arango & Olaya

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4. CONCLUSIONES

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REFERENCIAS

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