Proyecto de Aprendizaje Auto Desarrollado en Redes y Equipos y Educacion a Distancia

7/24/2019 Proyecto de Aprendizaje Auto Desarrollado en Redes y Equipos y Educacion a Distancia

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REPBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAMINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA DEFENSA

UNIVERSIDAD EXPERIMENTAL POLITCNICA

DE LA FUERZA ARMADA NACIONAL

COMANDANTE SUPREMO HUGO RAFAEL CHVEZ FRAS

NCLEO LARA

APRENDIZAJE AUTO DESARROLLADO EN REDES DE EQUIPOS Y

EDUCACIN A DISTANCIA EN SAN LORENZO VIEJO, BARQUISIMETO

ESTADO LARA

Autores:

Cast!!" R#$ C%I &'%&()%*+(

Va,-as B.at,/ C%I *)%01+%2*&

Ca,3"/" A4-5!#a C%I **%&'(%1(1

A!6a,a3" C,sa!3a C%I *7%7&1%&27

S.##849 +D(+AG

Baru!s!"eto, O#tu$re %&'(


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REP)BLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAUNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL E*PERIMENTAL

POLIT+CNICA DE LA UERZA ARMADA

UNEA-Lara

APROBACI.N DEL TRABAJO DE INVESTI/ACI.N

Por e0 Asesor

E4 : #"43#84 3. as.s", 3. 46.st-a#84;


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DEDICATORIAA : D"s T"3">"3.,"s"; >", .sta, .4 #a3a 3a 3. 4=.st,a 63a 343"4"s s=

!=/ s= .43#84%

A 4=.st,"s Pa3,.s @=. :. .4s.Ja,"4 a ,.#"4"#., !"s .,,",.s a #.!.,a, !as

6#t",as%

A 4=.st,"s H.,:a4"s >", !a :"t6a#84 .4 t"3" :":.4t" #"4 s=s .!"-"s%

A 4=.st,"s >,:"s s",4"s @=. .st. !"-," !.s .st:=!. a s.-=, a3.!a4t.%

A 4=.st," >,".s", H5#t", G"4/!./ >", s=s .4s.Ja4/as% KPa,a Ust.3 4=.st,"

t"

Cast!00o R!#1, Var2as Beatr!3, Car4o3o A5260!#a, A07ara4o Cr!sa0!4a


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4

INDICE /ENERALINTRODUCCIN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%+CAPTULO I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'EL PROBLEMA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'OBETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&

O?.t6" G.4.,a!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&O?.t6" Es>.##"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&

USTIFICACIN E IMPORTANCIA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&*A!#a4#.s L:ta#"4.s%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&7CAPTULO II%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&0MARCO TERICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&0

A4t.#.3.4t.s 3. !a I46.st-a#84%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&0BASES TERICAS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&2BASES LEGALES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)&Va,a!.s 3. Est=3"%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)7

CAPITULO III%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)+MARCO METODOLGICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)+

Nat=,a!./a 3. !a 46.st-a#84%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)+Ds.J" 3. !a I46.st-a#84%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)1P"!a#84 M=.st,a%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)2T5#4#a . 4st,=:.4t"s 3. R.#"!.##84 3. Dat"s%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7&Va!3./ C"4a!3a3%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7*

T5#4#as 3. P,"#.sa:.4t" A4!ss 3. Dat"s%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%77Eta>as 3. !a I46.st-a#84%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%70

CONCLUSIN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7+RECOMENDACIONES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7'REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%72ANEXOS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0&


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REP)BLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAUNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL E*PERIMENTAL

POLIT+CNICA DE LA UERZA ARMADA

APRENDIZAJE AUTO DESARROLLADO EN REDES DE EQUIPOS Y

EDUCACIN A DISTANCIA EN SAN LORENZO VIEJO, BARQUISIMETO

ESTADO LARA

Autoras: Cast!00o R!#1Var2as Beatr!3

Car4o3o A5260!#a

A07ara4o Cr!sa0!4a

Tutor: 86#tor /o5390e3

e#a: O#tu$re, %&'(

RESUMEN

La >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84 t=6" #":" 4a!3a3; a>,.43/a?. a=t" 3.sa,,"!!a3" .4 ,.3.s3. .@=>"s .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a .4 Sa4 L",.4/" 6.?"; Ba,@=s:.t" .sta3" La,a%M.t"3"!8-#a:.4t. .st. .st=3" s. .4:a,#a .4 !a :"3a!3a3 3. >,".#t" a#t!.;a>"a3" 3. =4a 46.st-a#84 3. #a:>" 3. #a,#t., 3.s#,>t6" .4"@=.#=a4ttat6"; #=" >"!a#84 .st=6" #"4",:a3a >", #.4t" t,.4ta #4#" &)0>.,s"4as; #=a :=.st,a =. .! t"ta! 3. s.s.4ta "#" +' >.,s"4as% Pa,a ,.#"!.#ta,!a 4",:a#84 s. a3:4st,8 =4 #=.st"4a," 3#"t8:#" 6a!3" >", ?=#" 3..>.,t"s; .! #=a! #"st" 3. 6.4t. &( t.:s% P"st.,",:.4t. !a 4t.,>,.ta#84 3. !"s3at"s s. ,.a!/8 :.3a4t. =4 a4!ss .sta3st#"; >", :.3" 3. ,.#=.4#as >",#.4ta?.s .4 #a3a =4" 3. !"s t.:s% S. #"4#!=. .4t"4#.s @=. .! >=.3.4 s.,a3.#=a3"s >a,a 3.sa,,"!!a, =4 ?=#" #,t#" s",. 3.t.,:4a3"s t.:as 3. =4 #=,s"%

P", !" @=. >,">"4. .! 3.sa,,"!!" 3. a!a4/as #"46.4"s #"4 "t,as 4stt=#"4.s.3=#at6as% E4t,. !as =46.,s3a3.s; .st=3a3as .4 .! 4",:.; @=. #=.4ta4 #"4>,"-,a:as a?" :"3a!3a3 6,t=a! " :"3a!3a3 s.:>,.s.4#a!%

Des#r!;tores:E3=#a#84; E3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a; ,.3.s .@=>"s


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6

INTRODUCCI.N

La E3=#a#84 a Dsta4#a EaD .s =4 ,.#=,s" !.!. 3. ",:a#84 @=. a

t.4. :=#"s aJ"s 3. .sta,s. a>!#a43" .4 A:5,#a Lat4a .4 !"s >as.s

3.sa,,"!!a3"s .4#"4t,a:"s .>.,.4#as @=. s. ,.:"4ta4 a :.3a3"s 3.! s% XIX% E4

!"s !t:"s aJ"s .! >,"#.s" .4s.Ja4/a Q a>,.43/a?. a s=,3" =4a s.,. 3.

t,a4s",:a#"4.s .4 #=a4t" a !a :a4.,a 3. #"4#.,!"; :>!a4ta,!" ",.4ta,!"%

Estas t,a4s",:a#"4.s; a4 3s#=,,3" 3.s3. !a #!as. :a-st,a! 3"43. .!

",-.4 3. !"s #"4"#:.4t"s 3. !"s .st=3a4t.s s. asaa .4 !"s #"4"#:.4t"s 3.!

>,".s",; !"s >,".s",.s saa4 !" @=. !"s .st=3a4t.s 4.#.staa4 a>,.43., a @=.

.,a ,.s>"4sa!3a3 3. 3#"s >,".s",.s t,a4s:t, .st"s #"4"#:.4t"s a !"s

.st=3a4t.s 3. !a ",:a :s s.4#!!a >"s!.%

Pasa43" >", .! :"3.!" #"4"#3" #":" .3=#a#84 >,.s.4#a! t,a3#"4a!; s.

#at.-",/a !a >a,t#>a#84 3.! .st=3a4t. .4 =4 #.4t," s#" 3. .st=3" 3"43. s.

#":>a,t. t.:>" .s>a#" ?=4t" #"4 "t,"s .st=3a4t.s; ,.#.43" .4 s= :a", >a,t.

#"4"#:.4t"s >", :.3" 3. !a #":=4#a#84 ",a!%

E4 .! #"4t.t" 3. !a .3=#a#84 >,.s.4#a!; !"s .s>a#"s 3. !as =46.,s3a3.s

#a3a 3a =.,"4 4s=#.4t.s a @=. !a 4,a.st,=#t=,a s#a @=.3aa >.@=.Ja a4t. !a

3.:a43a 3. !as >.,s"4as @=. s.4ta4 !a 4.#.s3a3 3. #,.#:.4t" >.,s"4a!;

a#a35:#"; >,".s"4a!; .4t,. "t,"s% S4 #"4ta, .! .#" @=. t.4. #a3a 4363=" 3.

#"4s.-=, .! s=st.4t" 3. 63a; !" @=. 4" >.,:t. .sta, -,a4 #a4t3a3 3. ",as 3.4t,"

3. !"s .s>a#"s =46.,sta,"s >", .stas "t,as ,a/"4.s .! :"3.!" 3. .3=#a#84

>,.s.4#a! =. 3a43" >as" a !a .3=#a#84 s=>.,", a 3sta4#a .4 s=s 36.,sas

:"3a!3a3.s%


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E! s-=.4t. >,".#t" .st .st,=#t=,a3" 3. !a s-=.4t. ",:a Ca>t=!" I .st",:a3" >", >!a4t.a:.4t" 3.! >,"!.:a; #"4 .!!" .sta !"s "?.t6"s -.4.,a!.s; !"s

"?.t6"s .s>.##"s; !a ?=st#a#84 3.! >,"!.:a; a!#a4#.s !:ta#"4.s%

Ca>t=!" II9 Est #"4",:a3" >", !"s a4t.#.3.4t.s 3. !a 46.st-a#84; @=.

s"4 !"s t,aa?"s ,.a!/a3"s >,.6a:.4t. t.4.4 ,.!a#84 #"4 .! >,.s.4t. .st=3"; as

#":" ta:54 !" #"4",:a4; !a as.s t.8,#as !.-a!.s .4 !as #=a!.s s. s=st.4ta

a>8a!a >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84; .! #=a3," 3. 6a,a!.s%

Ca>t=!" III9 L" #"4stt=. .! :a,#" :.t"3"!8-#" @=. s. !!.6a a #a" .4 .!

.st=3"; a#.43" ,..,.4#a a !" @=. .! t>" 3. 46.st-a#84; >"!a#84 :=.st,a;

t5#4#as . 4st,=:.4t"s 3. ,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s%


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CAPITULO I

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

La 6.!"#3a3 #"4 !a @=. "#=,,.4 #a:"s .4 .sta .,a 3. !a 4",:a#84; .-.

#a:"s .4 !"s sst.:as .3=#at6"s% D..4 a#., @=. .st"s s. t",4.4 :s !.!.s

a##.s!.s; :.4"s #"st"s"s .4#a:4a,s. .4 :,as 3. 4#",>",a, a !"s #=3a3a4"s .4

#=a!@=., :":.4t" 3. s= 63a% Aa,#a4 6a,"s as>.#t"s9 .4 !"s "?.t6"s; .4 .! ,"! 3.

>,".s",.s 3s#.4t.s; .4 !"s .s>a#"s 3. a>,.43/a?.; .4 !a a3:4st,a#84 .4 !a

#":=4#a#84%

R.",/a43" !" a4t.,",; St"4., &2'2 s.Ja!a a!-=4"s 3. !"s "?.t6"s @=.

#":.4/a a ,.@=.,, !a s"#.3a3 @=. #":>!.:.4ta4; 4.#.sa,a:.4t.; !a .3=#a#84

>a,a .! .:>!."% Est"s s"49 .3=#a#84 >a,a !a 63a; .3=#a#84 >a,a .! :=43";

.3=#a#84 >a,a .! a=t"Q3.sa,,"!!" .3=#a#84 >a,a .! "#"%

H"; !a :.ta .s 3a, a! .st=3a4t. !as a!3a3.s .st,at.-as 4.#.sa,as >a,a

a3:4st,a, .6a!=a, !a a:>!a a=43a4t. 4",:a#84 3s>"4!.% Pa,a

.4#a:4a,s. a#a .st. "?.t6"; !"s .3=#a3",.s 3..4 #"4st,=, =4 #"4t.t"

.3=#at6" 3"43. !"s .st=3a4t.s 4" s8!" 3..4 a>,.43.,; s4" @=. .!!"s 3..4

a>,.43., a a>,.43.,% D.s3. .st. >=4t" 3. 6sta; .! #.4t," 3. !a .3=#a#84 .s

3.sa,,"!!a, >.4sa:.4t" #,t#" a!3a3.s >a,a .! a>,.43/a?. a=t" 3,-3"; @=.

>=.3. s.,6, a! .st=3a4t. 4" s8!" >a,a s= >.,"3" ",:at6" #"4#,.t" 3. !a a##84

.3=#at6a .4 !a #=a! .st5 :>!#a3"; s4" >a,a !a 63a%

C=a43" s. a!a 3. 6,t=a!; .4 .st. #as" .3=#a#84 6,t=a!; s. =t!/a4 !"s

.!.:.4t"s 3. !a #"46.,-.4#a t.#4"!8-#a; !"-,a43" =4, !a ,a3"3=s84; !a


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9

4",:t#a !as t.!.#":=4#a#"4.s; .!.:.4t"s >.,t.4.#.4t.s a !as TIC% La.3=#a#84 6,t=a! s. 3.4t#a >!.4a:.4t. #"4 !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a 5sta !t:a

>=.3. " 4" s., .4t,.-a3a 3. :a4.,a 6,t=a!; >.," !a .3=#a#84 6,t=a! .s .4t,.-a3a a

3sta4#a >", 3.4#84%

Las TIC ta:54 :>a#ta4 .4 !as :"3a!3a3.s 3. @=. s. .:>!.a4 >a,a

.4s.Ja,% D.s3. !a 4#",>",a#84 3. !as TIC a !a .4s.Ja4/a a4 3" s=,-.43"

.6"!=#"4a43" 4=.6"s :"3.!"s @=. 6a4 3.s3. a@=5!!"s 3"43. t"3as !as a#t63a3.s

s"4 ,.a!/a3as >", !"s a!=:4"s .4 !a ,.3; asta !"s @=. 4t,"3=#.4 !a >"s!3a3 3."t.4., 4",:a#84 a3#"4a! 3. 5sta 3.s3. !"s @=. s. a>"a4 .4 =4 :"3.!" 3.

#":=4#a#84 s4#,84#" asta !"s @=. !" a#.4 3. ",:a as4#,84#a%

Esta 46.st-a#84 s. >,">=s" .sta!.#., !as 4"#"4.s @=. :a4.?a !a

#":=43a3 a#a35:#a 3. !as =46.,s3a3.s a 3sta4#a .4 t",4" a t.:as @=. 3.4t," 3.

.sta :"3a!3a3 #"4stt=.4 .! 4#!." 3. !"s >,"#.s"s ",:at6"s% T.:as #":" !a

a=t"4":a 3.! .st=3a4t.; !a #":=4#a#84; !a .4s.Ja4/a .! a>,.43/a?. .4

#"!a",a#84 @=. " .4 3a 4" s"4 .#!=s6"s 3. !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a% LaE3=#a#84 a Dsta4#a .s =4a 3. !as :"3a!3a3.s 3. ",:a#84 3,-3as a >.,s"4as

a3=!tas% C"4 #a,#t., -.4.,a! >=.3.4 a##.3., !as >.,s"4as :a",.s 3. &' aJ"s; !"s

:a",.s 3. &+ aJ"s%

E4 ,.!a#84 a !"s >!a4t.a:.4t"s a4t.,",.s; .4 ..#t" s. 3.sta#a !a

:>",ta4#a 3. !a >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84 #"4s3.,a43" @=. !as 4=.6as t.#4"!"-as 3.

!a 4",:a#84 !a #":=4#a#84 ",.#.4 =4 s44 3. :.3"s t5#4#as >a,a a>"a,

!a .4s.Ja4/a% E4 .st. s.4t3"; s. ,.@=.,. .sta!.#., #!a,a:.4t. .! :"3.!" >.3a-8-#"

@=. .4:a,#a .sta 4=.6a :"3a!3a3 3. a>,.43/a?.%

Es 3.#,; @=. !a st=a#84 @=. s. >,.s.4ta .4 !"s #.4t,"s .3=#at6"s 3"43. .!

3"#.4t. .s t.st-" 3.! a!t" -,a3" 3. "#" >,.s.4t. .4 .! .st=3a4t. 4!=.4#a3" >", .!


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a:.4t. a:!a, s= .4t",4"; .s>.#a!:.4t. .4 !a #":=43a3 Sa4 L",.4/" V.?";Ba,@=s:.t" Esta3" La,a%

Esta C":=43a3 s. .4#=.4t,a =#a3" .4 .! #a!!.?84 #=at," 7 6.,.3a t,.s );

3. !a Pa,,"@=a U484; M=4#>" I,a,,.4; #=.4ta #"4 =4a :at,#=!a 3. s.t.#.4tas

#4#=.4tas 10( a:!as; =4 t"ta! 3. 3"s :! @=4.4t"s #4#=.4ta *00( ata4t.s

.4t,. a3=!t"s; a3"!.s#.4t.s 4J"s% E4 #=a #":=43a3 s. a4 >,.s.4ta3"

#":>",ta:.4t"s a-,.s6"s; 3. "#" >", >a,t. 3. !"s a3"!.s#.4t.s 4J"s 3. !"s

#=a!.s 4a#.4 !as s-=.4t.s 4t.,,"-a4t.s9 Es >"s!. 3.t.,:4a, .! a>,.43/a?. .4 !"s4J"s a3"!.s#.4t.s 3. !a #":=43a3 Sa4 L",.4/" V.?" E4t,. !as #a=sas 3. .st"s

#":>",ta:.4t"s a-,.s6"s 3. "#" >=.3. .sta, >,.s.4t. !a 4!=.4#a 3. !a a:!a

T":a43" .stas 4@=.t=3.s #":" "?.t" 3. .sta 46.st-a#84; !"s #=a!.s s. >,.s.4ta4

a #"4t4=a#84%


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OBJETIVOS

O$,.43/a?. a=t" 3.sa,,"!!a3" .4 ,.3.s 3.

.@=>"s 3. .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a .4 Sa4 L",.4/" V.?"; Ba,@=s:.t" Esta3" La,a%

O$!#os

D.t.,:4a, !a a#t!3a3 t5#4#a; =:a4a 4a4#.,a 3. .3=#a#84 a

3sta4#a .4Sa4 L",.4/" V.?"; Ba,@=s:.t" Esta3" La,a%

S.!.##"4a, a !"s :.:,"s 3. !a #":=43a3 #"4 .! 4 3. 4t.-,a, !a

.3=#a#84 #":" .! ,.s#at. 3. 6a!",.s .4 Sa4 L",.4/" V.?"; Ba,@=s:.t" Esta3"

La,a%

I4st,=, a !"s :.:,"s 3. !a #":=43a3 s",. !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a .4 Sa4

L",.4/" V.?"; Ba,@=s:.t" Esta3" La,a%


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JUSTIICACI.N E IMPORTANCIA

La .3=#a#84 #"4stt=. .! :.3" >a,a !a #":>,.4s84 a3@=s#84 3.

#"4"#:.4t"s 6a!",.s ,.!.6a4t.s @=. #"43=#.4 a! 3.sa,,"!!" 4t.-,a! 3.! ":,.%

P.," .s .! "-a, !a >,:.,a .s#=.!a 3"43. !"s >,4#>a!.s ,.s>"4sa!.s s"4 !"s >a3,.s;

>", #=a4t" .4 s=s :a4"s t.4.4 !a >"s!3a3 3. :"!3.a, a =4 s., =:a4" !,.

?=st"; " >,.s" 3. s= #":>",ta:.4t" 3.!.,a3" a-,.s6" @=. !" #"43=#. a !a

3.s4t.-,a#84 s"#a! a! ,a#as" .s#"!a,%

E4 !a a#t=a!3a3 .st. =4 #,.#.4t. a=:.4t" 3. !a ",:a#84 t,a3#"4a!; a

3sta4#a; .3=#a#84 #"4t4=a; .4t,. "t,as; !as #=a!.s >.,:t. >.,.#ta:.4t. !a

4s.,#84 3. .stas t.#4"!"-as; 3.sa,,"!!a43" as sst.:as 3. a>"" a !"s >,"#.s" 3.

",:a#84 a##.3.43" a:>!a, :.?",.s #"4t,"!.s 3. s.-=:.4t"s;

,.t,"a!:.4ta#84; 4t.,a##84 3. #a3a =s=a,"; :a4.?a3" a?" =4a 6s84 3. -,=>"%

A .st. ,.s>.#t"; .! a>,.43/a?. #"!a",at6" .st:=!a !a #":=4#a#84

4t.,>.,s"4a!; 6a!/a .! t,aa?" #"!a",at6"; a6",.#. s.-=:.4t" 3.! >,"#.s" 3.!

-,=>" a 46.! 4363=a! #"!.#t6" a#!ta .! a##.s" a 4",:a#84 #"4t.43"s 3.

a>,.43/a?. #"4t,=. #"4 !a -.st84 a#a35:#" a3:4st,at6a%

A .st" s. a-,.-a !a a=s.4#a 3. =4a a3.#=a3a a!a.t/a#84 t.#4"!8-#a @=.

:>=!s. =4 =s" ,a#"4a! #,t#" 3. .stas t.#4"!"-as .4 .! #a:>" .3=#at6"; a @=.

asta .! :":.4t" !a :s:a s8!" s. a !:ta3" a #a>a#ta, a !"s 3"#.4t.s .4 !"s

as>.#t"s t5#4#"s >a,a .! =s" 3.! #":>=ta3", 4" .4 .! =s" 3. .st. #":" =4 ,.#=,s"

3. a>,.43/a?. .4 .! a=!a%

E4 .! :=43" 3. !"s 3"#.4t.s s. ,.@=.,.4 #":>.t.4#as ,..,3as a s=

@=.a#.,; 3.?a,!"s 4sta!a3"s .4 ,.3.s >,#t#as 4" s8!" >,"6..,!"s 3. =4 :a4.?"

">.,at6" 3. !as :@=4as OREALC UNESCO; *((+%


13/52

13

E4 .st. s.4t3"; .! >,".s", >asa a s., =4 :.3a3", @=. a=3a a ",ta!.#., !"s#"4"#:.4t"s >,.6"s 3.! a!=:4" #"4 .4"@=. .>st.:"!8-#"s :.t"3"!8-#"s

a=3a#.s >a,a @=. 5st. -.4.,. s=s >,">"s #"4"#:.4t"s a >a,t, 3. s= "s.,6a#84% Es

=4 >,".s", @=. a! :s:" t.:>" t.4. !a "!-a#84 3. >,"=43/a, s=s >,">"s

>,"#.s"s 3. a>,.43/a?. #"4t4=" 3s>"4., >a,a .!!" 3. t.:>" a3.#=a3" @=. !a

U46.,s3a3 3.. -a,a4t/a,% T"3" !" a4t.,", "!-a a #"4-=,a, 4=.6"s :"3.!"s

>.3a-8-#"s%


14/52

14

ALCANCES Y LIMITACIONES

A0#a5#es

A t,a65s 3. !a >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84 s. >.,s-=. 3s:4=, .! 43#. 3. "#";

6"!.4#a; a3##"4.s 3"43. s. !. ,43a, =4 a>",t. !"s ata4t.s 3. !a #":=43a3

Sa4 L",.4/" >a,a ,.3=#, .! 4:.," 3. a#tt=3.s a-,.s6as @=. >.,?=3#a4 .!

a:.4t.% A3.:s; .st:=!a, !a #"43=#ta a.#t6a @=. .st. .4 !"s .st=3a4t.s 3.

:a4.,a @=. .! #":>",ta:.4t" a-,.s6" @=.3. a =4 !a3" >", >a,t. 3. !"s .3=#a43"s%

As:s:"; :"t6a, a !"s .st=3a4t.s; 3"#.4t.s; ,.>,.s.4ta4t.s #":=43a3 .4

-.4.,a! a >a,t#>a, a#t6a:.4t. .4 !"s ta!!.,.s; a @=. .4 .!!"s s. ",.4ta a! a3=!t"

a#a =4 #":>",ta:.4t" a3.#=a3"%

L!"!ta#!o5es

E4 ,.!a#84 a !as !:ta#"4.s; s. t.4. @=. !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a 4" s.

>"3, .,,a3#a, .4 ",:a 3.4t6a; .4 !"s -,=>"s a:!a,.s 3. !a #":=43a3% a @=.;

.! a#t", t.:>" 3s:4=. !a >"s!3a3 3. 3.4, #"4 .a#tt=3 !a 4!=.4#a ,.a! 3.!a 3.#a3.4#a .s#"!a,% P", "t," !a3"; s8!" s. >=.3. a#., .sta .st:a#84 .4 =4 -,=>"

:s 4=:.,"s" 3. .sta 46.st-a#84% S4 "!63a, @=. .4 .! a:.4t. a:!a, 4" s.

>=.3. 3s:4=, !a >,".##84 3. !"s :.3"s 3. #":=4#a#84 @=. t,a4s:t.4

>,"-,a:as @=. .st:=!a4 !a 3.#a3.4#a .s#"!a,%


15/52

15

CAP?TULO II

MARCO TE.RICO

E4 .st. #a>t=!" s. >,.s.4ta4 !"s a4t.#.3.4t.s; !as as.s t.8,#as @=. s=st.4ta

!a 46.st-a#84; a3.:s 3. !as as.s !.-a!.s !as 6a,a!.s 3.! .st=3"%

A5te#e4e5tes 4e 0a I57est!2a#!@5

Las 4stt=#"4.s .3=#at6as a4t. !a 3.:a43a #,.#.4t. 3. =4a 3s.:4a#84

s"st.43a 3.! #"4"#:.4t" 4=.6" a3@=,3" >", >a,t. 3. t"3a !a s"#.3a3; s. a>"a

.4 .! 3.sa,,"!!" t.#4"!8-#" s. :a4t.4. .4 !a >,"t.##84 3. a!3a3.s 4"6.3"sas

@=. a3.#=.4 !a .>a4s84 3. !a 4",:a#84; 3.! #"4"#:.4t" ; .4 3.4t6a; 3.!

3.sa,,"!!" #=!t=,a!; .s>,t=a!; .#"48:#" :at.,a! 3. t"3a !a s"#.3a3% E! =s" 3.

t.#4"!"-as a6a4/a3as a#!ta !a .?.#=#84 3. >,"-,a:as #"4 36.,s"s 46.!.s

#":>!.?3a3.s .3=#at6as; .>a43, .! ,a4-" 3. !"s s.#t",.s s"#a!.s a !"s @=. s.

",.#. s.,6#"; as #":" s= >.,s"4a!/a#84 >a,a satsa#., #"4 :a", ..#t63a3 !as

4.#.s3a3.s >a,t#=!a,.s 3. !"s 3.,.4t.s 4363="s%

E4 .st. s.4t3"; a 4" s., s=#.4t. @=. !"s .st=3a4t.s s.>a4 !.., #"4

s.4t3" >a,a 4t.,>,.ta, a>,">a,s. 3. !"s #"4"#:.4t"s; t.43,4 @=. !!.-a, #"4

a!3a3.s @=. !.s >.,:ta4 "t,"s :"3"s 3. ,.!a#"4a,s. #"4 !as 4=.6as t.#4"!"-as;

.s 3.#,; .4 s=s .:>atas #"-4t6as ; .>,.s6as #"4 .!!as; .4 !"s 4=.6"s :"3"s 3.

>.,#, .! .s>a#" .! t.:>"%

E4 =4 t,aa?" 3. 46.st-a#84 ,.a!/a3" >", Ca:> &222; ",.4ta3" a#a !a

E3=#a#84 a Dsta4#a G.st84 3.! C"4"#:.4t" .4 .! :t" 3. !a Es#=.!a

S=>.,", 3. G=.,,a Na6a!; .st=38 #8:" s. !!.6a a #a" .! >,"#.s" 3. t,a4s.,.4#a 3.

#"4"#:.4t"s .4 !"s #=,s"s a 3sta4#a; s. a4a!/8 .! =s" 3. !as t.#4"!"-as .4 #=a4t"


16/52

16

a !a >"s!3a3 3. a>.,t=,a .s>a#"s 3.,.4t.s >a,a !"-,a, .! #"4"#:.4t" #"4 !a4a!3a3 3. ">t:/a, !a a>!#a#84 =s" 3. !a t.#4"!"-a .4 a:.4t.s 6,t=a!.s 3.

a>,.43/a?.%

S-=.43" .st. ",3.4 3. 3.as; R"3,-=./ *(((; a#. =4a >,">=.sta 3. =4

M"3.!" >a,a !a C,.a#84 3. U46.,s3a3.s V,t=a!.s .4 !as U46.,s3a3.s P!#as

V.4./"!a4as #"4 E3=#a#84 T,a3#"4a!% E4 5! s. =t!/a4 =43a:.4t"s 3. !a

.3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a; .s ">",t=4" ,.!."4a, >=.st" @=. s. >,.s.4ta a!-=4as 3.as

a#.,#a 3. !a -.st84 3.! ta!.4t" =:a4"; a3.:s .! :"3.!" a#. 54ass .4 .!#":>,":s" @=. t.4.4 !as a=t",3a3.s =46.,sta,as; a4t. !a :>"st.,-a!.

t,a4s",:a#84 .3=#at6a; >asa43" >", .! ,.3s.J" asta !!.-a, a! ,.a?=st. 3.!

a:.4t. 4t.,4" 3.4t," 3. !a =46.,s3a3% E! .st=3" #"4#!=. #"4 !a =,-.4t.

4.#.s3a3 3. t,a4s",:a, .! >,"#.s" .3=#at6" s=>.,", >", :.3" 3. !a #,.a#84 3.

=46.,s3a3.s 6,t=a!.s% Ba?" .sta >.,s>.#t6a 3. a>",t.s ,.!a#"4a3"s #"4 =4 4=.6"

",/"4t. >a,a .! a>,.43/a?. !a s@=.3a 3. -,a4 #a4t3a3 3. t,aa?"s 3.

46.st-a#84; @=. s4 3=3a a!-=4a; 4"s a#.,#a4 a =4a ,.a!3a3 3.,.4t.; 34:#a

4.#.sa,a >a,a 64#=!a, a !a ",-a4/a#84 .3=#at6a =46.,sta,a #"4 =4 :"6:.4t"

#":=4#a#"4a! 3. 44"6a#84 >.,:a4.4t.; .! #=a! s=:a a#",ta !as 6as t.!.:t#as

>a,a #=,, #a,.4#as 3. 4",:a#84 . 4t.,a##84 #":=4#at6a%

As:s:"; B",,.!!; F.as M,@=./ *((*; ,.a!/a,"4 =4 .st=3" a#.,#a 3.

!as F=4#"4.s C":>.t.4#as Bs#as 3.! P,".s",a3"; .sta!.#.43" s= 64#=!a#84

#"4 !as 3.:a43as 3. !a S"#.3a3 3. !a I4",:a#84 C":=4#a#84% L"s a=t",.s

#"4stt=.4 #a,a#t.,/a4 =4a s.,. 3. #":>.t.4#as >a,a !"s :t"s 3. !a 3"#.4#a

=46.,sta,a; .4t,. .!!as; !a 4.#.s3a3 3. =4 3"#.4t. #,.at6" @=. t.4-a a#tt=3.s

a#a .! #a:"; @=. s.a >,"3=#t6" t.4-a a!3a3.s; 3.st,./as #"4"#:.4t"s

>a,a t,aa?a, .4 a:.4t.s 6,t=a!.s 3. a>,.43/a?. #"4 .! a>"" 3. !as NTIC

a3.:s; 3.. sa., t":a, 3.#s"4.s; t,aa?a, .4 .@=>" .s.4#a!.s 3.! >.,s"4a!


17/52

17

3"#.4t. .4 .! >,,a" a4t.,",; .4t,. !as #"4#!=s"4.s >,4#>a!.s 3.! ,..,3" .st=3";s. .>"4. !a #a,a#t.,/a#84 >a,a @=. .! >,".s"4a! 3. !a 3"#.4#a @=. #"4s3.,. !a

>"s!3a3 3. a#t=a, 3.4t," 3.! #a:>" 3. a>,.43/a?. #"4 >.,s>.#t6as 3. #a:" .4

#=a4t" a s=s #":>.t.4#as% S.-4 !a >.,#.>#84 3. B",,.!!; F.as M,@=./ "%

#t%; .s >,=3.4t. @=. !"s >,".s"4a!.s .3=#at6"s 3. !as 3.,.4t.s ,.as 3. !"s

Sst.:as 3. E3=#a#84; s. .4#=.4t,.4 #a>a#ta a##84 #":=4#a#84 .4 >,"#=,a 3.

:.?",a, !"s >,"#.s"s 3. .4s.Ja4/a a>,.43/a?.%

P", "t,a >a,t.; .s 4.#.sa," #":.4ta, =4 .st=3" ,.a!/a3" >", B.4a63.s*((*; ,.!a#"4a3" #"4 !a G.st84 3.! C"4"#:.4t" .4 !a C":>.tt63a3 3.!

M.,#a3" La",a!; 3"43. a >a,t, 3. s=s .>.,.4#as 3. =4a 46.st-a#84 a>!#a3a

.4 .! #"4t.t" ",-a4/a#"4a! .4 4stt=#"4.s #"!":a4as; -.4.,8 .! 3s.J8 3. =4

:"3.!" 3. #":>.t.4#as >a,a !a #":>.tt63a3% L"s a>",t.s s"4 .4 s-4#at6"s;

a3a>ta3"s a !as .-.4#as 3. =4 4=.6" >a,a3-:a ",-a4/a#"4a! 3"43. #"a3=6a !a

-.st84 3.! #"4"#:.4t" #"4 !a #":>.tt63a3 3.! :.,#a3" !a",a!% P", !" ta4t"; .st.

a>",t. >.,:t8 #!a,#a, !"s .48:.4"s ",-a4/a#"4a!.s; !"s #"4#.>t"s;

4st,=:.4t"s :5t"3"s >a,a !a #"4st,=##84 3. !as #":>.t.4#as @=. s. >,">"4. .4

.st. .st=3"%

P", s= >a,t.; C=,# La R"##a *((); .4 =4a 46.st-a#84 @=. ,.a!/8 >a,a !a

UNESCOIESALC s",. .! Da-48st#" 3. !a E3=#a#84 S=>.,", V,t=a! .4

V.4./=.!a; :a4.sta @=. .4 V.4./=.!a s. .st 3.sa,,"!!a43" !a .3=#a#84 6,t=a! .4

3.,.4t.s 4stt=#"4.s =46.,sta,as #":" .>.,.4#a 4=.6a s. .st .6a!=a43"

3.s3. a#. >"#" t.:>"; >", !" @=. 4" .st.4 :"3.!"s 44"6a3",.s >a,a !a

.3=#a#84 6,t=a!; .4 .! @=. s. t.4-a .! s=st.4t" !"s8#" >.3a-8-#" 3.! :s:";

>a,a -a,a4t/a, !a #a!3a3 3.! >,"#.s" 3. .4s.Ja4/aQ a>,.43/a?.% Ta:54 3.sta#a .4

!as #"4#!=s"4.s 3. s= .st=3" @=.9


18/52

18

Es 4.#.sa," @=. !as I4stt=#"4.s 3.sa,,"!!.4 =4a :a", #a>a#ta#84 3.!"s 3"#.4t.s; .4 .! =s" 3. !as TIC .4 .st,at.-as >.3a-8-#as 3s.J.4.st,at.-as >a,a 6.4#., !a ,.sst.4#a a! #a:" >", >a,t. 3. !"s :s:"s%

P", !" @=. >,">"4. .! 3.sa,,"!!" 3. a!a4/as #"46.4"s #"4 "t,as

4stt=#"4.s .3=#at6as% E4t,. !as =46.,s3a3.s; .st=3a3as .4 .! 4",:.; @=.

#=.4ta4 #"4 >,"-,a:as a?" :"3a!3a3 6,t=a! " :"3a!3a3 s.:>,.s.4#a!%

E4 .st. s.4t3"; Ca,,84 "% #t%; s=-.,. .4 s= .st=3" 3"s 46.!.s 3. G.st84

3.! C"4"#:.4t"9 !a .st,at5-#a !a ">.,at6a >,.s.4ta .4 .! :"3.!"; t,.s

4"6.3a3.s :>",ta4t.s9 !a >,:.,a .s !a 4t,"3=##84 3. !as t.#4"!"-as 3. !a

4",:a#84 #":" a>"" a! >,"#.s" 3. #,.a#84 3.! #"4"#:.4t"; !a s.-=43a .s !a

4t,"3=##84 3. !as #":=43a3.s 3. >,#t#a #":" :.3" 3. -.4.,a#84 4",:a!

.s>"4t4.a 3. #"4"#:.4t" !a t.,#.,a; .s !a 4#!=s84 3. !a st=a#84 3. !as

=43a3.s ,.s>.#t" a !"s 4t.,#a:"s 4t.,4"s 3. E! a>"" t.8,#" 3.! .st=3" a4t.,",

,.a,:a @=. !a -.st84 3.! #"4"#:.4t" !!.6a :>!#ta .! =s" 3. !as 4=.6as

t.#4"!"-as 3. 4",:a#84; !as #=a!.s s. >.,#.4 #":" =4 6a!", a-,.-a3" >a,a .!

>,"#.s" 3. a>,.43/a?. s. a3#"4a4 a! #"4t.t" .3=#at6" #"4 !a 4a!3a3 3. 44"6a,.st,at.-as 3. 4t.,a##84 #":=4#at6a a#t6a, !a s@=.3a 3.! #"4"#:.4t"%


19/52

19

BASES TE.RICAS

E0 5ue7o e5tor5o "u54!a0

La a!3.a -!"a! :=43a!/8 t"3"; !as ,.!a#"4.s .4t,. !"s >as.s; .! #":.,#";

!as #":=4#a#"4.s .! #"4"#:.4t"% La a!3.a -!"a! .s =4a a!3.a s4 ,"4t.,as% E!!a

s-4#a .! #a:" 3.! #"4#.>t" t,a3#"4a! 3. !a -."-,aa; s. a#a" !a G."-,aa

>=.s ,":>8 !"s !:t.s t.,,t",a!.s; 3.?43"!"s s"!a:.4t. #":" s:>!.s ,"4t.,as 3.

s".,a4a% E! :=43" s. #":=4#a " .4 3a a#. 4.-"#"s s4 4.#.s3a3 3. 6a?.s;

4 >asa>",t.s% Las t.!.#":=4#a#"4.s !" a4 #a:a3" t"3"%

Est. .#" 3. t,as#.43.4#a 4#"4:.4s=,a!. t,as>as8 !a .,a 3. !a ,.6"!=#84

43=st,a! >a,a #"!"#a,4"s .4 !a .,a 3. !as t.!.#":=4#a#"4.s :=#" :s a!! 3. !a

,.6"!=#84 3. !a 4",:a#84% Las a=t">stas 3. !a 4",:a#84; #"4 I4t.,4.t #":" .!

.#" st8,#" 3.! s-!" XX .st4 >,"3=#.43" #a:"s .4 !a s"#.3a3 a4t.s 4"

:a-4a3"s%

La s"#.3a3 .4#"4t,8 a@=; .4 .sta ,.6"!=#84; =4a :a4.,a 3.,.4t. ,>3a3. #":=4#a,s.; 3. t,a4s>",ta, 4",:a#84; 3. a3@=,, #"4"#:.4t"s; 3.

4t.,#a:a, >,"3=#t"s 3. a##.3., a !as as.s 3. #"4"#:.4t" 3s>"4!.s%

Ta:54 .sta #a:a43" !a :a4.,a 3. t,aa?a,; 3. 6a?a,; 3. #":>a,t,; 3. s"#a!/a,

3. a>,.43.,% S= 63a s., as -!"a!/a3a #"4 >a,a3-:as .4 3st4t"s a! :=43"

a#t=a!% C"4 !a !!.-a3a 3. I4t.,4.t; !as a,,.,as .4t,. !a .s#=.!a .! :=43" .t.,",

.:>./a4 a #"!a>sa, a :.33a @=. >,".s",.s a!=:4"s .sta!.#.4 #"4."4.s

3,.#tas .4 =4 "," @=. "#=!ta s=s .3a3.s !"s >,.s.4ta #":" ":8!"-"s 6,t=a!.s

A;re54!3a,.43.,% D.! !at4 a>>,..43,.% A3@=,, .! #"4"#:.4t" 3. a!-=4a #"sa

>", :.3" 3.! .st=3" " 3. !a .>.,.4#a% C"4#., a!-=4a #"sa >", :.,as


20/52

20

a>a,.4#as; " #"4 >"#" =43a:.4t"% T":a, a!-" .4 !a :.:",a Ga,#a; R% G,"ss;&222%

E! a>,.43.,; .4 .! 4363="; .s =4 >,"#.s" 4at=,a! ta4t" as #":" .! ,.s>,a,%

M.4t,as s. t.4-a 63a s. .st a>,.43.43"% S. a>,.43.4 :=#as #"sas 3. :a4.,a

4.ta:.4t. >.,s"4a! ,.!at6as a !a sa!=3; .! #=.,>"; !a a:!a; !a s"#.3a3; !a

4at=,a!./a; .! .4t",4"% Ta:54 s. a>,.43. " s. s-=. a>,.43.43" a >a,t, 3. !"s

>a3,.s; >,".s",.s; #":>aJ.,"s 3. #!as.; s=>.,6s",.s; .s>.#a!stas .4 !a :at.,a;

#":>aJ.,"s 3. t,aa?"% E4 .sta #!as. 3. a>,.43/a?.; .! >,"#.s" 3. a>,.43., s.#"4#. #":" =4 >,"#.s" 3,.##"4a!; 4t.,,.!a#"4a3" .4 .! #=a! 4t.,6.4. "t,a

.4t3a3 s#a9 .! :a.st," " .>.,t" .4 .st. #as" s. a#. ,..,.4#a a! >,"#.s" 3.

.4s.Ja4/a a>,.43/a?.%

E4 .! >,"#.s" 3. .4s.Ja4/a a>,.43/a?. 4t.,6.4. .! 4363=" >"4.43" 3.

:a4.st" s= #a>a#3a3 #.,.,a! .! =s" 3. s=s s.4t3"s 6sta; "3"; "!at"; -=st"

ta#t" .st" "#=,,. a4 .4 .! >,"#.s" 3. a>,.43/a?. 4at=,a!%

P", "t,a >a,t.; s.-4 s= ,a3" 3. a##84; .! a>,.43/a?. >=.3. s.,9 4363=a! "

>", #":=43a3.s .@=>"s 3. t,aa?"; ",-a4/a#84 s"#a!.s s.-4 s= 4at=,a!./a

>=.3. s.,9 .>!#t" " t#t"% E! a>,.43/a?. .>!#t" .s .>,.sa3" 3-ta!:.4t. .4

>a!a,as 4:.,"s #":>a,t3" .4 ",:a 3. 3at"s; 8,:=!as #.4t#as;

.s>.##a#"4.s; :a4=a!.s; .t#% Esta ",:a 3. a>,.43/a?. s. t,a4s:t. #!:.4t.

.4t,. !"s 4363="s 3. :a4.,a ",:a! sst.:t#a% E! a>,.43/a?. t#t" .s :=

>.,s"4a! 4a3a #! >a,a ",:a!/a,!"; #":=4#a,!" " #":>a,t,!"% E! >,"#.s"

.4s.Ja4/a a>,.43/a?. t.4. @=. 6., #"4 #"4"#:.4t"s; a!3a3.s; 3.st,./as;

.:"#"4.s; 6a!",.s ta4t" .4 s= ",:a .>!#ta " t#ta #":" .4 s= :a4.,a 4363=a!

" #":=4ta,a%


21/52

21

E! #"4t.43" .s .! #":>"4.4t. 3.! >,"#.s" @=. s. .4s.Ja; t,a4s:t.; a>,.43.;.st=3a; .>.,:.4ta; .6a!a% L"s #"4t.43"s s. >=.3.4 t,a4s:t, >", 3.,.4t.s

:.3"s9 #=,s"s; ta!!.,.s; >,#t#as 3. #a:>"; >,#t#as 3. !a",at","; >,"-,a:as

.3=#at6"s; #a,!as; #"4.,.4#as; >,.s.4ta#"4.s; >,"-,a:as 3. 43=##84;

3##"4a,"s; -!"sa,"s; .4##!">.3as; W. st.s; #at!"-"s; .t#%

P.," .4 !a a#t=a!3a3; !a #,.#.4t. 4.#.s3a3 3. :as#a#84 3.! a>,.43/a?.

.! a>"" 3. !a t.#4"!"-a 3=,a; .st 36.,s#a43" !"s >,"6..3",.s 3. #"4t.43"

a3.:s 3. !"s t,a3#"4a!.s :a.st,"s; >,".s",.s; a#!ta3",.s; s=>.,6s",.s; .4-.4.,a! !"s 3.4":4a3"s .>.,t"s .4 !a :at.,a; .st4 a>a,.#.43" .:>,.sas

.s>.#a!/a3as .4 3.sa,,"!!a, #"4t.43"s 3. a!t" :>a#t"; 3. a#=.,3" a >,"-,a:as

#=,,#=!a .sta!.#3"s ta! .s .! #as" 3. #!#$*!.a,4%#":; #t sst.:s; 4.t- .t#%

A3.:s; .st4 a>a,.#.43" .:>,.sas 3.! :=43" 3. !a t.!.6s84 #":"9 4"W!.3-.

TV; A4:a! P!a4.t; Ds#"6., Ca44.! @=. -=a!:.4t. .st4 >,"3=#.43" #"4t.43"%

Ta:54 t.4.:"s .:>,.sas 3. >=!#a#"4.s .s#,tas .3t",a!.s; ,.6stas;

>.,83#"s @=. .st4 >,"3=#.43" #"4t.43" .4 ",:a 3. .4##!">.3as; as##=!"s;

a,t#=!"s #"!.##"4a!.s% Ot,as .:>,.sas @=. t,aa?a4 .4 .! :=43" 3.!

.4t,.t.4:.4t" .st4 a,.43" a#t63a3.s .4 .! #a:>" 3.! #"4t.43" .3=#at6" ta!.s

#":"9 Ds4. Ya,4., B,"ss% Es 3.#,; .sta:"s .4 >,.s.4#a 3. =4a "!a .4 !a

>,"3=##84 3. #"4t.43" >a,.#.,a @=. t"3a6a .s 4s=#.4t.%

E4 #=a4t" a !a :"3a!3a3; s. ,..,. a !a ",:a .4 !a #=a! s. 3a .! >,"#.s"%

T,a3#"4a!:.4t. a .st3" !a ",:a >,.s.4#a!9 =4 3"#.4t. " a#!ta3",; =4 a=!a "

.s>a#" #"4"#3" =4a ",a 3=,a#84 3.t.,:4a3as; s4 .:a,-" a",a; #"4 .!

a>"" 3. !as TIC .sta ">#84 s. a a:>!a3" a :"3a!3a3.s .4 !as #=a!.s !as

,.st,##"4.s 3. t.:>" .s>a#" s"4 :.4",.s% A .st" s. 3.4":4a a>,.43/a?. .4

:"3a!3a3.s; s.:Q6,t=a! 6,t=a!%


22/52

22

A!-=4as 6.#.s >a,a a>,.43., s. 3.. asst, a #.4t,"s " sa!as .s>.##as .4 !as#=a!.s; s4 :>",ta, :=#" .! ",a,"; t.4.:"s a##.s" a! #"4t.43"% E4 "t,as

#,#=4sta4#as; .s a! ,.65s; a =4a 3.t.,:4a3a ",a s4 :>",ta, .! !=-a, 3"43.

.sta:"s; >"3.:"s t.4., a##.s" a! #"4t.43"% La t.!.#"4.,.4#a; 63."#"4.,.4#a;

t,a4s:s84 sat.!ta! .4 66" s"4 .>,.s"4.s >a,t#=!a,.s 3. .sta !t:a% T"3as .!!as

s"4 :"3a!3a3.s s.:6,t=a!.s; .4 !a >,:.,a t.4.:"s ?" .! !=-a, .! t.:>"

6a,a!.; .4 !a s.-=43a :a4t.4.:"s .! t.:>" ?" .! .s>a#" 6a,a!.% E4 .stas

:"3a!3a3.s !"s a!=:4"s " >a,t#>a4t.s t.4.4 >"#a ">#84 " 44-=4a 3.

#":=4#a,s. .4t,. s; .s 3.#, !a #":=4#a#84 .4t,. .!!"s 4" .s ,.a!:.4t. =4a ,.-!a

3.! a>,.43/a?.%

Co5stru#t!7!s"o

E4 !"s !t:"s t.:>"s; !a t.",a 3.! #"4st,=#t6s:" .! 3s.J" 3. .4t",4"s

3. a>,.43/a?. #"4st,=#t6sta a4 s=s#ta3" #"4s3.,a!. 4t.,5s B"34.,; &2'+

"4ass.4; &22& D= "4ass.4; &22*% S.-4 B"34.,; .! :"3.!" #"4st,=#t6sta 3.

#"4"#:.4t" s. >=.3. ,.s=:, .4 !a s-=.4t. ,as.9 4"W!.3-. s #"4st,=#t.3 4t. :43 " t. !.a,4.,.! #"4"#:.4t" .s #"4st,=3" .4 !a :.4t. 3.! a>,.43/

&2'+9 '1)% D.s3. =4 >=4t" 3. 6sta #"4st,=#t6sta; !"s 3at"s @=. >.,#:"s #"4

4=.st,"s s.4t3"s !"s .s@=.:as #"-4t6"s @=. =t!/a:"s >a,a .>!",a, .s"s 3at"s

.st.4 .4 4=.st,a :.4t.% D. a#=.,3" #"4 a$4 F,.3:a4 &22); .! a>,.43/a?.

#"4st,=#t6sta s. #a,a#t.,/a >", !"s s-=.4t.s >,4#>"s9

D. !a 4st,=##84 a !a #"4st,=##84% A>,.43., 4" s-4#a 4 s:>!.:.4t.

,..:>!a/a, =4 >=4t" 3. 6sta .! 4#",,.#t" >", "t," .! #",,.#t"; 4 s:>!.:.4t.

a#=:=!a, 4=.6" #"4"#:.4t" s",. .! 6.?"; s4" :s .4 t,a4s",:a, .!

#"4"#:.4t"% Esta t,a4s",:a#84; a s= 6./; "#=,,. a t,a65s 3.! >.4sa:.4t" a#t6"

",-4a! 3.! a>,.43/% As >=.s; !a .3=#a#84 #"4st,=#t6sta :>!#a !a


23/52

23

.>.,:.4ta#84 !a ,.s"!=#84 3. >,"!.:as #"4s3.,a @=. !"s .,,",.s 4" s"4a4tt5t#"s 3.! a>,.43/a?. s4" :s .4 !a as. 3.! :s:"%

D.! ,.=.,/" a! 4t.,5s% L"s .st=3a4t.s #":>,.43.4 :.?", #=a43" .st4

.46=.!t"s .4 ta,.as t.:as @=. #a=t6a4 s= at.4#84% P", !" ta4t"; 3.s3. =4a

>.,s>.#t6a #"4st,=#t6sta; !"s >,".s",.s 46.st-a4 !" @=. 4t.,.sa a s=s .st=3a4t.s;

.!a",a4 =4 #=,,#=!" >a,a a>"a, .>a43, .s"s 4t.,.s.s; . :>!#a4 a! .st=3a4t.

.4 .! >,".#t" 3. a>,.43/a?.%

La I4t.,4.t >,.s.4ta ,as-"s 3. =4 .4t",4" 3. a>,.43/a?. #"4st,=#t6" .4

#=a4t" >.,:t. !a >=.sta .4 ?=.-" 3. !"s >,4#>"s a,,a a>=4ta3"s% Es =4 sst.:a

a.,t" -=a3" >", .! 4t.,5s; 4#a3" >", .! a>,.43/; . 4t.!.#t=a! #"4#.>t=a!:.4t.

>,"6"#a3",% La 4t.,a##84 s., at,a#t6a .4 !a :.33a .4 @=. .! 3s.J" 3.! .4t",4" .s

>.,#3" #":" s">",ta3", 3.! 4t.,5s%

E4u#a#!@5 a 4!sta5#!a e4u#a#!@5 7!rtua0

V.,3=4 C!a,$ &22&; #ta3"s >", Ga,#a *((&; 3.sta#a4 as>.#t"s

,.!.6a4t.s @=. ,.!.?a4 s:!t=3.s .4t,. !a .3=#a#84 6,t=a! !a .3=#a#84 a

3sta4#a #":" s"49 a !a s.>a,a#84 3. >,".s", a!=:4" 3=,a4t. !a :a", >a,t. 3.!

>,"#.s" 4st,=##"4a! !a 4!=.4#a 3. =4a ",-a4/a#84 3. a>"" a! .st=3a4t.

# .! =s" 3. :.3"s 3. =484 .4t,. .! >,".s",; .! .st=3a4t. !"s #"4t.43"s 3.!

#=,s" 3 !a >,"6s84 3. =4a #":=4#a#84 3,.##"4a! .4t,. .! >,".s",; .! t=t", "

!a a-.4#a .3=#at6a .! .st=3a4t. . ,.@=.,.4 3. #,t.,"s :.t"3"!"-as>a,t#=!a,.s >a,a .6a!=a, s= #a!3a3%

L" .>=.st" a4t.,",:.4t. #"4!!.6a a a#., =4 a4!ss 3.ta!!a3" 3. !a

.3=#a#84 6,t=a!; >a,a #":>,.43., !"s >,4#>a!.s .!.:.4t"s @=. !a #"4",:a49 .!


24/52

24

:"3.!" >.3a-8-#"; t.#4"!"-a a>,">a3a ,"! 3. !"s a#t",.s .4 .! >,"#.s"% E4 .st.#"4t.t"; .! a>,.43/a?. a 3sta4#a 3.. 3a, !=-a, a 4=.6"s :"3.!"s >.3a-8-#"s @=.

a>,"6.#.4 t"3as s=s >"s!3a3.s; a @=. !"s #a:"s @=. .st. >,"3=#. .4 !"s

>,"#.s"s 3. .4s.Ja4/a a>,.43/a?.; -.4.,a !a 4.#.s3a3 3. 3s>"4., 3. =4 :"3.!"

@=. s.a #a>a/ 3. 3a, ,.s>=.sta a !"s ,.@=.,:.4t"s .3=#at6"s @=. s=,-.4 #":"

#"4s.#=.4#a 3. !"s #a:"s 3. >a,a3-:as%

P=.st" @=. .! .4t",4" 6,t=a! 3. a>,.43/a?. .4 .3=#a#84 6,t=a! s"4 !as a=!as

6,t=a!.s; .! 3s.J" 3. .stas :>!#a #"4#,.ta, !a =4#84 @=. 3..4 3.sa,,"!!a, !asTIC .4 .! :a,#" 3. !a E4s.Ja4/a S=>.,", ; #"4s.#=.4t.:.4t.; 3.t.,:4a, .! t>" 3.

:"3.!" >.3a-8-#" @=. :.?", >=.3. ,.s>"43., a !as 4=.6as 3.:a43as 3. ",:a#84%

A",a .4; >a,a @=. !a ",:a#84 .4 ,.3 #=:>!a !as .>.#tat6as 3. #a!3a3;

.s 4.#.sa," 3.4, !"s #":>"4.4t.s t5#4#"s; 33#t#"s ",-a4/at6"s @=. :.?",

,.s>"43a4 a !as 4.#.s3a3.s >!a4t.a3as 3. .st. :"3"; .! a4!ss !a ,.!.84 s",.

.st"s s. #"46.,t. .4 .! >=4t" #!a6. >a,a .! >!a4t.a:.4t" 3. 4=.6as :.t"3"!"-as

@=. 3..4 s., =t!/a3as .4 !"s 4=.6"s .4t",4"s 3. a>,.43/a?.%

Pr!5#!;!os 4e E4u#a#!@5 a D!sta5#!a

I54!7!4ua0!3a#!@5: !a .3=#a#84 3.. .sta, asa3a .4 !a #":4a#84 3.

4.#.s3a3.s 4363=a!.s -,=>a!.s% E! .st=3a4t. s. #"4#. #":" a=t"-.st", 3. s=

>,">" a>,.43/a?. #":" 4363=" #"4 =4a #a,-a a.#t6a; 4t.!.#t=a! :"t",a @=.

3.. s., at.433a ,.s>.#t" 3. s=s 4.#.s3a3.s >a,t#=!a,.s; s.a #":" s., as!a3" "#":" :.:," 3. =4 -,=>"% As .s @=. !"s sst.:as 3. .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a

.4at/a4 .! a>,.43/a?. 4363=a! s",. !as 4t.,a##"4.s 3. -,=>" #":" =4 .4"@=.

4st,=#t6" >,:a,"; .st" s-4#a @=. :=#a 3. !a 4st,=##84 s., 4363=a!/a3a;

#.4t,43"s. .4 at.43., !as #a,a#t.,st#as 4363=a!.s 3. #a3a .st=3a4t.; a t,a65s 3.


25/52

25

!a 4t.,a##84 .4 -,=>"s; as.s",a a >.@=.J"s -,=>"s; >,".#t"s .4 .@=>"s 3. t,aa?"%E4 !a :>!.:.4ta#84 3. !a :"3a!3a3 s. 3.. =s#a, .! .@=!," .4t,. !as

4.#.s3a3.s 4363=a!.s; -,=>a!.s s"#a!.s% Las 4.#.s3a3.s 3. #"4"#:.4t";

",.4ta#84; >,#t#a . 4",:a#84 3. ,.t",4" 3.! .st=3a4t. s. satsa#.4 a t,a65s 3.!

3s.J" 3.! :.3" :a.st," 3. !as as.s",as -,=>a!.s%

0e!$!0!4a4: La .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a 3.. ",.#., =4 a!t" -,a3" 3.

!.!3a3 .4 !"s >!a4.s; .4 !a >.,:a4.4#a .4 !a .6a!=a#84% Est. .!.:.4t" .st

t":a3" #":" =4 #,t.," @=. >.,:t, :a", !.,ta3 a! .st=3a4t. >a,a .st,=#t=,a,s= >,">" >!a4 3. t,aa?" .st=3"; .a:4a43" s=s 3":4"s; .6a!=a43" .! t.:>"

3. @=. 3s>"4.; as=:.43" .! ,.s-" @=. .st" :>!#a >a,a; 3. .st. :"3"; a#.,

?=st#a a !"s >!a4t.a:.4t"s 3. 4363=a!/a#84; ,.s>"4sa!3a3; #":>,":s"

>a,t#>a#84 :>!#t"s .4 !a :"3a!3a3 a 3sta4#a%

Esta !.!3a3 t.43. a ,.!.?a,s. .4 .! a##.s" a 3.,.4t.s :":.4t"s 3.

4s#,>#84; 3. >,=.as a 3st4tas :"3a!3a3.s 3. .6a!=a#84; a#!ta43" .! a##.s"

3. =4a >"!a#84 .st=3a4t! 6a,a3a :as6a% E! t.:>" t.43, .4t"4#.s ta4ta!.!3a3 #":" s.a >"s!.; a @=. 4" s8!" s. 3..4 satsa#., !as 4.#.s3a3.s 3.

=4" "t," .st=3a4t.; s4" ta:54 !as 6a,a#"4.s 4t.,>.,s"4a!.s .4 #=a4t" a9

#a>ta,; ,.t.4.,; ,.>.t, 3.:"st,a, 3":4" 3. !"s #"4t.43"s%

Res;o5sa$!0!4a4 4e0 A;re54!3aa,t#>a#84 .4 .! >,"#.s" 3. .4s.Ja4/aQa>,.3/a?. ,.#a.,

=43a:.4ta!:.4t. .4 a@=.!!"s @=. .st54 a #a,-" 3. !a st=a#84 .3=#at6a% E4 !a

4st,=##84 s"4 ,.s>"4sa!.s t"3"s !"s @=. >a,t#>a4 .4 !a st=a#84 3. .4s.Ja4/aQ

a>,.43/a?.9 3..4 !"-,a, =4a st=a#84 =4#"4a! #"4 ,.#=,s"s ">.,at6"s a3.#=a3"s

@=. a#!t.4 #":>a,t, !as ,.s>"4sa!3a3.s t":a, !as 3.#s"4.s 4.#.sa,as >a,a .!

=.4 =4#"4a:.4t" 3.! :"3.!"% E4 .! a>,.43/a?. s"4 ,.s>"4sa!.s;

=43a:.4ta!:.4t.; !"s .st=3a4t.s% U4 a#t", #,=#a! >a,a #=a!@=., >,"-,a:a


26/52

26

.3=#at6" a 3sta4#a .s !a #a>a#3a3 3.! .st=3a4t. a3=!t" >a,a 3,-,s. as :s:"%Est" t.4. =4 :>a#t" s-4#at6" .4 !a 4at=,a!./a 3.! >,"#.s" .4s.Ja4/aQ

a>,.43/a?. .4 !"s ,"!.s t,a3#"4a!.s ,.a!/a3"s >", .! 3"#.4t. .! .st=3a4t.%

Auto5o"=a:La .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a 3.. ":.4ta, .4 .! .st=3a4t. =4 a!t"

-,a3" 3. a=t"4":a >a,a t":a, 3.#s"4.s 6"!=4ta,as ,.s>.#t" a s= a>,.43/a?.% Pa,a

.!!" a @=. 3.sa,,"!!a, =4a :.t"3"!"-a 4st,=##"4a! @=. !. >,">",#"4. a!

.st=3a4t. .! #"4t,"! 3.! >,"#.s" 3. .4s.Ja4/a; t.4.43" !a >"s!3a3 3. 3.t.,:4a,

#=43"; 3843.; 3. @=5 :a4.,a .4 @=5 :.33a 6a a =sa, !"s :at.,a!.s4st,=##"4a!.s 3s.Ja3"s >", .! Sst.:a% As :s:"; s. 3.. -a,a4t/a, a! .st=3a4t.

!a ">",t=43a3 3. >,a#t#a, a>!#a, #"4 ,.#=.4#a !" @=. .st a>,.43.43"% A!

3.sa,,"!!a, !a 4t.,,.!a#84 3. 3sta4#a a=t"4":a s. >,.t.43. .st:=!a, !a

",:a#84 3. .st=3a4t.s 43.>.43.4t.s; #a>a#.s 3. 3,-, s=s >!a4.s >.,s"4a!.s 3.

a>,.43/a?.%

8u"a5!3a#!@5 4e 0a te#5o0o2=a

E! "?.t" s. =:a4/a; #=a43" .! ":,. !" s-4#a; 3#" .4 "t,as >a!a,as;

.! #"4"#:.4t" 3.! "?.t"; #a,a#t.,/a3" >", #":>"4.4t.s ,.!a#"4.s s. #"4#,.ta

.4 =4 sst.:a 3. s-4"s @=. 3..4 ,.!.?a,!"; >.," @=. s. 4#",>",a,4 a !a #"4#.4#a

3.! ":,. #":" ,.s=!ta3" 3. !a s-4#a#84 @=. 3#"s s-4"s t.4-a4 >a,a .s.

s=?.t"% La #"3#a#84 3.! sst.:a 3. s-4"s .s .! !.4-=a?. @=. s. >,"3=#. .4 !as

a##"4.s 3.! ":,. #"4 .s. :=43" @=. !. ,"3.a; 3"43. ?=4t" a! s-4" ,.#. s.Ja!.s

>,"6.4.4t.s 3. !a 4at=,a!./a%

A !"s s-4"s @=. ",:a4 !"s #83-"s; !as #":=43a3.s s"#a!.s !"s

4363="s !.s >,">",#"4a4 s-4#a3" 3. :"3" @=. >=.3.4 >"4., .4 #":4 s=s

3.as; #"4"#:.4t"s; s.4t:.4t"s; .4t,. "t,"s% Es :>",ta4t. s.Ja!a, @=. a! =t!/a,

!as t.#4"!"-as; .stas s8!" s. #"46.,t.4 .4 :.3"s a#!ta3",.s 3.! a>,.43/a?. 3.


27/52

27

!a #":=4#a#84 .3=#at6a; >.," 4" s"4 !"s 4#"s :.3"s% S. >=.3.4 =t!/a, "t,"s3.,.4t.s; @=. s. .s#"-.4 3. a#=.,3" #"4 !as st=a#"4.s 3. #":=4#a#84

.s>.##as 3. a#=.,3" #"4 !as >"s!3a3.s @=. s. t.4-a4%

La #":=4#a#84 .s >a,t. .s.4#a! 3.! >,"#.s" .3=#at6"; .4 .! >,"#.s"

.3=#at6" .! ":,. =sa s= 4t.!-.4#a; s= #a>a#3a3 3. a=t",,.a!/a#84 !a

#"43#84 3. >"3., ,.!a#"4a,s. #":=4#a,s.; !a ">#84 3. s"#a!/a,s.% E4 !a

.3=#a#84 #"4!=. !a a#t63a3 3. s.,.s =:a4"s :"63"s >", 4.s "?.t6"s

>a,t#=!a,.s #":=4a!.s% E4 .! >,"#.s" :s:" 3. !a .3=#a#84 .st :>!#t" .!>,"#.s" #":=4#at6" .4 s= :"3.!" :s :"3.,4"; 3"43. .! .3=#a3", #":" s=?.t" 3.

!a #":=4#a#84 .3=#at6a =s#a a=3as a=3"6s=a!.s; s. a>"a .4 !a t.#4"!"-a >a,a

!!.6a, .! #"4"#:.4t" !"-,a, =4 >,"#.s" 3"#.4t. .3=#at6" :s ..#t6"%

Est. a>a,at" t.#4"!8-#"; !a #":>=ta3",a; 3.. s., =4 a>"" >a,a .! s.,

=:a4"; s=?.t" .3=#a3",; >.," 3. 44-=4a :a4.,a >=.3. s=stt=,!"% E! >,"#.s"

.3=#at6" .s s"#a! =:a4"% Es =4 >,"#.s" @=. t,as#.43. .! a#t" 3. !" a=t":t#";

>a,a .!.6a,s. a 46.!.s 3"43. !a .3=#a#84; !a ",:a#84 3. 6a!",.s; #":" .!.:.4t"s.s.4#a!:.4t. =:a4"s; s. #"4-=,a4 .4 .! ":,. #":" ,.s=!ta3" 3.! >,"#.s"

.3=#at6"%

S .4 .s #.,t" @=. .! #":>=ta3", 3.. s., =4 a>"" >a,a @=. .! s., =:a4"

>=.3a satsa#., s=s 4.#.s3a3.s; 3.s#=,, s=s >"t.4#a!3a3.s 3.sa,,"!!a, s=s

a!3a3.s; ta:54 .s #.,t" @=. !a 4t.4#"4a!3a3 3.>.43. 3.! :a.st," " 3.! a#t",

a#":>aJa4t. 3.! >,"#.s"% I-=a!:.4t. 3.. t.4.,s. .4 #=.4ta @=. !as >"s!3a3.s

@=. 4"s ,43a4 !as 4=.6as t.#4"!"-as #":" .,,a:.4ta 33#t#a; s"4 3. s4 -=a!

:>",ta4#a .s 4.#.sa," a>,"6.#a, t"3as s=s >"t.4#a!3a3.s >a,a ",:a, s.,.s

=:a4"s :s ?=st"s; :s #a>a#.s; :s #"">.,at6"s; !" @=. 4"s !!.6a,a a a,:a, @=.

!" :>",ta4t. 4" .s !a t.#4"!"-a #":" ta! s4" !" @=. !"s a#t",.s ",:a3",.s >=.3a4

a#., 3.! .!.:.4t" t.#4"!8-#"; >a,a =:a4/a,!a%


28/52

28

Las 5ue7as te#5o0o2=as 0a "eta#o25!#!@5

S. !!a:a :.ta#"-4#84 a! -,a3" 3. #"4#.4#a @=. !as >.,s"4as t.4.4 3. !"s

>,"#.s"s 3. >.4sa:.4t" 3. !"s .6.4t"s #"-4t6"s; as #":" 3. !a #"4#.4#a

:s:a 3. !" @=. sa.:"s% Es =4 t5,:4" @=. 3.s#,. .! #"4"#:.4t" !a

,.-=!a#84 s",. !a #"-4#84 =:a4a% S.-4 S#,aW &22' !a :.ta#"-4#84 s.

3.4. #":" =4 a,,.-!" " :at,/ :=!t3:.4s"4a! 3. a!3a3.s a=t"#"4st,=3as

3. ,.-=!a#84 @=. aa,#a " s. .>a43. a =4a 6a,.3a3 3. 3":4"s #"-4t6"s%

Las #"4s3.,a#"4.s t.8,#as s",. :.ta#"-4#84 3st4-=.4 .4 .!!a 3"s

#":>"4.4t.s =43a:.4ta!.s; .! #"4"#:.4t" 3. !a #"-4#84 !a ,.-=!a#84 3. !a

#"-4#84% D.4t," 3.! >,:., #":>"4.4t. s. 4#!=.4 .! #"4"#:.4t" 3. !"s a#t",.s

@=. 4!=.4 .4 !a #"-4#84 .! #"4"#:.4t" 3. >,"#.3:.4t"s #":" s"49 a#.,

,.s:.4.s; t":a, 4"tas " a#., -,#"s% E! s.-=43" #":>"4.4t. .s .! 3. ,.-=!a#84;

@=. >a,.#. s., .! :s :>",ta4t. . 4#!=. a s= 6./ !a >!a4#a#84; !a ,.-=!a#84 !a

.6a!=a#84 3. !"s ,.s=!ta3"s 3.! a>,.43/a?.%

E4 !a >!a4#a#84 s. ?a4 :.tas "?.t6"s; !as .st,at.-as; !"s ,.#=,s"s a

=t!/a, s. as-4a .! t.:>"% C=a43" s. >asa a !a .ta>a 3. ,.a!/a#84; .st. >,"#.s"

s. :"4t",.a :.3a4t. =4a .6a!=a#84 3. !a ..#t63a3 3. !"s >as"s s. a#.4

#a:"s .4 !a >!a4#a#84 ",-4a!% P", !t:"; !"s ,.s=!ta3"s s. #"4t,"!a4; s.

#":>a,a4 #"4 !as :.tas >,">=.stas s. #"4s"!3a4% E4 ,.a!3a3; s. >,"#.3. #":" .4

#as t"3as !as a##"4.s #"4s#.4t.s @=. .! ":,. s. >,">"4.% La 3.,.4#a .s @=.

:=#as 3. .stas .st,at.-as 4" s"4 #"4s#.4t.s%


29/52

29

A;re54!3a,.s.4ta, ">#"4.s " >,":"6., .s#.4a,"s 3"43.

>=.3a 3.sa,,"!!a,s. .! t,aa?" 3. -,=>" .! a>,.43/a?. :.3a4t. !as 4t.,a##"4.s

.4t,. !"s #":>"4.4t.s 3. =4 -,=>"% N=:.,"sas 46.st-a#"4.s .3=#a#"4a!.s

3.:=.st,a4 !a s=>.,",3a3 3.! :"3.!" #"">.,at6"% Las >"s!.s .>!#a#"4.s a .st.

.#" s"4 CastaJ.3a; &2279

&% P,":=.6. .st,at.-as #"-4"s#t6as s=>.,",.s

*% P,":=.6. #=,"s3a3 >", .! #"4"#:.4t"; s@=.3a 3. :a", 4",:a#84; :.?",

,.43:.4t" ,.t.4#84%

)% Ma", >,"#.sa:.4t" #"-4"s#t6" a t,a65s 3. >,"#.s"s #":" !a ,.>.t#84

a!:a#.4a:.4t" .4 !a :.:",a 3s#=s84 ",a!%

7% F",ta!.#:.4t" 3. !a a=t"#"4a4/a; >", .! a>"" 3. !"s "t,"s #":>aJ.,"s%

0% Ma", #".s84 -,=>a!; 4#,.:.4t" 3. !as ,.!a#"4.s a.#t6as s.4t3" 3.

>.,t.4.4#a a! -,=>"%

+% I4#,.:.4t" .4 .! 3.sa,,"!!" 3.! >.4sa:.4t" #,t#"%

1% I4#,.:.4t" 3. a#tt=3.s >"st6as a#a .! a>,.43/a?.% E4 .! a>,.43/a?.

#"!a",at6" !as >.,s"4as #":>a,t.4 "?.t6"s #":=4.s; s. =s#a4 ,.s=!ta3"s .4 .!

a>,.43/a?. @=. s"4 .4.#"s"s >a,a .! 4363=" >a,a .! -,=>"% S. >,"3=#. =4a:.4t. 3. >"st6a 4t.,3.>.43.4#a .4t,. !"s .st=3a4t.s% La 3.a 3. a>,.43/a?.

#"!a",at6" .s =4a 6.?a 3.a% E! !8s"" ,":a4" S54.#a s. >,"4=4#aa >", .sta

",:a 3. a>,.43/a?. s=,aaa @=. .4s.Ja, .s a>,.43., 3"s 6.#.s%


30/52

30

E! a>,.43/a?. #"!a",at6" " .4 -,=>" .4 !as a=!as t,a3#"4a!.s s. ,..,. a=4 #"4?=4t" 3. :5t"3"s >", !"s #=a!.s !"s .st=3a4t.s s"4 .st:=!a3"s >a,a t,aa?a,

.4 -,=>" .4 ta,.as 3. a>,.43/a?.% E! a>,.43/ .s =4 a#t6" >a,t#>a4t. 3.! >,"#.s" 3.

a>,.43/a?. .st .46=.!t" .4 !a #"4st,=##84 3. #"4"#:.4t" a t,a65s 3. !a

3s#=s84 . 4t.,a##"4.s #"4 !"s "t,"s .st=3a4t.s #"4 !"s >,".s",.s; 4st,=#t",.s

.>.,t"s% E! 3!"-" s. sta .4 .! #.4t," 3. !as ,.!a#"4.s .4t,. !"s >a,t#>a4t.s%

L% Ha,as:; S% H!t/; L% T.!.s; M% T=," &220 s.Ja!a4 !"s .4.#"s 3. !as

#":=4#a#"4.s >", #":>=ta3",as #":" s">",t. >a,a 3.sa,,"!!a, .s>a#"s 3.a>,.43/a?.s . 43#a4 @=. !a :a",a 3. !"s sst.:as @=. s">",ta4 !as ,.3.s 3.

#"4"#:.4t" .st4 asa3as .4 t.t"s a!-=4as ta:54 s">",ta4 #":=4#a#84 #"4

a=3" " #"4 -,#as% La >a!a,a .s#,ta .s a3.#=a3a >a,a !a #"4st,=##84 3.!

#"4"#:.4t"; s= ,.6s84 .4 -,=>" !a >"s!3a3 3. #":>a,t,!"% P,#t#a:.4t.

t"3a !a .3=#a#84 .st #"4st,=3a s",. !,"s 3. t.t"s t,aa?"s .s#,t"s;

>,.#sa:.4t. !as ,.3.s 3. #":=4#a#84 :.3a4t. #":>=ta3",as CMC 4t,"3=#.4

!"s t.t"s 4t.,a#t6"s @=. >.,:t.4 #"4st,=, .! #"4"#:.4t" .4 -,=>"s a s= 6./

>,">#a4 s= 4t.,#a:"%

Pa,a .st"s a=t",.s; 3a3a !as #"43#"4.s 3.! :=43" a#t=a! 3"43. .!

a>,.43/a?. a t,a65s 3. t"3a !a 63a s. a#. >"s!. 4.#.sa," >", !a ,a>3./ 3. !"s

#a:"s t.#4"!8-#"s s"#a!.s; !a #"46.4.4#a ..#t63a3 3. .st. 4=.6" :"3" 3.

a>,.43., a#. 3. .!!" =4a =.,/a .3=#a#"4a! :>",ta4t. >a,a .! S-!" XXI% La

.3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a; a3.:s 3. s., =4 sst.:a " :"3a!3a3 .3=#at6a; .s =4 sst.:a

3. #":=4#a#84 3.s3. .sta >.,s>.#t6a; .! :"3.!" 3. #":=4#a#84 @=. s. a

=t!/a3" >=.3. #ata!"-a,s. #":" t,a4s:s6"; =43,.##"4a! 3. ..3Qa#$ 3.,3"

A>a,#; &222%


31/52

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BASES LE/ALES

C"4stt=#84 3. !a R.>!#a B"!6a,a4a 3. V.4./=.!a A3#"4a!:.4t.; .s

4.#.sa," #"4s3.,a, !"s s-=.4t.s a,t#=!"s 3. !a C"4stt=#84 3. !a R.>!#a

B"!6a,a4a 3. V.4./=.!a; !"s #=a!.s 4#.4t6a4 .! =s" 3. !as t.#4"!"-as 3.

4",:a#84 #":=4#a#84 >a,a .! 3.sa,,"!!" .#"48:#"; s"#a! >"!t#" 3.! >as%

Est. 3"#=:.4t" .s 3. ,.#.4t. :>!.:.4ta#849 Ga#.ta O#a! N[ 0%70)

Et,a",34a," *7 3. :a,/" 3. *(((% D.! Tt=!" III9 D. !"s D..,.s; D.,.#"s

H=:a4"s; Ga,a4tas 3. !"s D..,.s; 3.! Ca>t=!" VI9 D. !"s D.,.#"s C=!t=,a!.s E3=#at6"s; s. #ta4 !"s s-=.4t.s a,t#=!"s @=. s. #"4s3.,a4 =43a:.4ta!.s9

Art=#u0o '&:

L"s :.3"s 3. #":=4#a#84 s"#a!; >!#"s >,6a3"s; 3..4 #"4t,=, a !a

",:a#84 #=3a3a4a% E! Esta3" -a,a4t/a, s.,6#"s >!#"s 3. ,a3"; t.!.6s84

,.3.s 3. !"t.#as 3. 4",:t#a; #"4 .! 4 3. >.,:t, .! a##.s" =46.,sa! a !a

4",:a#84% L"s #.4t,"s .3=#at6"s 3..4 4#",>",a, .! #"4"#:.4t" a>!#a#84

3. !as 4=.6as t.#4"!"-as; 3. s=s 44"6a#"4.s; s.-4 !"s ,.@=st"s @=. .sta!./#a !a

!.% Es 3.#,; .sta!.#. @=. .! Esta3" >"43, a! s.,6#" 3. !a 4a#84; t"3a !a

t.#4"!"-a; :at.,a!.s; #.4t,"s .3=#a#"4a!.s >a,a 4",:a, 3a, #"4"#:.4t"s a !a

>"!a#84; >.," @=. !"s :.3"s 3. >,.4sa 3=s84 >!#as >,6a3as; 3..4

#"!a",a, .4 36=!-a, .stas ",as :at.,a!.s; >a,a #"4t,=, a !a .3=#a#84

.4,@=.#:.4t" #=!t=,a! 3. t"3"s !"s #=3a3a4"s% A3.:s; .! 3.., 3. !"s :.3"s 3.

#":=4#a#84 >a,a !a ",:a#84 #=3a3a4a%

Art=#u0o ''&:

E! Esta3" ,.#"4"#., .! 4t.,5s >!#" 3. !a #.4#a; !a t.#4"!"-a; .!

#"4"#:.4t"; !a 44"6a#84 s=s a>!#a#"4.s !"s s.,6#"s 3. 4",:a#84

4.#.sa,"s >", s., 4st,=:.4t"s =43a:.4ta!.s >a,a .! 3.sa,,"!!" .#"48:#"; s"#a!


32/52

32

>"!t#" 3.! >as; as #":" >a,a !a s.-=,3a3 s".,a4a 4a#"4a!% Pa,a .! ":.4t" 3.sa,,"!!" 3. .sas a#t63a3.s; .! Esta3" 3.st4a, ,.#=,s"s s=#.4t.s #,.a, .!

sst.:a 4a#"4a! 3. #.4#a t.#4"!"-a 3. a#=.,3" #"4 !a !.% E! s.#t", >,6a3"

3.., a>",ta, ,.#=,s"s >a,a !as :s:as% E! Esta3" -a,a4t/a, .! #=:>!:.4t" 3. !"s

>,4#>"s 5t#"s !.-a!.s @=. 3..4 ,.-, !as a#t63a3.s 3. 46.st-a#84 #.4t#a;

=:a4st#a t.#4"!8-#a% La !. 3.t.,:4a, !"s :"3"s :.3"s >a,a 3a,

#=:>!:.4t" a .sta -a,a4ta% Ca. 3.sta#a,; .! Esta3" V.4./"!a4" ,.#"4"#. .! 4t.,5s

>!#" 3. !a #.4#a; !a t.#4"!"-a; .! #"4"#:.4t"; !a 44"6a#84 s=s a>!#a#"4.s;

as #":" !"s s.,6#"s 3. 4",:a#84 4.#.sa,"s @=. s"4 4st,=:.4t"s >,:",3a!.s

>a,a .! 3.sa,,"!!" .#"48:#"; s"#a! >"!t#" 3.! >as% D. .#" .! Esta3" 3.st4a

,.#=,s"s >a,a ":.4ta, .! Sst.:a Na#"4a! 3. C.4#a T.#4"!"-a; >.," a !a 6./ .4

",:a .4t#a -a,a4t/a .! #=:>!:.4t" 3. !"s >,4#>"s 5t#"s !.-a!.s @=. 3..4

,.-, .stas a#t63a3.s .stat=. .>,.sa:.4t. @=. !a !. 3.t.,:4a, !"s :"3"s

:.3"s >a,a 3a, #=:>!:.4t" a .sta -a,a4ta; !" @=. #"4stt=. =4a ,.-=!a#84 :s a

!"s :.3"s 4",:t#"s !a #=a! .st #"4t.43a .4 3#" a,t#=!"%

D"43. ,.#"4"#. #":" 3. 4t.,5s >!#" !a #.4#a; !a t.#4"!"-a; .!

#"4"#:.4t"; !a 44"6a#84 s=s as>,a#"4.s !"s s.,6#"s 3. 4",:a#84; a !"s

4.s 3. !"-,a, .! 3.sa,,"!!" .#"48:#"; s"#a! >"!t#" 3.! >as

Art=#u0o '

La A3:4st,a#84 P!#a Na#"4a! .:>!.a, >,",ta,a:.4t. S"tWa,. L,.

3.sa,,"!!a3" #"4 Est43a,.s A.,t"s; .4 s=s sst.:as; >,".#t"s s.,6#"s

4",:t#"s% A ta!.s 4.s; t"3"s !"s 8,-a4"s .4t.s 3. !a A3:4st,a#84 P!#a

Na#"4a! 4#a,4 !"s >,"#.s"s 3. :-,a#84 -,a3=a! >,"-,.s6a 3. 5st"s a#a .!

S"tWa,. L,. 3.sa,,"!!a3" #"4 Est43a,.s A.,t"s%

Art=#u0o


33/52

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E! M4st.," 3. C.4#a T.#4"!"-a; a3.!a4ta, !"s >,"-,a:as 3.#a>a#ta#84 3. !"s =4#"4a,"s >!#"s; .4 .! =s" 3.! S"tWa,. L,. 3.sa,,"!!a3"

#"4 Est43a,.s A.,t"s; a#.43" .s>.#a! 54ass .4 !"s ,.s>"4sa!.s 3. !as ,.as 3.

t.#4"!"-as 3. 4",:a#84 #":=4#a#84; >a,a !" #=a! .sta!.#., #"4 !"s 3.:s

8,-a4"s .4t.s 3. !a A3:4st,a#84 P!#a Na#"4a! !"s :.#a4s:"s @=. s.

,.@=.,a4%

Art=#u0o

E! E?.#=t6" Na#"4a! >,":"6., .! =s" -.4.,a!/a3" 3.! S"tWa,. L,.

3.sa,,"!!a3" #"4 Est43a,.s A.,t"s .4 !a s"#.3a3; >a,a !" #=a! 3.sa,,"!!a,

:.#a4s:"s ",.4ta3"s a #a>a#ta, . 4st,=, a !"s =s=a,"s .4 !a =t!/a#84 3.!

S"tWa,. L,. 3.sa,,"!!a3" #"4 Est43a,.s A.,t"s%

Var!a$0es 4e Estu4!o


34/52


35/52

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Cua4ro O;era#!o5a0

Var!a$0e D!"e5s!o5es I54!#a4ores T6#5!#asue5te ?te"

s

A=t"3.sa,,"!!"

A>,.43/a?. E4s.Ja, M"3.!" 3.

#"43=#ta

E4#=.staC=.st"4a,"

C":=43a3Sa4L",.4/"

&

C"4st,=#t6s:"

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C":>=ta3", E6"!=#"4.s

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+

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36/52

36

CAPITULO III

MARCO METODOL./ICO

E4 .st. #a>t=!" s. a#. ,..,.4#a !a 4at=,a!./a 3. 46.st-a#84; 3s.J" 3. !a

46.st-a#84; >"!a#84 :=.st,a; t5#4#as . 4st,=:.4t"s 3. 4",:a#84; 6a!3./

#"4a!3a3; P,"#.sa:.4t" a4!ss .sta3st#"s 3. !"s 3at"s; .ta>as 3. !a

46.st-a#84%

Natura0e3a 4e 0a !57est!2a#!@5

La >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84 s. asa .4 .! >a,a3-:a #"4 .4"@=. #=a4ttat6"%

A! ,.s>.#t"; Sa!a/a, T,.?" *((7 .>,.sa49 E! >a,a3-:a #=a4ttat6" >"s.. =4a

#"4#.>#84 -!"a! >"st6sta; >"t5t#a; 3.3=#t6a #"4 54ass .4 !a "?.t63a3

",.4ta3a a !"s ,.s=!ta3"s >,">a 3. !as #.4#as 4at=,a!.s% E4 .st. s.4t3"; .sta

46.st-a#84 s. asa .4 !a #"4#.>#84 3.! .48:.4" ta! #":" .s; =t!/a !a

4",:a#84 ,.#">!a3a >a,a .sta!.#., !a a,-=:.4ta#84 s",. !a >,"!.:t#a

>!a4t.a3a; a>"43"s. .4 t.",as a4t.,",.s% A3.:s =s#a !a 6.,#a#84 3. !"s

.#"s s=s #a=sas% Pa,a .!!" a#. =s" 3. 4st,=:.4t"s >a,a !a ,.#">!a#84 3. 3at"s

.4 .! ,.a 3.! .st=3"%

Pa,a >,.#sa,; Pa!.!!a Ma,t4s &22& a,:a9 At.43.43" a !"s >,4#>"s 3.

=4a #"4#.>#84 >"st6sta >,.s=>"4.4 !a a>!#a#84 3. 4st,=:.4t"s >a,a !a

,.#">!a#84 3. 3at"s; @=. >"st.,",:.4t. s. #"3#a4; ta=!a, a4a!/a, >a,a

#"4#,.ta, #"4#!=s"4.s% >%11% Ca. a-,.-a,; @=. .sta 46.st-a#84 .>,.sa s=


37/52

37

.st=3" .4 3at"s .sta3st#"s @=. s.,4 s":.t3"s a !a 6a!3./ #"4a!3a3 s",. !aas. 3. =4a :=.st,a t":a3a a!.at",a:.4t.%

As :s:"; .! 46.! 3. !a 46.st-a#84 =. 3.s#,>t6" >=.st" s. 43a-"

a#.,#a 3. !as #a,a#t.,st#as 3. !a >"!a#84 3.s#=,.43" a4a!/a43" !"s ,a4-"s

:s s-4#at6"s 3. !a :=.st,a% Esta 46.st-a#84 >.,:t8 "t.4., 4",:a#84 3.!

.sta3" a#t=a! 3.! .48:.4" .4 .st=3"% P", !" ta4t"; s. >,.#s8 !a 4at=,a!./a 3. =4a

st=a#84 ta! #":" .st. .4 .! :":.4t" .4 @=. s. >,"3=#.; >a,a !=.-" #":>a,a,!"

#"4 !"s ,.s=!ta3"s 4a!.s%

F4a!:.4t.; !a 46.st-a#84 3.s#,>t6a .4 >a!a,as 3. A#.6.3" &22'; 3#.

@=.9 S. t,ata4 3. "t.4., 4",:a#84 a#.,#a 3.! .48:.4" " >,"#.s"s >a,a 3.s#,,

:>!#a#"4.s; s4 4t.,.sa,s. :=#" " >"#" .4 #"4"#., s= ",-.4 " #a=sa 3. !a

st=a#84% F=43a:.4ta!:.4t. 3,-3a a 3as =4a 6s84 #":" ">.,a #=!.s s"4 s=s

#a,a#t.,st#as >%)0*%

D. a#=.,3" #"4 !" .>=.st"; s. a,:a @=. .! "?.t6" -.4.,a! 3. =4a

46.st-a#84 3. t>" 3.s#,>t6" ,a3#a .4 3.s#=,, a!-=4as #a,a#t.,st#as

=43a:.4ta!.s 3. =4 #"4?=4t" ":"-54." 3. .48:.4"s; =t!/a43" #,t.,"s

sst.:t#"s @=. >.,:ta4 >"4., 3. :a4.st" !a .st,=#t=,a 3.! #":>",ta:.4t"%

D!seFo 4e 0a I57est!2a#!@5

Est. t>" 3. 46.st-a#84 t,ata 3. ,.s"!6., !"s >,"!.:as @=. s=,-.4 3. !a

,.a!3a3 !a 4",:a#84 ,.@=.,3a 3.. "t.4.,s. 3,.#ta:.4t. 3. .!!a% E4 .st.

",3.4 3. 3.as; A,as O%#t% #":.4ta @=. !a 46.st-a#84 3. #a:>"; .s a@=.!!a

@=. #"4sst. .4 !a ,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s 3,.#ta:.4t. 3. !"s s=?.t"s 46.st-a3"s; " 3.

!a ,.a!3a3 3"43. "#=,,.4 !"s .#"s 3at"s >,:a,"s; s4 :a4>=!a, " #"4t,"!a,


38/52

38

6a,a!. a!-=4a; .s 3.#,; .! 46.st-a3", "t.4. !a 4",:a#84 >.," 4" a!t.,a !as#"43#"4.s .st.4t.s% D. a!! s= #a,#t., 4" .>.,:.4ta! >%)&%

E4 .st. s.4t3"; .sta 46.st-a#84 s. asa .4 !a #"4#.>#84 3.! .48:.4" ta!

#":" .s; =t!/a !a 4",:a#84 ,.#">!a3a >a,a .sta!.#., !a a,-=:.4ta#84 s",. !a

>,"!.:t#a >!a4t.a3a; a>"43"s. .4 t.",as a4t.,",.s% A3.:s =s#a !a

6.,#a#84 3. !"s .#"s s=s #a=sas% Pa,a .!!" a#. =s" 3. 4st,=:.4t"s >a,a !a

,.#">!a#84 3. 3at"s .4 .! ,.a 3.! .st=3"%

S. s=st.4t8 .4 =4a 46.st-a#84 3. #a:>"; 3a3" @=. s. as8 .4 :5t"3"s @=.

>.,:t8 ,.#">!a, !"s 3at"s .4 ",:a 3,.#ta 3. !a ,.a!3a3 3"43. s. >,.s.4taa4% A!

,.s>.#t" M=J"/ &22'; s. 3.4. 3. !a s-=.4t. :a4.,a9

S"4 !as 46.st-a#"4.s .4 !as @=. !a ,.#">!a#84 3. 4",:a#84 s. ,.a!/a

.4:a,#a3a .4 .! a:.4t. .s>.##" .4 .! @=. s. >,.s.4ta .! .48:.4" 3. .st=3"% E4

!a ,.a!/a#84 3. .stas 46.st-a#84 s. =t!/a =4 :5t"3" .#!=s6" 3. 46.st-a#84

s. 3s.Ja4 #.,tas .,,a:.4tas >a,a ,.#aa, 4",:a#84 @=. s"!" s. a>!#a4 .4 .!

:.3" .4 .! @=. a#ta .! .48:.4" 3. .st=3" >a,a !a ta=!a#84 a4!ss 3. !a

4",:a#84 "t.43a; s. =t!/a4 :5t"3"s t5#4#as .sta3st#as :at.:t#as @=.

a=3a4 a "t.4., #"4#!=s"4.s ",:a!.s; #.4t#a:.4t. #":>,"a3as; >%&&%

E4 #"4s.#=.4#a; !a 46.st-a#84 3. #a:>" 4" .s :s @=. a@=.!!a @=.

>.,:t. a! 46.st-a3", .sta, .4 #"4ta#t" 3,.#t" #"4 !a ,.a!3a3 3.! >,"!.:a

a",3a3" "t.4.43" as !"s 3at"s >,:a,"s; >", :.3" 3. a!-4 4st,=:.4t" 3.

,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s .4 s.a .4t,.6stas; "s.,6a#"4.s; .4t,. "t,"s% E4 ,.!a#84 a

.!!"% Sa4" &22* .>,.sa9 La 46.st-a#84 3. #a:>" s. asa .4 4",:a#"4.s "

3at"s >,:a," "t.43"s 3,.#ta:.4t. 3. !a ,.a!3a3\ E4 #"4#!=s84; !a >,.s.4t.

46.st-a#84 s. asa .4 .! >a,a3-:a #"4 .4"@=. #=a4ttat6"; .s =4a 46.st-a#84

3. #a:>" 3. 46.! 3.s#,>t6"%


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39

Po$0a#!@5 Muestra

Po$0a#!@5

R.s>.#t" a !a >"!a#84; !a U46.,s3a3 Na#"4a! A.,ta UNA &22&

s.Ja!a9 P"!a#84 s"4 t"3as !as =43a3.s 3. 46.st-a#84 @=. s.!.##"4a:"s 3.

a#=.,3" #"4 !a 4at=,a!./a 3. =4 >,"!.:a; >a,a -.4.,a!/a, asta .!!"s !"s 3at"s

,.#"!.#ta3"s% >%*1*%

C"4 ,.s>.#t" a !a P"!a#84; R"3,-=./ P.Ja% *((0; .>,.sa49 Esta#"4",:a3a >", t"3"s !"s .!.:.4t"s @=. #"4stt=.4 .! s=?.t" 3. .st=3"% S. ,..,. a!

#"4?=4t" >a,a .! #=a! s.a4 6a!3a3 !as #"4#!=s"4.s @=. s. "t.4-a4% Es 3.#,; .s !a

t"ta!3a3 3. .!.:.4t" 3. .st=3" @=. >,.s.4ta s:!t=3 .4 s=s #a,a#t.,st#as%

S. #"4s3.,a; >a,a .sta 46.st-a#84 !a >"!a#84 .>,.sa3a .4 .! s-=.4t.

#=a3,"%

Cua4ro %

Po$0a#!@5 4e 0os J@7e5es 4e 0a Co"u5!4a4 Sa5 Lore53o V!e"!a#84 >% *17% P", s= >a,t. Bs@=.,,a &2'243#a @=. !a :=.st,a >=.3. 3.4,s. #":" =4 s=#"4?=4t" 3. !a >"!a#84;

s.!.##"4a3" >", a!-4 :5t"3" 3. :=.st,."; s",. .! #=a! s. ,.a!/a4 !as

"s.,6a#"4.s s. ,.#"-.4 3at"s% >%'&% E4 #"4s.#=.4#a; !a :=.st,a 3..

,.>,.s.4ta, a t"3a !a >"!a#84 ,.=4, !as #a,a#t.,st#as 3. .sa >"!a#84 3. ta!


40/52

40

:a4.,a @=. "s.,643"!a s. >=.3a4 "t.4., !as #"4#!=s"4.s @=. >.,:ta4-.4.,a!/a, a t"3a !a >"!a#84%

E4 .! #as" 3. !a :=.st,a; Ba!!.st,4 &221 s.Ja!a @=.9 La :=.st,a .s =4a

>a,t. 3. !a >"!a#84; " s.a; =4 4:.," 3. 4363="s = "?.t"s ,.!a#"4a3"s

#.4t#a:.4t.; #a3a =4" 3. !"s #=a!.s .s =4 .!.:.4t" 3.! =46.,s"% >%22 L" @=.

@=.,. 3.#, @=. !a :=.st,a .s !a s.!.##84 3. =4 4:.," 3.t.,:4a3" 3. !a >"!a#84

@=. s., .! "?.t" 3. .st=3"%

Pa,a .sta 46.st-a#84 s. t":a .4 #"4s3.,a#84 =4a :=.st,a ,.>,.s.4ta3a >",

.! *0] 3.43a #"4 !a .>!#a#84 3. !a s-=.4t. 8,:=!a9

FM ^ 4 N

D"43. FM ^ F,a##84 3. M=.st,a%

4 ^ P"!a#84

N^ N:.," 3. #":>"4.4t.s 3. !a :=.st,a%

E4t"4#.s FM ^ )0&)0

FM ^ (;*0 @=. ,.>,.s.4ta .! *0] 3. !a >"!a#84% Es 3.#,; @=. !a >"!a#84

s.,9

Cua4ro G

Po$0a#!@5 4e 0os J@7e5es 4e 0a Co"u5!4a4 Sa5 Lore53o V!e


41/52

41

Las t5#4#as . I4st,=:.4t"s 3. ,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s s"4 !"s :.3"s @=. s.=t!/a4 >a,a "t.4., !a 4",:a#84% A! ,.s>.#t" H=,ta3" &22' s.Ja!a9 La

s.!.##84 3. !a t5#4#as . 4st,=:.4t"s 3. ,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s :>!#a 3.t.,:4a,

>", #=a!.s :.3"s >,"#.3.43" .! 46.st-a3", "t.43, !a 4",:a#84 4.#.sa,a

>a,a a!#a4/a, !"s "?.t6"s 3. !a 46.st-a#84% >%00% P", .!!" ,.s=!ta 3. -,a4

:>",ta4#a !a .!.##84 >,.#sa 3. !as t5#4#as . 4st,=:.4t"s @=. >.,:ta4 .! !"-,"

3.! "?.t6" >!a4t.a3"%

T6#5!#a

Pa,a !a >,.s.4t. 46.st-a#84 s. "t.43, !"s 3at"s a t,a65s 3.! =s" 3. !a

t5#4#a 3. !a .4#=.sta% E4 .st. s.4t3"; Sa4" &221 .>,.sa9 Es =4a ",:a 3.

4t.,a##84 s"#a! 3"43. .! 46.st-a3", s. sta ,.4t. a! 46.st-a3" !. ",:=!a

>,.-=4tas a >a,t, 3. #=as ,.s>=.stas a,4 3. s=,-, !"s 3at"s 3. 4t.,5s% >%*)%

D. .sta :a4.,a !"s 3at"s s.,4 ,.-st,a3"s a4a!/a3"s >"st.,",:.4t.%

I5stru"e5to

Esta 46.st-a#84 s. asa >a,a !a "t.4#84 3. 3at"s .4 .! 4st,=:.4t" 3.!

#=.st"4a,"% A! ,.s>.#t" Pa!.!!a Ma,t4s; *(() .>,.sa9 U4 4st,=:.4t" .s

#=a!@=., ,.#=,s" 3.! #=a! >=.3a 6a!.,s. .! 46.st-a3"s >a,a a#.,#a,s. a !"s

.48:.4"s .t,a., 3. .!!"s 4",:a#84%>%&&2% E4 .st. ",3.4 3. 3.as .! =s" 3.!

#=.st"4a," >.,:t, !a "t.4#84 4",:a#84 ,.!.6a4t. s",. ,as-"s #":"

>.,s"4a!3a3; #"43=#ta #a,a#t.,st#as 4363=a!.s " #"!.#t6as% E4 #=a4t" a!#=.st"4a,"; H.,443./ &22' s.Ja!a9 U4 #=.st"4a," #"4sst. .4 =4 #"4?=4t" 3.

>,.-=4tas ,.s>.#t" a =4a " 6a,as 6a,a!.s% >%&**% Es 3.#,; .! #=.st"4a," :.3,

a t,a65s 3. !as 6a,a!.s =t!/a3as .4 !a 46.st-a#84%


42/52

42

Va0!4e3 Co5>!a$!0!4a4

Va0!4e3

La 6a!3./ 3.4. !a ,.!a#84 .4t,. !" @=. s. :3. !" @=. ,.a!:.4t. s. @=.,.

:.3,% E4 .st. s.4t3"% Sa4" &221 3#.9 La 6a!3./ .s !a .a#tt=3 #"4 @=. >=.3.

a#.,s. :.33as s-4#at6as a3.#=a3as #"4 =4 4st,=:.4t"; .4 .! s.4t3" 3. @=.

:3a ,.a!:.4t. .! ,a4-" @=. >,.t.43" :.3,% >%'1% Est" @=.,. 3.#,; @=. !as

>,.-=4tas a ..#t=a, 3..4 #"4t.4., :>!#t" !" @=. 3.s.a:"s sa.,%

Pa,a 3a, 6a!3./ .! 4st,=:.4t" =t!/a3" .4 .sta 46.st-a#84; s., 6a!",a3"

>", =4 ?=#" 3. .>.,t"s !!.6a3" a #a" >", t,.s ) .>.,t"s; =4" & .4 :.t"3"!"-a

3"s * .s>.#a!stas .4 !a t.:t#a%

Co5>!a$!0!4a4

E4 ,..,.4#a a !a #"4a!3a3 R"3,-=./ P.Ja *((0 a,:a4 @=.9 La

#"4a!3a3 3.! 4st,=:.4t" s,6. >a,a 3.t.,:4a, .! -,a3" 3. as.,t63a3 3. !"s

t.:s @=. !" #":>"4.4% >%*0% Est" :>!#a >a,a @=. s.a ..#t6"; 3. .sta :a4.,a .!

a4!ss . 4t.,>,.ta#84 3. !"s 3at"s a,,"?a43" ,.s=!ta3"s #"4a!.s%

Pa,a as.-=,a, !a #"4a!3a3 3.! 4st,=:.4t" .s ,.#":.43a!. >,"a,!" a4t.s3. a>!#a, .! 3.4t6"% A! ,.s>.#t" Pa!.!!a Ma,t4s *(() .>,.sa49 U4

4st,=:.4t" .s #"4a!. #=a43"; a>!#a3" a! :s:" s=?.t" .4 3.,.4t.s

#,#=4sta4#as; !"s ,.s=!ta3"s " >=4ta?.s "t.43"s s"4 a>,":a3a:.4t. !"s

:s:"s% >%&))% E4 .st. s.4t3" >a,a .sta 46.st-a#84 s. a>!#a,a4 a =4a :=.st,a


43/52

43

=4 >"#" :s >.@=.Ja @=. !a :=.st,a 3.4t6a s.,6, >a,a 3.t.,:4a,; >", =4 !a3" !a#":>,.4s84 3. !"s t.:s >", "t," !a #":>,.4s84 3. !"s !a #"4a!3a3 3.!

4st,=:.4t" s. #"4s3.,a4 t,.4ta #4#" )0 .st=3a4t.s%

P", "t,a >a,t.; ta:54 s"4 =sa3as 8,:=!as @=. 3.t.,:4a4 !a #"4a!3a3

3.! 4st,=:.4t"; .s a t,a65s 3.! #".#.4t. A!>a 3. C,"4a# 3"43.; s.-4 Pa!.!!a

Ma,t4s a,:a4 @=. .! #".#.4t. 3. A!>a 3. C,"4a# :3. !a #"4a!3a3 a

>a,t, 3. !a #"4sst.4#a 4t.,4a 3. !"s t.:s; .4t.43.43" >", ta! .! -,a3" .4 @=. !"s

t.:s 3. =4a .s#a!a s. #",,.!a#"4a4 .4t,. s% E! 6a!", 3.! a!a C,"4a# 6a,a .4t,. ( &; 3"43. ( .s a=s.4#a 3. #"4sst.4#a & .s #"4sst.4#a >.,.#ta% Est. #".#.4t.

3.t.,:4a .! 46.! 3. #"4a!3a3 3.! 4st,=:.4t" s. asa .4 !a :.3#84 3. !a

#"4sst.4#a 3. !a ,.s>=.sta 3.! s=?.t" a !"s t.:s 3.! :s:" s= 8,:=!a .s9

A^ N4Q& &Q S *

D"43.9 St *

N^ 4:.," 3. t.:s

St* ^ Va,a4/a T"ta!

E! #".#.4t. 3. #"4a!3a3 3" #":" ,.s=!ta3" >a,a !"s ?86.4.s 3. !a

#":=43a3 (;'0% R.6.!a43" @=. .! 4st,=:.4t" .!a",a3" >", .! .@=>" 46.st-a3",;

.s #"4a!. >", !" #=a! s. >=.3. >,"#.3., a s= a>!#a#84 a !a >"!a#84

s.!.##"4a3a #":" :=.st,a >a,a .! .st=3"%


44/52

44

Pro#esa"!e5to a590!s!s esta4=st!#os 4e 0os 4atos

E4 .st. >=4t" s. 3.s#,.4 !as 3st4tas ">.,a#"4.s a !as @=. s.,4 s":.t3"s

!"s 3at"s @=. s. "t.4-a49 #!as#a#84; ,.-st,"; ta=!a#84 #"3#a#84 s =.,. .!

#as"% E4 !" ,..,.4t. a! a4!ss; s. 3.4,4 !as t5#4#as !8-#as 43=##84;

3.3=##84; a4!ss; s4t.ss; " .sta3st#as 3.s#,>t6as " 4.,.4#a!.s; @=. s.,4

.:>!.a3as >a,a 3.s#,a, !" @=. ,.6.!a4 !"s 3at"s @=. s.a4 ,.#"-3"s%

S.-4 C",.tta *(()9

%%%.! a4!ss 3. !"s 3at"s ,.>,.s.4ta @=/s !a as. 3. =4a 46.st-a#84s"#a! .4 !a @=. ,.s=!ta :s 6s!. !a 3.,.4#a .4t,. .! .4"@=.#=a4ttat6" .! #=a!tat6"% >-%0)% E! a4!ss 3. t>" #=a!tat6" s.#.4t,a .4 !"s s=?.t"s; .4 .! s.4t3" 3. @=. .! 4363=" .s "s.,6a3" .st=3a3" .4 s= 4t.-,3a3% L"s ,.s=!ta3"s s. >,.s.4ta4 .4 =4a >.,s>.#t6a3. t>" 4a,,at6"% La s4t.ss !as -.4.,a!/a#"4.s t":a4 !a ",:a 3.#!as#a#"4.s t>"!"-as% E4 .! #as" 3. !as .4t,.6stas .st,=#t=,a3as; !"s3at"s s. >=.3.4 a4a!/a, s-=.43" =4 #,t.," :t"; #=a!tat6" #=a4ttat6"; a! :s:" t.:>"% >-% )21

U4a 6./ "t.43a ,.#">!a3a !a 4",:a#84 s. 4#8 3. 4:.3at" a s=

>,"#.sa:.4t"; .st" :>!#a .! #8:" ",3.4a, >,.s.4ta, 3. !a ",:a :s !8-#a .

4t.!-!. !"s ,.s=!ta3"s "t.43"s #"4 !"s 4st,=:.4t"s a>!#a3"s; 3. ta! ",:a @=. !a

6a,a!. ,.!.?. .! >.s" .s>.##" 3. s= :a-4t=3%

Eta;as 4e 0a I57est!2a#!@5


45/52

45

Eta>a I9 S. .>"4. .4 .sta >a,t. .! >,"!.:a; "?.t6"s 3. .st=3"s ta4t"-.4.,a!.s #":" .s>.##"s; !a :>",ta4#a ?=st#a#84 3. !a 46.st-a#84; .!

a!#a4#. !:ta#"4.s >,.s.4ta3"s 3=,a4t. .! >,"#.s" 3. !a 46.st-a#84%

Eta>a II9 Ma,#" t.8,#" @=. #":>,.43. !"s t,aa?"s @=. =.,"4 t":a3"s #":"

a4t.#.3.4t.s 3. .sta 46.st-a#84; !as as.s t.8,#as ,.!a#"4a3as #"4 .! .st=3" .!

sst.:a 3. 6a,a!.s%

Eta>a III9 Ma,#" :.t"3"!8-#" aa,#a !a 4at=,a!./a 3. !a 46.st-a#84

3s.J" 3. !a 46.st-a#84; >"!a#84; :=.st,a t5#4#a 3. ,.#"!.##84 3. 3at"s;

4st,=:.4t"s =t!/a3"s; 6a!3a#84 #"4a!3a3 3. !as t5#4#as 3. a4!ss 3.

3at"s%

S. as>,a @=. .st. t,aa?" 3. 46.st-a#84; ,.>,.s.4t. =4 >=4t" 3. >a,t3a

>a,a !a ,.!.84 s@=.3a 3. s"!=#"4.s >a,a :.?",a, .! a>,.43/a?. 3. !"s ?86.4.s

3. !a #":=43a3 Sa4 L",.4/"; #"4 .! 4 3. :.?",a, s= #a!3a3 3. 63a%

Co5#0us!@5


46/52

46

L"s :.3"s #":>=ta,/a3"s .st4 s.43" =t!/a3"s >a,a 4.s .3=#at6"s .4#a3a :"3" .s #a>a/ 3. #=:>!, #.,tas =4#"4.s >.3a-8-#as :.?", @=. "t,as% P", !"

ta4t"; !as =4#"4.s =.,t.s 3..4 s., .>!"ta3as 4t.4sa:.4t. #=a43" s. s.!.##"4a

=4" 3. .st"s :"3"s >a,a =4 >,"-,a:a 3. .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a%

N" a 44-=4a ,a/84 >a,a 3.#, @=. =4 :"3" 3. =s" " @=. =4 3.t.,:4a3"

:.3" s.a #a!#a3" #":" .! :.?", >a,a !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a% Ca3a =4" t.4.

s=s 6.4ta?as 3.s6.4ta?as% P", .?.:>!"; !"s sst.:as 3. #"4.,.4#as #":>=ta,/a3as

>=.3.4 s., a3.#=a3"s >a,a 3.sa,,"!!a, =4 ?=#" #,t#" s",. 3.t.,:4a3"s t.:as 3.=4 #=,s"; >.," t.43.,4 a #"4=43, #=a43" s. =t!/a4 >a,a .! a>,.43/a?. 3.

3.st,./as >,"#.3:.4ta!.s .4 .st. !t:" #as"; .! .4"@=. 3. .,,a:.4ta; :s

:"3.st"; t,a.,a :.?",.s ,.s=!ta3"s% Est. >,4#>" ta:54 s. a>!#a a !"s :.3"s

3.4t," 3. =4a :s:a #at.-",a%

E4 -.4.,a!; !a ta"4":a a>"a !a 3.a 3. @=. >a,a .!.6a, a! ::" !a

#a!3a3 3.! =s" 3. !"s #":>=ta3",.s .4 !"s >,"-,a:as 3. .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a; !a

#!a6. .s !a .st.4#a 3. =4a #":4a#84 3. :"3"s :s @=. !a =t!/a#84 .#.s6a3. =4" s"!" 3. .!!"s%

F4a!:.4t.; s. 3.. 3.#, a!-" :s s",. !"s #,t.,"s >a,a !a s.!.##84 3. !"s

:"3"s 3. =s" " 3. !"s :.3"s #":>=ta,/a3"s .4 .! #"4t.t" 3. !"s >,"-,a:as 3.

.3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a% L"s >,"-,a:as 3. .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a; #,.a3"s ",-4a!:.4t.

>a,a .>a43, !as ">",t=43a3.s 3. .3=#a#84 >a,a >!#"s a4t.,",:.4t.

3s#,:4a3"s% S.,a =4 as=,3" #":.4/a, a ,.6.,t, .! >,"#.s" :.3a4t. !a s.!.##84

3. :.3"s a !"s #=a!.s 4" >=.3.4 t.4., a##.s" t"3"s !"s .st=3a4t.s% E4 .st. #"4t.t"

a##.s" s-4#a #"st"s 4363=a!.s . 4stt=#"4a!.s 3. :a@=4a,a s"tWa,.;

.4t,.4a:.4t" >,.6" ,.@=.,3" >a,a ">.,a, !as a>!#a#"4.s s.!.##"4a3as

a3a>ta!3a3 a! ta:aJ" 3. !a >"!a#84 @=. s. 3.s.a s.,6,%


47/52

47

Ta! #":" s. >=3" "s.,6a,; !"s 3st4t"s :"3"s s"4 :s a3.#=a3"s >a,aa!-=4"s >,">8st"s 3. a>,.43/a?. @=. >a,a "t,"s; >.s. a @=. .st. #.,ta

s=>.,>"s#84 3. ,.as 3. a>!#a#84 .4t,. .!!"s% S.43" as; !"s .3=#a3",.s a

3sta4#a 3..4 a4a!/a, !" @=. 3.s.a4 .4s.Ja,; >a,a 6s=a!/a, !=.-" !as =4#"4.s

>.3a-8-#as @=. >=.3a4 s., a>"a3as :.3a4t. !as #":>=ta3",as%

Re#o"e54a#!o5es


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Da3" @=. !"s ,.s=!ta3"s .4 #=a4t" a a>,.43/a?. 3. .st"s -,=>"s @=. >a,t#>a4.4 s.a4 .4 #":=43a3.s 6,t=a!.s @=. s=,-.4 .s>"4t4.a:.4t. " .4 #=,s"s

.4 !4.a s.a4 >,.6a:.4t. >!a4#a3"s ".,ta3"s% Es 4.#.sa," .st=3a, " 46.st-a, !" @=. t.4. @=. 6., #"4 !"s 46.!.s 3.

.s>"4ta4.3a3 " !.,ta3 @=. as=:.4 !"s >a,t#>a4t.s .4 !"s 3.,.4t.s t>"s 3.

#":=43a3.s% Est.4 36.,sas .>.,.4#as @=. a! >a,t#>a, =4 .>.,t" " >"s!. s=>.,6s", 3.

!a >a,t#>a#84; a!-=4"s 3. !"s >a,t#>a4t.s s. 4.4 #a:a .! t>" 3.

>a,t#>a#84; #"4s3.,a:"s @=. .st" 3.. s., .st=3a3" .4 >,"=433a3 :.3a4t..st=3"s .t4"-,#"s 6,t=a!.s%

S. ,.@=.,. .>!",a, :s a "43" !as ",:as :=!t3:.4s"4a!.s 3. #":=4#a#84

. 4t.,a##84 @=. s. 3a4 .4 .st"s #"4t.t"s 3-ta!.s% Es 4.#.sa," 3.t.,:4a,

asta @=5 >=4t" !"s a>,.43#.s; .4 ta4t" @=. >,"ta-"4stas 3. s= >,">" >,"#.s";

>=.3.4 as=:, .! #"4t,"! 3,-, .! a!#a4#. 3. s=s a>,.43/a?.s% S. >,.#sa4 4=.6as 46.st-a#"4.s @=. .>!",.4 .st"s as>.#t"s as #":" !"s

.4"@=.s :s ..#t6"s >a,a s= :>!.:.4ta#84 3.4t," 3. !as ,.3.s 3. a>,.43/a?.

Re>ere5#!as B!$0!o2r9>!#as

ARIAS,F% E! P,".#t" 3. I46.st-a#84% E>st.:.% Ca,a#as


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A2u!0era, A /@"e3 4e0 Cast!00o, M% *((*% E-.4#as 3. !a s"#.3a3 3. !a4",:a#84 a! sst.:a .3=#at6" _D"#=:.4t" .4 !4.a % Ds>"4!.9 tt>9

WWW%sa6%=s%.s>.!ta,t#=!"s4&14&1a,ta,t&1*%t: _C"4s=!ta9 *((*; D#.:,.

&*` A!", E !.9 4"/; O% *(((% La E3=#a#84 s=>.,", .4 !a A:5,#a Lat4a .!

Ca,.% sta3" 3.! A,t.% Ca,a#as9 E3#"4.s UCV

Borre00, N, e!as, M Maru6s, P *((*% F=4#"4.s #":>.t.4#as s#as 3.!

>,".s",a3"% P"4.4#a C"4-,.s" I4t.,4a#"4a! D"#.4#a U46.,sta,a . I44"6a#84

_D"#=:.4t" .4 L4.a`%

H7!0a, %&&'La .3=#a#84 .4 !a s"#.3a3 3. !a 4",:a#84 _M"4"-,aa .4

!4.a`% Ds>"4!.9 tt>9WWW%:"4"-,aas%#":t,aa?"s1.3s".3s"%

BARTOLOM+, A 'KK Sst.:as M=!t:.3a .4 .3=#a#84; .4 Nuevas

T.#4"!"-as 3. !a I4",:a#84 C":=4#a#84 >a,a !a E3=#a#84; S.6!!a; A!a,%

Boat3!s, E 'K%T. C": "4 Y!. a43 S"4s E3t"4s ,a#as V.4./=.!a 7+

&('Q&*& ", 3. G=.,,a Na6a!% T,aa?" 3. -,a3" 3. :a.st,a 4" >=!#a3";U46.,s3a3 C.4t,a! 3. V.4./=.!a; Ca,a#as% Ca, C"4"#:.4t" _D"#=:.4t" .4

L4.a`%

Ca";!, L 'KKKE3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a -.st84 3.! #"4"#:.4t" .4 .! :t" 3.

!a Es#=.!a S=>., ,84; % *((*% M"3.!" -.4.,a! >a,a !a #,.a#84 3.! #"4"#:.4t"%

F=43a#84 I.,"a:.,#a4a 3.! N"6.:,.

CONSTITUCIN DE LA REPBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA; &222%

/a#eta O>!#!a0 Etraor4!5ar!a N G&Ca,a#as%

La Ro##a, R %&&GDa-48st#" 3. !a .3=#a#84 6,t=a! .4 V.4./=.!a% I4",:.

>,.s.4ta3" .4 .! S.:4a," s",. U46.,s3a3.s V,t=a!.s .4 A:5,#a Lat4a


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PALELLA, S PESTANA, % M.t"3"!"-a 3. !a I46.st-a#84 C=a4ttat6a%

FEDUPEL; *(()%

SABINO; C% E! P,"#.s" 3. I46.st-a#84% Ca,a#as% &22*%

Sa0!5as,J 'KK N=.6"s a:.4t.s 3. a>,.43/a?. >a,a =4a s"#.3a3 3. !a

4",:a#84% Re7!sta Pe5sa"!e5to E4u#at!7o

SALAZAR; Z% TREO; Y% I46.st-a#84 E3=#at6a% U46.,s3a3 P.3a-8-#a 3.

Ba,@=s:.t" L=s B.!t,4 P,.t" F-=.,"a% *((7%


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ANE*OS

REP)BLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA DEENSA


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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL E*PERIMENTAL POLIT+CNICA DE LAUERZAS ARMADA

UNEA N)CLEO LARA

APRENDIZAJE AUTO DESARROLLADO EN REDES DE EQUIPOS YEDUCACIN A DISTANCIA EN SAN LORENZO VIEJO, BARQUISIMETO

ESTADO LARA

I5stru"e5to

I4st,=##"4.s9 L.a 3.t.43a:.4t.; :a,#a #"4 =4a X !as ">#"4.s @=. a =st.3 !.

>a,./#a s.-4 !as .>.,.4#as 663as .4 !a 63a ,.a!% G,a#as >", s= #"!a",a#84%

?te"s S AV N&% A>!#a .st,at.-as asa3as .4 4=.6"s a>,.43/a?.s*% R.a!/a ,.t,"a!:.4ta#84 >a,a .4,@=.#., .! #"4"#:.4t")% C"4s3.,a @=. .! a=!a 6,t=a! t,a. #"4s-" 3.s6.4ta?as a!

:":.4t" 3.! a>,.43/a?.7% C=.4ta =st.3 #"4 =4 #":>=ta3",0% I4#!=. .4 s= 63a !as ,.3.s s.a4 #":=4#at6as .

46.st-at6as

+% C,.. =st.3 @=. !a .6"!=#84 3. !as TIC 3s:4=. !a#":=4#a#84 ",a!1% Esta,a 4t.,.sa3"a .4 >a,t#>a, .4 .! 3.sa,,"!!" 3. =4 >!a43. a##84 asa3" .4 .st,at.-as ",.4ta3as a !a >,#t#at.#4"!8-#a'% C,.. =st.3 @=. !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a 4" t,aa?a4 .4 -,=>"s2% C,.. =st.3 @=. !as TIC 3.s>!a/a4 !as ,.!a#"4.s4t.,>.,s"4a!.s&(% C"4s3.,a @=. !a .3=#a#84 a 3sta4#a !!.6a #"4s-"a=t"4":a >,">a

LEYENDA: S SIEMPRE AV A VECES N NUNCA

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Proyecto de Aprendizaje Auto Desarrollado en Redes y Equipos y Educacion a Distancia