Simon Marginson Presentation

7/31/2019 Simon Marginson Presentation

1/46

CPAAustraliaInternationalForumforAcademics

Melbourne,28June2012

BusinessEnvironment

intheAsiaPacific

Simon

MarginsonCentrefortheStudyofHigherEducation

UniversityofMelbourne


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Amorepluralhighereducationworld

1. Globaloverview

2. Dynamismintheregion

3. HowthePostConfucianModel(PCM)

ofhigher

education

works

4. Predictions


3/46

0.33%of

world

population

1.16%ofworldGDPPPP

2.4%ofworldsciencepapers

3.8%of2011Shanghaiworldtop500universities

5.3%of2011TimesHigherworldtop400universities

2.8%of500universitieswithlargest

scientific

output

2005

09,

Leidenranking

2.0%of250universitieswithhighestproportionofpapersin

top10%

in

their

field,

Leiden

3.4%oftop500universitiesinwebometricsranking

Australia


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Global

middle

class

to

2030

(millions)Source:EuropeanUnionInstituteforStrategicStudies

Middleclass

is

defined

as

persons

living

on

USD

$10

100

per

day

PPP


6/46

Asian

middle

class

to

2030

(millions)Source:EuropeanUnionInstituteforStrategicStudies

Middleclass

is

defined

as

persons

living

on

USD

$10

100

per

day

PPP


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Gross

Tertiary

Enrolment

Ratio,

2010UNESCOInstituteforStatistics&TaiwanMinistryofEducation


8/46

Scienceresearchpapersperyear,1995

2009:Total

world

output

USNationalScienceFoundationdata


9/46

Sciencepapersperyear,19952009

USA,EU,

Asia,

Latin

America



10/46

Growthofsciencepapers,19952009(1995=1.00)

USNationalScienceFoundation


11/46

Research

papers:

Growth

1995

to

2009USNationalScienceFoundation


12/46

Researchpapersperyear,19952009

China,Japan,

India

&

Korea



13/46

Researchpapersperyear,19952009

Korea,Taiwan,

Singapore,

Thailand



14/46

Amorepluralhighereducationworld

1. Globaloverview



ofhigher

education

works

4. Predictions


15/46

R&Dinvestment

by

world

region

2009

Region InvestmentinR&D

(US

National

Science

Foundation

data)

NorthAmerica $433billion(33.9%ofworldtotal)

East,SE

&

South

Asia $402 billion

(31.5%)

Europe $319 billion(25.0%)

MiddleEast&Africa $35 billion(2.7%)

South&CentralAmerica $32billion (2.5%)

Australia&Pacific $22billion(1.8%)


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R&D

as

a

proportion

of

GDP,

2008/9USNationalScienceFoundation


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Sciencepapersinglobaljournals,

East,SEandSouthAsia,2009USNationalScienceFoundation


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Sciencepapersinglobaljournals,

smallerAsianresearchsystems,2009USNationalScienceFoundation


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ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityranking

NobelPrizesandFieldMedalswonbyalumni(slidingscale,

morerecentprizesscorehigher)10%

NobelPrizes

and

Field

won

by

current

members

of

academicstaff20%

MembersofacademicstaffwhoareHiCiresearchers,in

top250inworldfieldbycitations20%

NumberofpaperspublishedinNature andScience inpreviousfiveyears

20%

PapersindexedinSciencecitationindexandSocialScience

citationindexinpreviousyear20%

Percapitaindicator:aboveindicatorsdividedbynumberof

fulltimeequivalentacademicstaff10%


20/46

ShanghaiJiao

Tong

top

200,

2011


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EastAsia

in

Shanghai

JTU

top

200,

2011

Category EastAsianuniversities

1

100

eq. JAPAN

5

(Tokyo

21,

Kyoto

27,

Osaka

84,

Nagoya

94,Tohuku97)

102150 JAPAN2 (Hokkaido,TokyoIT)

SINGAPORE1

(NationalU

Singapore)

SOUTHKOREA1 (SeoulNational)

TAIWAN1 (NationalTaiwan)

151200 JAPAN2 (Kyushu,Tsukuba)

CHINA1 (Tsinghua)

HONGKONGSAR1 (ChineseUofHongKong)


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Shanghai

JTU

top

500

universitiesChinesesystems2005&2011

2005 2011

Chinamainland 8 23

HongKongSAR 5 5

TaiwanChina 5 7

Total 18 35


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Shanghai

JTU

top

500

universitiesJapan,Korea,Singapore2005&2011

2005 2011

Japan 34 23

Korea 8 11

Singapore 2 2


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SJTUtop100schools,allnations,2011PHYSICAL

SCI ENGINEERING LIFE

SCI MEDICINE SOCIAL

SCI TOTAL

UnitedStates 52 46 57 54 71 280

UnitedKingdom 8 6 10 11 8 43

Canada 2 4 4 5 8 23

Germany 8 1 7 5 0 21

Netherlands 2 3 4 4 5 18

Japan 7 5 3 2 0 17

Australia 1 5 4 3 1 14

France 6 1 1 3 0 11

Switzerland 3 2 3 2 1 11Sweden 1 3 2 3 0 9

Israel 4 2 0 0 2 8

China 0 6 0 0 0 7

Belgium 0 2 3 2 0 7

Denmark 1 1 1 1 2 6

HongKongSAR 0 4 0 0 1 5

Taiwan 1 3 0 0 1 4

Singapore 0 2 0 1 0 3

SouthKorea 1 2 0 0 0 3

others 1 1 1 3 1 7


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Asiainwebometricsranking,2012

University

worldrank

NationalTaiwanU TAIWAN 42

U Tokyo JAPAN 46

National ChengKungU TAIWAN 63

NationalChiao Tung U TAIWAN 72

KyotoU JAPAN 77

NationalUofSingapore SINGAPORE 84

Tsinghua U CHINA 87

PekingU CHINA 92

HongKongPolytechnicU HONGKONGSAR 106

NationalTsing Hua U TAIWAN 113

NationalCentral

U TAIWAN 125

UHongKong HONGKONGSAR 127

SeoulNationalU SOUTHKOREA 136

ShanghaiJiaoTongU CHINA 139

Doesnot

include

Middle

East.

Highest

is

Tel

Aviv

U,

Israel,

at

133


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LargeAsiaPacificresearchuniversities

University/nation Numberofscience

papers20052009

(LeidenCWTSdata)

Proportion(%)of

papersintop10%in

fieldbycitation

U

Tokyo

JAPAN 18,382 10.2KyotoU JAPAN 14,941 9.5

SeoulNationalU SOUTHKOREA 13,052 8.9

ZhejiangU CHINA 13,037 9.2

OsakaU

JAPAN 12,266 8.1

NationalUSingapore SINGAPORE 11,838 13.8

TohukuU JAPAN 11,736 7.9

TsinghuaU CHINA 11,478 10.8

NationalTaiwanU TAIWAN 11,302 8.9

ShanghaiJiaoTongU CHINA 10,683 8.2

Sydney 10,155 10.1

Melbourne 9724 11.9


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HighcitationAsiaPacificuniversities

University/nation Numberofscience

papers20052009

(LeidenCWTSdata)

Proportion(%)of

papersintop10%in

fieldbycitation

HongKong

UST

HONG

KONG

SAR 3568 14.9

PohangU SOUTHKOREA 3264 14.1

NationalUSingapore SINGAPORE 11,838 13.8

NankaiU CHINA 4211 13.4

UScience

&

Technology

CHINA 6789 13.0

ANU AUSTRALIA 5551 12.9

CityUHongKong HONGKONGSAR 3903 12.7

LanzhouU CHINA 3531 11.9

UMelbourne AUSTRALIA 9724 11.9

UQueensland AUSTRALIA 9088 11.8

UHongKong HONGKONGSAR 6820 11.5

KoreaAdvanced

IS&T

SOUTH

KOREA 5319 11.4


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Researchuniversities

by

world

region

Region Numberofuniversitiesproducingover5000science

papers20052009andwithover10%ofpapersintop

onetenthintheirfieldoncitationrate(Leiden

UniversityCWTS)

UnitedStates 64

West.Europe 47

Asia 12China6,HongKongSAR2,Singapore2,Japan1,Korea1

(butnotethatthereare38AsiaPacificuniversitieswith

atleast5000papersinthe20052009period)


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RapidimprovementinChinaandAsia8Share

of

worlds

top

1%

most

cited

papers,

Chemistry,2000&2010

US

National

Science

Foundation

shareoftop1%

papersin

Chemistry

USA China Japan Asia8

2000 48.6% 0.6% 9.3% 1.5%

2010 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%


30/46

Amore

plural

higher

education

world

1. Globaloverview



ofhigher

education

works

4. Predictions


31/46

ThePost

Confucian

Model

of

highereducationachieves

1. Rapidgrowth

of

participation,

tending

towards

universallevels,partlyfinancedbyhouseholds

2. Rapidexpansionofresearchscience

3. Creationof

layer

of

world

class

universities

allwithintheframeworkoflowtaxpolities


32/46

Conditions

and

drivers

of

the

PostConfucianModel

1. Thecomprehensive

Sinic

state

2. Confuciantraditionineducation

3. Economicgrowthandrisingmiddleclass

4. Modernizationimperative

5. Internationalizationstrategy


33/46

EastAsian(Qin)state,3rd CenturyBCE


34/46

Politics

always

in

commandThedevelopmentofthepoliticalsphereintheChineseworld

anditspreeminenceoveralltheother(military,religious,

economic)isoneofitsmostcharacteristicmarksThisiscertainlyoneoftheconstantsandoneofthegreatoriginal

aspectsoftheChineseworld,onethatdistinguishesitfromall

others.

JacquesGernet(1982),AHistoryofChineseCivilization,2nd Edition,Transl.J.R.Fosterand

CharlesHartman,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,pp.2829


35/46

Centrality

of

the

state

in

East

AsiaIntheEastAsianculturalcontext,governmentleadershipis

deemedindispensableforasmoothfunctioningofthe

domesticmarket

economy

and

vital

for

enhancing

national

comparativeadvantageininternationalcompetition.The

centralgovernmentisexpectedtohaveaholisticvisionofthe

wellbeingofthenationandalongtermplantohelppeople

maintainan

adequate

livelihood

....

Strong

government

with

moralauthority,asortofritualizedsymbolicpowerfully

acceptedbytheoverwhelmingmajority,isacclaimedasa

blessing.

TuWeiMing(ed.)(1996),Introduction,inConfucianTraditionsinEastAsianModernity:

MoraleducationandeconomiccultureinJapanandthefourminidragons,Harvard

UniversityPress,Cambridge,MA,p.7


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GDPinEastAsia&Singapore2010USD$sbillion,IMFdata2012,GDPPurchasingPowerParity(PPP)


37/46

GrossNationalIncomeperhead2010WorldBank,CIAFactBookforTaiwandataonly

Country/system Population

(millions)

GNIPPPperyear

(USD$s)

Singapore 5.1 55,790

HongKongSAR 7.1 47,480

MacauSAR(GNI2009) 0.5 45,220

Taiwan(population2012) 23.2 35,700

Japan 127.5 34,640

SouthKorea 48.7 29,010

China (mainlandonly) 1338.3 7640

Vietnam 86.2 3070

India 1224.6 3550


38/46

ToptenschoolsystemsOECDPISA2009(meanstudentscores,PostConfucianeducationsystemsinred)

Reading Mathematics Science

ShanghaiChina 556 ShanghaiChina 600 ShanghaiChina 575

SouthKorea 539 Singapore 562 Finland 554

Finland 536 HongKong 555 HongKong 549

HongKong 533 SouthKorea 546 Singapore 542

Singapore 526 TaiwanChina 543 Japan 539

Canada

524 Finland

541 SouthKorea

538

NewZealand 521 Liechtenstein 536 NewZealand 532

Japan 520 Switzerland 534 Canada 529

Australia 515 Japan 529 Estonia 528

Netherlands508 Canada527 Australia527

Australia 15th 514

UKequal25th 424 UK28th 492 UK16th 514

USA

equal

15th

500 USA

equal

31st

487 USA

23rd

502


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Usinginternationalizationstrategies:

ShanghaiJiao

Tong

University

SJTUrealizesthatitmustreviewtheuniversitys

performancein

aglobal

dimension;

all

aspects

of

university

performanceinSJTUsuchasfacultyquality,research

excellence,andtalentcultivationshouldbeevaluatedand

comparedbyinternationalstandards.Thisbenchmarking

approachorganizestheoverallgoaloftheuniversityinto

specificperformanceindicatorsand,ultimately,enablesthe

universitytodefineitscurrentposition,tohavecleargoals

anddirection

for

future

development,

and

to

design

measures

accordingly.

QingHuiWang,QiWangandNianCaiLiu,BuildingworldclassuniversitiesinChina:

ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity, inAltbachandSalmi(2011),p.43


40/46

Amore

plural

higher

education

world

1. Globaloverview



ofhigher

education

works

4. Predictions


41/46

Foreigntertiarystudentsin2008:

OECDdata

on

world

market

shares


42/46

Countrieswith1000+sciencepapersp.a.US

National

Science

Foundation

data

for

2009

ANGLO

SPHERE

EUROPE

EUNATIONS

EUROPE

NONEU

ASIA LATIN

AMERICA

Australia Austria Italy Croatia China Argentina

Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil

N.Zealand CzechRep. Poland Russia Japan Chile

UK Denmark Portugal Serbia Malaysia Mexico

USA Finland Rumania Switzerland Pakistan

France Slovakia Turkey Singapore M.EAST/AF

Germany Sweden Ukraine SouthKorea Egypt

Greece Spain Taiwan Iran

Hungary Sweden Thailand Israel

Ireland Sth.Africa

Tunisia


43/46

We

will

need

to

UseourAsianpopulationsasabridge(18%of

Melbourne

now

has

Asian

ancestry)

FocusonbuildingdeeppartnershipsinEastAsia

Upgradeourresearchtobeafuturefrontlineplayer

inAsia

Pacific

higher

education

AttractmorehighcalibreAsianstudents,especiallydoctoralstudents

Strengthenthe

PG

stage

of

coursework

BecomemorebilingualandgettoknowAsiansocietiesmuchbetter


44/46

DeniseBradley,chairof2008

reviewofhighereducation,with

(now)PrimeMinisterGillard:

recommendedbroaderapproach

tointernationalization

JaneLomaxSmith,chairofthe

2011BaseFundingReview:

recommendedincreaseinfunding

ofteachingofdomesticstudents

tounderpin

amore

internationally

effectivehighereducationsystem


45/46

Ken Henry, Former Secretary to the Treasury,Chair of the Australia in the Asian Century Taskforce


46/46

http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff_pages/Marginson/Marginson.html

Cambridge UP,Cambridge, May 2010

Springer, Dordrecht,September 2011

Routledge, New York,August 2011

Edward Elgar, Cheltenham,

September 2011

Documents

Simon Marginson Presentation