Shikshak Darshika - 5 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/978-93-5… · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600 Fax : +91-11-43556688

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Reprint 2016

ISBN: 978-93-5041-055-4

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

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This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

(iii)

vkeq[kjk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS fd f'k{kk dkmn~ns'; cPpksa dks flI+kZQ fdrkch Kku nsuk vkSj ijh{kk ysuk ugha gSA f'k{kk dk mn~ns';rks cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djuk gS rkfd cPps tc fon~;ky; dh pkjnhokjhls fudydj okLrfod thou esa izos'k djsa] rks mudh f'k{kk gh mudk lacy cusblhfy, cPpksa dks LowQyh thou osQ lkFk vklikl osQ ckgjh thou o okrkoj.kls tksM+us dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gSA

;g lR; gS fd cPpk vius vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k ls cgqr&oqQN lh[krk gSysfdu lcls igys og Hkk"kk gh lh[krk gSA Hkk"kk lHkh osQ thou osQ fy, mi;ksxhvkSj lkFkZd gS D;ksafd blh osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku ,oaHkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA

f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh ;ksX;rk vkSjdkS'ky osQ pkj lksikuksa esa ls lquuk vkSj cksyuk rks cPpk ?kj esa jgdj gh lh[kysrk gSA ysfdu tc og ?kj osQ nk;js ls fudydj ikB'kkyk osQ u,] vifjfpr,oa vuq'kklucn~/ okrkoj.k esa izos'k djrk gS rks mlosQ eu esa ,d f>>d vkSjHk; gksrk gSA cPpksa dks bl Hk; ls eqDr djus osQ fy, mudh #fp ,oa LoHkko dksosaQnz esa j[kdj gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Üka[kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQ le{k gS]ftldk uke gS uohu ladYiA ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj vkBoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksaosQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk fl[kkuk gSA ;g mn~ns'; rHkhliQy gksxk tc LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z@izkpk;kZ ,oa f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk,¡ cPpksa dks fofHkUujpukRed xfrfof/;ksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kus dk ekSdk nsaxsA

;g lgh gS fd fon~;ky; esa vuq'kklu dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj blosQfy, le;&rkfydk dk egRRoiw.kZ LFkku gS ijarq bu iqLrdksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ mn~ns';dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, nSfud≤ lkfj.kh esa yphykiu ykuk Hkh ”k:jh gS rkfdcPpksa dks Lo;a lh[kus dk ekSdk feys vkSj os NksVs&NksVs lewg cukdj okrkZyki,oa vU; xfrfof/;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u Lo;a dj losaQA

f'k{kd&nf'kZdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd ûohuladYi* Üka[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax lsigq¡pk losaQA vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl mi;ksxhfln~/ gksxkA

f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fn, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxr djsaxsftlls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA

μys[kdx.k

(iv)

fo"k;&lwph

1- viuk Hkkjr (oanuk)------------------------------------------------------------ 5

2- nks 'kqd 'kkod (dgkuh)------------------------------------------------------ 7

3- vuks[kk j[kokyk (dfork)---------------------------------------------------12

4- vHkh le; gS (dgkuh)-------------------------------------------------------16

5- cfyiFk dk jkgh (ns'kHkfDr) --------------------------------------------- 18

gekjk Lora=krk fnol (vfrfjDr iBu)------------------------ 23

iq.; ioZ

6- ou egksRlo (i;kZoj.k)------------------------------------------------------ 23

7- Lokoyach (dgkuh)------------------------------------------------------------- 26

8- dchj osQ nksgs (nksgs)---------------------------------------------------------- 30

9- fpfM+;k?kj dh lSj (lSj&likVk)-------------------------------------------33

10- egkRek xk¡/h (O;fDrRo)----------------------------------------------------- 37

ckiw] rqEgsa iz.kke (vfrfjDr iBu)----------------------- 40

gS fdldh rLohj\

11- lh[k rkdks nhft,] tkdks lh[k lqgk; (izsjd&izlax)----------- 41

12- ge pk¡n cusaxs (dfork)------------------------------------------------------ 44

13- gdhe vtey [kk¡ (O;fDrRo)-------------------------------------------- 47

14- elftn ;k iqy (dgkuh)---------------------------------------------------- 50

15- t; ¯gn! (xhr)----------------------------------------------------------------- 54

f'k{kd fnol (vfrfjDr iBu)----------------------------------------57

16- 'krjat esa ekr (ukVd)------------------------------------------------------- 58

17- NksM+ isM+ dh Nk¡o eqlkfI+kQj (dfork)---------------------------------- 62

18- ohj gksjs'kl (ns'kizse)--------------------------------------------------------- 64

igsfy;k¡--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68

}{{}{⎫⎬⎪

⎭⎪

⎫⎬⎪

⎭⎪

uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&5) | 5

1- viuk Hkkjr

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- dfork dk lLoj 'kqn~/ y;iw.kZ okpu dj losaQxsA2- leqnz n~okjk pj.k /ksus vkSj xaxk/kjk ls ifo=k gksus dks Li"V dj

losaQxsA3- egku O;fDr;ksa vkSj iQy&iwQy vkfn ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA4- vius ns'k dk lq;'k oSQls c<+sxk\ bl ij viuk er izLrqr dj losaQxsA5- dfork dks oaQBLFk lquk losaQxsA

ewyHkko

Hkkjr ns'k dh efgek dk xq.kxku djrs gq, fgeky;] lkxj] xaxk&;equk]iQy&iwQy vkSj egku yksxksa osQ egRRo dks crkrh ;g dfork cPpksa dksns'k dk eku c<+kus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSaA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ vè;kid Nk=kksa ls muosQ vius eksgYys osQ isM+&ikS/ksa] egku

vknfe;ksa osQ laca/ esa ckrphr djsaA /hjs&/hjs vius ns'k dh

efgek rd igq¡psaA Nk=kksa dks ns'kizse dh dforkvksa oQks i<+us osQ

fy, izsfjr djsaA

ikBkjaHk dfork dk rhu&pkj ckj Hkkoiw.kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A è;ku j[ksa dfork dh y; u

VwVus ik,A dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡ rFkk leqnz pj.k oSQls /ks ldrk gS]

bldk vk'k; le>k,¡A

6 | uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&5)

;g Hkh crk,¡ fd jke&Ñ".k tSls yksx var;kZeh oSQls gSaA ^lc fof/ rsjk lq;'k c<+k,¡* esa ^lc fof/* dks Li"V djsaA var esa dfork dk lkewfgd okpu djsa rkfd Nk=k vkuan ys losaQA

'kCnkFkZ'kCn Lo;a cksysaA vFkZ leosr Loj esa Nk=kksa dks cksyus osQ funsZ'k nsaA 'kCn&vFkZdk ;g vH;kl ikB vkjaHk djus ls igys Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- Hkkjr ns'k lc ns'kksa ls U;kjk gSA2- xaxk&;equk ufn;k¡ Hkkjr ns'k dks ifo=k djrh gSaA

ysf[kuh ls1- dfo us fgeky; dks eqoqQV blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd fgeky;

Hkkjr osQ eLrd ij eqoqQV dh rjg fojkteku gSA2- Hkkjr ns'k dh /jrh gesa [kkus osQ fy, vUu] iwQy] iQy vkfn

nsrh gSA3- Lo;a dks ltkus&l¡okjus osQ fy, gesa Hkkjr&Hkwfe ls jRu&tokgj

vkfn feyrs gSaA4- jke&Ñ".k ls var;kZeh] rsjs lHkh iq=k gSa ukehA μ iafDr esa ;g

Hkko vk;k gSA5- d- (iii) leqanj Hkkjr osQ

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh1- fgeky; gS μ fge (cI+kZQ) dk vky;

Hkkstuky; gS μ Hkkstu dk vky;iqLrdky; gS μ iqLrd dk vky;


2- dfork esa vk, leku 'kCn(d) eqoqQV ([k) xaxk] ;equk (x) ukeh (?k) lnSo] iz'kalk

3- d- (ii) leqanj] [k- (ii) var;kZeh

u;k&fujkykNk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSA

eu ik[kh cu1- fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaxsA2- Hkkjr dk lq;'k c<+kus osQ fy, ge vius ns'k ls izse djsaxsA

bldh efgek dk xq.kxku djsaxsA ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr] lkxj]ufn;ksa] igkM+ksa] /jrh] ½rqvksa] larksa vkfn dk egRRo crk,¡xsA oDrvkus ij vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr nsdj Hkh ns'k dh j{kk djsaxsA

Kku Kksrkvè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

2- nks 'kqd 'kkodf'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- ikB dk 'kqn~/ Li"V okpu dj losaQxsA2- rksrksa osQ jax&:i dk o.kZu dj losaQxsA3- nksuksa rksrksa osQ lq[kh&nq[kh jgus dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA4- laxfr osQ izHkko dks rksrksa osQ mnkgj.k lfgr crk losaQxsA5- rksrs n~okjk ^ywV yks&ywV yks* dgus dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA6- jktk us ok.kh osQ dkSu&ls xq.k crk,] bls O;Dr dj losaQxsA7- dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA

ewyHkkoizLrqr dgkuh esa nks rksrs jax&:i esa ,d tSls gksus osQ ckn Hkh LoHkkoesa ,d&nwljs osQ foijhr FksA


tSlh laxr cSfB, oSlks gh iQy nhuμ;gh Hkko dgkuh esa O;Dr gqvkgS fd tSlh laxfr esa jgks oSlk gh LoHkko cu tkrk gSA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

vè;kid Nk=kksa dks laxfr osQ izHkko dh dksbZ dFkk] izsjd

izlax@?kVuk lquk,¡A ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd laxfr dk thou esa D;k

izHkko iM+rk gSAikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk lLoj vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A ikB esa vk, o.kZukRed LFkyksa dh vksj Nk=kksa dk è;ku vkÑ"V

djsa_ tSlsμrksrs osQ jax&:i dk] cjlkr&vk¡/h vkus dk] vkJedk vkfnA

bu o.kZuksa dk fy[kus esa iz;ksx djk,¡A nksuksa rksrksa osQ dFkuksa dh vksj è;ku vkÑ"V djsaA dVq vkSj e/qj ok.kh ij Nk=kksa ls ppkZ djsaA Nk=kksa ls iwNsa fd vkJe osQ xq#tuksa dh ok.kh oSQlh gksxh\ Nk=kksa

ls dgkuh dks lqusaA

'kCnkFkZ

iwokZuqlkj vH;kl djk,¡A

lRlaxfr dFk; ¯d u djksfr iqalke~(lRlaxfr yksxksa dks D;k oqQN ugha dj nsrhA) Hkr`Zgfj

eq>s crkb, fd vkiosQ laxh&lkFkh dkSu gSa] eSa crk nw¡xk fd vki dkSu gSaA xsVs vlr lax osQ ckl lksa xqu] voxqu g~oS tkrA

nw/ fioS dyokj ?kj efnjk lcfga cq>krAA fonqj


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- jktk lqia[kh ls ljksoj osQ fdukjs feysA lqia[kh isM+ ij cSBk FkkvkSj jktk foJke dj jgs FksA

2- ,d fnu rs”k vk¡/h vkbZA ou osQ cgqr&ls o`{k m[kM+ x,Alqia[kh vkSj lqoaQBh Hkh ,d&nwljs ls vyx gks x,A

3- lqia[kh dks vkJe dk okrkoj.k #fpdj ugha yxk blfy, oglqoaQBh osQ lkFk vkJe esa ugha vk;kA

ysf[kuh ls

1- lqia[kh vkSj lqoaQBh uked rksrs tqM+ok¡ HkkbZ FksA nksuksa osQ gjs&gjsia[k] yky pksap] fpduh o dksey nsg FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQoaQB ls ,d gh tSlh èofu fudyrh FkhA

2- vkJe esa vkdj jktk nqfo/k esa blfy, iM+ x, D;ksafd ;gk¡dk rksrk lqoaQBh ljksoj osQ fdukjs dh cLrh okys lqia[kh tSlkgh FkkA lqoaQBh dh ok.kh e/qj Fkh vkSj mlus jktk dk cgqrvknj&lRdkj fd;k tcfd lqia[kh us jktk osQ lkFk cqjk O;ogkjfd;k FkkA

3- jktk osQ peRÑr gksus dk dkj.k lqoaQBh dh le>] mldkLoHkko] ok.kh vkSj vkpj.k Fkk D;ksafd mlosQ leku fn[kus okykmldk HkkbZ lqia[kh fcyoqQy mlosQ foijhr LoHkko dk FkkA

4- lqoaQBh esa esgekuuokth] e/qjok.kh] fouezrk] vPNk vkpj.k]le>nkjh] oqQ'ky O;ogkj vkfn f'k"Vkpkj osQ xq.k fon~;eku FksAge Hkh bUgsa vey esa ykdj vius Hkhrj vkRelkr djsaxsA

5- fdlus] fdlls] D;ksa dgk\(d) fdlus μ lqia[kh us

fdlls μ viuh cLrh osQ pksjksa lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd jktk us vkHkw"k.k&vyadkj igus FksA


([k) fdlus μ jktk usfdlls μ lqoaQBh lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd jktk dks ml tSls gh ,d rksrs

osQ doZQ'k&dVq vkpj.k ls Hkkxuk iM+kFkkA lqoaQBh oSlk gh yx jgk FkkA

6- (iii) ekuo dh&lh vkok”k osQ dkj.k

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

o.kZ&foPNsn

nkuk μ n~ $ vk $ u~ $ vkèofu μ /~ $ o~ $ v $ u~ $ bcLrh μ c~ $ v $ l~ $ r~ $ bZcgqr μ c~ $ v $ g~ $ m $ r~ $ v>we μ >~ $ mQ $ e~ $ vnf"V μ n~ $ ½ $ "k~ $ V~ $ b

ckr 'kCn dh

1- 'kCnksa osQ tksM+si'kq μ i{kh :i μ jaxlq[k μ nq[k /hjs μ /hjs,d μ nwljs [ksyuk μ owQnuk

2- i;kZ;okph 'kCnia[k μ ij] i{kckny μ es?k] tynjktk μ ui] ujs'k

3- f dh ek=kk okys 'kCn

laxfr] efr] xfr] ufr] ifjos'k] O;fDrA


4- foykse 'kCnjkr × fnu y?kq × fo'kky

jktk × jad funzk × tkxj.kthou × ej.k lq[k × nq[k

e/qj × doZQ'k

ckr okD; dh

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZnksuksa lkFk&lkFk lksrs&tkxrs] lkFk&lkFk nkuk pqxrs] ikuh ihrs] fnuHkjiqQndrs jgrsA jkr lq[k&LoIuksa esa chr tkrh vkSj fnu [ksyus&owQnus]pgdus esaA cM+s lq[k ls nksuksa dk thou chr jgk FkkA

Hkk"kk iz;ksx^Hkk"kk osQ lqanj iz;ksxksa dks* d{kk esa le>k,¡A

eu ik[kh cunksuksa iz'uksa ij d{kk esa ckr djsaA izR;sd cPps dk mRrj vyx gksldrk gSA

1- ;fn lqia[kh vkSj lqoaQBh fcNM+s u gksrs rks muosQ O;ogkj esalekurk gksrhA lqia[kh osQ Hkhrj tks cqjh izo`fr;k¡ vk xbZ Fkha] oslaxr dh otg ls Fkha ojuk fcNM+us ls iwoZ nksuksa HkkbZ (rksrs)fcyoqQy ,d tSls FksA os vxj vius ?kj ij lkFk jgrs rks lqia[khHkh lqoaQBh dh rjg gh e/qj ok.kh] oqQ'ky O;ogkj o vkpj.kdk /uh gksrkA

2- lk/qvksa osQ eu esa fdlh osQ izfr ?k`.kk vkSj n~os"k ugha gksrkA osrks lalkj ls fojDr gksrs gSaA ekuork dh lsok gh mudk mn~ns';gksrk gSA os ekuork dh HkykbZ osQ ckjs esa lksprs vkSj ckr djrsgksaxs rFkk ?kj vkus okys esgekuksa dk vknj&lRdkj djrs gksaxsAlaxr dk vlj ge ij cgqr tYnh iM+rk gSA lk/qvksa dh blhlaxfr esa jgdj lqoaQBh xq.kh cu x;kA


Kku xksrk

vè;kid mfpr funsZ'k nsa vkSj cPps Lo;a djsaA

3- vuks[kk j[kokykf'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk 'kqn~/] lLoj okpu dj losaQxsA2- dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA3- ikB esa vk, 'kCnksa osQ foykse] i;kZ; crk losaQxsA4- oqQRrs dk fp=k.k dj losaQxsA5- oqQRrs osQ ckj&ckj ?kj esa ykSV vkus dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA6- iM+ksfl;ksa osQ O;ogkj ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA7- pksjh osQ ckn ifr&iRuh dh dgk&lquh ij fVIi.kh djsaxsA8- iqfylokyksa osQ O;ogkj ij viuh jk; crk losaQxsA9- oqQRrs osQ egRRo ij fopkj O;Dr dj losaQxsA

10- ôqQRrk ikyuk mfpr gS ;k ugha* fo"k; ij okn&fookn djlosaQxsA

ewyHkko

oqQRrk ikyus ij yksxksa dh izfrfØ;k,¡ vkSj oqQRrs dks ikyus dhmi;ksfxrkA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

ikB vkjaHk djus ls igys Nk=kksa ls lM+d ij ?kweus okys oqQRrksaosQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaA muls iwNsa fd D;k oqQRrksa dks xyh ;klM+d ij NksM+uk mfpr gSA oqQRrksa osQ ikyus ls gksus okys gkfu&ykHkdh Hkh ppkZ djsaA


ikBkjaHk

vè;kid Nk=kksa osQ lkeus vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A cPpksa n~okjk oqQRrs dks gyok f[kyk, tkus ij Nk=kksa ls ppkZ djsaA iM+ksfluksa dh dgk&lquh dh [kqydj ppkZ djsaA oqQRrs ls NqVdkjk ikus osQ fy, D;k fd;k x;k] bls foLrkj ls

crk,¡A yksxksa osQ pSu ls lksus vkSj mBus osQ ckn osQ n`'; ij fVIi.kh djsaA

iqfyl okyksa dh Hkk"kk dk :[kkiu vkSj vlaosnu'khyrk dksO;Dr djsaA

iqfyl vkSj buk osQ ikik osQ laoknksa dks Nk=kksa ls vius 'kCnksa esafy[kok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- ys[kd Nr ij [kM+s xaHkhjrk ls ;g lksp jgs Fks fd oqQRrs dksfdl izdkj ?kj ls Hkxk;k tk, vkSj ?kj&iM+ksl esa 'kkafr dk;edh tk,A

2- oqQRrk vkØe.k ls ?kcjkdj eafnjokyh xyh dh vksj Hkkx x;kA3- desVhokyksa osQ vkrs gh oqQRrk irk ugha dgk¡ xk;c gks tkrk Fkk

blfy, os oqQRrs dks ugha idM+ ikrs FksA

ysf[kuh ls1- oqQRrk ckj&ckj ys[kd osQ ?kj blfy, ykSV vkrk Fkk D;ksafd

ys[kd osQ nksuksa cPps osQlq vkSj buk mldk cgqr è;ku j[krs FksvkSj mlls cgqr I;kj djrs FksA


2- cPps ek¡ dh u”kj cpkdj oqQRrs dks ckj&ckj ?kj ys vkrs FksrFkk mls pqiosQ ls lqcg&'kke jksVh] gyok f[kykrs vkSj viusfgLls dk nw/ Hkh fiykrs Fks blls irk pyrk gS fd cPps oqQRrsls I;kj djrs FksA

3- ys[kd osQ ?kj esa bruh cM+h pksjh gqbZ vkSj og bruh xgjh uhanesa lks jgk Fkk fd mls pksjh dh Hkud Hkh ugha yxhA iqfylokyksadks ;g ckr le> esa ugha vkbZ blfy, mUgksaus jiV ntZ djkusx, ys[kd ls iz'u iwNsA

4- gesa i'kqvksa osQ izfr izse] n;k] dkseyrk ,oa lgkuqHkwfr dk O;ogkjdjuk pkfg, D;ksafd og Hkh gekjh rjg ,d tho gksrk gSA ogcstqcku gksrk gS rks D;k og gekjs fy, dkI+kQh iQk;nsean gksrk gSA[kklrkSj ij oqQRrk rks viuh Lokeh&HkfDr osQ fy, izfln~/ gSAgesa i'kqvksa dk [kkl [;ky j[kuk pkfg,A

5- d- (i) fiQjok oqQRrs osQ dkj.k [k- (iii) ys[kd osQ ?kj pksjhgks xbZ FkhA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- è;ku j[ksa] vuqLokj ;qDr 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k esa O;atu èofu Li"V:i ls mPpfjr gksA vuqukfld fpg~u osQ mPpkj.k ij Hkh è;ku nsaAlqanj] Å¡pk] xaxk] eq¡g] panu] vk¡xu] oaQB] ogk¡] papy] lk¡lA

2- la;qDr O;atu] n~foRo O;atu

è; μ è;ku] eè; Rr μ iRrk] oqQRrkR; μ R;kx] lR; Yy μ fcYyh] fpYykuk

Ru μ iz;Ru] jRu Pp μ cPpk] dPpk


ckr 'kCn dh

1- 'kCn fuekZ.k vkSj vFkZfuj~ cy μ fucZy fcuk cy osQfuj~ ty μ futZy fcuk ty osQfuj~ /u μ fu/Zu fcuk /u osQnqj~ xq.k μ nqxqZ.k cqjs xq.knqj~ xa/ μ nqx±/ cqjh xa/nqj~ Hkkouk μ nqHkkZouk cqjh Hkkouk

2- thoksa dh vkok”ksafpfM+;k μ pgpgkrh gSA oqQRrk μ HkkSadrk gSAdkSvk μ dk¡o&dk¡o djrk gSA cdjh μ fefe;krh gSAdks;y μ owQdrh gSA ?kksM+k μ fgufgukrk gSA

ckr okD; dh

mi;qDr 'kCn p;u(d) fpFkM+s ([k) fuf'apr (x) iz'u (?k) cksjs (Ä) #vk¡lhA

Hkk"kk iz;ksxeqgkojksa dk iz;ksx(d) vk¡[ksa [kqyh dh [kqyh jgA([k) ik¡o ilkjdj lksA(x) fiy iM+hA(?k) iSjksa osQ uhps ls ”kehu fudy xbZA(Ä) eq¡g yxk j[kkA

eu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk esa nh xbZ xfrfof/;k¡ Nk=k Lo;a djsaA


4- vHkh le; gSf'k{k.k mn~ns';

Nk=k dfork dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- dfork dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- dfork dk vFkZ crk losaQxsA3- dfBu 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dj losaQxsA4- le; ij dke djus osQ egRRo dks crk losaQxsA5- Hkk"k.k@ys[ku esa dfork osQ va'kksa dks mn~/`r dj losaQxsA

ewyHkko

chrk gqvk le; okil ugha vkrk blfy, vkyl u djosQ vius dkevkt gh iwjs dj ysus pkfg,] ;g Hkko dfork esa vk;k gSA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

dk oj"kk tc Ñf"k lq[kkusA le; pwfd iqfu dk ifNrkusAAbl ij ppkZ djsa vkSj le; ij dke djus dk egRRo crk,¡AlkFk gh 'ksDlfi;j dk ,d dFkuμ^êSaus le; u"V fd;k vkSjvc le; eq>s u"V dj jgk gSA** bl ij ppkZ djsaA foLrkj lscrk,¡ fd le; oSQls u"V dj nsrk gS] lkFk gh ;g Hkh le>k,¡fd le; ij dke djus ls thou oSQls 'kqHk gks tkrk gS vkSjy{eh dk HkaMkj oSQls vk tkrk gSA mUgsa le>k,¡ fd HkfDr vkfnlk/uksa ls Hkxoku dks rks cqyk;k tk ldrk gS ij le; dksughaA blhfy, le; dks O;FkZ er x¡okvksA

ikBkjaHk Nk=kksa osQ lkeus dbZ ckj dfork dk lLoj ikB djsaA Nk=k ls vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A ^lq;ksx rqEgkjs ikl [kM+k gS* dh O;k[;k djsaA


^mn~;ksxh dks dgk¡ ugha lqle; fey tkrk* dks mnkgj.kksa ls

Li"V djsaA

le; ij dke djus osQ egRRo ij ppkZ djsaA

Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd dfork dh iafDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dgk¡&dgk¡

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- dfo Lo;a ij fo'okl j[kus dh vkSj lansg dks Hkxkus dh lykg

nsrk gSA

2- le; cjckn gksus ls lq[ke; thou cjckn gks tk,xkA

3- vkyl euq"; dks dke ugha djus nsrkA

4- ohjrk Hkjs lqdeZ djosQ ge cM+s cu ldrs gSaA

ysf[kuh ls

1- izLrqr iafDr dk vFkZ gSμlq;ksx ;kuh vPNk voljA gekjs lkeus

gh gSA cl mls igpkuus dh gh nsj gSA gesa vkyl R;kxdj iwjs

eu ls ml volj dk ykHk mBkuk pkfg,A

2- ^tks dy djuk gS] mls vkt gh dj Mkyks*μHkko dh iafDr gSμ

vkyl gh gS djk jgk] ;s lHkh cgkus

tks djuk gks djks] vHkh dy D;k tks tkus\

3- Lo;a dhft,A

4- Lo;a dhft,A

5- (ii) mn~;ksxh


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

o.kZ&foPNsngS μ g~ $ ,scgkus μ c~ $ v $ g~ $ vk $ u~ $ ,ikvksxs μ i~ $ vk $ vks $ x~ $ ,dkSrwgy μ o~Q $ vkS $ r~ $ mQ $ g~ $ v $ y~ $ v

ckr 'kCn dh

1- rqdkar 'kCnyxk μ Hkxk tkrk μ ikrkVyk μ pyk cgkus μ tkus[kM+s μ cM+s ikvksxs μ iNrkvksxs

tkvks μ ikvks2- foykse 'kCn

vfo'okl × fo'okl vkylh × mn~;ksxhej.k × thou nq[k × lq[kdk;j × ohj vkt × dyoqQle; × lqle; cqjk × vPNk

ikdj × [kksdj

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSA eu ik[khcu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

5- cfyiFk dk jkghf'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fdosμ


1- ikB dk lLoj] 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- ôs nksuksa nks 'kjhj ,d izk.k Fks* dk Hkko crk losaQxsA3- v'kI+kQkd osQ idM+s tkus dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA4- vaxjs”kksa osQ jkT; ls gnqvksa osQ jkT; dks vPNk ekuus dk dkj.k

crk losaQxsA5- osQnkjukFk lgxy vkSj v'kI+kQkd osQ laoknksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa

crk losaQxsA6- iQk¡lh p<+us ls igys vius Hkkb;ksa dks nh xbZ nyhy dks O;Dr

dj losaQxsA

ewyHkko

ns'k dks xqykeh dh ”kathjksa ls vk”kkn djkus esa dbZ ns'kHkDrksa dh tkusaxb±A mUgha esa ls ,d v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ Hkh Fks ftUgksaus tkfr&/eZ lsmQij mBdj ns'k osQ fy, Lo;a dk leiZ.k dj fn;kA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

HksaV p<+k ns tks ru&eu dh] lPpk mldk Kku gSA

lcls cM+k ogh gS tx esa] tks gksrk cfynku gSAA

cgknqj yksxksa osQ thou&izlax ls ppkZ 'kq: djsa vkSj crk,¡ fd

tSls vkx lksus dks ij[krh gS oSls gh foifRr cgknqjh dks ij[krh

gSA* Lora=krk osQ fy, ej&feVus okys oqQN yksxksa dh ppkZ djsa

vkSj ckn esa v'kI+kQkd rd vk,¡A

ikBkjaHk

Nk=kksa osQ lkeus ikB dk lLoj vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡ vkSj vuqdj.k okpu esa uqdrsokys

'kCnksa ij è;ku nsa_ tSlsμuk”k] e”kgc] [kqfI+kQ;k] fgI+kQktr]I+kQ[kz vkfnA


;fn vkius v'kI+kQkd osQ fo"k; esa oqQN lquk@i<+k gS rks Nk=kksa dkslquk,¡A

,d 'kjhj nks izk.k] vk¡[kksa esa [kwu mrj vkuk vkfn egRRoiw.kZHkk"kk iz;ksxksa dks le>k,¡A

(1) lqifjVsaMsaV vkSj v'kI+kQkd (2) eqlyeku vkSj v'kI+kQkd(3) lgxy vkSj v'kI+kQkd (4) HkkbZ vkSj v'kI+kQkd osQ laoknksadks Hkkoiw.kZ <ax ls i<+uk fl[kk,¡A

ns'kHkDrksa dh vU; dgkfu;k¡ lquk,¡ rFkk Nk=kksa dks Hkh lqukus osQfy, izsfjr djsaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ dk tUe lu~ 1900 esa mRrj izns'k osQ'kkgtgk¡iqj esa gqvk FkkA

2- lu~ 1925 esa gqbZ jsy MoSQrh ^dkdksjh jsy MoSQrh* osQ uke lstkuh tkrh gSA

3- v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ dks vL=k&'kL=k bdV~Bk djus o cukus osQfy, ljdkjh [k”kkuk ywVs tkus osQ tqeZ esa iQk¡lh dh l”kk lqukbZxbZ FkhA

ysf[kuh ls

1- tc eqlfye iqfyl lqifjVsaMsaV us v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ dks eqlyekugksus dk gokyk fn;k rFkk muosQ fe=k jkeizlkn dks dkfI+kQj dgkrks mudh vk¡[kksa esa [kwu mrj vk;kA

2- v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ vius ije fe=k jkeizlkn osQ fy, jke* dgjgs FksA mudh jke&jke dh jV muls feyus osQ ckn gh FkehA


3- v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ us vius jksrs gq, Hkkb;ksa dks ;g roZQ nsdj pqidjk;k fd mUgksaus vius oru gnqLrku dh vk”kknh osQ fy, tkudh ck”kh yxkbZ gS tks fd cM+s I+kQ[kz o [kq'kh dh ckr gSA ¯gnqvksaesa dbZ Økafrdkjh gfLr;k¡ iQk¡lh ij p<+ xb± ijarq eqlyekuksa esa osigys [kq'kulhc gSa] tks eqYd osQ fy, iQk¡lh ij p<+ jgs gSaA

4- ge vius ns'k dh HkykbZ osQ fy, vkil esa izse ls jgsaxsA lektls oxZ&Hksn feVk,¡xsA ladV vkus ij ns'k osQ fy, Lo;a dksoqQckZu dj nsaxsA vius nksLrksa dks ns'kHkDrksa dh dgkfu;k¡ lquk,¡xsA

5- d- (iv) fozQosQV dk] [k- (iii) vR;f/d izse gksuk6- (d) fdlus μ v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ us

fdlls μ iqfyl lqifjVsaMsaV lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd og lkaiznkf;drk iSQyk jgk FkkA

([k) fdlus μ v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ usfdlls μ eqlfye HkhM+ lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd HkhM+ eafnj dh vksj xyr bjkns ls

c<+ jgh FkhA(x) fdlus μ v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ us

fdlls μ osQnkjukFk lgxy lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd os mUgsa ljgn ikj Hkstus dh ckr

dj jgs FksA(?k) fdlus μ v'kI+kQkdmYyk [kk¡ us

fdlls μ vius Hkkb;ksa lsD;ksa dgk μ D;ksafd muosQ NksVs Hkrhts jks jgs FksA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- uqdrs okys 'kCnvI+kQlksl] dkfI+kQj] ek”kjk] [kqfI+kQ;k] I+kQ[kz


2- o.kZ&foPNsneafnj μ e~ $ v $ μ $ n~ $ b $ j~ $ viQk¡lh μ i~Q $ vk¡ $ l~ $ bZnw¡xk μ n~ $ m¡Q $ x~ $ vkvk¡lw μ vk¡ $ l~ $ Å

ckr 'kCn dh

1- i;kZ;okph 'kCn'kjhj μ ru] nsg I+kQ[kz μ xoZ] xq:jlkFkh μ l[kk] fe=k de”kksj μ nqcZy] f'kfFkyeqYd μ ns'k] oru

ckr okD; dh

1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ(d) osQ fy, @ us ([k) us @ ij(x) esa (?k) dk @ dk(Ä) dk @ osQ fy,

2- okD; fuekZ.kdgk¡ μ rqe dgk¡ jgrs gks\ (iz'uokpd okD;)ugha μ eSa ugha tkm¡QxkA (fu"ks/kRed okD;)

Hkk"kk&iz;ksx

1- eqgkojksa dk okD;&iz;ksx(d) Hkkjrh; lSfudksa us nq'eu lsuk dks xksfy;ksa ls Hkwu fn;k([k) v'kI+kQkd us tku dh ck”kh yxkdj ns'k dks vk”kknh fnykbZA

2- (x) cgqr xqLlk vkuk

u;k&fujkyk

Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, fn;k x;k gSAeu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Lo;a djsaA

a


gekjk Lora=krk fnol(vfrfjDr iBu)

iq.; ioZ

dforkvksa dks y; esa ”kksj&”kksj ls] iw.kZ gko&Hkko ls i<+saA cPpksals Hkh ”kksj ls i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA cPpksa dks crk,¡ dh ns'k dksvk”kkn djkus osQ fy, u tkus fdrus ohjksa dks viuk thoucfynku djuk iM+k FkkA

6- ou egksRlof'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk 'kqn~/ Li"V okpu dj losaQxsA2- lqgkuh n~okjk dfFkr okf"kZd mRlo dk o.kZu dj losaQxsA3- eq[; vfrfFk osQ Hkk"k.k dk lkj&la{ksi crk losaQxsA4- isM+&ikS/ksa dks yxkus dk egRRo crk losaQxsA5- ôuksa osQ ykHk* fo"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fy[k losaQxsA6- vius fon~;ky; esa euk, x, fdlh Hkh mRlo dk o.kZu dj losaQxsA7- ikB osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ crk losaQxsA

ewyHkko

izLrqr ikB esa laoknkRed 'kSyh esa o`{kksa osQ egRRo ij izdk'k Mkyk x;kgSA o`{kksa ls osQoy lqanjrk gh ugha c<+rh vfirq ;s gekjs fy, cgqrmi;ksxh Hkh gSaA buosQ vHkko esa i`Foh ij thou laHko gh ugha gSA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

Nk=kksa ls muosQ iM+ksl esa mxus okys isM+&ikS/ksa osQ fo"k; esa ppkZdjsaA iwNsa fd mUgsa isM+ksa ls D;k feyrk gS\ ftl jkLrs esa isM+ ughagS vkSj tks jkLrk isM+ksa ls gjk&Hkjk gS] mlosQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaA

⎫⎬⎪

⎭⎪


ljnh] xjeh vkSj olar osQ ekSle esa isM+ oSQls gks tkrs gSa\ ppkZdjsaA isM+ yxkus osQ ykHkksa dks Lo;a crk,¡A

ikBkjaHk

vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A lqgkuh n~okjk dfFkr okf"kZd mRlo osQ o.kZu dh vksj è;ku

vkÑ"V djsaA isM+ yxkus ls igys dh rS;kjh osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaA viZ.k

n~okjk dgs x, laoknksa ij è;ku nsaA Nk=kksa ls iwNsa fd isM+ yxkus osQ D;k&D;k ykHk gksrs gSa\ Nk=kksa

dk è;ku eq[; vfrfFk osQ Hkk"k.k dh vksj fnyok,¡A lqanjrk c<+kus esa isM+ksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA ikB esa dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡ vkSj muosQ iz;ksx ij cy nsaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- ou egksRlo osQ ckjs esa viZ.k us lqgkuh dks crk;kA2- lqgkuh osQ fon~;ky; esa okf"kZd mRlo euk;k x;kA

ysf[kuh ls

1- viZ.k us ou egksRlo osQ ckjs esa lqgkuh dks crk;k fd mUgksausvius vè;kidksa dh ns[k&js[k esa fon~;ky; osQ [ksy eSnku osQpkjksa vksj xM~<s [kksnsA ulZjh ls rjg&rjg osQ ikS/s e¡xokdjyxk, x,A lHkh Nk=kksa us vius&vius ikS/ksa ij vius&vius ukedh iV~fVdk Hkh yxkbZA


2- isM+ksa dh tM+sa feV~Vh dks tdM+dj j[krh gSa ftlls rs”k o"kkZ gksusij Hkwfe esa dVko ugha gksrk vkSj Hkwfe dh mQij okyh ijr]lqjf{kr jgrh gSA bl izdkj isM+ feV~Vh dh j{kk djrs gSaA

3- (d) isM+ gekjs fy, ykHkdkjh gSa] isM+ gesa izk.kok;q nsrs gSaA([k) feV~Vh dk dVko jksdrs gSaA(x) /jrh dh lqanjrk dks c<+krs gSaA(?k) dbZ izdkj dh tM+h&cwfV;k¡ nsrs gSa] tks nokb;k¡ cukus esa

lgk;d gksrh gSaA(Ä) isM+ksa dks dkVus ls rkieku vfu;fer gks tkrk gS] chekfj;k¡

c<+rh gSa] o"kkZ ugha gksrh] o"kkZ u gksus osQ dkj.k tho&tarqej tkrs gSaA bl izdkj isM+ksa dks dkVus ls cgqr&ls uqdlkugksrs gSaA

4- d- (ii) ulZjh ls] [k- (iii) ou foHkkx osQ ,d vf/dkjh

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- (d) Í dh ek=kk okys 'kCnμe`x] uì] i`"B([k) Z okys 'kCnμdeZ] eeZ] nnZ(x) z okys 'kCnμizdk'k] izrki] izlkn

ckr 'kCn dh1- 'kCn fuekZ.k

ijksidkj] yksdksfDr] lw;ksZn;A2- ;kstd@foHkktd fpg~u dk iz;ksx

jkr&fnu] lq[k&nq[k] ckj&ckj] mBrs&cSBrs

ckr okD; dh

1- okD; osQ [kkyh LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ(d) cuk ([k) cu tk,xk(x) cuk,¡xs (?k) cuk;k


2- ûs* dk iz;ksx(d) cPpksa us xhr xk;kA

([k) geus mRlo dh rS;kjh dhA

(x) vfrfFk us Hkk"k.k fn;kA

(?k) ykyph euq"; us isM+ dkV fn;kA

(Ä) viZ.k us vPNh tkudkjh nhAu;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Lo;adjsaA

7- Lokoyachf'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA

2- ^Lokoyach* 'kCn dk vFkZ crk losaQxsA

3- ek¡ us ekfgj dks xsgw¡ filokus osQ fy, oSQls rS;kj fd;k\ bldkmRrj ns losaQxsA

4- dke u djus osQ fy, ekfgj n~okjk dfFkr rdks± dks crk losaQxsA

5- ekfgj us lat; ls oSQls izsj.kk yh\ bl ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA

6- ^dksbZ dke NksVk ugha gksrk* bl ij ik¡p okD; fy[k losaQxsA

7- dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA

ewyHkkoviuk dke Lo;a djuk pkfg,A Lokoyach O;fDr nwljksa osQ Hkjksls ughcSBs jgrsA ,sls O;fDr gh thou esa vkxs c<+rs gSaA


f'k{k.k fof/ikBkjaHk iwoZ vè;kid Nk=kksa ls iwNsa fd os fnuHkj D;k&D;k dke djrs gSa]

vius dejs dh iqLrosaQ] cLrs dks oSQls lkI+kQ j[krs gSa] ?kj esa nw/

dkSu ysdj vkrk gS ;k lkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ esa vki D;k ;ksxnku nsrs gSa

vkfnA blh izdkj dh ckrksa ls ikB rd vk,¡AikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A ^Lokoyach* 'kCn dk vFkZ crk,¡A ^Lo* vkSj ^voyac* dk vFkZ

Hkh cPpksa dks crk,¡A ekfgj osQ dke djus ls euk djus ij Nk=kksa osQ fopkj tkusaA ekrk n~okjk le>k, tkus okys okD;ksa dks fy[kok,¡A ekfgj vkSj lat; dh ckrksa dks foLrkj ls le>k,¡A lat; vkSj ekfgj osQ pfj=k dk I+kQoZQ le>k,¡A le>k,¡ fd lat;

Lokoyach oSQls gSA ekfgj us lat; ls D;k vkSj oSQls lh[kk] bl ij foLrkj ls

ppkZ djsaA ikBxr 'kCnksa osQ foykse vkSj i;kZ; crk,¡A

'kCnkFkZiwokZuqlkj vH;kl djk,¡A

iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- ek¡ ekfgj dks xsgw¡ filokus osQ fy, blfy, dg jgh Fkha D;ksafdmudk lsod pkj&ik¡p fnuksa ls NqV~Vh ij Fkk] vkus okys pkj&ik¡pfnuksa rd mlosQ vkus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha FkhA ?kj esa vkVk[kRe gks pqdk FkkA


2- ek¡ us igyh ckj ekfgj dks le>k;k fd dksbZ Hkh dk;Z rsjk ;kesjk ugha gksrkA ;s fu;e rks gekjs n~okjk cuk, x, gSaA

3- ekfgj us viuh 'keZ feVkus osQ fy, xjnu uhph dj yhA ogvkus&tkus okyksa dh fuxkgksa ls cpus dk vliQy iz;Ru dj jgkFkkA

4- lat; dh nqdku ij igq¡pdj ekfgj us ns[kk fd lat; viuhnqdku esa >kMw+ yxk jgk gSA

5- lat; us dgk fd viuk dke djus esa 'keZ ugha djuh pkfg,ALowQy esa Hkh rks ;gh fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd Lokoyach cuks ;kuhviuk dke Lo;a djksA bl izdkj lat; us ekfgj dks Lokoyachcuus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA

ysf[kuh ls

1- ekfgj dks yx jgk Fkk fd tc og fMCck lkbfdy ij j[kdjtk,xk rks yksx mls ns[kdj g¡lsaxsA ,d lsod dk dk;Z Lo;adjus esa mls 'keZ vk jgh FkhA

2- ekfgj ckj&ckj ek¡ dks nyhy ns jgk Fkk fd ;g dke mldkugha gS] mlus ;g dke igys dHkh ugha fd;kA

3- lat; dh ckr lqudj ekfgj dk eq¡g blfy, [kqyk jg x;kD;ksafd lsod osQ gksrs gq, Hkh lat; Lo;a viuh nqdku esa >kM+wyxk jgk Fkk vkSj mls ;g dk;Z djus esa fcyoqQy Hkh 'keZeglwl ugha gks jgh FkhA

4- Lokoyach gksus dk lgh vFkZ irk pyus ij ekfgj esa cgqrcnyko vk;kA viuk dke Lo;a djus esa mls 'keZ ugha vk jghFkhA og vc viuh xjnu xoZ ls Å¡ph djosQ py jgk FkkA

5- fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- o.kZ&foPNsnikÅ¡xk μ i~ $ vk $ m¡Q $ x~ $ vkns[kw¡xh μ n~ $ , $ [k~ $ m¡Q $ x~ $ bZg¡lh μ g~ $ v¡ $ l~ $ bZ?kaVk μ ?k~ $ v $ aμ $ V~ $ vk

ckr 'kCn dh

mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ;[kRe μ lekIr ”;knk μ vf/d'keZ μ yTtk fuxkg μ nf"Vvlj μ izHkko I+kQk;nk μ ykHktokc μ mRrj vdlj μ izk;%

ckr okD; dh

1- iz'u fuekZ.k(d) dkSu tk,xk\ ([k) dgk¡ x;k\ (x) oSQls d:¡ xk\(?k) D;ksa yxk jgs gks\ (Ä) dc tkvksxs\

2- fØ;k 'kCnksa dk lgh :i([k) j[kdj (x) jks;k (?k) yxk (Ä) NksM+

Hkk"kk iz;ksx

eqgkojksa ls okD; cukuk1- flj ij vk iM+uk μ ek¡ osQ tkrs gh lkjk dke esjs flj ij vk

iM+kA2- jkg ns[kuk μ vkt firk th u;k f[kykSuk yk,¡xs] eSa dc ls

mudh jkg ns[k jgk gw¡A


u;k&fujkyk1- igys fnu cPpksa ls ?kj&ckgj gksus okys dk;ks± dks è;kuiwoZd

ns[kus&le>us osQ fy, dgsaA nwljs fnu muls lwph cukus osQ fy,dgsaA

2- Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu

1- fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA2- ge lat; dh txg gksrs rks viuk dke djrs gq, 'keZ ugha

djrs D;ksafd LowQy vkSj ?kj esa Lokoyach cuus dh izsj.kk nhtkrh gSA gekjh n`f"V esa dksbZ Hkh dke NksVk ;k cM+k ugha gSA geHkh vius fe=k dks dke djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrs rFkk mUgsaxjhc ,oa i<+kbZ esa de”kksj cPpksa dh enn djus osQ fy, dgrsA

3- vius nksLr dks Lokoyach cuus dh izsj.kk nsus ls igys ge Lo;aLokoyach cudj fn[kk,¡xs ftlls thou esa vkxs jgsaA mls Lokoyachgksus dk egRRo le>k,¡xs rkfd og Lokoyach cu vius lkjsdk;Z_ tSlsμlkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ] ?kj osQ NksVs&eksVs dk;Z] NksVs HkkbZ&cguksadks i<+kuk] vius cLrs dks lkI+kQ j[kuk] fdrkcksa osQ jSd Bhddjuk bR;kfn Lo;a djsaA

Kku xksrkvè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

8- dchj osQ nksgsf'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- nksgksa dk 'kqn~/ vkSj Li"V okpu dj losaQxsA2- nksgksa dk lkj crk losaQxsA3- nksgksa dks oaQBLFk djosQ mi;qDr LFkku ij cksy losaQxsA


4- e/qj ok.kh osQ egRRo dks crk losaQxsA5- xq# dh xfjek ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA6- nksgksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA

ewyHkko

dchj osQ nksgs okLrfod thou ls tqM+s gq, gSaA izLrqr nksgksa esa izHkq Lej.k]e/qj ok.kh] ifjJe vkSj xq# dh egRrk dk c[kku fd;k x;k gSA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

vè;kid Nk=kksa dks dchj osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A crk,¡ fd xq# dkthou esa D;k egRRo gSA ehBk cksyus vkSj dMq+ok cksyus osQxq.k&nks"kksa ij ppkZ djsaA ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd vkt osQ dke dksdy ij NksM+us dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS vkfnA

ikBkjaHk

f'k{k.k ls iwoZ] nksgksa dk dbZ ckj lLoj okpu djsaA igys tks nksgk vklku yxrk gks] mls gh i<+k,¡A lkjs nksgksa dks okLrfod thou ls mnkgj.k ns&nsdj i<+k,¡A lq[k

esa O;fDr Hkxoku dks D;ksa ;kn ugha j[krk] bl ij fVIi.kh djsaA dke dks le; ij fuiVkus osQ ckjs esa le>k,¡A crk,¡ fd dy

ij dke NksM+us dk urhtk D;k gks ldrk gSA nsj ls cl LVSaM;k jsyos LVs'ku ij tkus dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS] bls le>k,¡A

ok.kh osQ egRRo dks le>k,¡ fd oSQls ehBs opu dBksj ls dBksjO;fDr dks Hkh fi?kyk ldrs gSaA

vkylh O;fDr n~okjk thou dh cckZnh ij fVIi.kh djsaA xq# osQ egRRo okys vU; nksgs Hkh lquk,¡A

tSlsμ lkr leqnz dh efl djkS ---

xq# oqQEgkj f'k"k oqaQHk gS --- vkfnA



iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- euq"; dks nq[k u gks] blosQ fy, dchj us lq[k esa Hkh bZ'oj dkslqfeju (;kn) djus dk mik; crk;k gSA

2- ehBh ok.kh ls vgadkj dk uk'k gksrk gSA blls vkSjksa dk eu rks'khry gksrk gh gS] Lo;a dk eu Hkh 'khry gks tkrk gSA

3- tc euq"; le; dks O;FkZ (csdkj) x¡ok nsrk gS rks ghjs tSlkvueksy thou dkSM+h&lk gks tkrk gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- dy ij dke u NksM+us dh ckr blfy, dgh xbZ gS D;ksafddy dHkh ugha vkrkA tks dy dk bar”kkj djrk gS] og thouesa fiNM+ tkrk gSA

2- vius fe=k dks i=k fy[krs le; ehBh ok.kh dk egRRo* crkusosQ fy, eSa bl nksgs dk iz;ksx d:¡xk@d:¡xh,slh ok.kh cksfy, eu dk vkik [kks,AvkSju dks 'khry djs vkigq 'khry gks;AA

3- d- (ii) xqjQ dks[k- (iii) Hkxoku dks

4- fn, x, Hkko okyh iafDr;k¡μ(d) dkYg djs lks vkt dj] vkt djs lks vcA([k) ,slh ck.kh cksfy, eu dk vkik [kks,A

vkSju dks 'khry djs vkigq 'khry gks;AA(x) ghjk tue vueksy Fkk dkSM+h cnys tk,AA(?k) gfj :Bs xq# BkSj gS] xq# :BS ugha BkSjAA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- [kM+h cksyh osQ 'kCnlqfeju μ ;kn djuk dkYg μ dyvkSju μ vkSjksa dks dkgs μ oSQls] D;ksalks; osQ μ lksdj BkSj μ LFkku] fBdkuk

2- foijhr vFkZ okys tksM+sdy&vkt (dkYg&vkt)jkr&fnu (jkr&fnol)nwljk&Lo;a (vkSju&vkigq)

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Lo;adjsaA

9- fpfM+;k?kj dh lSjf'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB i<+us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- i'kq vkSj e`x] e`xsanz] 'kk[kke`x vkfn 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA3- fpfM+;k?kj esa ns[ks x, i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ uke crk losaQxsA4- fpfM+;k?kj dk o.kZu dj losaQxsA5- lkfFk;ksa dh ckrksa dks mn~/`r dj losaQxsA6- dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA

ewyHkkotho&tarqvksa] i'kq&if{k;ksa dh tkudkjh] muls izse] mudh mi;ksfxrkA


f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ vè;kid igys Nk=kksa ls muosQ ikl&iM+ksl esa jgus okys i'kqvksa

osQ ckjs esa ckrs djsaA muls iwNsaμdkVus okys] Mlus okys] ekjusokys i'kq&i{kh vkSj ljhlì dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ fofo/ fpfM+;ksa osQckjs esa ckrsa djsa vkSj fiQj dgsa fd vkvks] vkt ;gha cSBs&cSBsfpfM+;k?kj dh lSj djrs gSaA

ikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A crk,¡ fd ck?k] HksfM+;k vkfn tkuojksa dks fiatjksa esa D;ksa j[kk

tkrk gS\ rkykc esa jgus okys if{k;ksa osQ fo"k; esa foLrkj lscrk,¡A Ñf=ke >hy osQ o.kZu dh vksj] mldh 'kCnkoyh dh vksjNk=kksa dk è;ku vkÑ"V djsaA

nknk th us tks ckrsa crkb±] mUgsa fiQj ls nksgjk,¡A Nk=kksa dh mRlqdrk dks cuk, j[ksa] muosQ mRrj /S;Z ls nsaA dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡ rFkk muosQ iz;ksx ij cy nsaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- tks chgM+ taxy esa jgdj ekxZ (ixMaMh) cuk ysrs gSa] mUgsaê`x* dgk tkrk gSA

2- fpfM+;k?kj esa dchj dks vius nksLr Js;k] eksfguh vkSj t;ar feysA3- cPpksa us fpfM+;k?kj esa phrk] HksfM+;k] ck?k] fofo/ jaxksa dh

fpfM+;k¡] ftjkI+kQ] cr[ksa] cxqys] fVVgjh] gal vkfn i'kq&i{kh ns[ksA


ysf[kuh ls1- fpfM+;k?kj esa dchj dks rjg&rjg osQ i'kq&i{kh ns[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk

mudh iwjh tkudkjh fey tk,xh blfy, nknh th us nknk thls dchj dks fpfM+;k?kj ?kqekus osQ fy, dgkA

2- if{k;ksa osQ ehBs Loj] ty osQ mQij yVdrh isM+ksa dh 'kk[kk,¡vkSj ukSdk ls mBus okyh ty&ygfj;k¡ vkfn dks ns[kdj lcdkeu >we mBkA

3- fpfM+;k?kj dk eueksgd okrkoj.k] fofHkUu izdkj osQ i'kq&if{k;ksaosQ ehBs Loj] ty osQ mQij yVdrh isM+ksa dh 'kk[kk,¡] >hy ,oapkjksa vksj fc[kjs lkSan;Z dks ns[kdj dchj dk eu ?kj esa vkusosQ ckn Hkh ogha ?kwe jgk FkkA

4- gesa i'kqvksa dh j{kk djus osQ fy, muosQ jgus dh txg dkslkI+kQ&lqFkjk j[kuk pkfg,A muosQ [kkus osQ ukn (crZu) dkslkI+kQ j[kuk pkfg,A mlosQ LFkku dks d¡Vhyh rkjksa ls csM+k cukdj?ksj nsuk pkfg, rkfd dksbZ taxyh tkuoj ;k f'kdkjh vanj uvk losQA chekj i'kq dh rqjar fpfdRlk djokuh pkfg,A muosQizfr n;k dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg,A muosQ lkFk ekj&ihV ;k¯glk djus ls os cpko esa ¯gld gks mBrs gSa bl rF; dk Hkhè;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

5- (iii) ogk¡ bldh vuqefr ugha FkhA6- uke fyf[k,μ

(d) taxyh i'kq μ Hkkyw] gkFkh] fgju] 'ksj] phrk] ck?k] canj]HksfM+;kA

([k) ikyrw i'kq μ oqQRrk] xk;] HkSal] cdjh] cSy] ?kksM+k] Å¡V] lwvjA(x) nw/&?kh ls gekjk iks"k.k djus okys i'kqμ

xk;] HkSal] cdjhA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- o.kZ&foPNsni{k μ i~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ vi{kh μ i~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ bZ;K μ ;~ $ v $ t~ $ ×k~ $ vfp=k μ p~ $ b $ r~ $ j~ $ vJh μ 'k~ $ j~ $ bZ

ckr 'kCn dh

1- foykse 'kCnnqyZHk × lqyHk Ñf=ke × izkÑfrdvko';d × vuko';d ikyrw × fgald'kkafr × v'kkafr 'k=kq × fe=kcslqjk × lqjhyk Hk;Hkhr × fuMj

2- cgqopu(d) fMfc;k μ fMfc;k¡ ([k) ukSdk μ ukSdk,¡

xqfM+;k μ xqfM+;k¡ 'kk[kk μ 'kk[kk,¡pqfg;k μ pqfg;k¡ dfork μ dfork,¡iqfM+;k μ iqfM+;k¡ fn'kk μ fn'kk,¡

3- fo'ks"k.k 'kCneq[; n~okj μ eq[; Ñf=ke >hy μ Ñf=ketaxyh i'kq μ taxyh tkikuh ukSdk μ tkikuhlI+ksQn cr[ksa μ lI+ksQn ehBk Loj μ ehBk


ckr okD; dh

(d) ge viuh iqLrd ^ladYi* i<+ jgs gSaA([k) ek¡ us dgk] ^^;g ikB ”kksj&”kksj ls i<+ksA**(x) esjs nknk th cksys] ^êSa Hkh rqEgsa fpfM+;k?kj ys tkÅ¡xkA**(?k) esjh nknh th us xhrk*] jkepfjrekul* nksuksa iqLrosaQ i<+h gSaA

u;k&fujkyk1- vkSj 2- Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSA

eu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Lo;a djsaA

10- egkRek xk¡/h

f'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- êgkRek xk¡/h* ikB dk lkj lquk losaQxsA3- lR;oknh gfj'panz rFkk Jo.k oqQekj osQ izlaxksa osQ izHkko dks crk

losaQxsA4- vI+kzQhdh esa xk¡/h th dks cqjh yxus okyh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k

dj losaQxsA5- crk losaQxs fd xk¡/h th ^lR;kxzg* fdls dgrs FksA6- xk¡/h th osQ tsy esa tkus osQ dkj.kksa dks crk losaQxsA7- ^MkaMh ;k=kk* dks vius 'kCnksa esa crk losaQxsA8- mu dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dj losaQxs] ftuosQ dkj.k xk¡/h th ;kn

fd, tkrs gSaA

ewyHkkons'k dh vk”kknh esa xk¡/h th dk egRRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA bl ikBesa xk¡/h th osQ thou osQ oqQN [kkl&[kkl izlax fijks, x, gSaA


f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ egku O;fDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa Nk=kksa ls iwNsaA muosQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaA

xk¡/h th osQ fo"k; esa crk,¡A vk”kknh osQ fy, mudh Hkwfedk

dh ppkZ djsaAikBkjaHk ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A xk¡/h th dh thouh osQ oqQN izlax lquk,¡A ^lR;kxzg* 'kCn dk vFkZ crk,¡A vI+kzQhdh ?kVuk osQ izHkko dk foLr`r o.kZu djsaA tsy tkus osQ dkj.kksa ij foLrkj ls ckr djsaA yksdeaxy osQ dk;ksZa dh lwph cuok,¡A dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡ mudk iz;ksx Hkh djk,¡A xk¡/h dh thou ls tqM+h vkSj Hkh dgkfu;k¡ lquk,¡ vkSj lqusaA


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- xk¡/h th dh ek¡ mUgsa lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh dh dgkfu;k¡ lquk;kdjrh FkhaA

2- yksdeaxy dk vFkZ gSμnwljksa dh HkykbZ djukA ge yksdeaxyosQ fy, vukFk cPpksa] fo/ok] cqtqxZ] ck<+ ,oa HkwoaQi ihfM+rksa osQfy, oL=k] Hkkstu] nokbZ] vkokl dh O;oLFkk pank bdV~BkdjosQ djsaxsA lekt osQ /uh oxZ ls Hkh fourh djsaxs fd os Hkhbl iq.; dk;Z osQ Hkkxhnkj cusaA


3- xk¡/h th us ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* dk ukjk yxk;k FkkA4- lR;oknh gfj'panz ukVd ns[kdj xk¡/h th osQ eu esa ;g ckr

lek xbZ fd lc gfj'panz tSls lR;oknh D;ksa ugha gks tkrsA5- xk¡/h th us ns[kk nf{k.k vI+kzQhdk esa cls v¡xjs”k vI+kzQhdkokyksa

rFkk ¯gnqLrkfu;ksa osQ lkFk vPNk cjrko ugha djrs gSaA

ysf[kuh ls1- lR; osQ fy, fcuk nwljs dks pksV igq¡pk, yM+us dks ^lR;kxzg*

dgk tkrk gSA2- xk¡/h th dks ge blfy, ;kn djrs gSa D;ksafd mUgksaus gesa vk”kknh

fnykus osQ lkFk&lkFk yksdeaxy osQ cM+s&cM+s dke Hkh fd,A3- ge vius ekrk&firk dh lsok mudh ckrksa dks ekudj djrs gSaA

lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh] izse osQ lkFk vius NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dh enndjosQ Hkh ,d rjg ls ekrk&firk dh lsok gksrh gSA ge lcosQlkFk vPNk O;ogkj djsaxsA

4- cPpksa osQ ys[k ij è;ku nsaA v{kjksa dks lqanj cukus osQ fy,izsfjr djsaA

5- d- (iii) ekrk&firk dh lsok djuh pkfg,][k- (ii) lR; cksyus okyk

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- laKk osQ Hksn

O;fDrokpd tkfrokpd Hkkookpdgfj'panz fon~;kFkhZ [kq'khiqryhckbZ firk vk”kknhMkaMh ;k=kk njok”kk lsok


2- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCnlR; osQ fy, vkxzg djus okyk μ lR;kxzghxzke esa jgus okys μ xzkeh.kvk”kknh osQ fy, yM+k tkus okyk ;qn~/ μ Lora=krk laxzke

3- ^'k~* dk mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku djsaA

ckr okD; dh

1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ@;kstd 'kCn(d) vkSj ([k) D;ksafd (x) blfy, (?k) ijarq (Ä) fd

2- fojke&fpg~u(d) D;k rqeus xk¡/h th dks ns[kk gS\([k) ge lc vfgalk dk ikyu djrs gSaA(x) vksg! eSa rqEgsa lHkk esa ys tkuk Hkwy x;kA(?k) xk¡/h th ft/j tkrs] m/j izlUurk dh ygj nkSM+ tkrhA(Ä) nknk th us dgk] ^êSa lR; vkSj vfgalk dk iqtkjh gw¡A**

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSA

eu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

ckiw] rqEgsa iz.kke(vfrfjDr iBu)

gS fdldh rlohj\

igyh dfork xk¡/h th osQ tUefnu vkSj nwljh mudh e`R;q ijfy[kh xbZ gSA Nk=k xk¡/h th osQ thou] muosQ ns'kizse] R;kx vkSjcfynku ls izsj.kk ysa] blosQ fy, xk¡/h th osQ ckjs esa Nk=kksa dksfoLrkj ls crk,¡A dforkvksa dk igys vyx&vyx] fiQj leosrLoj esa okpu djok,¡A

⎫⎬⎪

⎭⎪


11- lh[k rkdks nhft,] tkdks lh[k lqgk;f'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- ikB esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ tku losaQxsA3- ckfj'k osQ le; canj dh gkyr dk mYys[k dj losaQxsA4- c;k n~okjk le>kus ij canj osQ O;ogkj ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA5- canj n~okjk c;k osQ ?kksalys dks rksM+us dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA6- crk losaQxs fd lar LoHkko okys O;fDr us D;k dgk] vkSj D;ksa\7- ikB dk lkj fy[k losaQxsA8- ikB esa vk, 'kCnksa osQ foykse vkSj i;kZ; fy[k losaQxsA9- vkylh] Øks/h] ifjJeh] n;kyq] nwljksa dks gkfu igq¡pkuk] viuk

dke Lo;a djuk] nwj dh lkspuk] viuk dke u djuk vkfn 'kCnksaesa ls c;k vkSj canj osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kCnksa dk p;u dj losaQxsA

ewyHkkoew[kZ vkSj vfoosdh izk.kh dks lykg nsus ls viuk gh uqdlku gksrk gSA

f'k{k.k fof/ikBkjaHk iwoZ mu O;fDr;ksa] cPpksa osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ dhft, tks viuk dke

ugha djrsA dke ugha djus osQ ifj.kke Hkh crkb,A crkb, fdfudEes vkneh thou esa oSQls ihNs jg tkrs gSaA

;g Hkh crkb, fd LokFkhZ O;fDr (canj tSlk) nwljksa dk uqdlkurks dj ldrk gS ijarq muosQ fuekZ.k dh 'kfDr dks ugha NhuldrkA i'kq&i{kh] euq"; vkfn lHkh dks viuk dke lksp&le>djvkSj ifjJe ls djuk pkfg,A lykg Hkh mlh dks nsuh pkfg,]tks mlosQ ;ksX; gks ;k tks mls ekusA v;ksX; dks lykg nsus dkD;k ifj.kke gksrk gS] vkb, i<+rs gSa bl dgkuh esa---


ikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk lLoj vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A v'kqn~f/;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djsaA ccwy] lfgtu vkfn o`{kksa dks fn[kk losaQ] rks cgqr vPNk gksxkA ekSle osQ o.kZu okyh 'kCnkoyh ij è;ku vkÑ"V djsaA c;k osQ dFku dk dkj.k le>k,¡A canj osQ ukjk”k gksus osQ dkj.k ij ppkZ djk,¡ fd canj dk

fcxM+uk mfpr Fkk ;k vuqfpr\ lar LoHkko okys O;fDr dh mfDr dh O;k[;k djsaA ikB dk lkj crk,¡A


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- c;k i{kh [kkj esa yVdh gqbZ ccwy dh ,d iryh Mky ij cusvius ?kksalys esa >wy jgs FksA

2- canj isM+ ij cSBk ;g lksp jgk Fkk fd tYnh&ls&tYnh ckfj'k#d tk,A

3- ewlyk/kj ckfj'k osQ ckn vksys fxjus yxsA rs”k gok pyus osQdkj.k BaM c<+ xbZ vkSj canj ”kksj&”kksj ls fdfd;kus yxkAftlls okrkoj.k xaHkhj gks x;kA

4- c;k if{k;ksa osQ ckfj'k esa Hkhxus dk ;g dkj.k Fkk fd canj usØks/ esa vkdj mudk ?kksalyk rksM+ fn;k FkkA

5- lar us c;k if{k;ksa dh gkyr ns[kdj tks dgk mlls ge lgergSaA gesa ew[kks± dks lh[k ugha nsuh pkfg,A gesa ges'kk f'k{kk mlhizk.kh dks nsuh pkfg, tks mlosQ ik=k gks rkfd] os viuh xyrh dkslq/kjs o f'k{kk dks vey esa yk,A nqtZu O;fDr dks lh[k nsus ijlTtu euq"; dks dbZ ckj ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA


ysf[kuh ls1- c;k i{kh lqgkous ekSle dk vkuan ys jgs FksA2- c;k us canj dks pkSekls esa vius jgus osQ fy, NIij cukus dh

lykg nhA igys rks canj us mUgsa oqQN ugha dgk ij nksckjk dgusij og cqjh rjg fcxM+ x;kA

3- cgqoSdfYid iz'ud- (ii) u tkus o"kkZ dc #osQxh] [k- (i) vR;ar ozQks/ esa Fkk]x- (iii) lh[k dks ekus

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- Lo;a djsaA2- fo'ks"k.k 'kCnμcgqr ?kuk cxhpk Fkk ogA mlesa lqanj iwQy

f[kys gq, FksA lqcg dk le; FkkA BaMh gok cg jgh FkhA oqQNcPps ogk¡ [ksy jgs FksA lcosQ eu mRlkfgr Fks fd vpkud?ku?kksj ?kVk,¡ f?kj vkb±A lc cPps cseu ls ?kj dh vksj HkkxsD;ksafd os rks vHkh vkSj [ksyuk pkgrs FksA

3- fo'ks"k.kμfo'ks";fo'ks"k.k laKk 'kCn fo'ks"k.k laKk 'kCnBaMh gok ewlyk/kj cjlkrlqgkouk ekSle frjNh u”kjiryh Mky iryh VguhcM+h&cM+h cw¡nsa NksVh&lh oqQfV;k

4- fØ;k 'kCnpyuk] cukuk] rksM+uk] cSBuk] gksuk

ckr okD; dh

1- dgkuh Øekuqlkj ?kVuk,¡μ(x)] (p)] (?k)] (d)]([k)] (Ä)A


2- la;qDr okD;(d) dkys cknyksa esa fctyh ped mBrh FkhA([k) ,d taxy esa ccwy dk isM+ FkkA(x) taxy esa lqanj iq"i egd jgs FksA(?k) canj us Vguh rksM+dj mQij [khap yhA

Hkk"kk iz;ksx

Nk=k Lo;a djsaA vè;kid v{kjksa dh cukoV ij è;ku nsaA

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;adjsaA

12- ge pk¡n cusaxsf'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk vkjksg&vojksg osQ lkFk 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- ^v¡f/;kjs esa iFk fn[kykus* dk vFkZ crk losaQxsA3- uHk esa iwQy f[kykus dks Li"V dj losaQxsA4- HkkSajs cudj xhr lqukus dk Hkko crk losaQxsA5- /jrh dks LoxZ cukus dks Li"V dj losaQxsA

ewyHkko

izÑfr gesa ges'kk nsrh gS] gels oqQN ysrh ugha gSA nsus esa] [kqf'k;k¡fc[ksjus esa gh thou dh lkFkZdrk gSA izÑfr ls lh[k ysdj gh bucPpksa us Hkh /jrh dks [kqf'k;ksa ls Hkj nsus dh Bku yh gSA


f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

cPpksa ls pk¡n] lwjt] nhid vkfn dh ckrsa dhft, tks izdk'kiSQykrs gSaA

muls iwQy vkSj HkkSajksa dh ppkZ Hkh dhft, vkSj iwfN,μv¡/sjsdks dkSu feVkrk gS\ rkjs oSQls yxrs gSaA lwjt osQ D;k ykHk gSa\iwQy oSQls yxrs gS\ D;ksa\ vkfn ij ppkZ djosQ dfork dkekgkSy cukb,A

ikBkjaHk dfork dk rhu&pkj ckj ,slk okpu djsa fd vFkZ Lo;a Nydus

yx tk,A Nk=kksa ls mlh y;] vkjksg&vojksg] vkSj 'kqn~/rk osQ lkFk okpu

djk,¡ tks visf{kr gSA ûHk esa iwQy f[kykus* osQ Hkko dks Li"V djsa vkSj /jrh dks LoxZ

cukus dh ckr Hkh le>k,¡A LoxZ mlh dks dgrs gSa tgk¡ nq[k dk ys'kek=k Hkh ugha gSA ,slk

LoxZ izse esa gks ldrk gSA n;k esa gks ldrk gSA ijksidkj esa gksldrk gSA dgrs gSaμnku] i'pkRRkki] larks"k] la;e] nhurk] lR;vkSj n;k ;s LoxZ osQ lkr n~okj gSaA bUgsa ;Fkksfpr <ax ls le>k,¡A

;g Hkh crk,¡ fd lnk izlUu jguk] fiz; cksyuk] lq'khyrk] vkReh;tuksa ls izse] lTtuksa dk lax] fuÑ"Vksa dh mis{kk Hkh LoxZ esa jgusokyksa osQ y{k.k gSaA

dfork dk vFkZ&cks/ djkus osQ ckn ,d ckj fiQj ls lkewfgdokpu djsa rkfd dfork dk vkuan fy;k tk losQA

dfork dks oaQBLFk djk,¡A

'kCnkFkZ



iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- dfo pk¡n] rkjs] lwjt] HkkSajk vkSj iwQy cuuk pkgrk gSA2- v¡/sjs esa jkLrk fn[kykus osQ fy, gesa pk¡n cuuk gksxkA3- miou esa xhr HkkSajs lqukrs gSaA4- /jrh dks LoxZ cukus osQ fy, gesa iwQy cudj I;kjh [kq'kcw dks

gj fnu ;gk¡ iSQykuk gksxkA

ysf[kuh ls

1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ([k) lwus uHk esa iwQy f[kykuk(x) u;k mtkyk ysdj vkuk(?k) miou&miou xhr lqukuk(Ä) I;kjh [kq'kcw jks”k yqVkuk(p) LoxZ cukuk pkgrs gSaA

2- (d) ge pk¡n cusaxs ([k) ge cudj rkjsv¡f/;kjs esa lwus uHk esaiFk fn[kyk,¡xsA iwQy f[kyk,¡xsA

(x) ge cudj lwjt (?k) ge cudj HkkSajsu;k mtkyk miou&miouysdj vk,¡xsA xhr lquk,¡xsA

3- d- (i) lcdks izlUu j[ksaxs] [k- (iii) [kq'kcw

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- i;kZ;okph 'kCn

uHk μ O;kse] xxu HkkSajk μ e/qi] e/qdj[kq'kcw μ lqxa/] lqokl


2- (iii) pedhyk

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gS!

eu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

13- gdhe vtey [kk¡f'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- crk losaQxs fd [kk¡ lkgc us dkSu&dkSu&lh vPNh vknrsa ?kj ls

lh[khaA3- gdhe th n~okjk fd, x, dk;ks± dk mYys[k dj losaQxsA4- gdhe lkgc osQ ns'kizse dk mnkgj.k ns losaQxs vkSj crk losaQxs

fd gdhe th oSQls jgefny Fks!

ewyHkko

gdhe v”key [kk¡ tSls jgefny vkSj egku O;fDr osQ thou ls izsj.kkysukA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ Nk=kksa ls muosQ iM+ksl esa jgus okys MkWDVj] lektlsoh] usd&bulkuksa

osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaA muls iwNsa fd os vkneh vkidks D;ksa vPNsyxrs gSaA D;k vki Hkh pkgrs gSa fd vki nwljksa dks vPNs yxsa\;fn gk¡] rks mlosQ fy, D;k djsaxs\ vkfn&vkfn ppkZ djrs&djrsdgsa fd vkt ge ,d usdfny vkneh osQ ckjs esa tkusaxs ftUgksausyksxksa dh tkusa cpkb±] lsok dh vkSj dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dhA


ikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A Nk=kksa dks le>k,¡ fd ijksidkj ls yksxksa dk ;'k iSQyrk gSA tks

yksx ijksidkj ugha djrs] egt LokFkZ osQ fy, thrs gSa mUgsai'kq&i{kh Hkh Nwuk ilan ugha djrsA

gdhe n~okjk fd, x, dk;ks±μtkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k cukusesa ;ksxnku] cw¡nh osQ egkjkt n~okjk fn, x, /u dk nku] fon~;ky;[kksyuk] frfc;k dkWyst cukuk] lekt lsok djuk] gnw&eqlyekuksadks ,d djosQ vaxjs”kksa osQ fo#n~/ yM+uk vkfn dh foLrkj lsppkZ djsaA

muosQ jgefny (n;kyq) gksus dh ?kVuk dks Hkh crk,¡ vkSj Nk=kksals iwNsa gdhe th n~okjk fd, x, dk;ks± esa ls mUgsa lcls ”;knkilan dkSu&lk dk;Z vk;kA

,d ckj iqu% lkj la{ksi esa gdhe th dh thouh lquk,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- tks O;fDr lekt dh HkykbZ osQ fy, fnu&jkr tqVs jgrs gSa] muO;fDr;ksa osQ uke ij lM+dksa rFkk LFkkuksa osQ uke j[ks tkrs gSaA

2- vtey [kk¡ us izkjafHkd f'k{kk ?kj ij gh izkIr dhA3- ,d ckj jkeiqj osQ uokc dk bykt djus gsrq tkrs oDr jsy osQ

cgqr&ls fMCcs batu ls VwVdj unh esa fxj x, ijarq vtey [kk¡dk fMCck iqy osQ ckgj #d x;k vkSj os cky&cky cp x,Abl mnkgj.k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd nwljksa dh j{kk djus okysdh Hkxoku Lo;a j{kk djrk gSA


ysf[kuh ls

1- vtey [kk¡ us vius ?kj ls ifjJe] n;k&Hkkouk] bZ'oj vkSjxjhcksa osQ izfr izse rFkk HkykbZ djus tSlh vPNh vknrsa lh[khaA

2- vtey [kk¡ us pk¡nuh pkSd cYyhekjku esa ,d fon~;ky; [kksykAblosQ vfrfjDr mUgksaus frfCc;k dkWyst dh uhao Mkyh rFkk^tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k* fon~;ky; dks cukus esa Hkh c<+&p<+dj;ksxnku fn;kA

3- gdhe vtey [kk¡ osQ jgefny vkSj ifjJeh LoHkko] bZ'ojosQ izfr Jn~/k] xjhcksa osQ izfr izse] lekt esa yksxksa dh f'k{kk osQfy, mfpr volj nsus tSls xq.kksa us gesa vR;ar izHkkfor fd;kA

4- (iii) os ?kk;y jsy;kf=k;ksa dks cpkus esa tqV x, FksA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

M+ vkSj <+ osQ mPpkj.k esa varj crk,¡A cksyus dk vH;kl djok,¡Apkj&pkj 'kCn bl izdkj gSaμM+ μ yM+dh] dM+dh] dM+d] eksM+<+ μ c<+kbZ] c<+bZ] p<+kbZ] d<+kbZ

ckr 'kCn dh

fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";1- fo'ks"k.k μ n;kyq] jgefny] jbZl] xjhc

fo'ks"; μ efgyk] balku] ekfyd] e”knwj2- (iii) HkykbZ3- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn

vui<+] ns'kizseh] lektlsoh4- opu ifjorZu

ufn;k¡] ?kkfV;k¡ yM+kb;k¡] cqjkb;k¡vknrsa] jsysa@jsyksa oqQjrs] iSls


ckr okD; dh

loZuke 'kCn osQ lgh :iμ1- (d) rqEgkjs ([k) og (x) eq>s (?k) os (Ä) rqe

lgh okD;μ2- (d) bl lekt esa dksbZ L=kh&iq#"k vui<+ u jgsA

([k) os nqf[k;ksa dh lsok esa tqV x,A(x) vc Hkh ge muosQ usd dkeksa dks ;kn djrs gSaA(?k) mudh ;kn gekjs fnyksa esa lnk jgsxhA

u;k&fujkyk vè;kid vko';d funsZ'k nsa vkSj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA


14- elftn ;k iqyf'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks i<+us vkSj le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- dfBu 'kCnksa@eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ crk losaQxsA3- eqckjd [kku osQ O;ogkj ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA4- vdcj osQ iztk dk [k;ky j[kss tkus dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr

dj losaQxsA5- cqf<+;k vkSj ckn'kkg osQ laoknksa osQ vk/kj ij muosQ pfj=k dk

mYys[k djsaxsA6- ckn'kkg n~okjk cqf<+;k dk 'kqfØ;k vnk djus ij vius fopkj

O;Dr dj losaQxsA7- ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ns losaQxsA

ewyHkko

viuh lq[k&lqfo/kvksa dks NksM+dj iztk osQ izfr vius drZO; dksfuHkkus okyk gh lgh vFkks± esa iztk ikyd gksrk gSA


f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

jktk&iztk osQ laca/ esa dksbZ dgkuh lquk,¡A igys jktk fdlizdkj os'k cnydj iztk osQ lq[k&nq[k dh Vksg ysrs Fks] bl Hkkodh ?kVuk@dgkuh lquk,¡A Nk=kksa dh izfrfØ;k,¡ tkusaA tc Nk=kiw.kZ:i ls lquus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tk,¡ rks mDr dgkuh lquk,¡Adgkuh osQ ik=kksaμeqckjd [kku] ckn'kkg vdcj vkSj cqf<+;k osQckjs esa Nk=kksa ls foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaA

ikBkjaHk

vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsa vkSj Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpudjk,¡A okpu osQ i'pkr dgkuh osQ ik=kksa ij ppkZ djsaA mudhpkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa dks mHkkjsaA bl ckr ij Hkh ppkZ djsa fd iqyvkSj elftn esa ls igys D;k cukuk pkfg, vkSj D;ksaA

cqf<+;k n~okjk cksys x, laoknksa esa >ydrk vkØks'k vkSj eqckjdn~okjk cksys x, laoknksa esa >ydrs vfrfjDr f'k"Vkpkj dh vksjè;ku vkdf"kZr djsaA

lezkV vdcj osQ mu xq.kksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djsa tks jktksfprgSaA èkS;Z] lgu'khyrk] ekuo&lsok vkfn ij [kqydj Nk=kksa lsppkZ djsaA ikB esa vk, eqgkojksa dk vFkZ crk,¡ vkSj crk,¡ fdoSQls bu eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk dk lkSan;Z c<+ tkrk gSA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- eqckjd [kku tkSuiqj dk lwcsnkj FkkA2- uD'kk ns[kdj ckn'kkg cgqr [kq'k gq,A mUgksaus mldh xxupqach

ehukjsa] fujkys xqacn rFkk [kqys rkykc dh iz'kalk dhA


3- uko osQ ikl ckn'kkg us ,d 80&90 lky dh dkyh vkSj NksVsdn dh cqf<+;k dks xBjh Fkkes [kM+s ns[kkA og cqf<+;k ?kj tkusosQ fy, [kM+h Fkh ijarq eYykg osQ u gksus ij og eqa'kh o eYykgdks dksl jgh FkhA

4- cqf<+;k oqQEgkj dk dk;Z djosQ vius uUgs iksrs&iksrh dks ikyrh FkhA5- tkSuiqj esa igys iqy cukA

ysf[kuh ls1- eqckjd [kku ckn'kkg vdcj dks elftn dk uD'kk fn[kkus osQ

fy, tkSuiqj cqykuk pkgrk FkkA2- cqf<+;k tYnh ls tYnh ?kj igq¡puk pkgrh FkhA ?kj esa mlosQ uUgs

iksrk&iksrh vosQys FksA uko osQ ikl dksbZ eYykg u FkkA v¡/sjkgksus yxk FkkA uUgs iksrs&iksrh dk è;ku vkrs gh mls xqLlk vkusyxkA gk¡ cqf<+;k dk xqLlk tk;t FkkA eqa'kh nÝrj can djosQpyk x;k Fkk blfy, ogk¡ dksbZ eYykg Hkh ugha FkkA mls eqa'kho eYykg dh dkepksjh ij gh xqLlk vk jgk FkkA

3- cqf<+;k dg jgh Fkh fd eqckjd [kku dks fdlh dh ijokg ughaAmls cl dj olwyus vkSj [kwclwjr o 'kkunkj elftn cukdjckn'kkg dks [kq'k djus ls eryc gS ftlls fd mldk vksgnkvkSj c<+sA

4- cqf<+;k eYykg ij blfy, fpYyk jgh Fkh] D;ksafd eYykgmYVh&lh/h uko pykdj nsj dj jgk Fkk vkSj cqf<+;k osQ iksrs&iksrh?kj ij Hkw[ks&I;kls mldk bartkj dj jgs FksA

5- vdcj us cqf<+;k ls lPpkbZ rFkk vlfy;r dk lcd lh[kkA6- lgh mRrjμ

d- (ii) iqy cus] [k- (iii) viuk drZO; tku x, FksA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

tkSuiqj] elftn] è;ku] gquj] cqf<+;k] eYykg] ckn'kkg] nÝ+rj] vksgnk]cPps] Hkw[k] e¡>/kjA

ckr 'kCn dh

1- L=khfyax 'kCnlezkV μ lezkKh 'ksj μ 'ksjuh vkneh μ vkSjrm¡QV μ m¡QVuh cw<+k μ cqf<+;k eksj μ eksjuh

2- mnwZ osQ lekukFkhZ 'kCnxqLlk μ ozQks/ [kwu μ jDrizk.k μ tku eqf'dy μ dfBukbZLokeh μ ekfyd [kwclwjr μ lqanjbartkj μ izrh{kk vlfy;r μ okLrfodrk

3- L=khfYakxμiqfYayxxkserh unh μ L=khfYakx cqf<+;k μ L=khfYakxeSnku μ iqfYayx vksgnk μ iqfYayxelftn μ L=khfYakx Hkw[k μ L=khfYakxiztk μ L=khfYakx pIiw μ iqfYayx

4- iqu#Dr 'kCn&;qXe μ jks”k&jks”k] mrjrs&mrjrs]foykse 'kCn&;qXe μ gkfu&ykHk] Å¡pk&uhpklekukFkhZ 'kCn&;qXe μ isM+&ikS/s] ?kkl&iwQl] gjs&Hkjs

ckr okD; dh

1- dky(d) orZeku dky]([k) Hkfo"; dky](x) Hkwrdky


3- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k(d) nkSM+rs gq,] ([k) rs”kh&ls](x) /hjs&/hjs] (?k) owQnrk&iQk¡nrk](Ä) ”kksj&”kksj lsA

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu

1- fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA2- ;fn ge vdcj dh txg gksrs rks cqf<+;k dh ijs'kkuh dks

le>us dh ps"Vk djrs fd og ,slk O;ogkj D;ksa dj jgh gS\mlosQ dkj.k dks le>us osQ ckn mldh ijs'kkuh dks nwj djrsrFkk Hkz"Vkpkjh deZpkjh dks M;wVh ij u gksus ij mls ineqDrdj nsrs rFkk mlosQ f[kykI+kQ l[r ls l[r dk;Zokgh djrsA

Kku xksrk vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

15- t; fgan!f'k{k.k mn~ns';

xhr dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- xhr dk lLoj okpu dj losaQxsA2- viuh euilan iafDr;ksa dks oaQBLFk djosQ lquk losaQxsA3- ^jLrs is pyw¡xk u Mj&Mj osQ* esa fdl jLrs dh ckr dh tk jgh

gSμbldk mRrj ns losaQxsA4- ^/wi esa ilhuk---* okys pj.k ij ppkZ dj losaQxsA5- bls Hkh crk losaQxs fd xhrdkj dk e'khuksa dk uxj cukus ls

D;k vfHkizk; gS\6- ^flrkjk cuuk* ^vk¡[kksa dk rkjk cuuk* dks Li"V dj losaQxsA7- ^'kkafr dh uxjh* ls D;k vfHkizk; gSA bldk mYys[k dj losaQxsA8- ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ns losaQxsA


ewyHkko

ns'kizse] lkgl] yxu rFkk vkRefo'oklA ns'k dh j{kk djuk osQoyoqQN O;fDr;ksa dk gh dke ugha gS vfirq ns'k osQ cPps&cPps dks ns'kdh izxfr vkSj j{kk osQ fy, vkxs vkuk gksxk rHkh ge rjDdh dkijpe ygjk ik,¡xsA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

ikB i<+kus ls igys] Hkkjr ns'k osQ xkSjo&xfjek ij ppkZ djsa]>aMs osQ egRRo dks le>k,¡A crk,¡ fd Lora=krk iwoZ ns'k dksfdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw>uk iM+k FkkA bl ckr ij Hkh ppkZ djsafd dy&dkj[kkus D;ksa yxk, tkus pkfg,\ ns'k esa 'kkafr&lqO;oLFkkoSQls gks ldrh gS\ vkfnA

ikBkjaHk

xhr dk nks&rhu ckj lLoj y;iw.kZ <ax ls vkn'kZ okpu djsaANk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A

μ jLrs is pyw¡xk μ thuk iM+s ej&ej osQμ /wi esa ilhuk cgkÅ¡xk--- μ iQkosQ u ik,¡xs tueμ e'khuksa dk uxj μ j[kw¡xk Å¡pk frjaxk gjneμ 'kkafr dh uxjh vkfn inca/ksa dh foLrkj ls O;k[;k djsaA

xhr dks oaQBLFk djk,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- ^cksyks esjs lax* esa lax cksyus okys uUgs flikgh gks ldrs gSaA


2- êaf”ky ikus ls igys #ow¡Qxk ugha* ;g vFkZ bl iafDr dk gSμeaf”ky ls igys u yw¡xk dgha nevkxs gh vkxs c<+km¡Qxk dneA

3- tgk¡ /wi esa ilhuk cgsxk vFkkZr~ ifjJe gksxk] ogk¡ gjs&Hkjs [ksrygjk,¡xsA

4- (x) ns'k&izse dk

ysf[kuh ls1- uUgk flikgh ;g crkuk pkgrk gS fd og ns'k dh rjDdh osQ

fy, lnk vkxs dk;Z djrk jgsxk ftlls fd mldk uke flrkjsdh rjg pkjksa vksj tx esa peosQA

2- fuMj gksdj y{; ij igq¡pukjLrs ij pyw¡xk u Mj&Mj osQpkgs eq>s thuk iM+s ej&ej osQeaf”ky ls igys u yw¡xk dgha nevkxs&gh&vkxs c<+km¡Qxk dneA

ubZ rduhd ls mRiknu djuku;k gS ”kekuk esjk ubZ gS Mxjns'k dks cukm¡Qxk e'khuksa dk uxjHkkjr fdlh ls jgsxk ugha devkxs&gh&vkxs c<+km¡Qxk dne

3- d- (iv) bZ";kZ [k- (ii) dksbZ Hkw[kk ugha jgsxk

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- rqdkar 'kCnne μ dne rkjk μ flrkjkMxj μ uxj c<+kÅ¡xk μ cgkÅ¡xk

oru μ pyu


2- rn~Hko :ivkez μ vke nf/ μ nghgLr μ gkFk eq[k μ eq¡gvks"B μ vksB ukfldk μ ukdekr` μ ekrk fir μ firkHkzkr` μ HkkbZ Hkfxuh μ cgu


eu ik[kh culcdh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk cuus osQ fy, ge cPps vPNs&vPNs dk;Z viuh#fp o mez osQ vuqlkj djsaxsA lHkh esa ns'k&izse dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaxs]yM+kbZ&>xM+k ugha djsaxs] vR;kpkj ugha lgsaxsA lekt esa lcosQ lkFke/qj O;ogkj j[ksaxsA izse osQ lkFk jgsaxs rFkk xjhc&vehj] /eZ] tkfr&ikfrdk Hksn&Hkko feVkus osQ lkFk&lkFk ijksidkjh dk;Z djsaxs ftuls gekjsekrk&firk dks xoZ eglwl gksAKku xksrk Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

f'k{kd fnol (vfrfjDr iBu)

nqfu;k Hkj esa f'k{kd fnol vyx&vyx rkjh[kksa vkSj vyx&vyxukeksa ls eukrs gSaA vius Kku nsus okys xq# osQ izfr vknj Hkko O;Drdjus osQ fy, gh f'k{kd fnol euk;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku osQ ckjs esa d{kk esa ppkZ djsaANk=kksa ls okpu djok,¡A thou esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vkSj egRRo osQckjs esa Nk=kksa dks crk,¡A


16- 'krjat esa ekr

f'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB i<+us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡ fd osμ

1- laoknksa dks ik=kkuqowQy i<+ losaQxsA2- ikB esa vk, eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx dj losaQxsA3- rsukyhjke osQ ckSn~f/d pkrq;Z dks O;Dr dj losaQxsA4- njckfj;ksa osQ ekr [kkus ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA5- rsukyh vkSj lezkV osQ chp gksus okys laoknksa esa f'k"Vrk dks

igpku losaQxsA6- rsukyh dh thr ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA7- ûkbZ* osQ Mj dk dkj.k crk losaQxsA8- ^rsukyh dh gksf'k;kjh ls njckfj;ksa ij D;k xq”kjh* bldk mYys[k

dj losaQxsAewyHkkocqn~f/&foosd ls fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lek/ku laHko gSA

f'k{k.k fof/ikBkjaHk iwoZ ikB i<+kus ls igys vdcj vkSj chjcy osQ blh izdkj osQ oqQN

fdLls lquk,¡A crk,¡ fd cqn~f/eku O;fDr oSQls foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksadks Hkh vius o'k esa dj ysrk gSA

/hjs&/hjs vU; izlaxksa osQ ekè;e ls ikB rd vk,¡ vkSj njckfj;ksaus rsukyh dks oSQls i¡Qlk;k] ;g crk,¡A

ikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB osQ igys n`'; dk vkn'kZ okpu djsa vkSj Nk=kksa

ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A vuqdj.k okpu esa bl ckr dk è;ku j[ksa fd Nk=kksa dk okpu

ik=kkuqowQy gksA gkL;] vleatl] Øks/ vkfn Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDrLi"V gksuh pkfg,A


njckfj;ksa dk rsukyh ls fp<+us dk dkj.k Li"V djsaA ikB dksdgkuh osQ :i esa lqusa&lquk,¡A

ik¡p g”kkj v'kfiZQ;k¡ ysus dh cqn~f/eRrk ij fo'ks"k fVIi.kh djsaA jktk n~okjk naM okil ysus osQ iwjs izdj.k ij Nk=kksa dk è;ku

vkÑ"V djsa vkSj lkFk&lkFk Nk=kksa dh izfrfØ;k,¡ tkusaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- rsukyhjke jktk Ñ".knso jk; osQ egkea=kh FksA2- njckfj;ksa us jktk ls dgk] fd rsukyhjke 'krjat [ksy osQ 'kkSdhu

gSa rFkk x”kc osQ f[kykM+h gSaA3- rsukyh eaf=k;ksa esa loZJs"B rFkk egku O;fDr Fks vkSj ukbZ dks

muosQ eqaMu djus dk vkns'k feyk Fkk blfy, ukbZ Mj jgk FkkA4- rsukyhjke cgqr prqj FksA mUgksaus jktk Ñ".knso jk; dks viuh

prqjkbZ ls e`R;q dks Hk; fn[kk;k ftldh otg ls jktk Ñ".knsojk; us viuk naM okil ys fy;kA

ysf[kuh ls1- tc jktk us rsukyh osQ eqaMu dk vkns'k fn;k rks rsukyh us muls

dgk fd mUgksaus vius ckyksa ij ik¡p g”kkj v'kfI+kZQ;k¡ m/kj yhgqbZ gSaA tc rd os bUgsa pqdk ugha nsrs vius cky ugha dVokldrs gSa] blfy, jktk us eqaMu osQ cnys rsukyh dks ik¡p g”kkjv'kfI+kZQ;k¡ nhaA

2- d- (i) fp<+rs FksA [k- (ii) cqn~f/eku FksA

3- fdlus fdlls D;ksa dgk(d) igys nwljs D;ksafd os rsukyh ls fp<+rs

njckjh us njckjh ls FksA


([k) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls D;ksafd rsukyh us mUgsa 'krjatesa ikjaxr gksus osQ ckjs esa ughacrk;k FkkA

(x) rsukyh us jktk ls D;ksafd rsukyh osQ ekrk& firk(jktk) thfor FksA

(?k) jktk us rsukyh ls D;ksafd rsukyh viuh prqjkbZls cp x;k FkkA

4- (d) rsukyhjke njckfj;ksa dh /wrZrk vkSj jktk osQ dku osQdPps gksus dh ckr tkurs FksA

([k) rsukyhjke oko~QiVq FksA(x) rsukyhjke nwjn'khZ FksA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

o.kZ&foPNsnØks/ μ o~Q $ j~ $ vks $ /~ $ vpØ μ p~ $ v $ o~Q $ j~ $ vVªd μ V~ $ j~ $ v $ o~Q $ vjk"Vª μ j~ $ vk $ "k~ $ V~ $ j~ $ vLoxZ μ l~ $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ x~ $ vnh?kZ μ n~ $ bZ $ j~ $ ?k~ $ v

ckr 'kCn dh

1- vusdkFkhZ 'kCnnaM μMaMk μ nsork banz vius gkFk esa otznaM j[krs

gSaAl”kk μ pksjh osQ vijk/ esa pksj dks naM feykA


gkj μekyk μ eksfguh osQ xys dk gkj cgqr lqanj gSAijkt; μ Hkkjr us ikfdLrku dks 3&4 ls eSp gjk;kA

pkyμpyus dk <ax μ nq?kZVuk osQ ckn HkS;k dh pky cnyxbZA

/ks[kk μ rqe [ksy esa bZekunkjh ugha fn[kkvksxs]rqEgkjh ;g pky eSa le> x;k gw¡A

2- cgqopuμrkyh μ rkfy;k¡] ck”kh μ ckf”k;k¡]v'kI+kQhZ μ v'kfI+kZQ;k¡ vk¡[k μ vk¡[ksa]ckr μ ckrsa] jkr μ jkrsa

3- vyx&vyx xq.kksa okys O;fDrÑ".knso jk; μ U;k;fiz;] xaHkhj] Øks/h] egkunjckjh μ >wBs] ekSdkijLr] yksHkh] /wrZ] v/hj

4- (i)

Hkk"kk iz;ksx

ikB esa vk, pkj eqgkojs fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

1- eqV~Bh esa gksuk μ o'k esa gksukeSaus cM+h ljyrk ls lc lkfFk;ksa dks viuh eqV~Bh esa dj fy;kA

2- flj p<+kuk μ vko';drk ls vf/d egRRo nsukek¡ us ykM+ esa vius cPpksa dks flj ij p<+k fy;k gSA

3- dku iduk μ lqurs&lqurs ijs'kku gks tkukrqEgkjk iqjkuk xhr lqurs&lqurs esjs dku id x, gSaA fe=k! u;kxhr xkvksA

4- irs dh ckr dguk μ lVhd ckr dguknknh th lnk irs dh ckr dgrh gSaA ge lc mudh ckr ekurs gSaA

u;k&fujkyk Nk=kksa dh vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gSAeu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk Nk=k Lo;a djsaA


17- NksM+ isM+ dh Nk¡o eqlkfI+kQjf'k{k.k mn~ns';ikB i<+us osQ mijkar Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ

1- crk losaQxs fd ^Nk¡o* fdldk izrhd gSA2- ^lej lrr* osQ vfHkizk; dks Li"V dj losaQxsA3- ozwQj Mxj vkSj vfojke lI+kQj dk vFkZ crk losaQxsA4- crk losaQxs fd ^yksgs osQ ik¡o* ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA5- ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ns losaQxsA

ewyHkkothou esa ;fn liQy gksuk gS rks vkyl NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A y{; dhizkfIr osQ fy, ltx&lps"V jgus okys vkSj fujarj iz;kljr jgus okysgh thou esa vkxs c<+rs gSaA

f'k{k.k fof/ikBkjaHk iwoZ vkylh vkSj ifjJeh O;fDr;ksa dh foiQyrk vkSj liQyrk dh

ppkZ djsaA pkgsa rks dNq, vkSj [kjxks'k dh dgkuh Hkh lqukldrs gSa fd [kjxks'k jkLrs esa vkjke djus yxk rks nkSM+ dks gkjx;kA vU; lanHkZ Hkh izLrqr dj ldrs gSaA

Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd ;fn thou esa liQyrk dh bPNk gS rks lrriz;kl djuk gh iM+sxkA

ikBkjaHk vè;kid dfork dk nks&rhu ckj okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djk,¡A vuqdj.k okpu esa y;] vkjksg&vojksg vkSj ;fr&xfr ij è;ku nsaA dfork i<+krs le; Nk¡o] eqlkfI+kQj] nqigjh] <yuk] cy&ikS#"k

dh ?kqM+nkSM+] lej lrr] ozwQj Mxj] vfojke lI+kQj] yksgs osQ ik¡ovkfn dks Li"V djsaA

dfork dk lkewfgd okpu djsa rkfd Nk=k vkuan ys losaQA



iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- ck”kh thrus osQ fy, dfo us fot; osQ nk¡o isaQdus dk lq>kofn;k gSA

2- bl lalkj dh Mxj dks dfo us yach] Vs<+h rFkk ozwQj crk;k gSA3- bl lalkj esa mUufr djus osQ fy, euq"; dks yxkrkj Je djuk

iM+rk gSA dgha dksbZ fojke ugha gSA blfy, bl tx dks vfojkelI+kQj dgk gSA

ysf[kuh ls1- ;g vkjke dk le; ugha gSA vkxs c<+us] y{; rd igq¡pus vkSj

rjDdh djus osQ fy, Nk;k NksM+uh gh iM+sxh blfy, dfo useqlkfI+kQj ls Nk;k NksM+us osQ fy, dgk gSA

2- d- (iii) fo?u&ck/kvksa dks[k- (iv) iDdk bjknk

3- (d) ns[k nqigjh <yrh tkrh] Nk;k :i cnyrh tkrhA([k) cy&ikS#"k ?kqM+nkSM+ ;gk¡ gS] lej lrr] vkjke dgk¡ gSA(x) j[k ns vaxkjksa osQ eq[k ij] rw yksgs osQ ik¡o eqlkfI+kQjA

4- izLrqr dfork gesa lans'k nsrh gS fd thou esa ;fn liQy gksukgS rks gesa vkyl NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A gesa dfBu ifjJe djukpkfg, rFkk ml le; rd fujarj deZ djrs jguk pkfg, tcrd gesa viuh eaf”ky u fey tk,A thou dk vFkZ gh eqlhcrksadk lkeuk djuk gSA vr% gesa izR;sd dk;Z dks pqukSrh osQ :iesa ysuk pkfg,A ge vius thou esa bUgha xq.kksa osQ lkFk n`<+ bPNk'kfDr o vkRefo'okl dks viukdj fot;h gks ldrs gSaA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- fjDr LFkku(d) iwjc] if'pe ([k) jkgh (x) Nk;k] ;k=kk (?k) n`<+(Ä) fujarj

2- i;kZ;okph 'kCnisM+ μ r#] ikni] o`{keqlkfI+kQj μ ;k=kh] jkgh] ifFkdlej μ ;qn~/] tax] yM+kbZMxj μ jkg] jkLrk] ekxZ

3- fo $ t; μ fot; cy $ oku μ cyokuijk $ t; μ ijkt; Hkyk $ bZ μ HkykbZcy $ ghu μ cyghu



18- ohj gksjs'klf'k{k.k mn~ns';

ikB dks le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osμ1- ikB dk lLoj 'kqn~/ okpu dj losaQxsA2- Hkkxrh gqbZ HkhM+ dk o.kZu dj losaQxs rFkk crk losaQxs HkhM+ D;ksa

Hkkx jgh FkhA3- jkse dks cpkus osQ mik; dks crk losaQxsA4- gksjs'kl osQ dFku esa >ydrs vkRefo'okl ij viuh jk; crk

losaQxsA5- 'k=kq lsuk osQ Øks/ vkSj jkse osQ yksxksa dh izlUurk dk dkj.k crk

losaQxsA


6- crk losaQxs fd fdl ?kVuk ls gksjs'kl dh cgknqjh dk irkpyrk gSA

7- jkse osQ yksxksa dh mnklh vkSj gf"kZr gksus osQ dkj.kksa dks crklosaQxsA gksjs'kl osQ pfj=k ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA

8- ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ns losaQxsA

ewyHkkons'kizse] vkRefo'okl] ohjrk vkSj 'kkS;Z osQ Hkko osQ lkFk gj gky esaviuh ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk osQ fy, rRij jgukA

f'k{k.k fof/ikBkjaHk iwoZ vè;kid Nk=kksa ls ns'k dh j{kk laca/h ppkZ djsaA ns'k dks

lkI+kQ&lqFkjk j[kus osQ mik;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsaA vius Hkkjr ns'kosQ fy, oqQckZuh djus okyksa dh dgkuh@?kVuk lquk,¡A /hjs&/hjsns'k dh j{kk laca/h mnkgj.kksa ls ikB rd igq¡psA

ikB osQ blh mnkgj.k ls mUgsa crk,¡ fd gBizfrK O;fDr oSQlsns'k dks viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj >qdk ysrk gSA mUgsa izsepan dh;g lwfDr Hkh crk,¡ fd ^ns'k dk mn~/kj foykfl;ksa ls ugha gksldrk mlosQ fy, lPpk R;kx pkfg,A**

ikBkjaHk vè;kid ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA Nk=kksa ls vuqdj.k okpu

djk,¡A meM+rh&Hkkxrh HkhM+ dk n`';kRed iBu djsaA gksjs'kl osQ laoknksa esa n`<+rk vkSj vkRefo'okl dk è;ku j[ksaA vkn'kZ okpu osQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks dgkuh lquk,¡ rkfd Nk=kksa esa

dgkuh dgus dk dkS'ky vk losQA dgkuh lqukus osQ ckn Nk=kksa ls dgkuh laca/h ppkZ djsa ftlesa

jkse dks cpkus okyh lykg ij fo'ks"k ppkZ gksA iqy] ohjksa dk 'kkS;Z] gksjs'kl dh n<+rk] ;qn~/jr gksuk] unh esa owQnuk

vkfn ij Nk=kksa ls [kqydj ckr dhft,A


'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kleq[k ls

1- /wy Hkjh lM+dksa ij Hkkxdj vkus okyksa esa cw<+s] cPps] ;qod&;qofr;k¡]chekj yksx] gkFkksa esa g¡fl;s vkSj iQkoM+s fy, e”knwj&fdlku FksAblosQ vfrfjDr HkhM+ esa cgqr&ls tkuoj] vukt ls Hkjh xkfM+;k¡vkSj cgqr lkjk lkeku FkkA

2- gksjs'kl us jkse osQ yksxksa dks lsuk ls jksdus osQ fy, mik; lq>k;kfd og nks ohjksa osQ lkFk feydj lsuk dks iqy ij p<+us lsjksosQxk vkSj ckdh yksx iqy dks tYnh&tYnh dkV nsaxsA

3- gksjs'kl us nks ohjksa osQ lkFk feydj lsuk dks iqy ij p<+us lsjksdk vkSj vkxs c<+rs gq, 'k=kq flikfg;ksa dks vius yacs o pepekrsgq, Hkkyksa ls ekj MkykA

4- gksjs'kl dh rjg ge Hkh oDr vkus ij nq'euksa ls vius ns'k dhlhekvksa dh j{kk dj ldrs gSaA lekt esa ,drk LFkkfir djldrs gSaA ge lSfud o Lo;alsodksa osQ :i esa ck<+@HkwoaQi ihfM+rksadh nokbZ] oL=k] Hkkstu bR;kfn vukFkksa dh enn dj ldrs gSaAns'k&fons'k dh [ksy&owQn izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysdj vius ns'kdk uke jks'ku dj ldrs gSaA

5- gksjs'kl osQ unh esa owQnus ij jkseoklh blfy, fujk'k gks x, FksmUgsa yxk fd gksjs'kl unh esa Mwc tk,xk vkSj mudk ,d ohj;ksn~/k muls nwj pyk tk,xkA

ysf[kuh ls1- ,d cqn~f/eku euq"; n~okjk iqy rksM+ nsus dh jk; blfy, nh xbZ rkfd

'k=kq lsuk unh u ikj dj ik, vkSj jkse fouk'k ls cp tk,A


2- 'k=kq lSfudksa us jkseokyksa dks blfy, ew[kZ ekuk D;ksafd osQoyrhu lSfud fo'kky 'k=kq lsuk dks jksdus osQ fy, [kM+s FksA

3- jkse osQ yksxksa us [kq'kh ls t;ukn blfy, fd;k D;ksafd os iqyfxjkdj 'k=kq lsuk dks jksdus esa dke;kc gks x, FksA

4- iqy VwV pqdk Fkk blfy, gksjs'kl vius izk.k cpkus rFkk jkse dhrjI+kQ tkus osQ fy, unh esa owQnkA

5- d- (i) 'k=kq lsuk ls cpus osQ fy,] [k- (iii) cM+s&cM+s oqQYgkM+s

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- o.kZ&foPNsn'k=kq μ 'k~ $ v $ r~ $ j~ $ mlSfud μ l~ $ ,s $ u~ $ b $ o~Q $ vcqn~f/ μ c~ $ m $ n~ $ /~ $ bØks/ μ o~Q $ j~ $ vks $ /~ $ vvafre μ v $ aμ $ r~ $ b $ e~ $ v

ckr 'kCn dh

1- d- (iii) o`Q".k] [k- (iv) fe=k2- foykse 'kCn

vklku × eqf'dy] cqn~f/eku × ew[kZ]izlUu × vizlUu] cgknqj × dk;j

3- 'kCn Lo;a fy[ksaA4- opu

ikydh μ ikyfd;k¡]cdjh μ cdfj;k¡]unh μ ufn;k¡]xkfM+;k¡ μ xkM+h]


yM+dh μ yM+foQ;k¡]pkjikb;k¡ μ pkjikbZ]r[rh μ rf[r;k¡

5- fe=kksa] Hkkb;ksa] cguksa] nksLrksa dks lewg esa ,sls iqdkjsaxsμgs fe=kks !] gs Hkkb;ks !] gs cguks !] gs nksLrks !

6- ,d 'kCn ls vusd 'kCnjkt/kuh μ jkt] jkuh] /kuh] tjk] /kjk] jk/k?kqM+lokj μ ?kql] lok] okj] lj] jl] okl

7- cgqopu(d) e”knwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQ gkFkksa esa g¡fl;s FksA([k) [ksrksa dks jkSanrh gqbZ lsuk pyh vk jgh FkhA(x) 'k=kqvksa osQ ikl gfFk;kj FksA(?k) 'k=kq vusd 'kgjksa dks thrdj vk jgs FksA

8- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";ohj gksjs'kl] /wy&Hkjh lM+osaQ] vukt ls Hkjh xkfM+;k ¡]Å¡ph ehukj] ydM+h dk iqyA


igsfy;k¡

uke

1- egkRek xk¡/h 2- ehjkckbZ 3- rqylhnkl 4- lwjnkl

lh/s uke

1- foØekfnR; 2- pk.kD; 3- okYehfd4- iksjl 5- dchj 6- /zqo7- Jh johanzukFk VSxksj] 8- Jh loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku

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Shikshak Darshika - 5 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/978-93-5… · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600 Fax : +91-11-43556688