Polinización y Sanidad

8/3/2019 Polinizacin y Sanidad

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Crop Pollination and

Honey Bee Health

Marion EllisUniversity of Nebraska

Department of Entomology

Good things happen when beekeepers,scientists and growers work together


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Almond Growing Areaof California


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2000 2004

824

1,084

998

2003

CA Almond Production (million lbs)

698

2001 2002

1,033

Source: Almond Board of California

912

2005

2006

1,092698


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200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006

91,000

169,936

248,000

327,000

411,000

510,000

580,000

Source: California Agricultural Statistics Service

Almond Bearing Acres

100,000

Year

Bearing Acres


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U.S. Almond Production and Grower Prices

Price

$/lb.

2005 f1990 200019951970 1975 1980 1985

Source: National Agriculture Statistics Service, USDA

f = forecast

1200

Pounds

0

200

400

600

800

1000

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Production


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Average Almond Pollination Fees, 1995-2006

Year

Dollars Per Colony

Giannini Foundation


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Pollination requirements

Self incompatible Requires cross

pollination

Not thinned 100% of flowers must

be cross pollinated forgood crop


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Acceptable colonies for pollination

8 frames of bees

Frame - 1 standard deep frame,2/3 to 3/4 covered with bees at600F (15.60C)

800 inch2 (5200 cm2) of brood

Bloom season is early Any colony not in top shape by

Sept. 1 will be substandard


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Pollination Practices (Almonds)

Bring in bees at first bloom or earlier

Strong colonies more important than

distribution Usually dropped in groups of 16-32

Bee density recommendations average2.5 colonies per acre

Remove promptly when done


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Pollination Practices (Almonds)

Growers want bees in place fromfirst blossom to last petal fall

Pesticide exposure is possible beforebloom (dormant sprays) and afterbloom (Egyptian alfalfa weevil, grape

cutworm) In and out dates are specified in

contracts


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Nutrition Issues

Poor foragingconditions priorto almond

pollination Almonds are a

monoculture inthe central

valley We do not have

a nutritionallycomplete pollen

substitute


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Almond pollination and honeybee health

The spread of diseases and pests

1.2 million colonies moved into central

valley of California

Colonies subsequently moved across theentire country

The spread of miticide resistantgenes

Undermines resistance management


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Almond pollination and honeybee health

The impact of pesticideexposure

Pesticides used to control croppests

Pesticides used to control bee

pests Frequency of treatment

Residues, interactions,


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Invasive species 1984-2007

Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) 1984

Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) 1987

Small hive beetle (Athenia tumida)1998

Nosema ceranae2002

Israeli acute paralysis virus (2007)


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Deformed wing virus

Israeli acute paralysis virus

Other bee viruses


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The small hive beetle life cycle

Beetlesfly into

colonies

Youngbeetleshatch

after 3-4weeks

Larvaeleave hiveto pupate

in soil

Eggs laidin

protectedplaces

Eating phase

of larvae

Adapted from Otto Boecking, Ceile Germany 2005


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Microscopicexamination is

necessary fordiagnosis

Economicthreshold is 10,000spores per bee

Phase contrastmicroscope and

blood countingchamber arerequired for

diagnosis

Nosema ceranae


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Pesticides and bee toxicity

Until 1985 focus on pesticides appliedto crops and unintentional exposure offoraging bees

In last 27 years pesticides have beenintentionally put in beehives to controlpests

Both the intentional and unintentionalexposures have resulted in residues inbeeswax


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Losses from 1966-1985

Attributable to organochlorines,carbamates, organophosphates andpyrethroid compounds

Most efforts to protect beesfocused on restricting application

during bloom Residual products were never

effectively addressed


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Honey bee injury potential

Plant growth stage

Relative toxicity ofthe chemical

Choice of formulation

Residual action


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Honey bee injury potential

Drift

Temperature

Distance from treatedfields

Time of application


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Formulation and Injury Potential

Microencapsulated products

Dusts

Wettable powders

Emulsifiable concentrates

Solutions

Ultra low volume (ULV)

Granular products


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Pollinator protection

What can applicators do?

Do not treatfields in bloom

Do not allow

spray to land onblooming weeds


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Pollinator protection

What can applicators do?

Choose short residualmaterials and lowhazard formulations

Avoid spray drift


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Pesticides and bee toxicity

1985-2011

Genetically modified crops

Neonicotinoids

Phenylpyrazoles

Miticides in beehives Pesticide residues in beeswax

Fungicides applied during bloom


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Neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazolesand bees

Low toxicity in single exposurebioasssays

Multiple and prolonged exposures- systemic

How to assess injury - acutemortality, immune system

function, learning, navigation?


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When drugs interact.

One plus one can = 17


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Erythromycin with oral contraceptives (anything withestrogen) will render the contraceptive ineffective

Flagyl (giaridia treatment) and ethanol makes younauseated and inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

Lipitor interacts with azole fungicides (Diflucan)used to treat yeast infections. The fungicide inhibits

Lipitor metabolism causing the level of Lipitor tobecome too high leading to muscle breakdown

Some examples of human

drug interactions


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tau-fluvalinate

coumaphos

thymol

fenpyroximate

amitraz

oxalic acid

Legacy drugs, pesticides and fungicides in


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Legacy drugs, pesticides and fungicides inbrood nest wax

Frazier et al., 2008. American Bee Journal Mullin

et al., 2010. PLoS ONE


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"All things are poisonand nothing is without

poison, only the dosepermits something not tobe poisonous

Paracelsus1493-1541

A basic axiom of toxicology


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therapeutic

harmful

deadly

no effect


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tau-fluvalinate

coumaphos


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Johnson et al. accepted; PLoS ONE.


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Fungicides?


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chlorothalonil boscalid +

pyraclostrobin

Group 3

sterol biosynthesis inhibitors

SBI fungicide


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SBI fungicide

tau-fluvalinate


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pre-trea

tment


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propiconazole

myclobutanil

metconazole

fenbuconazole


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therapeutic

harmful

deadly

no effect

N


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Cl

O OO

PO

O

S

Cl

N

O

O

N

O

F

FF

tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos

fungicides non-hive pesticides

natural toxins

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

N

O

N

N

O

O

OH

OH

OHHO

HO

S

P

O

O

O

O

SO

O


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fenpyroximate

1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by

P450s

Drugs detoxified by P450s

X

P450 i hibiti G


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fenpyroximate

1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by

P450s

Drugs detoxified by P450s

X

2. Avoid the use of P450-detoxified miticidal drugs whenbees are also exposed to P450-inhibiting Group 3

fungicides

P450-inhibiting Group3 fungicides

X

Synergistic


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no increase in miticide toxicity

~ increase in miticide toxicity less than 20 fold

! increase in miticide toxicity greater than 20 fold

!! increase in miticide toxicity of nearly 1,000 fold

Synergisticinteractionssummary


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16 University and USDA Laboratory partners

$4 million dollars over 4 yearsDivision of labor, no redundancy

Only collaborative intiatives considered

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Polinización y Sanidad