r)aykarN¾sikçasala sþIBI ......1 Caroline Rusten, Kim Sedara,Eng Netra and Pak Kimchoeun, The Challenges Decentralization Design in Cambodia , Cambodia Development Resources Institute(CDRI),

r)aykarN¾sikçasala sþIBI karedaHRsaybBaðamUldæantamRbB½n§c,ab; ³ tYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSa én rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati

r)aykarN¾sikçasala

sþIGMBI

karedaHRsayvivaTmUld§antamRbB½n§c,ab;-tYnaTIrbs;

RkumRbwkSaénrd æ)altamfñak;eRkamCati

extþrtnKIrI éf¶TI 29-30 Ex mifuna qñaM 2010

RkumemFavIsMrwT§i


sMrbsMrYl nig erobcMedayRkumkargar én RkumemFavIsMrwT§ TMB½r i

matika

cMNgeCIg TMB½r

matika i

GarmÖkfa ii

xøwmsarsegçb iii

EpñkTI 1 ³ cMNab;GarmµN¾rbs;RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§ nig RkumRbwkSaextþ 1-11

cMNab;GarmµN_rbs;kBaØaemFavI Giut mFura: RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§ 1

cMNab;GarmµN_rbs;Ék]tÁm mYg b:y RbFanRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI 3

cMNab;GarmµN_rbs;Ék]tÁm C½y saeyOn smaCikRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI 6

EpñkTI 2 ³ bTbgðajrbs;elak v:an; niml

EpñkTI 3 ³ bTbgðajrbs;elakRsIemFavI sat FIta

EpñkTI 4 ³ bTbgðajrbs;elakemFavI GuWm pan;Na

EpñkTI 5 ³ lT§pl én GgÁsikçasala 12-17

EpñkTI 6 ³ karvaytMél én GgÁsikçasala 18-22

]bsm<½n§ 23


sMrbsMrYl nig erobcMedayRkumkargar én RkumemFavIsMrwT§ TMB½r ii

GarmÖkfa

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )aneFVIkMEnTRmg;RbB½n§vimCÇkar nig vishmCÄkarrbs;xøÜnedIm,IFana

nUvkareKarBlT§iRbCaFibetyü nig kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. CamYykarkMEnTRmg;énRbB½n§vimCÄkarenH

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)anbegIátnUvc,ab;CaeRcIndUcCa c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXuM-sgáat; qñaM

2001 c,ab;sþIBI kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;qñaM 2002 nig c,ab;sþIBI karRKb;RKg

rdæ)al raCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk x½NÐ qñaM 2008 kñúgeKaledAedIm,IFanaeGaymankarGnuvtþn¾nUv

RbB½n§vimCÄkar nig vish mCÄkarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.

CakarBitkarGnuvtþn¾RbB½n§vimCÄkar nig vishmCÄkarenAkm<úCaCitmYyTsSvtSn¾)anbgðaj

eGayeXIjnUvsBaØaNviC¢manCaeRcIn én karGPivDÆn¾nUvmUldæanedaymankarcUlrYmBIshKmn¾mUl

dæan.k¾b:uEnþTnÞwmnwgPaBviC¢amanenHkarsikSaRsavRCav1k¾bgðajpgEdrfabBaðaCaeRcInEdlekItRtUv

)anbþwgeTAdl;RkumRbwkSa én rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatiedIm,ICYysMrbsMrYlpSHpSaredaHRsaydUcCa

bBaðaGMeBIhwgSakñúg RKYsar bBaðavivaTGaBah¾BiBah¾ nig RKYsar nig bBaðavivaTdIFøICaedIm.

dUcenH karBRgwgsmtßPaBbEnßmeTAdl;mRnþIfñak;mUldæanBak;B½n§nwgvis½yc,ab;CaBiess

c,ab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar c,ab;GaBah¾BiBah¾ nig RKYsar nig c,ab;Bak;B½n§nwgdIFøI

CaEpñkmYysMxan;edIm,IFanaeGaykaredaHRsayvivaTfñak; mUldæantamry³karpSHpSarRbkbeday

RbsiT§iPaB.

PñMeBj éf¶TI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Ex>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>qñaM 2010

RkumemFavIsMrwT§

1 Caroline Rusten, Kim Sedara,Eng Netra and Pak Kimchoeun, The Challenges Decentralization

Design in Cambodia , Cambodia Development Resources Institute(CDRI), Phnom Penh October

2004, Page 126-127


sMrbsMrYl nig erobcMedayRkumkargar én RkumemFavIsMrwT§ TMB½r iii

xøwmsarsegçb

r)aykarN¾énGgÁsikçasalasþIGMBI karedaHRsayvivaTmUld§antamRbB½n§c,ab;-

tYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSaénrdæ)altamfñak;eRkamCati RtUv)anerobcMeLIgkñúgeKalbMNg edIm,I

eGayRkumRbwkSaénrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatiTaMgGs;yl;dwgGMBI RbePTénvivaTmUldæanEdlRkumRbwkSa

mansiT§ikñúgkaredaHRsaytamry³karpSHpSar nigsBaØaNTUeTAénc,ab;Bak;B½n§nwgvivaTmUldæan

dUcCa³ c,ab;dIFøI c,ab;GaBah_BiBah_RKYsar c,ab;GMeBIhwgSakñUgRKYsar c,ab;ÉkBn§PaBCaedIm. r)aykarN¾enH RtUv)anerobcM nig EbgEckCa 4 Epñk rYmman ³

1> cMNab;GarmµN¾rbs;RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§ cMNab;GarmµrN_RbFanRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI

nigsmaCikRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI

2> bTbgðajrbs;vaKµin

3> lT§pl én GgÁsikasala

4> karvaytMél én GgÁsikçasala

cMeBaHbTbgðajrbs;vaKµin eyIg´)aneFVIkardkRsg;nUvbTbgðaj nig karBnül;rbs;vaKµin

TaMgbIrUbBak;B½n§eTAnwgcMnucsMxan; ² énkaredaHRsaybBaðamUldæantamRbB½n§c,ab; ³ tYnaTIrbs;

RkumRbwkSaénrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCati dUcCa ³

1> sBaØaNGMBIc,ab;RKb;RKgrdæ)alraCFanI extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ nigXuM-sgáat;

bgðajedayelak v:an; niml

2> c,ab;PUmi)al nigkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI bgðajedayelakRsIemFavI sat FIta

3> karedaHRsayCMelaHRKYsar edayeyagtamc,ab;GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar bgðajeday

elakemFavI Guwm pan;Na

bEnßmelIenH r)aykarN_ énGgÁsikçasalaenH k¾)anP¢ab;mkCamYynUv]bsm<½n§edIm,Ipþl;

PaBgaydl;GñkGanTaMgGs; Gacyl;kan;Etc,as;GMBIkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæantamRbB½n§c,ab;;.

PñMeBj éf¶TI>>>>>>>>>>Ex>>>>>>>>>>>>qñaM 2010

RkumemFavIsMrwT§


EpñkTI 1

cMNab;GarmµN_rbs;RbFan

RkumemFavIsMrwT§

RbFanRkumRbwkSaextþ nig

smaCikRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI


sMrbsMrYl nig erobcMedayRkumkargar én RkumemFavIsMrwT§ TMB½r 1

cMNab;GarmµN¾ kBaØa Guit mFur:a RbFanRKb;RKgRkumemFavIsMriT§

Cabzm nag´sUmeKarB Ék]tþm mYg b:y

RbFanRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI Edl)an

GeBa¢IjCakitþiyscUlrYmebIkGgÁsikçasalae

nH. sUmeKarB Ék]tþm elakCMTav elak

elakRsI TaMgGs;EdlmanvtþmanenATIenH.

éf¶enHnag´manesckþIesamnsSrIkrayy:ag

éRkElg EdlRkum emFavIsMrwTæ mankitþiys

)anTTYlkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;Ék]tþm elak

CMTav elak elakRsI TaMgGs;. RkumemFavIsMrwTæ CaRkumemFavIEdl)anbegáIteLIgkñúgRkbxNÐKN³

emFavIénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. viC¢aCIv³emFavICaviC¢aCIv³esrI nig ÉkraCü cUlrYmkñúgvis½yyutþiFm’.

edayEsVgyl;fa RkumRbwkSa extþ Rkug Rsuk xNÐ nigXMu sgáat; mantYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarelIk

kMBs;yutþiFm’sgÁm Edlnag´ GacelIkCa]TahrN_y:agsegçbdUcCa³

- GaCJaFrRsuk extþ CatYGgÁEdlGacmanxøH)ankñúgkarsRmuHsRmYlbBa©b;vivaTrvagPaKI

enAkñúgkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI.

- CYyTb;sáat;GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar kñúgc,ab;GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar .l.

tamry³sikçasalaenH nag´sgÇwmfa RkumemFavIsMrwTæ k¾dUcCaemFavITUTaMgRbeTs GacTTYl

)an»kasedIm,IcUlrYmelIktemþIg yutþiFm’ k¾dUcCaesdækic©sgÁmBIsMNak; Ék]tþm elakCMTav elak

elakRsI . nag´sUmGnuBaØatiCMrabCUnpgEdrfa lT§plEdl)anBIsikçasalaenH nwgepJIrCUn

RksYgmhaépÞpgEdr. fVIt,itEt RkumemFavIsMrwT§CaGñksRmbsRmYlBiFIenHEmnBit b:uEnþnagéCO

Cak;falT§pll¥EdlnwgGacTTYl)anKWedaysarEtmankarcUlrYmCECkBiPakSaEvkEjkeGay )an

suICMerABIsMNak; Ék]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI TaMgGs;.



dUcenH nag´sUmeKarBGeBa¢Ij Ék]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI cUlrYmkarCECk BiPakSakñúg

sikçasalaeGay)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. nag´ sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;Ék]tþm elakCMTav

elak elakRsI TaMgGs; EdlmanvtþmanenATIenH. CaTIbBa©b; nag´sUmCUnBr Ék]tþm elakCMTav

elak elakRsI TTYl)annUvBuT§BrTaMgbYnRbkarKW Gayu vNÑ³ sux³ Bl³ RKb;eBlevla.

sUmGrKuN¡



cMNab;GarmµN_ Ék]tþm mYg b:y RbFanRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI

Cabzm ´)aTsUmeKarB kBaØa Giut mFur:a

RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwTæ . sUmeKarBÉk]tþm

elakCMTav elak elakRsI RkumRbwkSaextþ

Rsuk TaMgGs;CaTIeKarB . éf¶enH ´man

esckþIesamnSrIkrayy:agéRkElg Edlman

kitþiysNas;Edl)ancUlrYmRbkas ebIkGgÁ

sikçasala sþIGMBI karedaHRsayvivaTmUldæan

tamRbB½n§c,ab; ³ tYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSa én

rdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatina»kasenH EdlsikçasalaenHerobcMedayRkumemFavI sMrwT§ eday)ankar

yl;RBmGnuBaØatiedayRksYgmhaépÞEdlbBa¢ak;enAkñúgs>C>N cuHEx ]sPa qñaM 2010 eGayman

karR)arB§vKÁbNþúHbNþaldl;RkumRbwkSaextþRkecH sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI.

BitNas;eRkayqñaM 1979 eyIg)ancUlRbLÚkkñúgkic©karneya)ay k¾dUcCakic©karsgÁmCa eRcInmk

ehIy GBa¢wgehIy eyIgKitfa\lUvenH em:c)anxagemFavI elakykEtsmaCikRkum RbwkSa[cUlrYm

vKÁsikçasala? ehIyminGeBa¢IjxagmRnþIraCkarenAkñúgRkbxNÐ? GBa¢wgmann½yfaeyIgecjBIRkb

xNÐrYceTAehIy eRBaHeyIgcUlnivtþn_eTAehIy Etk¾manÉk]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI xøHKat;

zitenAkñúgRkbxNÐenAeLIy xøHeTotcUlnivtþr_ehIy . krNIxøHeTot Kat;)anecjBIRkbxNÐeTA

ehIymann½yfacUlnivtþn_ . ebIeyIgniyayBIbBaðaEdlTak;Tg nwg bBaðamUldæan karedaHRsay

bBaðanUvmUldæaneyIgFøab;CYbRbTHmkehIy ´sUmelIkCa]TahrN_ Et´sUmminelIkykc,ab;mk

niyayeT Tuk[xagemFavIKat;pþl;[eyIgedIm,IeFIVkarBiPakSa . ´]TahrN_mYy eRkARbFanbT

bnþic EtvaTak;TwgnwgkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæan RbCaCncg;lk;eKa rbs;Kat; ehIyGñkTijeTAdwk

Rsab;EttampøÚveTACYbCamYyb:usþ×rdæ)alnKr)alPUmi nKr)alPUmifa mankardwkeKaRcLM b¤k¾lYceK

ehIyk¾mankarbþwgpþl;dl;b:UlIsGFikardl;Rsuk dl;kgraCGavuFhtß Rsuk GBa¢wgeKk¾ykkUneKa

enaHmkbþwgpþl;dl;bBa¢akarGavuFhtßextþ . GBa¢wgRbCaBlrdæKat;xwg sm,ar Kat;fakaredaHRsay

edayGyutþiFm’ ehIyKat;k¾naMKñaRbEhl 30-40 nak;dl;pÞH sYrrkehtupl ehIy´k¾minTan;dwg



faemPUmi Rsuk Kat; edaHRsayenaHdl;kMritNaEdr? eRBaHeBl enaHkarGnuvtþvimCÄkar

vishmCÄkar vamanBIrGaNtþimkehIy b:uEnþkaredaHRsayrbs;eyIg vaminTan;manenAfñak;XuMenA

eLIyeT . GBa¢wgRkumRbwkSaXuMeFVIGVI? EtsYrcuHsYreLIg suT§EteyIg niyay)anfaGyutþiFm’

niyayCasamBaØeTAcuH eyIgniyayfa Fmµta GñkNamanluy GñkenaHQñH GñkNaKµanluy caj;

eyIgniyaydUecñHcuH¡ GBa¢wgeyIgk¾naMKñaeTAedaHTaMgéf¶ ehIyehATaMg GavuFhtßextþ Rsuk

TaMgGFikar sñgkarmkCECkKña eRBaHeyIgminTan;faGñkNaxusKñaRtUveT ehIy´fa\lUveFVVItam´

ykkUneKaenaHeTAvij dwkdak;LaneTAvij ehIyEjkhVÚgemeKaenaHCaBIr dak;sgxagpøÚv

ehIyElgkUneKaenaH[eTArkemva eRBaHvasÁal; emvaehIy eKaenaHk¾eTArkemva.

GBa¢wgeyIgedaHRsaybBaðaenHedaytamnItiviFIRbéBNI b:uEnþGt;)aneFVItamc,ab;. dUecñH)anQñH

tamhñwg. ebIniyaytamQñH ebImineFVItamGahñwg vaQñHtam GñkNamanevaharelIseKenAPUmi

b¤enAkEnøgNamYy shKmn_NamYy KW GñkenaHQñHehIy QñHeTAelIGñkEdlGt;ecHniyay

ebIniyayBIerOgenH CnCatixagrtnKIrI minniyayBI extþRkecH sÞwgERtg mNÐlKIrI ´mindwgeT

EtenAkñúgextþrtnKIrI Kat;Gt;ecHPasaExµr ehIyGt;ecHc,ab;pg etIRtUveFVIdUcemþc? enHCabBaða

Edlćg;elIkCa]TahrN_tambTBiesaFn_kñúgkardwknaMknøgmk eRBaHeyIgsuT§EtCaGñkdwknaMehIy

b:uEnþerOgc,ab;eyIgenAminTan;yl;enAGVIEdlBak;B½n§nwgkargarrbs;eyIgenAeLIy . knøgeTA

eyIgminTan;manc,ab;GaBah_BiBah_nwgRKYsar Rslaj;Kña cas;TuMeFVIkarsRmbsRmYlKñaeTA crcaKña

erobkarehIy . Etb:unµanqñaMenH eyIg)aneFVIkarbMeBjÉksar EbbbTGRtanukUldæan sMbuRt

GaBah_BiBah_mYycMnYn . eRBaHKat;KitfaerOgenHminsUvsMxan;eT EteyIgBüayamBnül;BYkfa

ebIeFVIeTAtamc,ab;eBlmanvibtþi vagayRsYledaHRsay .

TnÞwmnwgkarelIeLIgmkxagelIenH kñúgnamRbFamRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI ´sUmvaytMél

x<s;cMeBaHvKÁsikçasala nigsUmEføgGMNrKuNCaGtibrmacMeBaHRkumemFavIsMrwT§ nigsUmEføg

GMNrKuNCaGtibrma cMeBaHvtþmancUlrYmsikçasalarbs;smaCikRkumRbwkSaextþsÞwgERtg RkecH

nigmNÐlKIrI k¾dUcCaRkumRbwkSasmaCikkñúgextþ EdlÉk]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsITaMgGs;

Edl)ancMNayeBlevlad¾sMxan;rbs;pgxøÜn kñúgkarGeBa¢IjcUlrYmkñúgvKÁsikçasalaenH .



CaTIbBa©b; ´sUmeKarBCUnBrbvrRbesIr CUncMeBaHÉk]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI

Gñknag kBaØa nigKN³GFibtI TaMgGs; sUmmansuxPaBl¥ kMlaMgmaMmYn nigRbkbedayBuT§Br TaMg

4 Rbkar KW Gayu vNÑ³ sux³ Bl³ kuMbIeXøogXøateLIy . CYsmux[KN³GFibtI

´sUmRbkasebIkvKÁsikçasalacab;BIeBlenHteTA. sUmGrKuN¡



cMNab;GarmµN_ Ék]tþm C½y saeyOn smaCikRkumRbwkSaextþrtnKIrI

Cabzm ´sUmeKarBGs;kBaØa Giut mFur:a

RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§ . sUmeKarBÉk]tþm

elakCMTav elak elakRsI CasmaCik

smaCika KN³Pi)alextþ CaTInwkrlwk nig

Gs; elak elakRsI CasmaCik smaCika

RkumRbwkSaRsuk Rkug XuM sgáat; énextþTaMg 4

CaTInwkrlwk. Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak

elakRsI CamRnþITTYlbnÞúkRbB½n§yutþiFm’ nig

GñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs;CaTIeKarB nig CaTInwk

rlwk. CakarBit cat;TukfaCakitþiyssRmab;extþrtnKIrI k¾dUcCasRmab;extþTaMg 4 enAPUmiPaK

\san EdlrYmman extþRkecH sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI nigmNÐlKIrIEdlRtUvRkumemFavIsMrwT§ EdldwknaM

edaykBaØa Giut mFur:a RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§)anpþl;kitþiys nigelIkTwkcitþ k¾dUcCa

EckrMElknUvcMeNHdwgTak;TgnwgkaredaHRsayvivaTkñúgmUldæan Bak;B½n§nwgc,ab;GaBah_BiBah_ nig

RKYsar c,ab;ÉkBn§PaB nigGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigdIFøI .

CakarBitNas; Ék]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI suT§EtCaGñkFøab;manbTBiesaFn_

kñúgviC¢aCIv³CaGñkrdæ)al nigCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgRbB½n§yutþiFm’ CaBiesseKarBc,ab;TMlab;kargar

kñúgmUldæan. sikçasala na»kasenH k¾cat;Tukfa CakarcUlrYmcMENkCamYyraCrdæaPi)aly:ag

sMxan; edIm,I[fñak;rdæ)aleRkamCati kan;EtTTYl)annUvcMeNHdwgfµI²EfmeTot sRmab;bgálkçN³

[sikçakamsþIBIkaredaHRsayvivaTtammUldæan)anRbRBwtþeTAedayrlUn . enHCakarqøúHbBa©aMgnUv

RbB½n§RKb;RKgtamlT§iRbCaFibetyü nigmankarcUlrYm. CakarBitehIy kardwknaMRbeTs kalNa

EpnkarGnuvtþRtUv)anTTYlkarKaMRT nigdMeNIrRbtibtþi bBaðavivaT bBaðaTMnas;EtgEtekItman enHKWCa

ktþasnüanum½t EtGVIEdleyIgcab;GarmµN_ KWcMeNHdwgrbs;GñkdwknaM GñkRKb;RKg GñkTTYlxusRtUv

kñúgsßab½nRbkbedayPaBQøasév nigyl;dwgy:agTUlMTUlayBIbBaðaTaMgenH. karedaHRsayTMnas;

éCOfaminR)akdfa mUldæanmYymancritlkçN³dUcmUldæanmYyeTotenaHeT sßanPaBEdlenAtMbn;



sßanPaBPUmi qøúHbBa©aMgBIcitþKMnitdac;edayELkBIKña ]TahrN _ sßanPaBCIvPaB RbèBNI vb,Fm’

Gñkrs;enAtamtMbn; valrab GacmanvaGacmanlkçN³xusEbøkBI Gñkrs;enAtMbn;xaglicEdlCa

extþmancMkarekAs‘U . dUecñH sikçasalaenH KWeqøIytbcMeBaHextþ EdlenAPUmiPaK\sanEdlCYb

karlM)ak . minEmnfa eyIgbkSBYkeT sßab½neyIgmanFnFan mansmtßPaBedaHRsay

tamnItiviFIGs;ehIy k¾b:uEnþGñkTTYlykkarsRmbsRmYl b¤GMNacnItiviFI Kat;TTYlykGt;)an

krNIxøHdUcCakñúgsikçasalasþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IdI shKmn_CnCatiedImPaKtic Kat;)ansYrfa cuHebIĆa

CnCati ebI´Gt;ecHc,ab; eBlEdl´kan;kab;dIrdæ ´maneTask¾GI? cMelIyKW RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;

mansiT§iesµIKñaTaMgkñúgCIvPaBTaMgcMeBaHmuxc,ab; . eTaHbICadMeNIrkaredaHRsayvivaT sRmbsRmYl

vivaTeRkARbB½n§tulakar k¾vaenAEtEp¥kelIc,ab;CaPsþútagKtiyutþiEdlRtUv)ansPaGnum½t sPaEdl

CatMNagRbCaBlrdæ nigRtUvpþl;sc©ab½nedayRBHmhakSRt. eTaHbICa karedaHRsayvivaTeRkA

RbB½n§tulakar tammNÐlyutþiFm’shKmn_ b¤ehAfa mNÐlyutþiFm’ enAextþrtnKIrI manmNÐl

yutþiFm’BIr KW mYyenARsuk)anlug nigRsukGUy:adavmYy . karedaHRsayvivaTtammNÐlyutþiFm’

KWKat;TTYl)annUvkarkat;bnßynUvPaBsµúRKsµajmYycMnYnenA karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;sßab½ntulakar

b:uEnþminEmnsuT§EtRtUv)anedaHRsayenAmNÐlyutþiFm’eT RbsinebIRbRBwtþTak;TgnwgbTelµIs

RBhµTNÐ b¤ÉksaryfaPUtepSg²EdlGacykCamUldæan)an. ehIybc©úb,nñenHextþTaMg 4

eyIgTTYlsÁal;fa bBaðaGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarenAEtman GMeBIhigSa kñúgRKYsar vaGacekItmkBIxVHkar

eyaKyl;pøÚvcitþKñarvagbþI nigRbBn§ rvagemdwknaMRKYsarnImYy² CamYynwgkUnkñúgbnÞúk b¤k¾xVH

karGt;eGan b¤mYyEpñkeTot ekIteLIgedayectnaEdlCnelµIsbgá[ekIteLIg dUcCa

mkBIkrNIk,t; b:uEnþmankrNImYycMnYneTotRKan;EtsgS½yfa k,t; eTARbRBwtþ eFVITNÐkmµelIeKEdr .

CYnkaldMeNIrerOgedIm KWCaerOgrdæb,evNI k¾b:uEnþkarseRmccitþrh½seBk edIm,IeqøIytbnwghigSa

pøÚvcitþ Kat;)anRbRBwtþbTelµIsbgá[eTACaerOgRBhµTNÐ . yb;ehIy ExPøW extþrtnKIrI TMlak;lIpÁak;

mankrNImYy enAesamsarI Gahñwg KWsßanPaBykGbiyCMenOmk elgesIc GagkaMePøIg ehIyfa

ebIkaMePøIgP¢g;GñkNa GñkhñwgRkmYyCIvit . RKan;EtGbiyCMenOb:uNÑwg bgáCakar)aj;Kñasøab;

eFVIr)aykarN_eTAGFikardæan[cat;kartamnItiviFI eBlykCnsgS½ybBa¢Ún eTAtulakar

b:uEnþcas;TuMRbéBNIrbs;Kat;faTuk[Kat;kat;esckþIvij . kEnøghñwgehIy EdlerOg GbiyCMenO



erOgrdæb,evNI bgáCaerOgRBhµTNÐ . Bak;B½n§mYyeTot erOgTMnas;dIFøI bBaðadIFøIsBVéf¶ CabBaða

EdlRbQmsRmab;rdæ)almUldæan bc©úb,nñeyIg tMNag[raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnuvtþkMEN

TMrg;rdæ)al. rdæ)almYy manTMrg;BIr³ fñak;Rsuk fñak;extþ fñak;XuM manRkumRbwkSaXuM fñak;Rsuk

fñak;extþ manRkumRbwkSaextþ RkumRbwkSaRsuk CYnkalKN³GPi)alKat;seRmcpþl;GVImYy

pþl;kic©snüa b¤esckþIseRmcpþl;esckþITukcitþ[nrNamYy dl;EtmanTMnas;ekIteLIgGñkNa

GñkTTYlxusRtUv? RkumRbwkSa KWCaGñkman krNIyPaBCamYyRbCaBlrdæ BIeRBaHRbCaBlrdæCa

Gñke)aHeqñat[RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; CaGñke)aHeqñatpþl;esckþITukcitþ[ebkçPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSa

Rsuk Rkug nigextþ . GBa¢wgRkumRbwkSa RtUvTTYlxusRtUvedaypÞal;CamYyRbCaBlrdæ nigCamYy

raCrdæaPi)al . ÉGPi)alextþ Kat;mankrNIyPaBCamYyRbCaBlrdæ nigTTYlxusRtUvedaypÞal;

CamYyRksYgmhaépÞ . GBa¢wgminEmn RkumRbwkSaGt;kargareFVI CYnkalkargarenAkariyal½ytic

EtGñkTnÞwgrg;caMkareqøIytbrbs;eyIg KWRbCaBlrdærbs;eyIg GñkEdlKaMRT[eyIgeFVICasmaCik

smaCika RkumRbwkSa KWRbCaBlrdæenHhñwgÉg. GBa¢wgeBlTMenrEdleyIgminsUvcUlkariyal½y

enARsuk enAextþ min)ann½yfa RkumRbwkSaTat;xül;enaHeT k¾b:uEnþeTAEsVgyl;esckþIRtUvkarTuk

lM)akrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAtammUldæan ehIyRkumRbwkSaCanic©kalRtUveKarBckçúvis½yrbs;xøÜn edIm,I

plRbeyaCn_rYm etImUldæanNaRtUvkarGVICageK? edIm,IykmkeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgCamYyKN³GPi)al

eBlRbCuMvisamBaØrbs;bEgVrkmµviFIGPivDÄCnbT KMeragnana edIm,IeqøIytbCamYyRbCaBlrdæ min)an

TajykplRbeyaCn_saFarN³sRmab;shKmn_ nigRbCaBlrdæ mkbMerIÉkCneT. ebIkareqøIytb

min)antamsMNUmBr b¤minpþl;esckþIsgÇwmnaM[manTMnas;pøÚvcitþ TMnas;pøÚvcitþenHÉgehIy

EdlnaM[Kat;)at;CMenOelIkarRKb;RKgrbs;eyIg. RbsinebIminenAkariyal½y eFVIkartammUldæan[

)aneRcIn eFVIkarTTYlxusRtUvCamYyRbCaBlrdæ enHCakareqøIytbcMeBaHkrNIyPaBCamYy

RbCaBlrdæedaypÞal; nigraCrdæaPi)al. enAextþ enARsuk rdæ)almanTMrg;BIr KWTMrg;Rbtibtþirbs;

KN³GPi)al nigTMrg;bBaØtþi . TMrg;bBaØtþi KW RkumRbwkSa[GñkÉgerobcMEpnkarykmkqøg

[RkumRbwkSaGnum½t RkumRbwkSaGnum½tdak;[GñkeFVI ehIyRkumRbwkSatamdanvaytMél GBa¢wg

r)aykarN_qøgextþ r)aykarN_rbs;KN³GPi)al. enHCakarpÁÚpÁg;rbs;eyIg rvagGMNacRbtibtþi

nigbBaØtþi . RkumRbwkSaminEmn CaGMNacnItibBaØtþi b:uEnþCaGMNacbBaØtþiCa rdæ)aleRkamCati.



mYyvijeTot RtUvkþab;[)annUvbBaða EdlekItmanenAkñúgmUldæanrbs;eyIg ´segáteXIjfa

CYnkaldIxøHmanbBaðaTMnas;ekIteLIgkñúgmUldæan b:uEnþfñak;RsukGt;dwgk¾fa)an Etfñak;extþdwg

ebIdwgdl;extþ KWdwgdl;raCrdæaPi)alehIy mUlehtuGVI? enHehIyehAfa RbCaFibetyü

rdæRbCaFibetyüGBa¢wg RbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS . manPJak;garkaEst GñkykB½t’manxøHcuH

dl;mUldæan eRcInCagkmµaPi)alcuHmUldæaneTot. éRbIBakü kmµaPi)al KWmRnþITTYlxusRtUv

mRnþITTYlxusRtUvminsUvcuHmUldæan)aneRcIndg dUcGñkkaEst dUcGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvileT . EtGgÁkar

sgÁmsuIvilxøH Kat;eqøot»kasedIm,IRtab;bBaða[)aneRcIn vayRbharrdæ)aleyIgvijfa eyIg

GsmtßPaBRKb;RKg )anRbCaCneyIgCYbbBaðaeRcIn . enHCaerOgmYyEdleyIgKYrRbugRby½tñbMput.

enHCabBaðamYyEdlBak;B½n§nwgRbFanbTkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæantamRbB½n§c,ab;. Bak;B½n§nwgdIFøI

TaMgGs;Kña cab;GarmµN_fasikçasalak¾)anelIkeLIgEdr . ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgmanmnusSmñak;cg;

)andIPUmi :k : suM[RksYgksikmµKUEpnTIkñúgPUmi :k : )anEpnTITMhMdI 12000 hicta [KN³

kmµaFikarGnþrRksYgcuHmkGegát eTAvas;elmelIm² PUmixøHb:HcMdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Etmþg kEnøgxøH

eTotkøayCaPUmidæan)at;ehIy ehIyGacCadIkb;exµac dIéRBGarkSrbs;Kat; cuHebIGñkFMsIuej:ehIy

emIlsuMfaebIKat;suM 12000 hicta [Et 2000-3000 hicta)anehIy edIm,Ikat;bnßyTMnas;

nigplb:HBal;GRtakMenInRbCaBlrdæ ebIKat;suM 10000 hicta cg;)an 10000 [ 10000

cg;)an 12000 [ 12000 [ 10000 k¾eRcInEdr [Et 30°-40° )anehIy.

eyIgRtUveRtomdIsgÁmkic© RtUveRtomGRtakMenInRbCaBlrdæeyIg RtUveRtomkEnøgNa CakEnøg

yfaehtu . dIRkumh‘un ebIKat;daMekAs‘U ebI[eKacUl eKaCan;ekAs‘UexÞcxÞIGs;ehIy . GBa¢wg)an

kEnøgNas Mrab;ElgeKa ElgRkbI ehIyebIfakuMxVl;[eTARkumh‘uneTA min)andaMduHGIeT naMKñakøay

Cakmµkr eKTaMgGs;eTA¡ min)ac;eFVIGIeT eFVIkmµkreK)anehIy . kalNaBaküfa ksikr

Kat;man\sSrPaB rbs;Kat; eFVIkar 4-5 em:ag 3-4 em:agmkpwkRsa ehIyedkeFVImindwg

hñwgehAfaedkeFVIcMkar EtebIeFVICakmµkreK GayuminTan; 18 qñaM Gt;RKb;Gayu eKGt;ykeT dl;Et

Gayu 65 qñaM eRbImnusScas;CraGt;)an xusc,ab; rMelaPkMlaMgBlrdæeTot . GBa¢wg mYyRKYsar 8

nak; minR)akdfamankMlaMgBlkmµeBjelj 8 nak;eT . GBa¢wgsUmCYyBicarNaKña edIm,IeFVI

krNIyPaBedaypÞal;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ . GBa¢wgsMNUmBr sUmKaMRTkmµviFIrbs;raCrdæaPi)al



edIm,IkuM[dI vaFøak;eTAkñúgédÉkCn ebIlk;Tij lk;Tij nwgkøayCadIÉkCn b:uEnþebIeFVIsm,aTan

esdækic© dIenaHvaenACarbs;rdædEdl b:uEnþdIEdlenAsl;BIhñwgykeTANa? ykeTAlk;? Gt;lk;eT

eyIgeRtomsRmab;sm,Tanesdækic© eRtomsRmab;GRtakMenInRbCaBlrdæ esckþIRtUvkarCayfaehtu

sRmab;RbCaCneyIg. enHCasMNUmBrrbs;´ . Bak;B½n§nwgTMnas;dIFøI sUmEføgGMNrKuNNas;dll;

RkumemFavIsMrwT§ EdlmankBaØa Giut mFur:a Edl)anbgálkçN³ebIksikçasalacMeKaledAEdlman

bBaðaTMnas;dIFøIenHeLIg GñkxøHlk;dI[eKmYysarehIy tamBitdIenaHCadIéRBeT EtGt;eXIjGñkNa

mkemIl k¾lk;bnþeTot GñkxøHlk; 1 hicta 100 duløa 3-4qñaMeRkaymkdIeLIgéfø suMEfmluy

ebIminEfmluyeT pþitemédmYyPUmiykdIvij ehIysgluy 1 hicta 100 duløamkvij eyIgman

xusÉNa? eyIgsgluyvijeNþIr+¡ GñkxøHlk;[eKehIy Tarykvij ehIyfaeKmke)ak

cuHebIeKbþwgfaGñkÉgRtUvrMelaPkic©snüa eFVIem:c? vaGacGBa¢wgEdr dUecñHehIyTamTar[RbCaCn

k¾dUcCaRkumRbwkSamancMeNHdwg ebImñak;ecHdwg BIrbInak;ecHdwg bBaðaGackat;bnßy)anehIy .

erOgmYyeTot Bak;B½n§nwgc,ab;ÉkBn§PaB ´KaMRTTaMgRsugEtmþg BIeRBaHenHbgá[manTMnas;kñúg

RKYsarminecHcb; ebIeyIgniyay[EmnETneTA TMnas;kñúgRKYsarminEmnekItmkBIxagRsIRbc½NÐenaH

eT CYnkaleyIgxUcEdr RbsinebITMBukmineTAePñAvaminmkeT. karBitGarmµN_mnusSecHEtcg;Ebøk

d¾EtecHEtcg;Ebøk erOgk¾vaecHEtEbøk²eTAtamhñwgEdr dl;EtmanbBaðakan;EtFMeLIg² kitþiysrbs;

RKYsareyIg k¾vab:HBal;eTAtamhñwgEdr minRsYlkUnrt;ecalElgenACamYyEm:« eTACaRbRBwtþGMeBI

epþspþasBak;B½n§eRKOgejon esBeRKOgejon enHCabBaða.

GBa¢wgCafµImþgeTot kñúgnamRkumRbwkSartnKIrI CYsmux[rdæ)alextþ sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;

kBaØaemFavI Guit mFur:a RbFanRkumemFavIsMrwT§ nigRkumemFavITaMgGs; Edl)anbgábriyakas[man

sikçasalaenH fVIt,itEtmanry³eBlxøI k¾b:uEnþéCOCak;faedaysar Ék]tþm elak elakRsI Føab;

manbTBiesaFn_ ehIyFøab;)anGnuvtþCak;EsþgenAkñúgtMbn;nUvbBaðaEdlCYbCajwkjab;. eTaHbICa

RkumRbwkSakþI rdæ)alkþI rdæ)alsIuvilkþIminmanGMNacCRmH k¾mantYnaTIGb;rM edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvGMeBI

higSa kat;bnßyGMeBIxusqÁg bTelµIsRBhµTNÐnanaEdlbgáeLIgedayectnakþI GectnakþIEdlCaTun

y:agFMsRmab;extþTaMg 4 rbs;eyIg.



´sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH Ék]tþm nigGs;elak CasmaCikRkumRbwkSaextþTaMg 4

RkumRbwkSaRsuk RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat; Edlmanvtþmanna»kasenH ehIyéCOCak;fatamry³

xøwmsarsikçasala nigkarTTYlkarBiPakSay:agsIuCMerA RbkbedaykarykcitþTukdak;nUvkarBnül;

karbgðajrbs;vaKµind¾manbTBiesaFn_rbs;RkumemFavI éCOCak;fa Ék]tþm Gs;elak BitCanwg

eFVIkrNIyPaBl¥ nigkan;EtsIuCeRmACamYyRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeqøIytbnwgkmµviFIkMENTMrg;rbs;raC

rdæaPi)al nigsUmCUnBrÉk]tþm elakCMTav elak elakRsI nigRkumemFavITaMgGs; TTYl)annUv

EpøpáaRtcHRtcg;kñúgkarbMeBjParkic©CUnraCrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCakñúgnamCaédKUrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkar

kMENTMrg; k¾dUcCaRbkbedayeCaKC½y nigkitþiys]tþúg]tþm nigk¾dUckñúgEpnkarelIktMekIgkm<úCa

kñúgsaklelak nigsUmRbkasbiTGgÁsikçasala cab;BIeBlenHteTA . sUmGrKuN¡



EpñkTI 2

bTbgðajrbs;elak

v:an; niml

¬sUmemIlÉksarP¢ab;¦


5

EpñkTI 3

bTbgðajrbs;elakRsIemFavI

sat FIta

¬sUmemIlÉksarEdl)anP¢ab;¦


11

EpñkTI 4

bTbgðajrbs;elakemFavI

Guwm pan;Na

¬sUmemIlÉksarEdl)anP¢ab;¦


EpñkTI 5

lT§pl

én

GgÁsikçasala



sMnYr cMelIy

kñúgvKÁsikçasalaenH sikçakamTaMgGs;RtUv)anGnuBaØateGaysYrsMnYr nig cUlrYmCamti

eyabl; karEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ EdlTak;Tgnwgkargar b¤ ]bsKÁ edIm,IQanrknUvdMeNaHRsay

edIm,IGPivDÆn_cMeNHdwgpÞal;xøÜn eFVIeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarGnuvtþtYnaTICaemFavImansMNYr

TaMgmandUcxageRkamenH³

s1³ c,ab;GnuRbeyaKGñkNaCaGñkseRmc?

c1³ c,ab;GnuRbeyaK KWraCrdæaPi)alCaGñkseRmc Cak;Esþgb:unµanExmunenHmanc,ab;GnuRbeyaK

mYyeTIbEtecj.

s2³ Fmµtac,ab;ecjedayrdæsPa em:c)anc,ab;GnuRbeyaKecjedayrdæaPi)al?

c2³ CaTUeTAc,ab;BitCaecjedayrdæsPa ehIyLayRBHhsßelxaedayRBHmhakSRt elIkElg

Etc,ab;GnuRbeyaKmYyenHeT.

s3³ etIeRkAbrievNvtþGaram CaRTBürbs;vtþ? sUmelIk]TahrN_

c3³ TItaMgmYycMnYnEdlenAeRkAbrievNvtþk¾GacCaRTBürbs;vtþEdr dUcCa Qabndæan Edl

PaKeRcIneKeRcIneFVIenAeRkArbgvtþ ]TahrN_ enAvtþPñMsVaykñúgextþrtnKIrIenH manpøÚvmYyeRkA

rbgvtþeTAkEnøgRBHGgÁcUlRBHniBanþ dIkEnøgenH eKcat;TukfaCadIvtþ minEmncat;TukCadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ CadIrbs;vtþ[EtbMerIvis½yRBHBuT§sasna.

s4³ GñkNamansiT§iTijdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ?

c4³ KWbuKÁlRKb;rUbmansiT§iTijdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ [EtRBmeRBogRtUvrUverOgtémþCamYyrdæ.

s5³ c,ab;PUmi)alecjkñúgqñaM 2001 Gnuvtþ 2003 cenøaHeBlenHemXuMsIuej:elIlixitkan;kab;

kmµsiT§idIFøIedaymindwgfaeKGnuvtþc,ab;fµIenHeT etIGñksIuej:enaHmaneTasb¤eT? ebIkarpSBVpSay

c,ab;enaHminTan;dl;RbCaBlrdæ etIGñkGnuvtþxus b¤karGñkEdlRtUvpSBVpSayxus?

c5³ emXuM Kat;minmansiT§iecjviBaØab½RtkmµsiT§idIFøIeT Kat;RKan;EtmansiT§ibBa¢ak;faGñkNaCam©as;

kmµsiT§ib:ueNÑaH b:uEnþÉksarTaMgenH minEmnCaÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;fa GñkenaHCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT

KWvaRKan;CaÉksarmYyEdlGacPsþútagCaPsþútab:ueNÑaH . manEtRksYgEdndInKrUbnIykmµ nig



sMNg;b:ueNÑaH EdlGacecjb½NÑkmµsiT§ienaH)an . dUecñH ebImanvivaTekIteLIg ÉksarEdlemXuM

ecAsgáat;sIuej:enH RKan;EtCaPsþútag EdleKdak;CUntulakarBicarNab:ueNÑaH. s6³ GVIeTACab½NÑkmµsiT§isßaBr? nigGVIeTACaviBaØab½NÑb½RtsMKal;;Gclnvtßú? etIBIrenHxusKña

dUcemþc?

c6³ b½NÑkmµsiT§isßaBr KWsMedAelIePaKI EdlKat;dak;BaküesñIsuMkan;kab;dIFøItamry³emPUmi emXuM

rhUtdl;rdæ)alRsuk . edIm,I)anb½NÑkmµsiT§isßaBr Kat;RtUveKarBlkçxNÐ 5 y:ag dUcCa

kan;kab;eday BitR)akd KµanhigSa dwglWCasaFarN³ kan;kab;edayKµanGak;xanry³ 5 qñaM nig

edaysuc©rit. ePaKI Kat;minTan;mansiT§ikmµsiT§ieT ePaKI KWxusBIkmµsiT§ikrdac; KWKat;suM

kan;kab;dICak;EsþgelIdI edayeFVIkaresñIsuMeTAPUmi)alRsuk PUmi)alRsukecjbgáan;édTTYlBakü

esñIsuMkan;kab;dIFøI EdlbBa¢ak;BIePaKIRsbc,ab;enAelIdIenaH KWedIm,IQaneTAdl;karTTYl)annUvb½NÑ

kmµsiT§isßaBr . RbsinebIKat;bMeBjtamlkçxNÐTaMgR)aMxagelIRKb;ehIy dUecñHKat;suMb½NÑkmµsiT§I

sßaBr)anehIy . EtminEmnsuMPøam )anPøameT KWRtUvmandMeNIrkarcuHGegátvas;EvgeTot edayeFVI

kMNt;ehtuGegátdI EdlRtUvmansakSICab;RBMdImkpþitemédfa dIenaHminCan;elIdIrbs;eKeT.

ehIyeKRtUvbiTRbkasBI kMNt;ehtuGegátdIenaH edIm,I[GñkEdlBak;B½n§nwgdIenaHmansiT§iCMTas;

RbsinebIdIenaHb:HBal;dl;dIrbs;eK . ebIKµanGñkNaCMTas;eT KWKat;GacTTYlnUv)anb½NÑkmµsiT§I

sßaBrehIy.

cMENkviBaØab½RtsMKas;Gclnvtßú KWCab½NÑkmµsiT§iEdleFVIeTAtamsm½ykal .

s7³ GVIeTAdIcMNIpøÚv?

c7³ dIcMNIpøÚv CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ cMENkcMgayb:unµanBIpøÚv EdleKcat;TukCadIcMNIpøÚv KWman

Rbkasrbs;RksYg EdlkMNt;eTAtamTMhMpøÚvnImYy².

s8³ GVIeTAdIRcaMgTenø? dIb:unµanKitBIRcaMg eTIbehAdIRcaMgTenø? dIb:unµanEm:RtBIRcaMgTenø Edlrdæmin

GaceFVIkmµsiT§ieGay?

c8³ dIRcaMgTenø CadIsaFarN³rdæ eyIgminGackMNt;fadIb:unµanBIb:unµanBITenø CadIRcaMgTenøenaHeT KW

eKKitBIkMritTwkEdlx<s;bMputenArdUvR)aMg nigTabbMputenArdUvvsSa . bc©úb,nñeyIgTan;GackMNt;fa



b:unµanEm:RtenAeLIy eRBaHsBVéf¶RksYgEdndI kMBugeFVIesckþIRBagc,ab;sþIBIkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN

BIRbePTdITaMgenH.

s9³ etImankarsm,TandINamYyEdlTak;Tgnwgkarkan;kab;dIeT ebIKat;)andaMedImsVayCaeRcIn

edImehIy eTaHbICaKat;cUlmkkan;kab;dIenHeRkayqñaM 2001 ehIyk¾eday?

c9³ CaeKalkarN_ KWKµankarTTYl)ansm,TandINamYyeT eRBaHc,ab;cat;TukfaKat;CamnusScUl

kan;kab;dIenaHedayxusc,ab;eTAehIy . dUecñHc,ab;minTTYlsÁal;karkan;kab;rbs;Kat;Rsbc,ab;

eLIy eTaHbICakarkan;kab;eRkayqñaM 2001 enaH elIsBI 5 qñaMk¾eday. dUecñH Kµansm,andI

NamYysMrab;Kat;eLIy ehIyebItulakar[Kat;erIecj Kat;RtUvEterIecj edayminGacTTYl)annUv

sMNgeT eTaHbICaKat;)andMNaMeRcInb:uNÑa b¤sagsg;GVIelIdIenaHk¾eday.

s10³ RbsinebImanGñkCitxagdaMedImeQIlycUldIkmµsiTi§krmYyeTot etIeyIgGackab; b¤bHyk

plBIedImeQIEdllycUldIrbs;eyIg)anEdrb¤eT?

c10³ maRta 91 énc,ab;PUmi)al EcgfaeyIgGaceFVI)an . EtCaeKalkarN_ GnuvtþCak;Esþg

vaGacmankarRBmeRBogBIm©as;RBMdI CYlkalKat;min)ac;kab;eT EtGacbHykplbriePaKBIEmk

EdllycUlmk)an KWGaRs½yeTAtamkarRBmeRBogrbs;kmµsiTi§kr EtebIm©as;edImeQIenaHminRBm

kmµsiTi§krEdledImeQIlycUlGackab;EmkEdllycUlmk)an. s11³ kñúgkrNIRKYsarmYyerobkarehIy Gt;mankUn ehIyRbBn§sµ½RKcitþRBm[bþIykRbBn§

mYYyeTot etIPriyamansiT§i[bþIykRbBn§mñak;eTot edIm,IbnþBUC)anEdreT?

c11³ eTaHbICaKUPaKIRBmeRBog k¾c,ab;minGnuBaØatiEdr karN_EdlminGnuBaØatienH KWk¾kñúg

eKalbMNgmin[b:HBal;dl;RbéBNIl¥rbs;RbeTseyIg .

s12³ GñkxøHElglHKñaehIy etIKat;GacRtUvrUvKñavij)aneT?

c12³ c,ab;GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar 1989 min)ankMNt;famin[bþIRbBn§EdlElglHKña RtUvrUvKña

vijenaHeT KWebIKat;cg;rs;enACamYyKñavij Kat;GacsuMcuHsMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_fµI)an.

s13³ KUsVamIPriyamYyKUerobkar min)ancuHsMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_ EtBYkeK)ansMuc,ab;erobGaBah_

BiBah_RtwmRtUv )ansuMElglHenAtulakar Etem:ck¾tulakareGayXuM-sgáat;seRmcvijdEdl?



c13³ ebIKUsVamIPriyaenaH min)ancuHsMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_eT KWGaBah_BiBah_enaHBMumanlkçN³

Rsbc,ab;eT ebIbBa¢ÚneTAtulakar tulakarKµansmtßkic©eLIy tulakarnwgbBa¢ÚneGayXuM-sgáat;

pSHpSarvij.

s14³ etIRkmrdæb,evNIqñaM 1967 nigRkm 2007 eKeRbITaMgBIr ?

c14³ \lUvenH Rkmrdæb,evNI 2007 eKminTan;eRbI)anenAeLIyeT rg;caMc,ab;edayELkkMNt;

[eRbI. dUecñH Rkmrdæb,evNIqñaM 1967 enAEtRtUv)aneRbIR)as; eRBaHminTan;manc,ab;NamYy

nirakrN_Rkmrdæb,evNIqñaM 1967 enHenAeLIy.

s15³ kMCab;BaküRtUveFVICalaylkçGkSrrWeT? knøgmkmanEtehA[cas;TuMdwglW.

c15³ c,ab;mintMrUveGayeFVICalayGkSrenaHeT ebIKat;cg;eFVICalaylkçGkSr Kat;GaceFVI)an.

s16³ etICaeKalkarN_c,ab; etImaRtaNamYy EdlkMNt;faGacerobkar)an edaymincaM)ac;man

karRBmeRBogCamYy«Bukmþay?

c16³ KµanmaRtaNamYyEdlEcgfaGacerobGaBah_BiBah_)anedaymincaM)ac;mankarRBmeRBogBI

«BukmþayenaHeT KW[EtBYkKat;eKarBnUvlkçxNÐRKwH niglkçxNÐTMrg;dUcEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;

GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar dUcCakarbiTRbkasGaBah_BiBah_ edIm,IRbsinebIeK[GacbþwgCMTas;)an

RbsinebImineKarBeTAtamlkçxNÐ.

s17³ burs k nig narI x Rslaj;Kña Et«BukmþayxagRsICMTas; eday[narIerobkarCamYyburs

epSg . bursmanGayu 25qñaM ehIynarIenaHGayu 19qñaM etIBYkKat;GacdwkédKñaeTAcuHsMbuRtGaBah_

BiBah_)aneT?

c17³ ebItamkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg KW)an EtebItampøÚvc,ab; KWmin)an BIeRBaH vamanlkçxNÐ 3

lkçxNÐTMrg; dUcCakaresñIsuMGaBah_BiBah_ karbiTRbkasCasaFarN³ edIm,I[PaKIBak;B½n§bþwgTas;.

karcuHsMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_ ebImRnþIGRtanukUldæanfñak;Cati Kat;cuH[ k¾eyIgmindwgfaem:cEdr

b:uEnþeTaHCay:agNa c,ab;k¾RtUvEtKitBIsIlFm’ vaCakrNIepSgeTot. dUecñH mRnþIGRtanukUldæanEdl

Kat;seRmccuH k¾minKitfaxusEdr BIeRBaHlkçxNÐGayu KWRKb;RKan; RKan;EtxuslkçxNÐTMrg;tictYc

´KitfaGaceFVI)an.



s18³ ebICnCatiLav qøgmkTwkdIkm<úCaehIycg;erobkarCamYynarIExµr etIGaccuHsMbuRtGaBah_

BiBah_)aneT?

c18³ CnCatiLavenaH ebIKat;cg;erobGaBah_BiBah_CamYynarIExµr bursCnCatiLavenaH RtUv

bBa¢ak;CalixitBIGaCJaFrLavBIPaBenAlIvrbs;Kat; niglixitepSg²eTot ehIyykmkqøgenA

RksYgkarbreTskm<úCa edayRksYgkarbeTskm<úCanwgbBa¢ak;B½t’manenaHCamYysßanTUtLavenA

km<úCaeTot edIm,IepÞogpÞat;faetIB½t’manenaHRtwmRtUv b¤mankarEkøgbnøM ehIyRksYgkarbreTsnwg

bBa¢ÚnlixitTaMgenaH eTARksYgmhaépÞ ehIyRksYgmhaépÞnwgbBa¢ÚnlixitenaHeTAmRnþIGRta

nukUldæanEdlnarI b¤bursenaHrs;enA ebIlixitTaMgGs;manlkçN³RtwmRtUvtamc,ab;ehIy Kat;GaccuH

sMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_)anehIy .

s19³ bursmñak; b¤narImñak; Kat;enAbreTs ehIycg;eerobkarCamYyCnCatiExµr EtKat;min)an

bBa¢ak;BIPaBenAlIvenARsukKat;eT EtKat;manRkumh‘unenARsukExµr etIGacbBa¢ak;BIPaBenAlIv

rbs;Kat;)aneT?

c19³ cMeBaHkarksagÉksarrbs;CnbreTs minEmnCnCatiExµr KWKat;RtUvEtbMeBjEbbbTCa

TMrg;eTAtamnItiviFIc,ab;rbs;RbeTsKat; eTaHbICaKat;manRkumh‘unenARsukExµrEmnBit EtRkumh‘un

b¤sßab½nenaH minGackMNt;BIlkçN³buKÁlrbs;Kat;)aneT . dUecñHmanEtsmtßkic©rdærbs;Kat;

b:ueNÑaH EdlGacbBa¢ak;)an . Kat;RtUveFVItamc,ab;RbeTsKat; ehIybBa¢ÚnmkRksYgkarbreTs

km<úCaepÞogpÞat;PaBRtwmRtUvCamYysßanTUt b¤sßankugs‘ulrbs;RbeTsKat;enAkm<úCa ehIyRksYg

karbreTs b¤sßankugs‘ulnwgbBa¢ÚnlixitTaMgenHeTARksYgmhaèpÞ RksYgmhaèpÞ nwgbBa¢Únmk

mRnþIGnuRtakUldæanEdlKURskrfµInwgerobGaBah_BiBah_.

s20³ ebIKat;min)anbBa¢ak;BIPaBenAlIveT EtKat;)anerobkarrYceTAehIy ebI)ankUn)anecAehIy

etIKat;GaccUlsBa¢ati)aneT?

c20³ edIm,I[GaBah_BiBah_mYyRsbc,ab; Kat;RtUveKarBnUvlkçxNÐEdlmanEcgkñúgc,ab;énRbeTs

km<úCasin . cuHebIGt;)anbBa¢ak;lixit[)anRtwmRtUv EtGaCJaFrKat;GnuBaØati[erobkarCamYyKña

)aneT? cMelIyKW Kat;GaceFVI)anRtwmEtenAPUmiXuMeT Etc,ab;minGnuBaØati[Kat;eFVIeT enAeBlman

bBaða dUcenHKat;RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHc,ab; eRBaHc,ab;hamKat;min[Kat;eFVI. GBa¢wg eBlmankUn



manecACaerOgmYyeTot KW karTTYl)ansBa¢atiman 3 KW TI 1> karTTYlsBa¢atitamkMeNIt TI 2>

tamGaBah_BiBah_ nigtamsBa¢atUbnIykmµ . RbsinebIeBlCnbreTs b¤CnCatiExµr erobkarCamYy

Kña mann½yfaKat;GacTTYl)ansBa¢atiExµrehIy elIkElgEtKat;mincg;)an b:uEnþenAkñúgc,ab;sBa¢ati

ExµreyIgGacmansBa¢atiBIr eTaHbICaKat;eTAenAGaemrik cUlsBa¢atiGaemrikk¾eday k¾rdæExµreyIg

Fanamin[BlrdæExµr )at;bg;sBa¢atiExµrEdr . GBa¢wgKat;mankatBVkic©cMeBaHc,ab;km<úCapg nig

c,ab;breTsEdlKat;TTYl)ansBa¢atipg . EtRbeTsmYycMnYn minGnuBaØati[Kat;TTYl

)ansBa¢atiBIrenaHeT KWRtUve)aHbg;sBa¢atimYysin . kareqøIytbnwgsMnYr³ karTTYl)ansBa¢atiCa

lkçxNÐTI 2 eT sMxan;eFVIem:c[GaBah_BiBah_rbs;Kat;Rsbc,ab;sin. RbsinebIsMNuMÉksarmin

)anbMeBjRtwmRtUvEdlRbeTssamuIbBa¢ak;[ EtGaCJaFreyIgenAEtsIuej:[ enaHKWKat;RtUvTTYlxus

RtUvxøÜnÉg.

s21³ bMrammin[erobGaBah_BiBah_ buKÁlKµanBlanuPaBénlwgÁminGacerobkar)an cuHebInarI

minGacmankUn)anvij?

c21³ karBitRsþIEdlminGacmankUn)ank¾KYrEtcat;CabMrammin[erobGaBah_BiBah_Edr b:uEnþkar

GnuvtþCak;Esþg KWeKminKitBIcMnucenHeT.

s22³ etItulakarmanc,ab;sRmab;kat;eTasPaKIxagRsIeT RbsinebIPaKIxagRsIerobkarfµI

ehIybursCabþIenAq¶ay EtminmanRsIjIGIeT ?

c22³ c,ab;kMNt;fa kalNabþIRbBn§enaH EbkKñaGs;ry³eBlCag 1qñaM Kat;Gacdak;Bakü

ElglH ehIyerobkarfµI)an.

s23³ ebInarIcg;erobkarfµI ehIybursCabþImindwgenATINa ebIsinCanarIenaHdak;BakübþwgeTAtulakar

etItulakarGacecjdIkaEsVgrkCnenaHeT?

c23³ RbsinebIdwgBITItaMgEdlKat;rs;enA eKGacdak;BakübNþwgeTAtulakarrbs;cugcMelIy)an

ehIyeKGackat;kM)aMgmuxKat;)an RbsinebIekaHehIycugcMelIyenaH 3 dgehIy Kat;mincUl.

dUecñH tulakarGacecjsalRkmkM)aMgmuxRbkasBIkar)at;xøÜnrbs;cugcMelIyEdlCabþI ehIynarIenaH

GacerobGaBah_BiBah_fµI)an.



EpñkTI 6

karvaytMél

én

GgÁsikçasala



karvaytMélénvKÁsikçasala

1> karvaytMél sikçasala

1>1> karerobcMTUeTAénsikçasala

tamry³karvaytMélrbs;EdldkRsg;BItaragvaytMél sikçakam 23° )anvaytMél

l¥xøaMg 74° vaytMéll¥ nig 3° vaytMélmFüm elIkarerobcMTUeTAénGgÁsikçasalaenH

EdlnaMeGaysikçasaladMeNIrkareTAya:grlUn .

1>2> karsMrbsMrYlrbs;Rkumkargar

26° énsikçakamEdlcUlrYm )aneFVIkarvaytMéll¥xøaMg 72° )anvaytMélfal¥ nig 2°

)anvaytMélmFüm elIkarsMrbsMrYlrbs;Rkumkargar EdlCMrujeGaykmµviFIenH man

skmµPaBpuspulTaMgvaKµin nig GñkcUlrYm .

2> Éksar

44° énkarvaytMélrbs;sikçakam yl;faÉksarEdlpþl;CUnl¥xøaMg 51° vayvaytMél

l¥ nig 5° vaytMélmFüm ebIeFobeTA nwgkareFVIbTbgðajrbs;vaKµin .

3> RbFanbT nig xøwmsar

90° énsikçakam yl;faRbFanbT nig xøwmsarmanRbeyaCn_xøaMg EdlGacCYydl;kar

edaHRsayvivaTenAkñúgmUldæanrbs;BYkKat; nig 10° vaytMélfamFüm.

4> eBlevlaénbTbgðaj nig »kassYrrbs;sikçakam

26°énsikçakam )anvaytMéll¥xøaMg 49° vaytMélfal¥ nig 25° vaytMélmFüm

cMeBaHkarkMnt;eBlevlaénbTbgðaj nig karpþl;»kasdl;sikçakamedIm,IsYrsMnYr k¾dUcCa

karEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_BIsikçakamdéTeTot .



5> ry³eBlénsikçasala

87° énsikçakamEdl)ancUlrYmsikçasalaenH vaytMélry³eBlénsikçasalaman

ry³eBllµm nig 13° vaytMélfamanry³eBlxøIeBk.

6> cMeNHdwgrbs;vaKµin

21° énsikçakamEdl)ancUlrYmsikçasalaenH vaytMélcMeNHdwgrbs;vaKµinl¥xøaMg 77°

vaytMélfal¥ nig 2° vaytMélfamFüm .

7> Gnusasn_edIm,IEklMGrdl;bTbgðajrbs;vaKµinsMrab;sikçasalaelIkeRkay

CamYynwgkarvaytMélelIvKÁsikçasalaenH sikçakam)anpþl;CaGnusasn_edIm,IEklMGr

dl;bTbgðajrbs;vaKµinnImYy² dUcxageRkam³

- sUmTukeBlxøH² cenøaHBIRbFanbTmYyeTARbFanbTmYyeTot edIm,IeGaysikçakam)ansYr

eTAvaKµinnUvcMNucEdlmancm¶l; .

- karbgðajrbs;vaKµinnImYy² minelOneBk k¾minyWteBk KYrTTYlyk)an

- bTbgðajrbs;vaKµinnImYy²)anc,as;las;l¥ nigmankarGt;Fµt;cMeBaHkareqøIyBnül;dl;

sikçakam kñúgbMNgcg;[sikçakam)anyl;dwg)anRtwmRtUvkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðamUldæan.

- edayeBlevlakñúgsikçasalaxøIeBk vaKµinTaMgGs;BuMGacBnül;lMGit)an.

- sUmvaKµinEdleFVIbTbgðaj CYyriHrkKMnitl¥ nigkar]eTÞsnam[kan;Etl¥CagenHEfmeTot.

- sUmbkRsay nigsMrYlBaküeBcn_ nigmaRtac,ab;eGaysikçakamgayyl;.

- bTbgðajrbs;vaKµinl¥ Gacsþab;Tan; kt;Rta)an .

- sUmsresIrdl;karerobcMsikçasalaenH . cMeBaHvaKµinsUmelIk]TahrN_Cak;EsþgxøH edIm,I

bBa¢ak;dl;sikçakam)anyl;dwgEfmeTot. edayE;;Lk´sMKal;eXIjfa elakRKU GñkRKU

v½yekµgQøasév yl;dwgGMBIc,ab;smRsbCaRkumemFavI.

- eBlevlaxøIeFVIeGaybTbgðaj nigkarEckrMElkBIKñaeTAvijeTAmkBuM)anl¥itl¥n; nigsIuCMerA.

- eBlevlaxøIeBk bkRsaymincb;.



- sUmekatsresIredayesµaHcMeBaHbTbgðajrbs;RkumemFavI Edl)anelIkykRbFanbT

Rbkbedayxøwmsar nigGtßn½ysMxan;²Bak;B½n§nwgkaredaHRsayvivaTenAmUldæan Biess

bBaðadIFøI GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar EdlCabBaðaCaGaTiPaB EdlekItmanenARKb;mUldæan

nigRsbnwgtYnaTIParkic©rbs;eyIgĆaRkumRbwkSaRKb;fñak;.

- kñúgkarbkRsaybgðajrbs;vaKµinnImYy²enAsMnYrmYy sUmeGaymankareRbobeFobpg.

- sUmekatsresIredayesµaHcMeBaHbTbgðajrbs;RkumemFavIEdl)anelIkykRbFanbT

Rbkbedayxøwmsar nigmanGtßn½ysMxan;²Bak;B½n§enAnwgvivaTenAkñúgmUldæan nigRsbeTAnwg

tYnaTIParkic©rbs;eyIgĆaRkumRbwkSafñak;eRkamCati.

- sUmesñIvaKµinCYypþl;ÉksarpøÚvkarCaGMNHGMNagdl;xøwmsarénemeronmYy². ]TahrN_³

eyIgeronBIkarElglH sUmRsg;vaküxNÐTak;TgnwgkarElglHBIRKb;c,ab;EdlkMBugeRbI

R)as;enAkm<úCabc©úb,nñpg.

- eBlsikçasalaelIkeRkay sUmeGayvaKµineFVIbTbgðaj[)ansIuCMerA edayP¢ab;nUv]Ta

hrN_EdlBak;B½n§mkeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg edIm,I[sikçakamgayyl; nigcab;)annUvRbFanbT

Edl)anelIkeLIg.

- KYrEtpþl;nUvbBaðaxøHEdlBak;B½n§ nigekItmanCak;Esþg ehIyedaHRsaymin)antampøÚvc,ab;

eRBaHmUlehtuGVI?

- karedaHRsayeTAtampøÚvc,ab; vagayRsYlNas; EtkarrMelaPc,ab;edaHRsaymin)an

ehIynigmanGyutþiFm’eTotenaH vanaMeTAdl;karP½yxøac b¤CMenOrbs;RbCaCnenAelIrdæ)al

nigmineCOeTAelIc,ab;.

- karbgðajrbs;vaKµinnImYy²)anbgðajGMBIRbFanbTnImYy² eFVIeGayeyIg´gayyl;elI

RbFanbTnImYy².

- ebIGaceFVIbTbgðaj)annUvkarvinicä½y b¤svnakarrbs;erOgRBhµTNÐ b¤rdæb,evNINamYyCak;

Esþgrbs;tulakarextþNamYy Tak;TgeTAnwgemeronTaMgenH.

- enAkñúgRbFanbTmYysuM[manlMhat;sMxan;²[)aneRcIn.



- KYrman]TahrN_samBaØ² niglMGit[)aneRcIn . KYrbkRsayniymn½yénBakümYycMnYn

enAkñúgc,ab;EdlsikçakamBuMsUvEdleXIj.

- sUm[vaKµinnImYy² elIkeLIgnUv]TahrN_Cak;Esþgy:ageRcIn edIm,I[sikçakamyl;kan;Et

c,as;nUvc,ab;PUmi)al nigc,ab;vivaTRKYsar.

- sMNUmBr[RkumemFavIsMrwT§ ebIkvKÁenH[)aneRcInbnþeTot ehIysUm[RKU]eTÞsnam

bkRsay[)anc,as;nUvxøwmsarnImYy² eRBaHcMNuHxøHminTan;c,as; EtPaKticeT.

- sUmvaKµinEdleFVIbTbgðajCYyriHrkKMnitl¥ nigkar]eTÞsnam[ritEtl¥CagenHEfmeTot.

sUmbkRsay nigsMrYlBakü nigmaRtac,ab;[sikçakamgayyl;.

- sikçasalal¥

- sikçakam)ancUlpøas;bþÚreyabl;elIkenHeXIjfaTTYllT§pl)anl¥ BRgIkkaryl;dwgrbs;

BYkĆasikçakam

- Gnusasn_ nigbTbgðajeXIjfal¥ kñúgkarerobcMkþIeXIjfal¥ KµanbBaðaGVIeT

- Gnusasn_rbs;Gs;elak elakRsIRkumemFavI karbgðajGMBIemeronnImYy²l¥RbesIr.

8> sMnUmBr

RsbKñaCamYykarvaytMélnana sikçakam)aneFVIkarsMnUmBrEdlmandUcCa³

- smtßkic©Bak;B½n§BuM)ancUlrYm ¬GaCJaFrmUldæan/ nKr)al/ kgraCGavuFhtß¦ edIm,IBiPakSa

CamYyRkumRbwkSa BIeRBaHRkumRbwkSa nigGaCJaFrCamRnþIrdæ)alfñak;eRkamCatiTaMgGs;Kña.

- sikçasalamanry³xøIk¾BitEmn EtmanxøwmsarsMxan;sRmab;GñkGnuvtþkñúgmUldæan

- sMuebIksikçasalaeGaymanry³eBlEvgCagenH.

- ebIksikçasalaelIkeRkay²eTot esñIsuMrkTIkEnøgEdlmanm:asIunRtCak;. nigsuMvaKµineRbI

emRkUenAeBl]eTÞsnam

- saleFVIsikçasalamanPaBekþA bnÞb;Twkminsmrmü karevcx©b;ÉksarminTan;eFVIeGayman

PaBTak;Tajsikçakam[mancitþcg;ykmkemIlsareLIgvij. Éksarl¥mantMélmansar³

sMxan;sRmab;mnusSRKb;rUb Etkarevcx©b;mins¥at minesµItMélÉksar.



- karbBa©aMgsøayminsUvc,as; emIlGkSreXIjRBil² sUmEksRmYleGay)anc,as;l¥.

- sUmsikçasalaelIkeRkayeFVIenAextþmNÐlKIrImþg.

- vKÁeRkay sUmeFVIenAextþmNÐlKIrImþg.

- kñúgsikçasalaenH bBaðaEdl)anCYbRbTHBuMmanGVIKYreGaykt;sMKal;eLIy kargarEdl

RbRBwtþeTA)anl¥RbesIrCaTUeTA. sMNUmBr sUm[smasPaBsikçakammanKN³GPi)al

extþ-Rkug-RsukcUlrYm eRBaHKN³GPi)alCaGñkGnuvtþpÞal;kñúgkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæan

Cak;EsþgdUcCaKN³kmµkarsurieyadIextþ-RsukedaHRsayCMelaHdIFøIextþ-Rsuk mansmas

PaBKN³GPi)alkñúgenaHEdr.

- sikçasalasþIBIkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæn dUcCavivaTdIFøI c,ab;PUmi)al nigc,ab;GaBah_

BiBah_ ry³eBl 2 éf¶enH KWmanGtßn½y nigcMbBaðaEdlmanenAkñúgmUldæanpÞal;. dUecñHsUm

eGayRkumemFavIsMrwT§CYynUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalbEnßmeTot Biessdl;RkumRbwkSaXuM-sgáat;

TaMgGs;enATUeTARbeTs.

- brimaNénsikçakam)ancUlrYmsikçasalamancMnYnticeBk. KYr[mansikçakameRcInCagenH

cUlrYm. sikçasalasþIBIkaredaHRsayvivaTmUldæan ebImaneTot sUm[sikçakamdEdleBl

enHcUlrYmeTot.

- kñúgsikçasalaenHmankarerobcM)anl¥ )anpþl;»kaseRcInsRmab;TukCavaKµin)aneFVI

bTbgðaj nigkarsRmbsRmYl)anl¥. sMNUmBr ebImansikçasalaelIkeRkay[man

karBiPakSaCaRkumcMruHextþ-Rsuk edIm,I)ansÁal; nigmanPaBkan;Etsñitsñalrvagsikçakam

EdlmkBIextþnana.

- sMNUmBrsUmRkumemFavIbnþvKÁbNþúHbNþalenHCabnþeTAeTot.

- suMpþl;Éksarc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§RbFanbTEdl)anbgðaj

- sUmbBa¢ak;tamemeronnImYy² [yWtbnþic edIm,IeyIgýl;)anl¥.

- sMNUmBrsRmab;sikçakamnUveBleRkay emtþaerobcMesovePAeTAtamsøaybBa©aMg



]bsm<½n§



]bsm<½næ

1> taragkmµviFI én GgÁsikçasala

2> Éksaremeronrbs;elak v:an; niml

3> Éksaremeronrbs;elakRsIemFavI sat FIta

4> Éksaremeronrbs;elakemFavI Guwm pan;Na

5> vtþmanGñkcUlrYm

Documents

r)aykarN¾sikçasala sþIBI ......1 Caroline Rusten, Kim Sedara,Eng Netra and Pak Kimchoeun, The Challenges Decentralization Design in Cambodia , Cambodia Development Resources Institute(CDRI),