Presoak s

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Presoaks

Generally speaking, detailers are the biggest users of presoaks. A good presoak

presoak

tr.v.presoaked, presoaking, presoaks

To soak (laundry) before washing.

n.

1. The act or an instance of presoaking.

2. A liquid preparation in which laundry is presoaked. will loosen up the dirt, grease

and road film from the car surface and make it ready for the car washing soap. The

presoak is applied to the car and left on for 10-30 minutes. It may or may not be rinsed

before applying the car wash soap. A standard presoak formula will contain good

builders, surfactants with excellent wetting and penetrating properties and perhaps some

solvents such as glycol ethersGlycol ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl

ethers of ethylene glycol, also sometimes called Cellosolve. These solvents typicallyhave higher boiling point, together with the favorable solvent properties of lower

molecular weight ethers and alcohols. . The pH is adjusted at 9-12.

Most presoak formulas have a high pH and contain fair amounts of electrolytes such as

phosphates, carbonates and silicates. The surfactants suitable for this application must

meet two important requirements: They must be stable in high pH as well as in high

electrolyte electrolyte (lk`trlt'), electrical conductor in which current is carried by

ions rather than by free electrons (as in a metal). environment. Maintaining pH stability

is more important because the electrolyte stability can be compensated by the addition

of an appropriate hydrotrope such as sodium xylene xylene (z ln) or

dimethylbenzene (d'mthlbn`zn), C6H4(CH3)2 sulfonate sulfonate

n.

A salt or ester of sulfonic acid.

v.

1. To introduce one or more sulfonic acid groups into an organic compound.

2. To treat with sulfonic acid. . Most amphoterics have good alkali

alkali (l`kl) [Arab., al-gili=ashes of saltwort], hydroxide of an alkali metal. Alkalies

are readily soluble in water and form strongly basic solutions with a characteristic acrid

taste. stability. In fact, amphoterics are stable in alkaline as well as acidicacidic /acidic/ (ah-sidik) of or pertaining to an acid; acid-forming.

acidic,

adj having the properties of an acid; acid-forming properties. solutions. Ethoxylated

amines include coconut amine amine (mn`, m`n): see under amino group.

amine

Any of a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived, either in principle or

in practice, from ammonia (NH3). with five moles Moles Definition

A mole (nevus) is a pigmented (colored) spot on the outer layer of the skin (epidermis).

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Description

Moles can be round, oval, flat, or raised. They can occur singly or in clusters on any

part of the body. ofethylene oxide ethylene oxide Occupational medicine A gas used to

sterilize medical supplies and other materials or tallow tallow, solid fat extracted from

the tissues and fatty deposits of animals, especially from suet (the fat of cattle andsheep). Pure tallow is white, odorless and tasteless; it consists chiefly of triglycerides of

stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids. amine with 10 moles of ethylene oxide, amine oxides

such as lauramine oxide or cocamine oxide, cocamidopropylhydroxy sultaine and

amphoterics such as sodium cocoamphopropionate, all of which are good examples of

the surfactants that can be used in presence of electrolytes as well as in high and low pH

applications. Here are some starting formulas to consider when developing presoak

products:Presoaks with Phosphates

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 87.0

TKPP 10.0

Sodium cocoamphopropionate 3.0

Preservatives, dyes q.s.

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 88.0

STPP 8.0

Cocamidopropyl 4.0

hydroxysultaine


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 90.0

STPP 8.0

Tallowamine ethoxylate (10 mole) 2.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 87.0

TKPP 5.0


Monoethanolamine 2.0

Glycol ether EB 3.0Preservatives, dyes q.s.

Non-Phosphate Presoaks

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 88.0

Tetrasodium EDTA 2.0

Sodium carbonate 4.0

Sodium metasilicate 3.0

pentahydrate



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Ingredients % Wt.

Water 90.0




pentahydrateLauramine oxide 3.0


Car Wash Soaps

Car wash soaps should have a multitude of attributes, including: high foam, the ability

to cut through the road film on the car and remove dirt, grease and grime; rinsability;

non-damaging to paint or car surfaces and biodegradablity.

Car wash soaps can be formulated as powders or liquids. Powders are a mixture ofbuilders such as phosphates, carbonates and silicates blended in a ribbon blender and

surfactants such as linear alkyl alkyl /alkyl/ (alk'l) the monovalent radical formed

when an aliphatic hydrocarbon loses one hydrogen atom.

alkyl

n. benzene sulfonate (LAS) and nonylphenol ethoxylate adsorbed onto the powder.

Liquid car wash soaps are a blend of surfactants, builders and solvents dissolved in

water. The economical version of car wash soaps are made with LAS and some sodiumcarbonate sodium carbonate, chemical compound, Na2CO3, soluble in water and very

slightly soluble in alcohol. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that

absorbs moisture from the air, has an alkaline taste, and forms a strongly alkaline water

and sodium metasilicate pentahydrate dissolved in water. This is the very basic formula

for the car wash soap. If more flash foam is needed, a little sodium lauryl etherether, in

chemistryether, any of a number of organic compounds whose molecules contain two

hydrocarbon groups joined by single bonds to an oxygen atom. sulfate sulfate, chemical

compound containing the sulfate (SO4) radical. Sulfates are salts or esters of sulfuric

acid, H2SO4, formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal (e.g.,

sodium) or a radical (e.g., ammonium or ethyl). is added. If more creamy, dense foamis desired, an amphoteric such as sodium cocoamphopropionate can be added. For foam

stability and viscosity building an amide, betaine betaine /betaine/ (betah-en) the

carboxylic acid derived by oxidation of choline; it acts as a transmethylating metabolic

intermediate and is used in the treatment of homocystinuria. or amine oxide can be

used. Amides will give more foam stability and viscosity building whereas the amine

oxide and betaine will increase the foam quantity but may not increase the viscosity as

much as the amide will. Glycol ethers or other solvents can be used to improve grease

removal and penetration into the road film.

The bulk of the surfactant system used in a car wash soap is anionic anion

n.A negatively charged ion, especially the ion that migrates to an anode in electrolysis.

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[From Greek, neuter present participle ofanienai, to go up : ana-, ana- surfactants

due, mainly, to the cost. The most commonly used, primary surfactant system is a

combination of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate

(SLES (SuSE Linux Enterprise Server) See SuSE Linux. ). Other surfactants are used asadditives to this basic surfactant system. There are four kinds of chemistries that are

suitable for this purpose:

Amides: Both 2:1 and 1:1 amides can be used as additives in car wash soaps. While 1:1

amides such as cocamide DEACocamide DEA, or cocamide diethanolamine, is a

diethanolamide made by reacting fatty acids in coconut oils with diethanolamine. It is a

viscous liquid and is used as a foaming agent in bath products like shampoos and hand

soaps, and in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent. 1:1 will build the viscosity and will

act as a foam stabilizer stabilizer: see airplane. and booster. They can be used at a level

of 2-4% in a car wash soap formula. The 2:1 amides will not only act as viscosity and

foam boosters but will also aid cleaning and degreasing performance. The use level is 2-4%.

Betaines A betaine in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively

charged cationic functional group such as an ammonium ion or phosphonium ion

(generally: onium ions) which bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged

functional group such as a carboxylate group and sultaines: Betaines and sultaines (or

sulfobetaines) will enhance foaming, build viscosity and add to the cleaning

performance of the formula. Use levels of 3-5% are recommended. Sulfobetaines are

used when a large quantity of builders such as phosphates, carbonates and metasilicates

are present in the formula.

Amine oxides: Lauramine oxide and other amine oxides are excellent detergency

detergency

n.

The power or quality of cleansing.

Noun1.detergency - detergent quality; the quality of having cleansing power

detergence

usefulness, utility - the quality of being of practical use boosters. They also act as foam

stabilizers, foam enhancers and viscosity builders. A use level of 4-6% is recommended.Here are some starting formulas for car wash soaps:Car Wash Soaps

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 60.0

TKPP 2.0


pentahydrate

Linear alkylbenzene 20.0

sulfonate (40%)

Sodium lauryl ether 10.0

sulfate (28%)Sodium cocoamphopropionate 5.0


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Ingredients % Wt.

Water 60.0



pentahydrateLinear alkylbenzene 20.0

sulfonate (40%)


sulfate (28%)

Lauramine oxide 5.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 59.0




pentahydrate


sulfonate (40%)


sulfate (28%)

Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 5.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 56.0



pentahydrate

Sodium citrate 2.0

Glycol ether EB 4.0


sulfonate (40%)

Sodium lauryl ether) 10.0

sulfate (28%

Cocamide DEA 3.0


Car Wash-n-Wax

This is a two-in-one product that cleans the car and then beads and sheets the water for

easy drying. The term "wax" may not be appropriate here because the car does not get

waxed--just dried--though it does get some shine due to the mineral oil and/or quat used

in the formula. Since this soap contain quats, anionic surfactants such as LAS or SLES

should not be added to formula. Similarly, builders such as phosphates, silicates and

carbonates are not used because of the quats. Here the main surfactants are either

amphoterics or nonionics, both of which are compatible with quats.

A wide variety of surfactants can be used in this application. For the soap portion of the

formula, amphoterics, including sodium cocoamphopropionate, sodiumcocoamphoacetate, cocamidopropyl betaineCocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a

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zwitterionic surfactant with a quaternary ammonium cation in its molecule. It is a

viscous pale yellow transparent liquid and is used as a surfactant in bath products like

shampoos and hand soaps, and in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent , cocamidopropyl

hydroxysultaine, amine oxides and ethoxylated amines can be used in various

combinations. For the beading beading,

n the scribing of a shallow groove (less than 0.5 mm in width or depth) on a cast thatoutlines the major connector. It is used to transfer the design to the investment cast and

ensure tissue contact of the major connector. and sheeting action, quats such as

dicocodimonium chloride are widely used. Ethoxylated quats can be used where a

water-soluble quat is needed. Some suggested starting formulation guidelines for car

wash-n-dry products are shown here:Car Wash-N-Dry Formulas

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 70.0

Sodium 25.0

cocoamphopropionateDicocodimonium chloride 5.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 65.0

Sodium 20.0

cocoamphopropionate

Tallowamine 10.0

ethoxylate (10 mole)

Dicocodimonium 5.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 50.0

Mineral seal oil 10.0

Dicocodimonium chloride 10.0

Glycol ether EB 5.0

Ethoxylated 25.0

cocamine (5 mole)


Whitewall Tire Cleaners

Whitewall tire cleaners are formulated to remove the tough road film, grease, grime and

dirt from the tire. They are heavy in caustics and builders. The surfactants used in this

application must be stable to high pH and electrolytes. Amphoterics such as sodium

cocoamphopropionate will work well in this application. Other surfactants that can

provide a performance advantage in this application include ethoxylated amines and

hydroxysultaines. Some suggested starting formulation guidelines are as follows:Whitewall Tire Cleaners

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 67.0

Potassium hydroxide (45%) 13.0

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TKPP 12.0



Ingredients % Wt.

Water 77.0Potassium hydroxide (45%) 8.0


Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate 3.0

Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 8.0


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 74.0


pentahydrate


Glycol ether EB 6.0

Tetrasodium EDTA (48%) 4.0

Cocamine ethoxylate (5moles) 5.0


Engine Cleaners/Degreasers

As the name suggests, these products are formulated to cut stubborn grease and road

film. These products are highly alkaline with surfactants that have excellent wetting and

penetrating properties. Glycol ethers are commonly used as grease removers in these

formulas. Some formulators also use other solvents such as kerosene kerosene orkerosine, colorless, thin mineral oil whose density is between 0.75 and 0.85 grams per

cubic centimeter. A mixture of hydrocarbons, it is commonly obtained in the fractional

distillation of petroleum as the portion boiling off or d-limonene. A microemulsion of

d-limonene is an excellent form for this application. The surfactants used in this

application include amphoterics and ethoxylated amines. Here are some suggested

formulations for engine cleaners and degreasers:Engine Degreaser

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 68.0


Glycol ether DPM 15.0



Ingredients % Wt.

Water 68.0

TKPP 10.0




Ingredients % Wt.

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Water 71.0

Potassium hydroxide 5.0


pentahydrate




Ingredients % Wt.

Water 54.0

d-limonene 10.0


Tallowamine ethoxylate 30.0

(10 mole)


Ingredients % Wt.

Water 68.0

TKPP 5.0

d-limonene 8.0




Windshield Washers

Windshield washers are designed to remove grease and dirt from the glass. The soil is

comparatively light and the glass substrate is a hard, non-porous surface, which makes iteasier to clean. Here the important requirement is that the surfactant should not leave

spots and streaks. Most formulators use alcohol, generally IPAIPA - International

Phonetic Alphabet , to prevent the formula from freezing. Dipropylene glycol

glycol (gl kl), dihydric alcohol in which the two hydroxyl groups are bonded to

different carbon atoms; the general formula for a glycol is (CH2)n(OH)2. monomethyl

ether and other glycol ethers are used as solvents to dissolve any oil or grease and

grime. Ammonia or other suitable alkalis are used to impart alkalinity alkalinity

n.

The alkali concentration or alkaline quality of a substance that contains alkali.

alkalinity

1. the quality of being alkaline.

2. to the formula. Surfactants are used in low amounts, 0.2-1.0%, to provide the wetting

and penetrating action to the formula.

Commonly used surfactants in this application include decamine oxide, caprylic/capric

amidopropyl betaine, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine and caprylic/capric

amphoacetate. Here are two starting formulas:Windshield Washer Fluid

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Ingredients % Wt.

Water 89.0

Isopropyl alcohol

6.0

Glycol ether DPM 4.0Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 0.5



Ingredients % Wt.

Water 89.0

Isopropyl alcohol 6.0


Caprylic/capric amphoacetate 0.5

Ammonia 0.5


Windshield Treatments

There are some products on the U.S. market which are intended to treat the windshield

in such a way that when rain drops on the windshield, the water sheets off without the

use ofwipers

For the town in Belgium which was called 'Wipers' by British soldiers during

World War One, See Ypres.

The Wipers were a punk rock group formed in Portland, Oregon in 1977 by guitarist

Greg Sage, drummer Sam Henry and bassist Dave Koupal. . The product forms an

invisible barrier that repels rain, sleet sleet, precipitation of small, partially melted

grains of ice. As raindrops fall from clouds, they pass through layers of air at different

temperatures. If they pass through a layer with a temperature below the freezing point,

they turn into sleet. and snow on contact. Raindrops bead up and are blown away by the

aerodynamic wind flow from driving. The directions for use of these products calls for

cleaning the glass, then applying the product to a dry cloth and wiping onto the exterior

glass. The product is then wiped with a dry towel until clear.

Aminofunctional silicones are well suited for this application because of theirsubstantivity, durability and detergent-resistant properties. A starting formula is as

follows:Windshield Treatment

Ingredients % Wt.

Aminofunctional silicone 2.5

IPA 97.5

Car Drying Aids

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After the car is washed in an automatic car wash, it is sprayed with rinse/drying aid. The

main purpose of this aid is to bead up the remaining water on the car surface so it can be

easily removed by the blast of air. The "beading up" of water is caused by the

accumulation of small water droplets into a large bead. The product that forces the

water to form beads is not a true wax; it is a mixture of quat and mineral seal oilNoun

1.seal oil - a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used inmaking soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant

animal oil - any oil obtained from animal substances . The formation of beads of water

on a car surface is generally accomplished by a microemulsion of mineral seal oil in

water formed with the help of a quat. A common formula for this so-called hot wax or

drying aid is shown here.Hot Wax

Ingredients % Wt.



Glycol ether EB 5.0Water 50.0


The dicocodimonium chloride creates a microemulsion of mineral seal oil in water. This

microemulsion is a dispersion of droplets of oil in the water. The droplet droplet

very small drop of fluid.

droplet nucleithe finite particles of matter which are transmitted from animal to animal. size is so

small that the light passes through them and does not get reflected back, which is why it

appears as a clear solution rather than a dispersion. Macroemulsions such as skin care

creams and lotions lotions,

n.pl nonoily treatments intended to be applied to the skin for a variety of cosmetic or

medicinal purposes. are also dispersions of fats, oils and waxes in water but here the oil

droplets that are dispersed in water are much larger than the droplet size in a

microemulsion. A macroemulsion such as a skin care lotion appears white because the

light does not pass through and gets reflected back.

The hot wax formula for drying aids also includes glycol ether. Glycol ether provides

the required solubilization and HLB to create the microemulsion. Sometimes the

formula also needs a nonionic surfactant. Preferred surfactants are ethoxylated amines

such as cocoamine with five moles of ethylene oxide. Therefore another formula can be

made as follows.Hot Wax

Ingredients % Wt.



Glycol Ether EB 5.0Exothylated cocoamine 2.0

Water 48.0

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Drying aids form a thin, nearly invisible layer of quat and mineral seal oil on the car's

surface. The quat molecules tend to attach themselves to the surface and bring the

mineral seal oil with them to form an efficient hydrophobic

hydrophobic /hydrophobic/ (-fobik)

1. pertaining to hydrophobia (rabies).

2. not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water.

3. layer. When water comes in contact with this layer it immediately gets repelled and

forced to stick together rather than stick to the car surface, which makes water bead off.

The quat causes a reduction in surface tension. Addition of nonionic surfactants causes

further reduction in surface tension; thus the nonionic helps sheet the water off the car.Nonionic surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylates or alcohol ethoxylates can be

used, but they wash away part of the quat. Ethoxylated amines are more compatible

with quats due to a pseudo-positive charge on the nitrogen (created by the shift of

electrons) in ethoxylated amines. All of our test results point to the fact that ethoxylated

amines work much better than other nonionics in this application. Here are three car

drying/rinse aid starting formulations in premium, standard and economy qualities:Premium Quality

Ingredients % Wt.


Exothylated cocoamine 2.0Glycol ether EB 5.0


Water 50.0


Standard Quality

Ingredients % Wt.


Exothylated cocoamine 2.4

Glycol ether EB 3.0

Mineral seal oil 20.0Water 61.0


Economy Quality

Ingredients % Wt.



Glycol ether EB 2.0


Water 72.0


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Adding silicone quats to the formula will enhance the beading and sheeting action, as

well as cause quick breaking of foam and will help leave a shine on the car while

protecting the surface. Here's a sample starting formula:

Car Drying / Rinse Aid Premium Quality

Ingredients % Wt.



Silicone quat 3.0

Glycol ether EB 5.0


Water 47.0


Troubleshooting

The standard procedure for making the formulas found in this article is to add all

ingredients in the order listed except water. Mix well and make sure that the batch is

homogenoushomogenous - homogeneous and smooth, free of lumps or particles,

before adding water. Add water slowly with good agitation. The mixer must be able to

create a vortex.

A variety of problems can be encountered when making a car drying/rinse aid formula.

Cold weather adds to the problems since emulsions in general, and microemulsions in

particular, are sensitive to low temperatures. Order of addition as well as speed ofmixing is important to create a crystal-clear batch.

Mineral seal oil (MSO(1) (Multiple System Operator) Typically refers to a cable TV

organization that owns more than one cable system, but it may refer to an operator of

only one system. ) quality is an important factor. Mineral seal oils are mixtures of

aromatic and aliphatic aliphatic /aliphatic/ (al?i-fatik) pertaining to any member of

one of the two major groups of organic compounds, those with a straight or branched

chain structure.

aliphatic

adj. hydrocarbons and their ratios vary from supplier to supplier and from batch to

batch. Recent increases in crude oil prices may have caused some alterations in the

quality of mineral seal oil. The quality and hardness of water is another variable. Hard

water that contains calcium and magnesium can cause variations in the formulation.

Order of addition, speed of addition and mixing equipment are also important factors.

When making a batch, it is recommended to add MSO, quat and glycol ether and mix

them very well. The mixing equipment must be able to create a vortex and bring the

bottom part of the mixture to the top; otherwise, a portion of the quat can stay at the

bottom. The water should be added slowly with constant mixing. Whenever the batch

does not turn out clear there are some adjustments that should be made. Here are a fewexamples:

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* Add more quat. As discussed earlier, the quality of MSO can vary. If the MSO has

more aliphatic material, it will take more quat to emulsify emulsify

v.

To make into an emulsion.

emul sifica tionn. .

* Add more EB. Some batches take a little more EB to make the microemulsion.

* Add exothylated cocoamine. The addition of 1-2% exothylated cocoamine also helps.

If the viscosity of the batch is higher or there is a gel formation, add 0.5% of betaine.

Occasionally, the addition of 2-5% propylene glycol will also help dissolve any

precipitation.

Foaming Drying Aids

A drying aid which is becoming more popular in the U.S. is heavily pigmented and

makes colored bubbles as it is sprayed on the car for water beading and sheeting

purposes to dry the car in an automatic car wash. These drying aids contain less mineral

seal oil and more nonionic or amphoteric surfactant to produce foam.

The typical quats can be used for the drying action. Mineral seal oil may or may not be

used. If mineral seal oil is used, the quantity should be reduced due to its defoaming

action. Ethoxylated quats can also be used. The ethoxylation makes them watersolubleand relatively more foam producing than the regular dicoco quats. Additives that

increase foam volume and stability include cocoamidopropyl betaine, cocamidopropyl

hydroxysultaine, lauramine oxide and cocamine ethoxylate. Here are some suggested

starting formulas for foaming drying/rinse aids:Foaming Drying/Rinse Aid

Ingredients % Wt.




Glycol ether EB 5.0

Water 40.0


Ingredients % Wt.




Cocamine oxide 25.0

Glycol ether EB 5.0

Water 40.0


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Car Polishes

Car polishes provide gloss, protect and clean the car's painted surfaces. A wide variety

of auto polishes are available on the market. The polish can be formulated in three

different physical forms--namely paste, liquid and spray. Modern car polishes often

contain at least some of the following ingredients:

Silicones and their derivatives have excellent performance in polish formulas.

Polydimethyl siloxanes and various organo modifications are used in this application.

As a general rule, higher viscosity fluids give more gloss and durability but are difficult

to process and difficult to buff and rubout rubout

n.Slang

1. A murder or killing.

2. Destruction or obliteration: the rubout of a rival gang. . The lower viscosity fluids are

easier to formulate with and apply. Emulsions are very easy to incorporate in a formula.

Aminofunctional silicones are widely used for their substantivity and detergentresistancy. Silicone resins can also be used for their durability. Thus in general,

silicones provide water repellency and protection as well as gloss and durability.

The primary function of the solvents in a car polish is to clean the surface dirt, grease

and grime and prepare the surface for the polish. They also act as the carrier for waxes,

silicones and other actives to the surface. Solvents should be carefully chosen because

high KB value solvents can damage the painted surfaces. Generally a solvent with less

than 40 KB value is recommended. Common solvents are deodorized mineral spirits

Mineral Spirits also called Stoddard solvent [CAS 8052-41-3][1]

, is a petroleum

distilate commonly used as a paint thinner and mild solvent. In Europe, it is referred to

as white spirit. , deodorized kerosene and VM&P naphtha naphtha (np`th, nf`),

term usually restricted to a class of colorless, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon

mixtures. .

Waxes are used in the polish in order to control the viscosity of the formula, provide

hardness and some gloss to the film, improve emulsification and stability of the

emulsion emulsion: see colloid.

emulsion

Mixture of two or more liquids in which one is dispersed in the other as microscopic orultramicroscopic droplets (see colloid). Emulsions are stabilized by agents (emulsifiers)

that (e.g. , control bleeding, improve opacity Refers to being "opaque," which means to

prevent light from shining through. For example, in an image editing program, the

opacity level for some function might range from completely transparent (0) to

completely opaque (100). , provide lubrication lubrication, introduction of a substance

between the contact surfaces of moving parts to reduce friction and to dissipate heat. A

lubricant may be oil, grease, graphite, or any substancegas, liquid, semisolid, or

solidthat permits free action of and increase durability. Common waxes include

carnauba carnauba (krn`b, nou`), wax obtained from the wax palm, or carnauba

(Copernicia cerifera), of Brazil. It is secreted by the leaves, apparently in defense

against the hot winds and droughts of its native habitat, , beeswax beeswax: see wax.

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beeswax

Commercially useful wax secreted by worker honeybees to make the cell walls of the

honeycomb. A bee consumes an estimated 610 lbs (34. , paraffin paraffin, white,

more-or-less translucent, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid. It melts between 47&degC;

and 65&degC; and is insoluble in water but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.and microcrystalline wax. A blend of two or more waxes impart several desired

properties to the final formula.

A wide variety of emulsifiers can be used to produce oil-in-water or water-in-oil

systems. Sorbitan sorbitan /sorbitan/ (sorbi-tan) any of the anhydrides of sorbitol, the

fatty acids of which are surfactants used as emulsifiers in pharmaceutical preparations;

see alsopolysorbate 80. esters esters (esterz),

n.pl organic compounds synthesized from acids and alcohols, typically possessing fruity

aromas. , alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylate polydimethyl siloxanes and fatty acid fatty

acid, any of the organic carboxylic acids present in fats and oils as esters of glycerol.

Molecular weights of fatty acids vary over a wide range. The carbon skeleton of anyfatty acid is unbranched. Some fatty acids are saturated, i.e. soaps can be used as

emulsifiers. A number of other surfactants including amphoterics, alkyl sulfates,

alkanolamides and ethoxylated fatty amines can also be used as emulsifiers. Oleic

oleic

adj.

1. Of, relating to, or derived from oil.

2. Of or relating to oleic acid. and stearic acid stearic acid /stearic acid/ (ste-arik) a

saturated 18-carbon fatty acid occurring in most fats and oils, particularly of tropical

plants and land animals; used pharmaceutically as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as

an emulsifying soaps are also used.

Popular Abrasives

Finely divided clays and diatomaceous earth diatomaceous earth: see diatom.

diatomaceous earthor kieselguhr

Light-coloured, porous, and friable sedimentary rock composed of the frustrules

(silicate cell walls) of diatoms. products are used in polishes to remove stubborn roadfilm and tar from the car surface. The abrasives remove surface scratches and slight

imperfections and smooth out the surface to be polished. Common commercial products

include Snow Floss, Super Floss and Kaopolite. The choice of abrasive depends on the

type of surface to be polished. Newer cars with clear coats generally require a mild

abrasive with a very fine particle sizeParticle size, also called grain size, refers to the

diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. The

term may also be applied to other granular materials. . More aggressive abrasives with a

larger particle size may be more suitable for older cars.

Depending on the amount and composition of the oil phase in an oil-in-water emulsion,

a thickener thickentr. & intr.v.thickened, thickening, thickens

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1. To make or become thick or thicker: Thicken the sauce with cornstarch. The crowd

thickened near the doorway.

2. may or may not be needed. If the quantity of the oil phase is considerable and it

contains a good amount of waxes, the formula may not need any other thickener. If the

formula turns out to be thin, it will not be able to keep abrasives in suspension. In suchcases a water phase thickener may be used. Common thickeners include carbopol,

cellulose gums and magnesium aluminum silicate silicate, chemical compound

containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, e.g., aluminum, barium, beryllium,

calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, or zirconium. Silicates may

be considered chemically as salts of the various silicic acids. .

Liquid Car Polish with High Gloss and Detergent ResistancyIngredients % Wt.

Wax 5.8

Odorless mineral sprits 32.1

Aminofunctional siloxane 3.5

Dimethicone emulsion 4.7

Oleic acid 1.7

Morpholine 0.9

Kaopolite 1152 10.0

Water 41.3

Preservative, perfume, dye q.s.

Paste Car Polish with High Gloss

and Detergent Resistancy

Ingredients % Wt.

Beeswax 4.8Carnauba wax 2.0

Odorless mineral spirit 34.4

Aminofunctional siloxane 3.5

Dimethicone 350 4.3

Dimethicone 100,000 1.8

Stearic acid 1.6

Morpholine 0.9

Kaopolite 10.0

Carbopol 0.2

Water 36.5


Liquid Spray and Wipe PolishFor New Clear Coat Cars

Ingredients % Wt.

Silicone emulsion 10.0

Water 90.0


Tire Dressings

Tire dressings bring out the depth of the color and provide gloss to the tire to make it

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look newer and more attractive. Tire dressings also provide some protection to the tire

from road film and environmental pollutants environmental pollutants,

n.pl the substances and conditions, including noise, that adversely affect the health and

well-being of the people within a community. . Tire dressings are generally very low

viscosity products and can be applied with a pump sprayer. The formulations can be

solvent based or water based. In the solvent based systems deodorized kerosene ormineral sprits are used as the carrier and base and silicone fluids are used as a gloss

enhancer. Amino functional silicones add durability and detergent resistancy. Water-

based dressings can be simple water dilutions of silicone emulsions. Some suggested

starting formulations are as follows.Solvent-based Tire Dressing

Ingredients % Wt.

Odorless mineral spirits 90.0

Dimethicone 350 10.0


Solvent-based Tire Dressing

(with amino functional silicone)

Ingredients % Wt.

Odorless mineral spirits 90.0

Dimethicone 350 8.0

Aminofunctional silicone 2.0


Water-based Tire Dressing

Ingredients % Wt.


Water 90.0


Plastic and Vinyl Cleaners

Car interiors include such diverse surfaces as plastic, vinyl and leather. All of them

must be cleaned and cared for properly. A mild, low foaming cleaner is generally

needed to do the job of cleaning while a thin film of an appropriate silicone derivativewill work well for the care and appearance of the surface. For the cleaner part, a low-

foaming surfactant with good wetting properties on plastic and vinyl is required. Some

of these surfactants include decylamine oxide, caprylic/capric amidopropylbetaine, and

caprylic/capric amphoacetate. Builders such as EDTA EDTA: see chelating agents. ,

sodium citrate, sodium metasilicate and small amounts of TKPP can also be used.

Glycol ethers will also boost soil removal.

A plastic and vinyl polish is easy to make. A simple dilution of an appropriate silicone

emulsion will do the job. Here are some starting formulas for plastic and vinyl cleaners.Plastic and Vinyl Cleaner

Ingredients % Wt.

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Water 92.0

Decylamine oxide 3.0

Caprylic/capric 2.0

amidopropylbetaine

EDTA 0.5



Ingredients % Wt.

Water 94.0

Alcohol alkoxylate 1.0

Caprylic/capric amphoacetate 2.0

TKPP 0.5



Ingredients % Wt.


Water 80.0


Leather Polish and Protectant

Leather is a relatively soft and porous material. A leather polish and protectant formula

should contain ingredients that can penetrate the pores and keep it moisturized and soft

and also protect its surface from the harmful effects of foreign substances. Silicone fluid

with about 100 cst viscosity will also do a good job. A suggested starting formula for

one of these products is shown here:Leather Polish and Protectant

Ingredients % Wt.

Silicone liquid wax 3.0

Dimethicone 100 5.0

Bees wax 2.0

White mineral spirit 25.0

Water 65.0


Upholstery and Carpet Shampoo

Carpet shampoos are based on anionic surfactants that dry into a powder and can be

easily removed with a vacuum cleaner. Alkyl sulfates, sarcocinates and sulfosuccinates

are often the primary surfactants in a carpet shampoo formula. For lower foam versions,

naphthalene naphthalene (nf`thln'), colorless, crystalline, solid aromatic hydrocarbon

with a pungent odor. It melts at 80&degC;, boils at 218&degC;, and sublimes upon

heating. and cumene Cumene

n.1.(Chem.) A colorless oily hydrocarbon, C6H5.C3H7, obtained by the distillation ofcuminic acid; - called also cumol ltname>. sulfonates are commonly used. Secondary

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surfactants are used as detergency enhancers, spot removers, foam and viscosity

modifiers and antibacterial antibacterial /antibacterial/ (-bak-tere-al) destroying or

suppressing growth or reproduction of bacteria; also, an agent that does this.

antibacterialadj. agents. Ethoxylated amines, for example, can boost detergency and spot removal

properties. Some amphoterics such as sodium cocoamphopropionate will also increase

the detergency and the alkali stability of the formula. If a quat is used as an antibacterial

agent in the formula then the anionic surfactants can not be used. In that case

amphoterics become the primary surfactant.

Various builders can be used when formulating a carpet cleaner. TKPP in small

amounts (0.5-2.5%) does an excellent job as a builder. Sodium metasilicate

pentahydrate is a corrosion inhibitor A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound

that, when added in small concentration, stops or slows down corrosion of metals and

alloys.

A typical good corrosion inhibitor will give 95% inhibition at concentration of 80 ppm,

and 90% at 40 ppm. and provides alkalinity. EDTA, sodium citrate and sodium

carbonate can also be used. Sodium bicarbonate sodium bicarbonate or sodium

hydrogen carbonate, chemical compound, NaHCO3, a white crystalline or granular

powder, commonly known as bicarbonate of soda or baking soda. It is soluble in water

and very slightly soluble in alcohol. is also a popular additive in carpet cleaners.

Glycol ethers act as cleaners and degreasers in a carpet shampoo formula. Propylene

propylene /propylene/ (propi-len) a gaseous hydrocarbon, CH3CHdbondCH2.

propylene glycol a colorless viscous liquid used as a humectant and solvent in

pharmaceutical preparations. glycol-based ethers such as DPM (Documents Per

Minute) The number of paper documents that can be processed in one minute. can be

used at a 2-5% level. If a perfume is used, it must be completely solubilized in the

formula. Generally there are enough surfactants in the formula to dissolve the perfume.

In other cases where a heavy dose of perfume is used or there are not enough surfactants

to solubilize solubilize

v.

To make substances such as fats soluble in water by the action of a detergent or similaragent. the perfume, adding ethoxylated amines will help solubilize the perfume. Here

are some starting formulas for auto carpet and upholstery cleaners:Carpet Shampoo

Ingredients % Wt.

Sulfosuccinate 16.0

Cocamine ethoxylate (5 mole) 1.0



pentahydrate

Acrylic polymer 1.0

Water 77.0Preservatives, dyes q.s.

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Low Foam Carpet Cleaner

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 84.0

TKPP 5.0

Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate 3.0Sodium bicarbonate 2.0

Decamime oxide 5.5

Capped alcohol ethoxylate 0.5


High Foam Carpet Cleaner

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 72.0

TKPP 5.0


pentahydrate

Sodium cocoamphoacetate 5.0

Magnesium lauryl sulfate 15.0


Carpet and Upholstery Cleaner

Ingredients % Wt.

Water 71.0

Sodium lauryl sulfate 12.0

Cocoamine ethoxylate (5 mole) 2.0

Sodium ccocamphopropionate 5.0

TKPP 3.0



Odor Absorbers

One of the current trends in auto carpet and upholstery cleaning is to add an odor-

controlling agent in order to neutralize neutralize

to render neutral. malodors such as cigarette smoke, pet odors Odors

anosmia

Medicine. the absence of the sense of smell; olfactory anesthesia. Also called

anosphrasia. anosmic, adj.

halitosis

bad breath; an unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth. or food smells. These odor-

controlling agents can be divided into three categories. One is a suitable perfume that

can cover up the odor. The disadvantages of the perfume can be that it just covers up the

malodor and when the perfume evaporates, the malodor will come back. Also perfume

is a very personal thing and some people may not like the smell of the mixture of a

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particular perfume with a malodor. The second category of odor controllers are

chemicals with cavities in their molecules, such as cyclodextrin. The malodor and a

strong perfume can be absorbed in these cavities and thus the perfume covers the odor

and makes the perfume last longer. The third type is zinc ricinoleate. This material when

activated by solubilizing in water will make complex with malodors, which generally

contain nitrogen and sulfur. This complexing is permanent and the malodor molecule isnot released even upon drying. Here are somestarting formulas for odor absorbing

products:Upholstery and Carpet Shampoo with Odor Absorber

Ingredients % Wt.


Decylamine oxide 5.0

Caprylic/capric amidopropylbetaine 5.0

Zinc ricinoleate (50% con.) 1.0

Water 79.0


Upholstery and Carpet Shampoo

with Odor Absorber

Ingredients % Wt.

Sodium naphthalene sulfonate 10.0

Lauramine oxide 8.0


TKPP 2.0

Water 79.0


Carpet Cleaner with Odor Absorber

Ingredients % Wt.


Propylene glycol 3.00


Cocamine ethoxylate (5 moles) 1.00


Deionized water 90.0


Other Products for Car Interiors

Cigarette smoke is one of the most common odors inside a car. Other malodors include

pet odors, urine and food odors. There are several products on the North

American market, which are used to fight odors inside an auto. Most of them are based

on fragrances that cover up malodors. Zinc ricinoleate can be used to actually adsorb

adsorb /adsorb/ (ad-sorb) to attract and retain other material on the surface; to conduct

the process of adsorption.

adsorb

v.

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To take up by adsorption. these odors and thus eliminate them rather than just mask

them with fragrance. A combination of a pleasant fragrance and zinc ricinoleate can also

be formulated to provide the best of the both worlds. A suggested starting formula is as

follows:Car Interior Deodorizer Spray

Ingredients % Wt.

Zinc ricinoleate (50% conc.) 2.0

Tween 20 4.0


Sodium citrate 2.5


Due to the superwetting and surface tension reduction to very low levels of some of the

silicone surfactants they can be used to formulate excellent glass cleaners with

antifogging properties.Interior Windshield Cleaner with Anti-fogging Effect

Ingredients % Wt.

Dimethicone copoyol 1.0



In the past, maintaining a car's appearance required plenty of elbow grease. But today,

manufacturers are making it easier for consumers to keep their cars looking new manyyears after they drive them off the dealer's lot.

For more information contact Shoaib Arif at (614) 764-6684 or email:

[email protected]

COPYRIGHT 2001 Rodman Publications, Inc.

No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from

the copyright holder.

Copyright 2001 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.