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Proyecto Río Sahuaripa Publicación de la investigación del proyecto Río Sahuaripa, coordinado por el Arqlgo. John Carpenter en el boletín del Old Pueblo Archaeology. Abril de 2015 (parte 1)
Citation preview
April 20151
Number 74, File 12
Archaeological Investigations in the Río Sahuaripa Region
of Eastern Sonora, Mexico
John Carpenter, Ph.D.
Centro INAH Sonora
The Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y la Sierra Central (Sahuaripa River and Central Mountains
Archaeological Project) of the Centro INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) Sonora rep-
resents the first systematic archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin, located in the ex-
treme eastern margins of Sonora (Maps 1 and 2 in Old Pueblo Archaeology bulletin No. 74, File 2 – see
Footnote 2 below). This project encompasses the region between approximately Guaguasari, in the muni-
cipio of Yécora, and where the principal tributary arroyo arises in
the Sierra Madre Occidental, northward to just beyond the Bato-
comachi Ranch, situated at the confluence of the Río Sahuaripa and
Río Yaqui, in the municipio of Sahuaripa. The project area roughly
comprises an area approximately 100 kilometers north to south by
some 50 kilometers east to west (ca. 62 x 31 miles), or a total of
some 5000 square kilometers (1,022 square miles) and includes
portions of the municipios of Arivechi, Bacanora, Sahuaripa and
Yécora.
1 Issue no. 2 for the 2013 membership year. Due to production difficulties this issue was not actually published until 2015.
2 File 2 of this issue contains maps referred to in Dr. Carpenter’s lead article about the Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y
la Sierra Central.
Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Tucson, Arizona
Think about this:
How does eastern Sonora archaeology
relate to that of the U.S. Southwest?
Also in this issue:
Castlehill Country Day School 4th Graders at
the OPEN3 Simulated Excavation............. 10
Upcoming Activities ..................................... 13
Maps to accompany Dr. Carpenter’s article in
this file ........................................ File 2, p. 15
View of northern Mexico’s Sierra Madre Occidental from Matarachi, looking east toward Chihuahua
Page 2 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
The primary research objectives include: 1) Reconstruct the cultural-historical occupation of this re-
gion; 2) identify and define the cultural transitions manifest between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeo-
logical traditions previously defined by Richard Pailes; 3) define the southwestern limits of the Paquimé
(Casas Grandes) interaction sphere; 4) examine the role this region played in regional and long distance
exchange systems; 5) investigate the timing and nature of Opata-Pima interaction and/or intrusions;
6) document late Prehispanic sociopolitical organization; and 7) confirm the possible routes of the earliest
Spaniards to traverse northwestern Mexico as well as document evidence for early seventeenth and
eighteenth century Colonial/Historic period mining and ranching activities.
Geographical and Environmental Setting
The Sahuaripa River valley (see Map 2 in File 2, and photo on this page) is located approximately 300
kilometers (187 miles) south of the Arizona border and lies within what is among some of the most rug-
ged terrain within the Sierra Madre Occidental physiographic province. The valley represents the eastern-
most of the series of parallel basins and ranges that comprise a significant portion of Sonora, and lies at an
average elevation of 650 meters (1,430 ft). In its natural state, the vegetation presents a dense and exuber-
ant Sinaloan thornscrub dominated by various species of acacia and trees such as palo blanco (Ipomea ar-
borescens), guayacan (Guaiacan coulter), and several species of torote (Bursera sp.) along with mesquite
and palo verde, and punctuated by the columnar etcho cactus (Pachycereus pecten-aborignum), with oc-
casional cholla, prickly pear, agave and barrel cactus intermixed. Ascending to the upper elevations of the
Sierra Madre above 1,400 meters (4,593 ft) to the east are woodlands with numerous species of pine, fir,
and oak.
A view of the Río Sahuaripa
April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 3
Previous Investigations
Both Adolph and Carl Lumholtz offered general observations of the broader project area during the
waning years of the nineteenth and nascent twentieth centuries. However, the first descriptions of archae-
ological remains in the Sahuaripa Basin were provided by the self-described archaeogeographers, Carl
Sauer and Donald Brand, in their pioneering monograph Prehistoric Settlements in Sonora, with Special
Reference to Cerros de Trincheras, where they documented two habitation sites and indicated that this
zone also denoted the southeastern limits of red-on-buff ceramics (the signature ware of southern Arizo-
na’s Hohokam culture) and was located in what they perceived as part of the Río Sonora archaeological
tradition, which had been described a few years earlier by Monroe Amsden.
In the late 1930s, Gordon Ekholm conducted a brief reconnaissance in this region, documenting a total
of nine sites within the valley and extending into the High Sierra to the east, including the two previously
mentioned by Sauer and Brand. Ekholm also carried out limited testing and excavations of structures at
his Site #55. Following a hiatus of 30 years, both Thomas Bowen and William Wasley of the Arizona
State Museum recorded a few sites in the vicinity of Sahuaripa. A decade later, Victoria Dirst and Wil-
liam Doolittle conducted brief visits to the area in association with Richard Pailes’ field project in the Río
Sonora. Also, during this approximate period, Charles Di Peso noted the importance of Sahuaripa with
respect to the long-distance exchange network between the West Mexico/Aztatlán tradition and Paquimé.
Arivechi looking west towards Cerro Cabez n and Los Pilares
Page 4 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
According to his reconstruction
(Map 3 in File 2), this same route
served as the routes taken by de
Vaca, de Niza, Coronado and
Ibarra; this route enters the Río
Sahuaripa basin from the headwa-
ters of the Arroyo Cedros to the
south. Di Peso also tried unsuc-
cessfully to persuade Jane Kelley
to undertake research in this re-
gion, which he perceived to be
critical with respect to regional
developments (Jane Kelley, per-
sonal communication, 2013).
Subsequently, Carroll Riley,
utilizing both ethnohistorical data
and the archaeological data ema-
nating from the Río Sonora pro-
ject, proposed the existence of
nine “statelets”; including one
identified as Sahuaripa, although
curiously situated much further to the north in the Bavispe Basin (see Map 4 in File 2).
Additionally, some 40 archaeological sites located within and surrounding the project area are Regis-
tered in the Centro INAH Sonora archives. These include a number of sites recorded during the 1990s as
well as those sites previously recorded.
Preliminary Project Results
Regional reconnaissance (archaeological survey) projects offer the advantage of obtaining a great deal
of information at relatively limited expense, and the first season was certainly successful in this regard.
We were able to create a database that integrated the existing data with the new information documented
in order to construct a preliminary regional culture history; cataloguing settlement types along with their
associated artifact assemblages and the probable social, cultural, and chronological relationships evident
between them. Although the information is as yet somewhat limited within each subregion, in the future
we hope to continue additional regional reconnaissance, along with systematic full coverage pedestrian
surveys with excavations among selected sites in order to explore the dynamics of the social networks
present, community site hierarchies, and those sites pertaining to each archaeological or ethnographic
tradition identified.
Fifteen of the 39 archaeological sites we documented had been previously registered by INAH; how-
ever, 10 of these, primarily in the vicinity of Sahuaripa, had been completely destroyed as a result of con-
struction activities, field-leveling, or raw material extraction. The site inventory (Map 5 in File 2) includes
16 sites with evidence of architectural remains ranging from isolated masonry walls to residential sites
with an identifiable plaza (Mesa Colorada) and a minimum of 20 visible structures (Mesa Colorada and
Buenavista); four rockshelters; six sherd and stone artifact concentrations; two rock art localities; and one
site with several roasting pits and possible pithouses.
Mesa Colorada (site SON L:16:10) (Map 6 in File 2, and Mesa Colorada figure above), situated adja-
cent to Sahuaripa, and Buenavista (SON P:4:2) (Map 7 in File 2 and Buenavista figure on page 5), located
approximately 20 kilometers upriver (south) near the town of Arivechi (see photo on page 3), reflects the
greatest degree of Prehispanic architectural complexity documented thus far, each with more than 20 visi-
ble structures located on the second and third alluvial terraces overlooking the Río Sahuaripa. The Mesa
Colorada site also appears to have a plaza defined on three sides by mounded room-blocks (possibly indi-
Mesa Colorada artifacts and archaeological features
April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 5
cating two stories), with a dry-laid
cobble wall enclosing the northern
end, situated at the highest third
terrace portion of the mesa. Two
obsidian artifacts were also recov-
ered from Mesa Colorada. At both
sites, structures are indicated by
both single and double cobble
alignments, often with contiguous
rooms evident, and both sites
share the same ceramic types, pro-
visionally designated as Sahuaripa
1 in our type-variety analysis. A
single fragment of a Glycymeris
sp. shell bracelet and eight deli-
cate beads of mother-of-pearl shell
were recovered from the Buena-
vista site along with two tubular
beads of green stone (see photos
below).
At the southern end of the val-
ley, near Onapa, another interesting site with surface architecture and at least two temporal components
was documented (SON P:8:4) (see Map 8 in File 2 and upper left photo on page 6). A Prehispanic compo-
nent consisting of at least 15 structures, primarily indicated by double cobble alignment foundations con-
sistent with those elsewhere in the valley, are situated atop and surrounding a low hill. Interspersed, there
are presumably historic structures composed of much larger foundation rocks and associated with early
historic period majolica from Puebla and an horno feature with scoria. It seems likely that this site repre-
sents the protohistoric pueblo of Onapa where the Santa Rosalia de Onapa mission was established in
1677. Additionally, at the Cañada de la Arena petroglyph site (SON P:8:12) nearby, we documented what
probably represents a Jesuit-style cross (see lower photo on page 6).
Additionally, six sites composed of circular “corralito” rock structures were documented. Four of
these were located within the mixed oak-conifer forest of the high sierra in the vicinity of Matarachi (see
upper left photo on page 7). Artifacts were generally scarce among these sites, but included small grinding
implements and at least one corrugated sherd. Corralito sites were also documented at the Cerrito del
Mortar
Buenavista artifacts and archaeological features
Left, delicate shell beads found at the Buenavista site; right, tubular green stone beads found at Buenavista site;
scale in each photograph is 5 cm (1.97 inches)
Page 6 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
Águila (SON L:15:4) site located at the confluence
of the Yaqui and Sahuaripa rivers and at La
Guacamaya (SON P:8:5), another archaeological
site near Onapa.
At El Salto (SON P:8:3) (see upper right photo
on page 7), one of the four rockshelters recorded,
we recovered the partial remains of two individuals
(one male and one female) that had been recently
disturbed by looters. Although ground stone and
flaked stone artifacts were observed, no ceramics
were present.
Lastly, Los Zopoquis (SON P:4:8) reflects a
unique site in comparison with those documented
in the Río Sahuaripa valley. Here, sherd and flaked
stone materials, along with the remains of numer-
ous roasting pits, are distributed over an area of 300
by 300 meters (984 x 984 ft) (see Map 9 in File 2 and lower left photo on page 7). The sherds collected
are all of a light brown ware with a fine paste designated Los Zopoquis. This ceramic type probably
antedates the Sahuaripa 1 type. A Cienega projectile point (see lower left photo on page 7) – a type first
identified in southern Arizona – was collected, suggesting a possible affiliation with an Early Agricul-
tural/Formative period (ca. 800 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.) occupation of the site. It is likely that this projectile
point was manufactured at the site as retouch flakes of the distinctive chalcedony utilized in its manufac-
ture were also present. Artifacts also included a Glycymeris shell fragment.
Discussion
Historic documents indicate that this region was
occupied primarily by Eudeves (also referred to as
Sisibotaris) with Pima Bajos (Nebomes) in both the
southernmost portions of the Sahuaripa river valley
around Onapa (also extending west into the Yaqui
River basin) and in the High Sierra to the east (see
Map 10 in File 2). For example, the Jesuit priest,
Juan Nentvig, identified the Nebome as comprising
the principal parishioners at the Mission of Santa
Rosalía de Onapa, which was established in 1677. In
the early to mid eighteenth century, groups of Jovas
from the Río Aros region of the Sierra Madre were
resettled from Nátora and Teópari to the valley at Sa-
huaripa, Santo Tomás, and Pónida due to the poor
condition and length of the road connecting these
communities, and to frequent Apache raids.
With respect to the archaeological traditions,
there is little doubt given their shared geographical
distributions that a great degree of cultural continuity
exists between the Río Sonora archaeological tradi-
tion and the Opata (collectively subsuming Eudeve,
Teguima, and Jova groups) described by the Span-
iards in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. I
have previously proposed that Río Sonora repre-
Remnants of a structure at the Onapa site
Jesuit cross petroglyph at Cañada de la Arena
April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 7
sents the northernmost extension of Cahitan-speaking peoples (ancestors of the Mayo and Yaqui) who in-
habited the region between central Sinaloa and the Arizona border region (see Map 11 in File 2). The dis-
tinction between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeological traditions remains somewhat vague and ill-
defined bearing in mind that the Serrana tradition was initially identified as the Southern, or Alamos
branch, of Río Sonora. In recognizing subtle distinctions evident in their respective ceramic assemblages,
in 2007, Richard Pailes and I agreed upon the term “Serrana.”
The preliminary data suggest that the Sahuaripa Valley settlements, between approximately Tacupeto
and to the Los Tairices site beyond the confluence with the Yaqui River, predominantly reflect cultural
affinities with the Río Sonora tradition and are tentatively dated to between 1200 and 1500+ C.E. The
Onapa site appears to contain an
early phase with architectural
styles associated with Río Sono-
ra/Serrana but with the large cob-
ble structures probably dating to
the protohistoric period associated
with the historically documented
Nebome occupation, and which
may likely be indicative of terri-
torial expansion from the Sierra
Madre uplands.
In regard to sociopolitical
complexity and the concept of
“statelets” proposed by Carroll
Riley and advanced by Bill Doo-
little’s interpretation of the Río
Sonora settlement data, I have
long considered myself among the
ranks of the skeptics, suggesting
in animated but friendly discus-
sions with these esteemed col-
Left, El Datil artifacts and archaeological feature; right, El Salto rockshelter archaeological site
Los Zopoquis artifacts and archaeological features
Page 8 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
leagues that, in fact, the settlement data do not support their
proposed site hierarchies but are consistent with a middle-
range, or chiefdom, level of sociopolitico-economic organi-
zation; considering that Mesa Colorada and Buenavista re-
flect the largest residential sites documented within the Sa-
huaripa River basin suggests a settlement pattern consistent
with the Moctezuma Valley (Matt Pailes, personal commu-
nication 2015).
However, it is interesting to note that the early seven-
teenth century Jesuit missionary, Andrés Pérez de Rivas,
first heard of the great cacique (chief) Sisibotari (see photo
at left) while he was establishing missions among the Mayo
(Yoreme) of southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa; in 1614,
Sisibotari solicited Pérez de Ribas to send missionaries to
his people, who reportedly inhabited 70 rancherías. Howev-
er, missionization was delayed until 1627, when the mis-
sionary Pedro Méndez finally arrived and established mis-
sions in Sahuaripa, Arivechi, and Bacanora. This suggests
that these locales fell within the dominion of Sisibotari, and
would, minimally, have included a significant portion of the
Río Sahuaripa valley and extended into the adjacent valley
at Bacanora. Although anecdotal, this would seemingly sug-
gest a more complex level of sociopolitical organization
than has been documented in either the Sonora or Moctezu-
ma River valleys, but remains to be confirmed by additional
settlement data and excavation.
Interestingly, we did not encounter any ceramic types
associated with Paquimé (Casas Grandes), suggesting that
this region remained outside of that interaction sphere. The
few nonlocal artifacts encountered can more likely be at-
tributed to transverse “regional” exchange and are not in-
dicative of the long-distance exchange route linking West
Mexico.
The only evidence we have pertaining to the routes of
the earliest Spaniards remains that of the battle fought by
the Francisco Ibarra expedition and the inhabitants of Zaguaripa in 1654. We also believe that the Mesa
Colorada site fits Baltesar de Obregon’s description and question Di Peso and Riley’s placing its location
further north in the Bavispe Valley. Although, the sites in the Sahuaripa appear to be relatively small, they
are densely distributed and suggestive of a significant number of inhabitants. However, we agree with
Charles Di Peso that Ibarra was most likely following the recognized long-distance exchange route con-
necting West Mexico with Paquimé (as, we suspect, Cabeza de Vaca, Marcos de Niza and Coronado had
followed previously).
Conclusions
Undoubtedly, this little-studied and poorly known region offers archaeological and historical data of
extreme significance and importance for reconstructing the culture history of this portion of the Sierra of
eastern Sonora. The data recovered during the 2014 field season represents a significant advance in our
understanding of the archaeology of the Sahuaripa River valleys and the adjacent regions.
Our preliminary interpretations of the artifacts and site data recovered during the initial field season
represent a significant step in the archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin and adjacent
Sisibotari, a native Sonoran culture hero
April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 9
regions and will need to be tested and evalua-
ted through additional regional reconnaissance
with systematic surveys, in conjunction with
testing and limited excavations at selected sites
during future field seasons. To date, we have
documented occupations reflecting an approxi-
mate chronological range of circa 800 B.C.E.
to the nineteenth century. Presently, we will
need an additional season of regional recon-
naissance to conclude this phase of investiga-
tion. Placing the Río Sahuaripa sites within
their broader archaeological context will re-
quire additional site documentation in adjacent
regions, including Bacanora to the west, and
the Nátora, Tarachi, and Matarachi regions
within the high Sierra Madre to the east.
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Moorish-style gazebo in the Arivechi plaza
Page 10 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
Castlehill Country Day School 4th Graders at the OPEN3 Simulated Excavation
Tucson’s Castlehill Country Day School sent Old Pueblo Archaeology
Center the card shown below and on the next page after teacher Renee Mat-
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again for the wonderful experience at Old Pueblo Archaeology Center.”
The Old Pueblo Educational Neighborhood (OPEN) program allows stu-
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April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 11
Inside of the card signed by Ms. Mattingly’s 4th graders
Page 12 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1
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Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Past President Jim Trimbell demonstrates some of the skills
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Students from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan’s, Academy of the Sacred Heart posed
at the labyrinth constructed at the Picture Rocks Redemptorist Renewal Center after their
Old Pueblo Archaeology Center tour to the Picture Rocks petroglyphs site (behind them)
April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 13
Upcoming Activities
April 7, 2015 "Arts and Culture of Ancient Southern Arizona Hohokam
Indians" free presentation by archaeologist Allen Dart for “Amazing
Arizona” speaker series at Sierra Vista Public Library, Sierra Vista, Arizona*
April 11, 12, & 19, 2015 "Ancient Native
American Pottery Replication Workshop:
Corrugated Ware of the Mogollon Culture" class
taught by ceramist Andy Ward at Old Pueblo
Archaeology Center, Tucson.
April 16, 2015 “Third Thursday Food for
Thought” dinner & presentation, “The Billingsley
Hopi Dancers” by Kenneth Zoll at Dragon’s View
Asian Cuisine, 400 N. Bonita Ave., Tucson
June 19, 2015 “Southwestern Rock Calendars and
Ancient Time Pieces” free presentation by
archaeologist Allen Dart at Woods Memorial
Branch Library, 3455 N. First Ave., Tucson*
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brown paneled “squash” jar,
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Photo of M. W. Billingsley and his
group of Hopi Snake Dancers at
the 1939 New York World’s Fair
Photo by Tom Herrick of an
equinox “sun dagger” phenomenon
on a Hohokam petroglyph
in Pima County, Arizona
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The Río Sahuaripa
in eastern Sonora, Mexico