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!"#$%&'()*+ !-./01 2- 345678/01 '4191:727 +7;-18/7 <= 2- >75?4 2- <@AB TEMA DEL MES: MITOS Y HECHOS EN FARMACOLOGÍA NEUROMUSCULAR. NUEVOS PLANTEAMIENTOS EN LA REVERSIÓN DEL BLOQUEO NEUROMUSCULAR. Dra María Vila / Dra Sara Arastey ( MIR4) Servicio de Anestesia Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia

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Page 1: TEMA DEL MES: MITOS Y HECHOS EN FARMACOLOGÍA …

!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

TEMA DEL MES: MITOS Y HECHOS EN FARMACOLOGÍA NEUROMUSCULAR. NUEVOS

PLANTEAMIENTOS EN LA REVERSIÓN DEL BLOQUEO NEUROMUSCULAR.

Dra María Vila / Dra Sara Arastey ( MIR4)

Servicio de Anestesia Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia

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Minerva anestesiologica 2012; 78:473-82

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FISIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIÓN NEUROMUSCULAR

TRANSDUCCIÓN DE ACTIVIDAD ELÉCTRICA DESDE EL TERMINAL DISTAL DEL NERVIO DE LA MOTONEURONA A TRAVÉS DEL ESPACIO SINÁPTICO HASTA LA MEMBRANA DE LA CÉCULA PARA GENERAR

CONTRACCIÓN MUSCULAR

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• 3 PARTES

• PRESINAPSIS (terminal fibra nerviosa)

• Parte amielínica del axón

• Liberación del neurotransmisor al espacio sináptico + autoreceptores colinérgicos ( estimulación mayor liberación Ach)

• Síntesis NT, incorporación en vesículas y recaptación mediante flujo de iones( proceso activo altamente energético)

• HENDIDURA SINAPTICA (5 nm). Lámina basal, Acetilcolinesterasa y otros enzimas y proteínas para la neurotransmisión

• MEMBRANA POSTSINÁPTICA (pliegues para ampliar superficie de transmisión). En los codos de los pliegues receptores nicotínicos en grupos de alta densidad (10000/ mcm2) y en los huecos canales Na voltaje dependientes.

• RECEPTOR NICOTÍNICO: PENTÁMERO (5 unidades rodeando un poro en la membrana celular). Unión de Ach al canal genera flujo de entrada de Na y Ca >>> despolarización.

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RECEPTORES DE MEMBRANA ( CANAL IÓNICO). 2 α + 1 β + 1 δ + 1 γ.

2 ACh U 2 S.U.α → cambio conformacional: apertura canal iónico (Na+/K+).

Membrana postsináptica: contracción muscular. Terminación presináptica: favorecen la liberación de ACh

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BLOQUEADORES NEUROMUSCULARES

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BLOQUEADORES NEUROMUSCULARESDESPOLARIZANTES ( SUCCINILCOLINA)

Mecanismo poco conocido: - Fasciculación inicial > activación masiva de los receptores en la membrana celular muscular. - Parálisis posterior posiblemente por la desensibilización del receptor por aumento del flujo de K intracelular.

NO INHIBEN RECEPTOR PRESINÁPTICO

NO PRESENTAN FENOMENO DE “FADE”

Monitorización. Single Twitch: disminución de la amplitud del estímulo,

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

BLOQUEADORES NEUROMUSCULARESDESPOLARIZANTES ( SUCCINILCOLINA)

Mecanismo poco conocido: - Fasciculación inicial > activación masiva de los receptores en la membrana celular muscular. - Parálisis posterior posiblemente por la desensibilización del receptor por aumento del flujo de K intracelular.

NO INHIBEN RECEPTOR PRESINÁPTICO

NO PRESENTAN FENOMENO DE “FADE”

Monitorización. Single Twitch: disminución de la amplitud del estímulo,

NO DESPOLARIZANTES

Antagonismo competitivo con la Ach en la 2 subunidades alfa en el receptor.

Acción tanto en receptores postsinápticos (reducción amplitud de estímulo) como en presinápticos

( FENOMENO DE ATENUACIÓN O “FADE”)

Monitorización. TOF/ TOFr/ PTC

TOFr: grado bloqueo, estado recuperación, predicción recuperación del BNM

PTC: predecir aparición de 1ª respuesta TOF

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

BLOQUEADORES NEUROMUSCULARESDESPOLARIZANTES ( SUCCINILCOLINA)

Mecanismo poco conocido: - Fasciculación inicial > activación masiva de los receptores en la membrana celular muscular. - Parálisis posterior posiblemente por la desensibilización del receptor por aumento del flujo de K intracelular.

NO INHIBEN RECEPTOR PRESINÁPTICO

NO PRESENTAN FENOMENO DE “FADE”

Monitorización. Single Twitch: disminución de la amplitud del estímulo,

NO DESPOLARIZANTES

Antagonismo competitivo con la Ach en la 2 subunidades alfa en el receptor.

Acción tanto en receptores postsinápticos (reducción amplitud de estímulo) como en presinápticos

( FENOMENO DE ATENUACIÓN O “FADE”)

Monitorización. TOF/ TOFr/ PTC

TOFr: grado bloqueo, estado recuperación, predicción recuperación del BNM

PTC: predecir aparición de 1ª respuesta TOF

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• MITO 1: BNM ESTÁN “OUT”. SE PUEDE INTUBAR PACIENTES SIN BNM

• MITO2: SI SE CONOCE LA FARMACOCINÉTICA DE LOS BNM, LA MONITORIZACIÓN Y REVERSIÓN NO SON NECESARIAS

• MITO3: LOS EFECTOS DEL BNM RESIDUAL ESTÁN SOBREESTIMADOS

• MITO 4: BNM RESIDUAL POSTOPERATORIO ESTÁ SOBREESTIMADO EN FUNCIÓN DE SU INCIDENCIA

• MITO 5: BNM RESIDUAL PUEDE SER FACILMENTE DIAGNOSTICADO UY TESTADO CLÍNICAMENTE

• MITO 6: LOS TESTS SUBJETIVOS (VISUALES/TÁCTILES) SON SUFICIENTES PARA DETECTAR BNM RESIDUAL

MITOS

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• MITO 1: SE PUEDE INTUBAR A UN PACIENTE SIN BNM

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RESPIRATION AND THE AIRWAY

Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using musclerelaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort†

X. Combes1 *, L. Andriamifidy2, E. Dufresne2, P. Suen1, S. Sauvat1, E. Scherrer1, P. Feiss2,J. Marty1 and P. Duvaldestin1

1Department of Anesthesia, Henri Mondor Hospital (APHP), 51 avenue du Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny,94100 Creteil cedex, France. 2Department of Anesthesia, Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France

*Corresponding author: Service d’anesthesie reanimation, Hopital Henri-Mondor, 51 avenue du

Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94100 Creteil cedex, France. E-mail: [email protected]

Background. Muscle relaxants facilitate tracheal intubation, but they are often not used forshort peripheral surgical procedures. The consequences of this practice on the upper airwayare still a matter of controversy. We therefore compared the incidence of post-intubationsymptoms in a randomized study comparing patients intubated with or without the use of amuscle relaxant.

Methods. A total of 300 adult patients requiring tracheal intubation for scheduled peripheralsurgery were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to an anaesthetic protocol that eitherincluded or did not include a muscle relaxant (rocuronium). The primary end-point was therate of post-intubation symptoms 2 and 24 h after extubation. The secondary end-points werethe intubation conditions score (Copenhagen Consensus Conference), the rate of difficult intu-bations (Intubation Difficulty Scale), and the incidence of adverse haemodynamic events.

Results. Post-intubation symptoms were more frequent in patients intubated without the useof a muscle relaxant, whether 2 h (57% vs 43% of patients; P,0.05) or 24 h (38% vs 26% ofpatients; P,0.05) after extubation. Intubation conditions were better when the muscle relaxantwas used. In patients intubated without a muscle relaxant, difficult intubation was morecommon (12% vs 1%; P,0.05), as were arterial hypotension or bradycardia requiring treatment(12% vs 3% of patients; P,0.05).

Conclusions. The use of a muscle relaxant for tracheal intubation diminishes the incidence ofadverse postoperative upper airway symptoms, results in better tracheal intubation conditions,and reduces the rate of adverse haemodynamic events.

Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 276–81

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques, induction; complications, intubation tracheal;complications, sore throat; pharmacology, rocuronium

Accepted for publication: April 20, 2007

The main indication for administering a muscle relaxantduring anaesthesia is to facilitate laryngoscopy and tra-cheal intubation.1 The muscle relaxant paralyses the vocalcords and limits post-intubation coughing and bucking.2

However, since the availability of propofol, satisfactoryintubating conditions for short surgical procedures havebeen achieved without a muscle relaxant, and thus withoutany risk of residual postoperative paralysis.3–8

The practice of administering a muscle relaxant tofacilitate tracheal intubation may appear self-evident;however, it has never been rigorously evaluated and

results are conflicting. For instance, in one randomizedcontrolled trial, postoperative vocal cord dysfunction washigher when tracheal intubation was performed withoutthan with a muscle relaxant, whereas in a non-randomizedprospective study, there was no difference in post-intubation pharyngolaryngeal symptom frequency betweenpatients who had or had not received a muscle relaxant.9 10

†Presented as an abstract at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, October 2003.

# The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]

British Journal of Anaesthesia 99 (2): 276–81 (2007)

doi:10.1093/bja/aem147 Advance Access publication June 15, 2007

at Servicio Valenciano de Salud on M

arch 7, 2013http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/

Dow

nloaded from

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

RESPIRATION AND THE AIRWAY

Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using musclerelaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort†

X. Combes1 *, L. Andriamifidy2, E. Dufresne2, P. Suen1, S. Sauvat1, E. Scherrer1, P. Feiss2,J. Marty1 and P. Duvaldestin1

1Department of Anesthesia, Henri Mondor Hospital (APHP), 51 avenue du Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny,94100 Creteil cedex, France. 2Department of Anesthesia, Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France

*Corresponding author: Service d’anesthesie reanimation, Hopital Henri-Mondor, 51 avenue du

Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94100 Creteil cedex, France. E-mail: [email protected]

Background. Muscle relaxants facilitate tracheal intubation, but they are often not used forshort peripheral surgical procedures. The consequences of this practice on the upper airwayare still a matter of controversy. We therefore compared the incidence of post-intubationsymptoms in a randomized study comparing patients intubated with or without the use of amuscle relaxant.

Methods. A total of 300 adult patients requiring tracheal intubation for scheduled peripheralsurgery were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to an anaesthetic protocol that eitherincluded or did not include a muscle relaxant (rocuronium). The primary end-point was therate of post-intubation symptoms 2 and 24 h after extubation. The secondary end-points werethe intubation conditions score (Copenhagen Consensus Conference), the rate of difficult intu-bations (Intubation Difficulty Scale), and the incidence of adverse haemodynamic events.

Results. Post-intubation symptoms were more frequent in patients intubated without the useof a muscle relaxant, whether 2 h (57% vs 43% of patients; P,0.05) or 24 h (38% vs 26% ofpatients; P,0.05) after extubation. Intubation conditions were better when the muscle relaxantwas used. In patients intubated without a muscle relaxant, difficult intubation was morecommon (12% vs 1%; P,0.05), as were arterial hypotension or bradycardia requiring treatment(12% vs 3% of patients; P,0.05).

Conclusions. The use of a muscle relaxant for tracheal intubation diminishes the incidence ofadverse postoperative upper airway symptoms, results in better tracheal intubation conditions,and reduces the rate of adverse haemodynamic events.

Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 276–81

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques, induction; complications, intubation tracheal;complications, sore throat; pharmacology, rocuronium

Accepted for publication: April 20, 2007

The main indication for administering a muscle relaxantduring anaesthesia is to facilitate laryngoscopy and tra-cheal intubation.1 The muscle relaxant paralyses the vocalcords and limits post-intubation coughing and bucking.2

However, since the availability of propofol, satisfactoryintubating conditions for short surgical procedures havebeen achieved without a muscle relaxant, and thus withoutany risk of residual postoperative paralysis.3–8

The practice of administering a muscle relaxant tofacilitate tracheal intubation may appear self-evident;however, it has never been rigorously evaluated and

results are conflicting. For instance, in one randomizedcontrolled trial, postoperative vocal cord dysfunction washigher when tracheal intubation was performed withoutthan with a muscle relaxant, whereas in a non-randomizedprospective study, there was no difference in post-intubation pharyngolaryngeal symptom frequency betweenpatients who had or had not received a muscle relaxant.9 10

†Presented as an abstract at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, October 2003.

# The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]

British Journal of Anaesthesia 99 (2): 276–81 (2007)

doi:10.1093/bja/aem147 Advance Access publication June 15, 2007

at Servicio Valenciano de Salud on M

arch 7, 2013http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/

Dow

nloaded from

Page 16: TEMA DEL MES: MITOS Y HECHOS EN FARMACOLOGÍA …

!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

IOT satisfactorias sin BNM se relacionan más a mayores riesgos de bradicardia e hipotensión por uso de dosis superiores de hipnóticos para obtener condiciones óptimas para la intubación (relajación mandibular, movimiento cuerdas vocales, tos...).

Por ello, menor incidencia de IOT satisfactorias y mayor incidencia de IOT difíciles y posibilidad de lesiones laríngeas (ronquera o lesión de cuerdas vocales

RESPIRATION AND THE AIRWAY

Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using musclerelaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort†

X. Combes1 *, L. Andriamifidy2, E. Dufresne2, P. Suen1, S. Sauvat1, E. Scherrer1, P. Feiss2,J. Marty1 and P. Duvaldestin1

1Department of Anesthesia, Henri Mondor Hospital (APHP), 51 avenue du Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny,94100 Creteil cedex, France. 2Department of Anesthesia, Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France

*Corresponding author: Service d’anesthesie reanimation, Hopital Henri-Mondor, 51 avenue du

Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94100 Creteil cedex, France. E-mail: [email protected]

Background. Muscle relaxants facilitate tracheal intubation, but they are often not used forshort peripheral surgical procedures. The consequences of this practice on the upper airwayare still a matter of controversy. We therefore compared the incidence of post-intubationsymptoms in a randomized study comparing patients intubated with or without the use of amuscle relaxant.

Methods. A total of 300 adult patients requiring tracheal intubation for scheduled peripheralsurgery were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to an anaesthetic protocol that eitherincluded or did not include a muscle relaxant (rocuronium). The primary end-point was therate of post-intubation symptoms 2 and 24 h after extubation. The secondary end-points werethe intubation conditions score (Copenhagen Consensus Conference), the rate of difficult intu-bations (Intubation Difficulty Scale), and the incidence of adverse haemodynamic events.

Results. Post-intubation symptoms were more frequent in patients intubated without the useof a muscle relaxant, whether 2 h (57% vs 43% of patients; P,0.05) or 24 h (38% vs 26% ofpatients; P,0.05) after extubation. Intubation conditions were better when the muscle relaxantwas used. In patients intubated without a muscle relaxant, difficult intubation was morecommon (12% vs 1%; P,0.05), as were arterial hypotension or bradycardia requiring treatment(12% vs 3% of patients; P,0.05).

Conclusions. The use of a muscle relaxant for tracheal intubation diminishes the incidence ofadverse postoperative upper airway symptoms, results in better tracheal intubation conditions,and reduces the rate of adverse haemodynamic events.

Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 276–81

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques, induction; complications, intubation tracheal;complications, sore throat; pharmacology, rocuronium

Accepted for publication: April 20, 2007

The main indication for administering a muscle relaxantduring anaesthesia is to facilitate laryngoscopy and tra-cheal intubation.1 The muscle relaxant paralyses the vocalcords and limits post-intubation coughing and bucking.2

However, since the availability of propofol, satisfactoryintubating conditions for short surgical procedures havebeen achieved without a muscle relaxant, and thus withoutany risk of residual postoperative paralysis.3–8

The practice of administering a muscle relaxant tofacilitate tracheal intubation may appear self-evident;however, it has never been rigorously evaluated and

results are conflicting. For instance, in one randomizedcontrolled trial, postoperative vocal cord dysfunction washigher when tracheal intubation was performed withoutthan with a muscle relaxant, whereas in a non-randomizedprospective study, there was no difference in post-intubation pharyngolaryngeal symptom frequency betweenpatients who had or had not received a muscle relaxant.9 10

†Presented as an abstract at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, October 2003.

# The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]

British Journal of Anaesthesia 99 (2): 276–81 (2007)

doi:10.1093/bja/aem147 Advance Access publication June 15, 2007

at Servicio Valenciano de Salud on M

arch 7, 2013http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/

Dow

nloaded from

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

IOT satisfactorias sin BNM se relacionan más a mayores riesgos de bradicardia e hipotensión por uso de dosis superiores de hipnóticos para obtener condiciones óptimas para la intubación (relajación mandibular, movimiento cuerdas vocales, tos...).

Por ello, menor incidencia de IOT satisfactorias y mayor incidencia de IOT difíciles y posibilidad de lesiones laríngeas (ronquera o lesión de cuerdas vocales

RESPIRATION AND THE AIRWAY

Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using musclerelaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort†

X. Combes1 *, L. Andriamifidy2, E. Dufresne2, P. Suen1, S. Sauvat1, E. Scherrer1, P. Feiss2,J. Marty1 and P. Duvaldestin1

1Department of Anesthesia, Henri Mondor Hospital (APHP), 51 avenue du Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny,94100 Creteil cedex, France. 2Department of Anesthesia, Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France

*Corresponding author: Service d’anesthesie reanimation, Hopital Henri-Mondor, 51 avenue du

Marechal de Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94100 Creteil cedex, France. E-mail: [email protected]

Background. Muscle relaxants facilitate tracheal intubation, but they are often not used forshort peripheral surgical procedures. The consequences of this practice on the upper airwayare still a matter of controversy. We therefore compared the incidence of post-intubationsymptoms in a randomized study comparing patients intubated with or without the use of amuscle relaxant.

Methods. A total of 300 adult patients requiring tracheal intubation for scheduled peripheralsurgery were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to an anaesthetic protocol that eitherincluded or did not include a muscle relaxant (rocuronium). The primary end-point was therate of post-intubation symptoms 2 and 24 h after extubation. The secondary end-points werethe intubation conditions score (Copenhagen Consensus Conference), the rate of difficult intu-bations (Intubation Difficulty Scale), and the incidence of adverse haemodynamic events.

Results. Post-intubation symptoms were more frequent in patients intubated without the useof a muscle relaxant, whether 2 h (57% vs 43% of patients; P,0.05) or 24 h (38% vs 26% ofpatients; P,0.05) after extubation. Intubation conditions were better when the muscle relaxantwas used. In patients intubated without a muscle relaxant, difficult intubation was morecommon (12% vs 1%; P,0.05), as were arterial hypotension or bradycardia requiring treatment(12% vs 3% of patients; P,0.05).

Conclusions. The use of a muscle relaxant for tracheal intubation diminishes the incidence ofadverse postoperative upper airway symptoms, results in better tracheal intubation conditions,and reduces the rate of adverse haemodynamic events.

Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 276–81

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques, induction; complications, intubation tracheal;complications, sore throat; pharmacology, rocuronium

Accepted for publication: April 20, 2007

The main indication for administering a muscle relaxantduring anaesthesia is to facilitate laryngoscopy and tra-cheal intubation.1 The muscle relaxant paralyses the vocalcords and limits post-intubation coughing and bucking.2

However, since the availability of propofol, satisfactoryintubating conditions for short surgical procedures havebeen achieved without a muscle relaxant, and thus withoutany risk of residual postoperative paralysis.3–8

The practice of administering a muscle relaxant tofacilitate tracheal intubation may appear self-evident;however, it has never been rigorously evaluated and

results are conflicting. For instance, in one randomizedcontrolled trial, postoperative vocal cord dysfunction washigher when tracheal intubation was performed withoutthan with a muscle relaxant, whereas in a non-randomizedprospective study, there was no difference in post-intubation pharyngolaryngeal symptom frequency betweenpatients who had or had not received a muscle relaxant.9 10

†Presented as an abstract at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, October 2003.

# The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]

British Journal of Anaesthesia 99 (2): 276–81 (2007)

doi:10.1093/bja/aem147 Advance Access publication June 15, 2007

at Servicio Valenciano de Salud on M

arch 7, 2013http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/

Dow

nloaded from

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1049–56 © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Laryngeal Morbidity and Quality of Tracheal Intubation

A Randomized Controlled TrialThomas Mencke, M.D.,* Mathias Echternach, M.D.,† Stefan Kleinschmidt, M.D.,* Philip Lux,‡ Volker Barth, M.D.,†Peter K. Plinkert, M.D.,§ Thomas Fuchs-Buder, M.D.!

Background: Vocal cord sequelae and postoperative hoarse-ness during general anesthesia are a significant source of mor-bidity for patients and a source of liability for anesthesiologists.Several risk factors leading to laryngeal injury have been iden-tified in the past. However, whether the quality of trachealintubation affects their incidence or severity is still unclear.

Methods: Eighty patients were randomized in two groups(n ! 40 for each) to receive a propofol–fentanyl inductionregimen with or without atracurium. Intubation conditionswere evaluated with the Copenhagen Score; postoperativehoarseness was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h by a standardizedinterview; and vocal cords were examined by stroboscopy be-fore and 24 and 72 h after surgery. If postoperative hoarsenessor vocal cord sequelae persisted, follow-up examination wasperformed until complete restitution.

Results: Without atracurium, postoperative hoarseness oc-curred more often (16 vs. 6 patients; P ! 0.02). The number ofdays with postoperative hoarseness was higher when atra-curium was omitted (25 vs. 6 patients; P < 0.001). Similarfindings were observed for vocal cord sequelae (incidence ofvocal cord sequelae: 15 vs. 3 patients, respectively, P ! 0.002;days with vocal cord sequelae: 50 vs. 5 patients, respectively,P < 0.001). Excellent intubating conditions were less frequentlyassociated with postoperative hoarseness compared to good orpoor conditions (11, 29, and 57% of patients, respectively; ex-cellent vs. poor: P ! 0.008). Similar findings were observed forvocal cord sequelae (11, 22, and 50% of patients, respectively;excellent vs. poor: P ! 0.02).

Conclusions: The quality of tracheal intubation contributes tolaryngeal morbidity, and excellent conditions are less fre-quently associated with postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae. Adding atracurium to a propofol–fentanyl induc-tion regimen significantly improved the quality of tracheal in-

tubation and decreased postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae.

INJURIES to the airway are well-recognized complica-tions of anesthesia, and claims for airway injuries arefrequent in the American Society of AnesthesiologistsClosed Claims database.1 According to this database, themost common site of injuries to the airway is the larynx,representing 33% of all airway injury claims. The mostfrequent types of laryngeal injury are vocal cord paralysisand hematoma or granuloma of the vocal cords. More-over, hoarseness is a common postoperative complica-tion with an incidence varying between 14.4 and 50%; itaffects patient satisfaction and can affect a patient’s ac-tivities even after leaving the hospital.2–13 Indeed, pro-longed or even permanent hoarseness may occur in 1%of patients.11

In the past, several risk factors for laryngeal injury andpostoperative hoarseness (PH) have been identified, in-cluding endotracheal tube size, cuff design, and cuffpressure, as well as demographic factors such as sex oreven the type of surgery.3,8,12,14 However, whether thequality of tracheal intubation affects the incidence oflaryngeal injury has not yet been systematically investi-gated. Kambic and Radsel15 examined 1,000 patientspostoperatively using the indirect mirror technique andreported 6.2% direct lesions. These were mainly hema-toma or lacerations of the vocal cords. Similar resultswere reported by Peppard and Dickens16 in a cohort of475 patients. The authors of both studies speculated thatpoor muscle relaxation at the moment of intubation mayhave been causative for many of the observed laryngealinjuries, although this assumption still has not beenproved by any randomized controlled trial. Therefore,the purpose of the current study was to test the follow-ing hypothesis: An induction technique including propo-fol, fentanyl, and a neuromuscular blocking agent(NMBA), i.e., atracurium, results in a lower incidence ofvocal cord sequelae (VCS) or PH compared to a propo-fol–fentanyl regimen without NMBA.

Materials and Methods

PatientsAfter obtaining approval from the Institutional Review

Committee (University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar,Germany) and written informed consent, we studied 80adult patients aged 18–76 yr with American Society ofAnesthesiologists physical status class I or II. All patients

This article is featured in “This Month in Anesthesiology.”Please see this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY, page 5A.!

Additional material related to this article can be found on theANESTHESIOLOGY Web site. Go to the following address, click onEnhancements Index, and then scroll down to find the appro-priate article and link. http://www.anesthesiology.org

!

* Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, † Staff, § Professor andChairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‡ Medical Student, University ofthe Saarland. ! Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University ofthe Saarland. Current position: Associate Professor of Anesthesia, UniversitéHenri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, France.

Received from the Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Otorhi-nolaryngology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Submittedfor publication July 25, 2002. Accepted for publication November 26, 2002.Support was provided solely from institutional and departmental sources.Presented in part as an abstract at the 7th International Neuromuscular Meeting,Belfast, Northern Ireland, June 21–24, 2001, and the 10th European Society ofAnaesthesiologists Meeting, Nice, France, April 6–9, 2002.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Fuchs-Buder: Département d’ Anesthésie-Ré-animation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brabois, 4, Rue du Morvan, F-54500Vandoeuvres-les-Nancy, France. Address electronic mail to: [email protected]. Individual article reprints may be purchased through the Journal Website, www.anesthesiology.org.

Anesthesiology, V 98, No 5, May 2003 1049

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Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1049–56 © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Laryngeal Morbidity and Quality of Tracheal Intubation

A Randomized Controlled TrialThomas Mencke, M.D.,* Mathias Echternach, M.D.,† Stefan Kleinschmidt, M.D.,* Philip Lux,‡ Volker Barth, M.D.,†Peter K. Plinkert, M.D.,§ Thomas Fuchs-Buder, M.D.!

Background: Vocal cord sequelae and postoperative hoarse-ness during general anesthesia are a significant source of mor-bidity for patients and a source of liability for anesthesiologists.Several risk factors leading to laryngeal injury have been iden-tified in the past. However, whether the quality of trachealintubation affects their incidence or severity is still unclear.

Methods: Eighty patients were randomized in two groups(n ! 40 for each) to receive a propofol–fentanyl inductionregimen with or without atracurium. Intubation conditionswere evaluated with the Copenhagen Score; postoperativehoarseness was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h by a standardizedinterview; and vocal cords were examined by stroboscopy be-fore and 24 and 72 h after surgery. If postoperative hoarsenessor vocal cord sequelae persisted, follow-up examination wasperformed until complete restitution.

Results: Without atracurium, postoperative hoarseness oc-curred more often (16 vs. 6 patients; P ! 0.02). The number ofdays with postoperative hoarseness was higher when atra-curium was omitted (25 vs. 6 patients; P < 0.001). Similarfindings were observed for vocal cord sequelae (incidence ofvocal cord sequelae: 15 vs. 3 patients, respectively, P ! 0.002;days with vocal cord sequelae: 50 vs. 5 patients, respectively,P < 0.001). Excellent intubating conditions were less frequentlyassociated with postoperative hoarseness compared to good orpoor conditions (11, 29, and 57% of patients, respectively; ex-cellent vs. poor: P ! 0.008). Similar findings were observed forvocal cord sequelae (11, 22, and 50% of patients, respectively;excellent vs. poor: P ! 0.02).

Conclusions: The quality of tracheal intubation contributes tolaryngeal morbidity, and excellent conditions are less fre-quently associated with postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae. Adding atracurium to a propofol–fentanyl induc-tion regimen significantly improved the quality of tracheal in-

tubation and decreased postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae.

INJURIES to the airway are well-recognized complica-tions of anesthesia, and claims for airway injuries arefrequent in the American Society of AnesthesiologistsClosed Claims database.1 According to this database, themost common site of injuries to the airway is the larynx,representing 33% of all airway injury claims. The mostfrequent types of laryngeal injury are vocal cord paralysisand hematoma or granuloma of the vocal cords. More-over, hoarseness is a common postoperative complica-tion with an incidence varying between 14.4 and 50%; itaffects patient satisfaction and can affect a patient’s ac-tivities even after leaving the hospital.2–13 Indeed, pro-longed or even permanent hoarseness may occur in 1%of patients.11

In the past, several risk factors for laryngeal injury andpostoperative hoarseness (PH) have been identified, in-cluding endotracheal tube size, cuff design, and cuffpressure, as well as demographic factors such as sex oreven the type of surgery.3,8,12,14 However, whether thequality of tracheal intubation affects the incidence oflaryngeal injury has not yet been systematically investi-gated. Kambic and Radsel15 examined 1,000 patientspostoperatively using the indirect mirror technique andreported 6.2% direct lesions. These were mainly hema-toma or lacerations of the vocal cords. Similar resultswere reported by Peppard and Dickens16 in a cohort of475 patients. The authors of both studies speculated thatpoor muscle relaxation at the moment of intubation mayhave been causative for many of the observed laryngealinjuries, although this assumption still has not beenproved by any randomized controlled trial. Therefore,the purpose of the current study was to test the follow-ing hypothesis: An induction technique including propo-fol, fentanyl, and a neuromuscular blocking agent(NMBA), i.e., atracurium, results in a lower incidence ofvocal cord sequelae (VCS) or PH compared to a propo-fol–fentanyl regimen without NMBA.

Materials and Methods

PatientsAfter obtaining approval from the Institutional Review

Committee (University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar,Germany) and written informed consent, we studied 80adult patients aged 18–76 yr with American Society ofAnesthesiologists physical status class I or II. All patients

This article is featured in “This Month in Anesthesiology.”Please see this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY, page 5A.!

Additional material related to this article can be found on theANESTHESIOLOGY Web site. Go to the following address, click onEnhancements Index, and then scroll down to find the appro-priate article and link. http://www.anesthesiology.org

!

* Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, † Staff, § Professor andChairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‡ Medical Student, University ofthe Saarland. ! Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University ofthe Saarland. Current position: Associate Professor of Anesthesia, UniversitéHenri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, France.

Received from the Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Otorhi-nolaryngology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Submittedfor publication July 25, 2002. Accepted for publication November 26, 2002.Support was provided solely from institutional and departmental sources.Presented in part as an abstract at the 7th International Neuromuscular Meeting,Belfast, Northern Ireland, June 21–24, 2001, and the 10th European Society ofAnaesthesiologists Meeting, Nice, France, April 6–9, 2002.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Fuchs-Buder: Département d’ Anesthésie-Ré-animation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brabois, 4, Rue du Morvan, F-54500Vandoeuvres-les-Nancy, France. Address electronic mail to: [email protected]. Individual article reprints may be purchased through the Journal Website, www.anesthesiology.org.

Anesthesiology, V 98, No 5, May 2003 1049

Estudio muestra significativamente mejores condiciones para IOT tras administración BNM, y menor incidencia de trauma laringe/ ronquera/ lesión cuerdas vocales ( hematoma, granuloma, etc).Relación entre IOT satisfactoria e incidencia de complicaciones laringeas y duración de las mismas

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Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1049–56 © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Laryngeal Morbidity and Quality of Tracheal Intubation

A Randomized Controlled TrialThomas Mencke, M.D.,* Mathias Echternach, M.D.,† Stefan Kleinschmidt, M.D.,* Philip Lux,‡ Volker Barth, M.D.,†Peter K. Plinkert, M.D.,§ Thomas Fuchs-Buder, M.D.!

Background: Vocal cord sequelae and postoperative hoarse-ness during general anesthesia are a significant source of mor-bidity for patients and a source of liability for anesthesiologists.Several risk factors leading to laryngeal injury have been iden-tified in the past. However, whether the quality of trachealintubation affects their incidence or severity is still unclear.

Methods: Eighty patients were randomized in two groups(n ! 40 for each) to receive a propofol–fentanyl inductionregimen with or without atracurium. Intubation conditionswere evaluated with the Copenhagen Score; postoperativehoarseness was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h by a standardizedinterview; and vocal cords were examined by stroboscopy be-fore and 24 and 72 h after surgery. If postoperative hoarsenessor vocal cord sequelae persisted, follow-up examination wasperformed until complete restitution.

Results: Without atracurium, postoperative hoarseness oc-curred more often (16 vs. 6 patients; P ! 0.02). The number ofdays with postoperative hoarseness was higher when atra-curium was omitted (25 vs. 6 patients; P < 0.001). Similarfindings were observed for vocal cord sequelae (incidence ofvocal cord sequelae: 15 vs. 3 patients, respectively, P ! 0.002;days with vocal cord sequelae: 50 vs. 5 patients, respectively,P < 0.001). Excellent intubating conditions were less frequentlyassociated with postoperative hoarseness compared to good orpoor conditions (11, 29, and 57% of patients, respectively; ex-cellent vs. poor: P ! 0.008). Similar findings were observed forvocal cord sequelae (11, 22, and 50% of patients, respectively;excellent vs. poor: P ! 0.02).

Conclusions: The quality of tracheal intubation contributes tolaryngeal morbidity, and excellent conditions are less fre-quently associated with postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae. Adding atracurium to a propofol–fentanyl induc-tion regimen significantly improved the quality of tracheal in-

tubation and decreased postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae.

INJURIES to the airway are well-recognized complica-tions of anesthesia, and claims for airway injuries arefrequent in the American Society of AnesthesiologistsClosed Claims database.1 According to this database, themost common site of injuries to the airway is the larynx,representing 33% of all airway injury claims. The mostfrequent types of laryngeal injury are vocal cord paralysisand hematoma or granuloma of the vocal cords. More-over, hoarseness is a common postoperative complica-tion with an incidence varying between 14.4 and 50%; itaffects patient satisfaction and can affect a patient’s ac-tivities even after leaving the hospital.2–13 Indeed, pro-longed or even permanent hoarseness may occur in 1%of patients.11

In the past, several risk factors for laryngeal injury andpostoperative hoarseness (PH) have been identified, in-cluding endotracheal tube size, cuff design, and cuffpressure, as well as demographic factors such as sex oreven the type of surgery.3,8,12,14 However, whether thequality of tracheal intubation affects the incidence oflaryngeal injury has not yet been systematically investi-gated. Kambic and Radsel15 examined 1,000 patientspostoperatively using the indirect mirror technique andreported 6.2% direct lesions. These were mainly hema-toma or lacerations of the vocal cords. Similar resultswere reported by Peppard and Dickens16 in a cohort of475 patients. The authors of both studies speculated thatpoor muscle relaxation at the moment of intubation mayhave been causative for many of the observed laryngealinjuries, although this assumption still has not beenproved by any randomized controlled trial. Therefore,the purpose of the current study was to test the follow-ing hypothesis: An induction technique including propo-fol, fentanyl, and a neuromuscular blocking agent(NMBA), i.e., atracurium, results in a lower incidence ofvocal cord sequelae (VCS) or PH compared to a propo-fol–fentanyl regimen without NMBA.

Materials and Methods

PatientsAfter obtaining approval from the Institutional Review

Committee (University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar,Germany) and written informed consent, we studied 80adult patients aged 18–76 yr with American Society ofAnesthesiologists physical status class I or II. All patients

This article is featured in “This Month in Anesthesiology.”Please see this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY, page 5A.!

Additional material related to this article can be found on theANESTHESIOLOGY Web site. Go to the following address, click onEnhancements Index, and then scroll down to find the appro-priate article and link. http://www.anesthesiology.org

!

* Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, † Staff, § Professor andChairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‡ Medical Student, University ofthe Saarland. ! Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University ofthe Saarland. Current position: Associate Professor of Anesthesia, UniversitéHenri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, France.

Received from the Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Otorhi-nolaryngology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Submittedfor publication July 25, 2002. Accepted for publication November 26, 2002.Support was provided solely from institutional and departmental sources.Presented in part as an abstract at the 7th International Neuromuscular Meeting,Belfast, Northern Ireland, June 21–24, 2001, and the 10th European Society ofAnaesthesiologists Meeting, Nice, France, April 6–9, 2002.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Fuchs-Buder: Département d’ Anesthésie-Ré-animation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brabois, 4, Rue du Morvan, F-54500Vandoeuvres-les-Nancy, France. Address electronic mail to: [email protected]. Individual article reprints may be purchased through the Journal Website, www.anesthesiology.org.

Anesthesiology, V 98, No 5, May 2003 1049

Estudio muestra significativamente mejores condiciones para IOT tras administración BNM, y menor incidencia de trauma laringe/ ronquera/ lesión cuerdas vocales ( hematoma, granuloma, etc).Relación entre IOT satisfactoria e incidencia de complicaciones laringeas y duración de las mismas

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Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1049–56 © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Laryngeal Morbidity and Quality of Tracheal Intubation

A Randomized Controlled TrialThomas Mencke, M.D.,* Mathias Echternach, M.D.,† Stefan Kleinschmidt, M.D.,* Philip Lux,‡ Volker Barth, M.D.,†Peter K. Plinkert, M.D.,§ Thomas Fuchs-Buder, M.D.!

Background: Vocal cord sequelae and postoperative hoarse-ness during general anesthesia are a significant source of mor-bidity for patients and a source of liability for anesthesiologists.Several risk factors leading to laryngeal injury have been iden-tified in the past. However, whether the quality of trachealintubation affects their incidence or severity is still unclear.

Methods: Eighty patients were randomized in two groups(n ! 40 for each) to receive a propofol–fentanyl inductionregimen with or without atracurium. Intubation conditionswere evaluated with the Copenhagen Score; postoperativehoarseness was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h by a standardizedinterview; and vocal cords were examined by stroboscopy be-fore and 24 and 72 h after surgery. If postoperative hoarsenessor vocal cord sequelae persisted, follow-up examination wasperformed until complete restitution.

Results: Without atracurium, postoperative hoarseness oc-curred more often (16 vs. 6 patients; P ! 0.02). The number ofdays with postoperative hoarseness was higher when atra-curium was omitted (25 vs. 6 patients; P < 0.001). Similarfindings were observed for vocal cord sequelae (incidence ofvocal cord sequelae: 15 vs. 3 patients, respectively, P ! 0.002;days with vocal cord sequelae: 50 vs. 5 patients, respectively,P < 0.001). Excellent intubating conditions were less frequentlyassociated with postoperative hoarseness compared to good orpoor conditions (11, 29, and 57% of patients, respectively; ex-cellent vs. poor: P ! 0.008). Similar findings were observed forvocal cord sequelae (11, 22, and 50% of patients, respectively;excellent vs. poor: P ! 0.02).

Conclusions: The quality of tracheal intubation contributes tolaryngeal morbidity, and excellent conditions are less fre-quently associated with postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae. Adding atracurium to a propofol–fentanyl induc-tion regimen significantly improved the quality of tracheal in-

tubation and decreased postoperative hoarseness and vocalcord sequelae.

INJURIES to the airway are well-recognized complica-tions of anesthesia, and claims for airway injuries arefrequent in the American Society of AnesthesiologistsClosed Claims database.1 According to this database, themost common site of injuries to the airway is the larynx,representing 33% of all airway injury claims. The mostfrequent types of laryngeal injury are vocal cord paralysisand hematoma or granuloma of the vocal cords. More-over, hoarseness is a common postoperative complica-tion with an incidence varying between 14.4 and 50%; itaffects patient satisfaction and can affect a patient’s ac-tivities even after leaving the hospital.2–13 Indeed, pro-longed or even permanent hoarseness may occur in 1%of patients.11

In the past, several risk factors for laryngeal injury andpostoperative hoarseness (PH) have been identified, in-cluding endotracheal tube size, cuff design, and cuffpressure, as well as demographic factors such as sex oreven the type of surgery.3,8,12,14 However, whether thequality of tracheal intubation affects the incidence oflaryngeal injury has not yet been systematically investi-gated. Kambic and Radsel15 examined 1,000 patientspostoperatively using the indirect mirror technique andreported 6.2% direct lesions. These were mainly hema-toma or lacerations of the vocal cords. Similar resultswere reported by Peppard and Dickens16 in a cohort of475 patients. The authors of both studies speculated thatpoor muscle relaxation at the moment of intubation mayhave been causative for many of the observed laryngealinjuries, although this assumption still has not beenproved by any randomized controlled trial. Therefore,the purpose of the current study was to test the follow-ing hypothesis: An induction technique including propo-fol, fentanyl, and a neuromuscular blocking agent(NMBA), i.e., atracurium, results in a lower incidence ofvocal cord sequelae (VCS) or PH compared to a propo-fol–fentanyl regimen without NMBA.

Materials and Methods

PatientsAfter obtaining approval from the Institutional Review

Committee (University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar,Germany) and written informed consent, we studied 80adult patients aged 18–76 yr with American Society ofAnesthesiologists physical status class I or II. All patients

This article is featured in “This Month in Anesthesiology.”Please see this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY, page 5A.!

Additional material related to this article can be found on theANESTHESIOLOGY Web site. Go to the following address, click onEnhancements Index, and then scroll down to find the appro-priate article and link. http://www.anesthesiology.org

!

* Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, † Staff, § Professor andChairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‡ Medical Student, University ofthe Saarland. ! Staff, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University ofthe Saarland. Current position: Associate Professor of Anesthesia, UniversitéHenri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, France.

Received from the Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Otorhi-nolaryngology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Submittedfor publication July 25, 2002. Accepted for publication November 26, 2002.Support was provided solely from institutional and departmental sources.Presented in part as an abstract at the 7th International Neuromuscular Meeting,Belfast, Northern Ireland, June 21–24, 2001, and the 10th European Society ofAnaesthesiologists Meeting, Nice, France, April 6–9, 2002.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Fuchs-Buder: Département d’ Anesthésie-Ré-animation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brabois, 4, Rue du Morvan, F-54500Vandoeuvres-les-Nancy, France. Address electronic mail to: [email protected]. Individual article reprints may be purchased through the Journal Website, www.anesthesiology.org.

Anesthesiology, V 98, No 5, May 2003 1049

Estudio muestra significativamente mejores condiciones para IOT tras administración BNM, y menor incidencia de trauma laringe/ ronquera/ lesión cuerdas vocales ( hematoma, granuloma, etc).Relación entre IOT satisfactoria e incidencia de complicaciones laringeas y duración de las mismas

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• MITO 2: SI CONOCES LA FARMACOCINÉTICA DE LOS BNMS , LA MONITORIZACIÓN Y LA REVERSIÓN NO SON NECESARIAS

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Incidence and duration of residual paralysis at the end ofsurgery after multiple administrations of cisatracuriumand rocuronium

D. M. Maybauer,1,6 G. Geldner,1 M. Blobner,2 F. Puhringer,3 R. Hofmockel,4 C. Rex,3

H. F. Wulf,1 L. Eberhart,1 C. Arndt1 and M. Eikermann5

1 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Germany2 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie, Technische Universitat Munchen, Germany3 Klink fur Anasthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Kreiskliniken Reutlingen, Germany

4 Klinik und Poliklinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitat Rostock, Germany5 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Germany6 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Ulm, Germany

SummaryIn a randomised, controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial in 338 patients, we assessed theincidence of residual paralysis following administration of cisatracurium or rocuronium. Theincidence at the end of surgery was significantly lower in patients treated with rocuronium (62of 142 patients, 44%) than in those given cisatracurium (99 of 175 patients, 57%) (p < 0.05). Incontrast, with rocuronium the mean (SD) time between skin closure and extubation was 28 (28)min vs 18 (19) min for cisatracurium, and the duration 0.9 (time from administration of last top-updose to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9) was significantly longer and more variablefor rocuronium than for cisatracurium. Thus, after repeated administration, the duration andvariability of duration of action are greater with rocuronium compared with cisatracurium. Thesepharmacodynamic differences do not necessarily translate into a higher incidence of residualparalysis, because clinicians compensate for the longer duration of action and variability ofrocuronium by terminating administration of the neuromuscular blocking earlier.

........................................................................................................

Correspondence to: M. EikermannE-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 11 September 2006

Adequate control of the duration and quality of neuro-muscular blockade during surgery is essential for safe andsuccessful surgery. Inadequate paralysis can endangerpatients, particularly during abdominal surgery [1]. Onthe other hand, residual paralysis may slow the through-put of patients in the operation room by increasingthe waiting time at the end of the case [2] and, moreimportantly, may put patients at additional risk [3–6].Dysphagia [3, 5], aspiration [3], or partial upper airwayobstruction [4, 5] may occur, even in the absence ofrespiratory symptoms at a train-of-four ratio (T4 ⁄T1) of0.5–0.9 [3–6]. Residual neuromuscular blockade afteradministration of the long-acting neuromuscular blockingdrug (NBD) pancuronium increases the risk for severepostoperative pulmonary complications [6]. Furthermore,postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade occurs in as

many as two-thirds of patients treated with NBDs with anintermediate duration of action [7].There are two strategies that help avoid postoperative

residual paralysis and its consequences. The first is reversalof NBD effects with cholinesterase inhibitors, which isa technique preferred by Anglo-American anaesthetists.In contrast, in some European countries such as Germanyand Belgium, cholinesterase inhibitors are applied in onlyabout 25% of cases, suggesting that this approach is notthe first line strategy throughout the world [8, 9]. Analternative strategy is to avoid overdosing patients withNBD via careful monitoring and thorough titration of themuscle relaxant [10]. Nonetheless, residual paralysis canonly be avoided by using NBDs that exhibit a rapid andpredictable spontaneous recovery profile. These propertiesmay be provided by benzylisoquinolines rather than by

Anaesthesia, 2007, 62, pages 12–17 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04862.x.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

! 2007 The Authors12 Journal compilation ! 2007 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland

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Incidence and duration of residual paralysis at the end ofsurgery after multiple administrations of cisatracuriumand rocuronium

D. M. Maybauer,1,6 G. Geldner,1 M. Blobner,2 F. Puhringer,3 R. Hofmockel,4 C. Rex,3

H. F. Wulf,1 L. Eberhart,1 C. Arndt1 and M. Eikermann5

1 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Germany2 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie, Technische Universitat Munchen, Germany3 Klink fur Anasthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Kreiskliniken Reutlingen, Germany

4 Klinik und Poliklinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitat Rostock, Germany5 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Germany6 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Ulm, Germany

SummaryIn a randomised, controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial in 338 patients, we assessed theincidence of residual paralysis following administration of cisatracurium or rocuronium. Theincidence at the end of surgery was significantly lower in patients treated with rocuronium (62of 142 patients, 44%) than in those given cisatracurium (99 of 175 patients, 57%) (p < 0.05). Incontrast, with rocuronium the mean (SD) time between skin closure and extubation was 28 (28)min vs 18 (19) min for cisatracurium, and the duration 0.9 (time from administration of last top-updose to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9) was significantly longer and more variablefor rocuronium than for cisatracurium. Thus, after repeated administration, the duration andvariability of duration of action are greater with rocuronium compared with cisatracurium. Thesepharmacodynamic differences do not necessarily translate into a higher incidence of residualparalysis, because clinicians compensate for the longer duration of action and variability ofrocuronium by terminating administration of the neuromuscular blocking earlier.

........................................................................................................

Correspondence to: M. EikermannE-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 11 September 2006

Adequate control of the duration and quality of neuro-muscular blockade during surgery is essential for safe andsuccessful surgery. Inadequate paralysis can endangerpatients, particularly during abdominal surgery [1]. Onthe other hand, residual paralysis may slow the through-put of patients in the operation room by increasingthe waiting time at the end of the case [2] and, moreimportantly, may put patients at additional risk [3–6].Dysphagia [3, 5], aspiration [3], or partial upper airwayobstruction [4, 5] may occur, even in the absence ofrespiratory symptoms at a train-of-four ratio (T4 ⁄T1) of0.5–0.9 [3–6]. Residual neuromuscular blockade afteradministration of the long-acting neuromuscular blockingdrug (NBD) pancuronium increases the risk for severepostoperative pulmonary complications [6]. Furthermore,postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade occurs in as

many as two-thirds of patients treated with NBDs with anintermediate duration of action [7].There are two strategies that help avoid postoperative

residual paralysis and its consequences. The first is reversalof NBD effects with cholinesterase inhibitors, which isa technique preferred by Anglo-American anaesthetists.In contrast, in some European countries such as Germanyand Belgium, cholinesterase inhibitors are applied in onlyabout 25% of cases, suggesting that this approach is notthe first line strategy throughout the world [8, 9]. Analternative strategy is to avoid overdosing patients withNBD via careful monitoring and thorough titration of themuscle relaxant [10]. Nonetheless, residual paralysis canonly be avoided by using NBDs that exhibit a rapid andpredictable spontaneous recovery profile. These propertiesmay be provided by benzylisoquinolines rather than by

Anaesthesia, 2007, 62, pages 12–17 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04862.x.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

! 2007 The Authors12 Journal compilation ! 2007 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland

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Incidence and duration of residual paralysis at the end ofsurgery after multiple administrations of cisatracuriumand rocuronium

D. M. Maybauer,1,6 G. Geldner,1 M. Blobner,2 F. Puhringer,3 R. Hofmockel,4 C. Rex,3

H. F. Wulf,1 L. Eberhart,1 C. Arndt1 and M. Eikermann5

1 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Germany2 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie, Technische Universitat Munchen, Germany3 Klink fur Anasthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Kreiskliniken Reutlingen, Germany

4 Klinik und Poliklinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitat Rostock, Germany5 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Germany6 Klinik fur Anasthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Ulm, Germany

SummaryIn a randomised, controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial in 338 patients, we assessed theincidence of residual paralysis following administration of cisatracurium or rocuronium. Theincidence at the end of surgery was significantly lower in patients treated with rocuronium (62of 142 patients, 44%) than in those given cisatracurium (99 of 175 patients, 57%) (p < 0.05). Incontrast, with rocuronium the mean (SD) time between skin closure and extubation was 28 (28)min vs 18 (19) min for cisatracurium, and the duration 0.9 (time from administration of last top-updose to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9) was significantly longer and more variablefor rocuronium than for cisatracurium. Thus, after repeated administration, the duration andvariability of duration of action are greater with rocuronium compared with cisatracurium. Thesepharmacodynamic differences do not necessarily translate into a higher incidence of residualparalysis, because clinicians compensate for the longer duration of action and variability ofrocuronium by terminating administration of the neuromuscular blocking earlier.

........................................................................................................

Correspondence to: M. EikermannE-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 11 September 2006

Adequate control of the duration and quality of neuro-muscular blockade during surgery is essential for safe andsuccessful surgery. Inadequate paralysis can endangerpatients, particularly during abdominal surgery [1]. Onthe other hand, residual paralysis may slow the through-put of patients in the operation room by increasingthe waiting time at the end of the case [2] and, moreimportantly, may put patients at additional risk [3–6].Dysphagia [3, 5], aspiration [3], or partial upper airwayobstruction [4, 5] may occur, even in the absence ofrespiratory symptoms at a train-of-four ratio (T4 ⁄T1) of0.5–0.9 [3–6]. Residual neuromuscular blockade afteradministration of the long-acting neuromuscular blockingdrug (NBD) pancuronium increases the risk for severepostoperative pulmonary complications [6]. Furthermore,postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade occurs in as

many as two-thirds of patients treated with NBDs with anintermediate duration of action [7].There are two strategies that help avoid postoperative

residual paralysis and its consequences. The first is reversalof NBD effects with cholinesterase inhibitors, which isa technique preferred by Anglo-American anaesthetists.In contrast, in some European countries such as Germanyand Belgium, cholinesterase inhibitors are applied in onlyabout 25% of cases, suggesting that this approach is notthe first line strategy throughout the world [8, 9]. Analternative strategy is to avoid overdosing patients withNBD via careful monitoring and thorough titration of themuscle relaxant [10]. Nonetheless, residual paralysis canonly be avoided by using NBDs that exhibit a rapid andpredictable spontaneous recovery profile. These propertiesmay be provided by benzylisoquinolines rather than by

Anaesthesia, 2007, 62, pages 12–17 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04862.x.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

! 2007 The Authors12 Journal compilation ! 2007 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland

BNM RESIDUAL: oscila entre el 4-64% dependiendo del fármaco. Para evitarlo: reversión, evitar sobredosificación mediante monitorización del BNM

Tras administraciones repetidas de BNM, la duración de acción y su variabilidad son superiores con rocuronio, aunque no se traduzca en una mayor incidencia de bloqueo residual.

LA RECUPERACIÓN VISTA A TRAVÉS DE TOF PARA LA EXIOT NO PUEDE PREDECIRSE Y LA DURACIÓN DEL BLOQUEO HASTA UN TOFr >0’9 TIENE UNA GRAN VARIABILIDAD

INTERINDIVIDUAL.

NECESARIA MONITORIZACIÓN CUANTITATIVA DE CUALQUIER BNM

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• MITO3: LOS EFECTOS DEL BNM RESIDUAL ESTÁN SOBREESTIMADOS

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BNM residual ( TOFr<0’9) asocia:- Disminución de la presión del esfínter esofágico inferior, menor coordinacón de la musculatira faringiesofágica >>>>>>> MAYOR RIESGO ASPIRACIÓN

- Reducción del estímulo ventilatorio hipóxico y capacidad de reaccionar a desaturación aumentando vol/min

INCIDENCIA SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE MENOR CUANDO SE EMPLEAN REVERSORES NEUROMUSCULARES

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MMIINN

EERRVVAA

MMEEDD

IICCAA

CCOOPPYY

RRIIGG

HHTT

®®

Residual neuromuscular blockade: incidence,assessment, and relevance

in the postoperative period

G. S. MURPHY

Department of AnesthesiologyEvanston Northwestern Healthcare

Northwestern UniversityFeinberg School of Medicine, IL, USA

The residual effects of neuromuscular blockingagents may persist into the early postoperativerecovery period, even when neuromuscularblockade is carefully monitored and reversedin the operating room. Recent data suggest thatmild degrees of residual paresis (train-of-fourTOF ratios of 0.7-0.9) may be associated withsignificant impairment of respiratory and pha-ryngeal muscle function. Therefore, the newgold standard reflecting acceptable neuromus-cular recovery is a TOF ratio !0.9. Several inves-tigations have demonstrated that many patientscontinue to arrive in the postanesthesia careunit with TOF ratios <0.7-0.9. Several techniquesmay be used to reduce the risk of postoperativeresidual paresis, which include avoidance oflong-acting muscle relaxants, use of neuro-muscular monitoring in the operating room,routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade ata TOF count of 2-3, and early administration ofreversal agents. Careful management of neuro-muscular blockade may limit the occurrence ofadverse events associated with residual post-operative paralysis. Large-scale outcome stud-ies are needed to clearly define the impact ofresidual neuromuscular block on major mor-bidity and mortality in surgical patients.Key words: Neuromuscular blockage - Paresis -Paralysis - Neuromuscular blocking agents -Neuromuscular monitoring - Acceleromyogra-phy - Train-of-four ratio.

Residual neuromuscular blockade is fre-quently observed in the Post Anesthesia

Care Unit (PACU) when neuromuscularblocking agents (NMBAs) are administeredin the operating room. The presence of sig-nificant muscle weakness is commonly doc-umented in the early postoperative peri-od, even when intermediate-acting NMBAsare used and routinely monitored andreversed.

The impact of residual neuromuscularblock on major adverse outcomes follow-ing surgery has been poorly studied.However, studies suggest that the residualeffects of NMBAs can prolong postoperativerecovery, adversely affect respiratory func-tion, impair airway protective reflexes, andproduce unpleasant symptoms of muscleweakness.1 The purpose of this article isto review the definitions of residual neu-romuscular blockade, to discuss the inci-dence and consequences of this complica-tion in the early postoperative period, andto describe methods to reduce the fre-quency of residual paresis following gen-eral anesthesia.

Vol. 72, N. 3 MINERVA ANESTESIOLOGICA 97

Funding provided by the Department of Anesthesiology,Evanston Northwestern Healthcare.

Address reprint requests to: G. S. Murphy, MD, Departmentof Anesthesiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650Ridge Ave., Evanston, Ill. 60201, USA.E-mail: [email protected]

ANESTESIAREVIEWS

MINERVA ANESTESIOL 2006;72:97-109

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

MMIINN

EERRVVAA

MMEEDD

IICCAA

CCOOPPYY

RRIIGG

HHTT

®®

Residual neuromuscular blockade: incidence,assessment, and relevance

in the postoperative period

G. S. MURPHY

Department of AnesthesiologyEvanston Northwestern Healthcare

Northwestern UniversityFeinberg School of Medicine, IL, USA

The residual effects of neuromuscular blockingagents may persist into the early postoperativerecovery period, even when neuromuscularblockade is carefully monitored and reversedin the operating room. Recent data suggest thatmild degrees of residual paresis (train-of-fourTOF ratios of 0.7-0.9) may be associated withsignificant impairment of respiratory and pha-ryngeal muscle function. Therefore, the newgold standard reflecting acceptable neuromus-cular recovery is a TOF ratio !0.9. Several inves-tigations have demonstrated that many patientscontinue to arrive in the postanesthesia careunit with TOF ratios <0.7-0.9. Several techniquesmay be used to reduce the risk of postoperativeresidual paresis, which include avoidance oflong-acting muscle relaxants, use of neuro-muscular monitoring in the operating room,routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade ata TOF count of 2-3, and early administration ofreversal agents. Careful management of neuro-muscular blockade may limit the occurrence ofadverse events associated with residual post-operative paralysis. Large-scale outcome stud-ies are needed to clearly define the impact ofresidual neuromuscular block on major mor-bidity and mortality in surgical patients.Key words: Neuromuscular blockage - Paresis -Paralysis - Neuromuscular blocking agents -Neuromuscular monitoring - Acceleromyogra-phy - Train-of-four ratio.

Residual neuromuscular blockade is fre-quently observed in the Post Anesthesia

Care Unit (PACU) when neuromuscularblocking agents (NMBAs) are administeredin the operating room. The presence of sig-nificant muscle weakness is commonly doc-umented in the early postoperative peri-od, even when intermediate-acting NMBAsare used and routinely monitored andreversed.

The impact of residual neuromuscularblock on major adverse outcomes follow-ing surgery has been poorly studied.However, studies suggest that the residualeffects of NMBAs can prolong postoperativerecovery, adversely affect respiratory func-tion, impair airway protective reflexes, andproduce unpleasant symptoms of muscleweakness.1 The purpose of this article isto review the definitions of residual neu-romuscular blockade, to discuss the inci-dence and consequences of this complica-tion in the early postoperative period, andto describe methods to reduce the fre-quency of residual paresis following gen-eral anesthesia.

Vol. 72, N. 3 MINERVA ANESTESIOLOGICA 97

Funding provided by the Department of Anesthesiology,Evanston Northwestern Healthcare.

Address reprint requests to: G. S. Murphy, MD, Departmentof Anesthesiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650Ridge Ave., Evanston, Ill. 60201, USA.E-mail: [email protected]

ANESTESIAREVIEWS

MINERVA ANESTESIOL 2006;72:97-109 - Complicaciones respiratorias críticas en el postoperatorio: etiología multifactorial (cirugía, tipo paciente, tipo anestesia).

- En pacientes con eventos respiratorios críticos (hipoxemia severa, obstrucción VAS) en URPQ, incidencia oscila entre 1’2-6’9%. El 70% relacionados por tasas de BNM residual con TOFr<0’7.

- 0’1% de pacientes presentaron insuficiencia respiratoria y requirieron REIOT. En ellos TOFr 0’36 +/- 0’17.

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

MMIINN

EERRVVAA

MMEEDD

IICCAA

CCOOPPYY

RRIIGG

HHTT

®®

Residual neuromuscular blockade: incidence,assessment, and relevance

in the postoperative period

G. S. MURPHY

Department of AnesthesiologyEvanston Northwestern Healthcare

Northwestern UniversityFeinberg School of Medicine, IL, USA

The residual effects of neuromuscular blockingagents may persist into the early postoperativerecovery period, even when neuromuscularblockade is carefully monitored and reversedin the operating room. Recent data suggest thatmild degrees of residual paresis (train-of-fourTOF ratios of 0.7-0.9) may be associated withsignificant impairment of respiratory and pha-ryngeal muscle function. Therefore, the newgold standard reflecting acceptable neuromus-cular recovery is a TOF ratio !0.9. Several inves-tigations have demonstrated that many patientscontinue to arrive in the postanesthesia careunit with TOF ratios <0.7-0.9. Several techniquesmay be used to reduce the risk of postoperativeresidual paresis, which include avoidance oflong-acting muscle relaxants, use of neuro-muscular monitoring in the operating room,routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade ata TOF count of 2-3, and early administration ofreversal agents. Careful management of neuro-muscular blockade may limit the occurrence ofadverse events associated with residual post-operative paralysis. Large-scale outcome stud-ies are needed to clearly define the impact ofresidual neuromuscular block on major mor-bidity and mortality in surgical patients.Key words: Neuromuscular blockage - Paresis -Paralysis - Neuromuscular blocking agents -Neuromuscular monitoring - Acceleromyogra-phy - Train-of-four ratio.

Residual neuromuscular blockade is fre-quently observed in the Post Anesthesia

Care Unit (PACU) when neuromuscularblocking agents (NMBAs) are administeredin the operating room. The presence of sig-nificant muscle weakness is commonly doc-umented in the early postoperative peri-od, even when intermediate-acting NMBAsare used and routinely monitored andreversed.

The impact of residual neuromuscularblock on major adverse outcomes follow-ing surgery has been poorly studied.However, studies suggest that the residualeffects of NMBAs can prolong postoperativerecovery, adversely affect respiratory func-tion, impair airway protective reflexes, andproduce unpleasant symptoms of muscleweakness.1 The purpose of this article isto review the definitions of residual neu-romuscular blockade, to discuss the inci-dence and consequences of this complica-tion in the early postoperative period, andto describe methods to reduce the fre-quency of residual paresis following gen-eral anesthesia.

Vol. 72, N. 3 MINERVA ANESTESIOLOGICA 97

Funding provided by the Department of Anesthesiology,Evanston Northwestern Healthcare.

Address reprint requests to: G. S. Murphy, MD, Departmentof Anesthesiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650Ridge Ave., Evanston, Ill. 60201, USA.E-mail: [email protected]

ANESTESIAREVIEWS

MINERVA ANESTESIOL 2006;72:97-109 - Complicaciones respiratorias críticas en el postoperatorio: etiología multifactorial (cirugía, tipo paciente, tipo anestesia).

- En pacientes con eventos respiratorios críticos (hipoxemia severa, obstrucción VAS) en URPQ, incidencia oscila entre 1’2-6’9%. El 70% relacionados por tasas de BNM residual con TOFr<0’7.

- 0’1% de pacientes presentaron insuficiencia respiratoria y requirieron REIOT. En ellos TOFr 0’36 +/- 0’17.

CLÍNICOS CARECEN DE CONOCIMIENTO TOTAL DE LA RECUPERACIÓN COMPLETA DEL BNM Y MONITORIZAN INFRECUENTEMENTE EL GRADO DE BLOQUEO

SE DEBE REALIZAR MANEJO INTRAOPERATORIO CUIDADOSO DEL BNM ( MINIMIZAR DOSIS, REVERSION TEMPRANA, MONITORIZACIÓN CUANTITATIVA ESTRECHA CON ACELEROMIOGRAFÍA), Y

ASÍ REDUCIR LA INCIDENCIA DE PARESIA RESIDUAL Y COMPLICACIONES RESPIRATORIAS EN EL POSTOPERATORIO INMEDIATO

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

9,516,7

73,8

90,5

9,50

0102030405060708090

100

TOF >0,9 TOF <0,7

Paci

ente

s (%

)

Con CRC Controles

p<0,0001

p<0,366

p<0,0001

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

9,516,7

73,8

90,5

9,50

0102030405060708090

100

TOF >0,9 TOF <0,7

Paci

ente

s (%

)

Con CRC Controles

p<0,0001

p<0,366

p<0,0001

EL BNM RESIDUAL AUMENTA EL RIESGO DE COMPLICACIONES RESPIRATORIAS CRÍTICAS

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

EL BNM RESIDUAL AUMENTA EL RIESGO DE COMPLICACIONES RESPIRATORIAS CRÍTICAS

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

EL BNM RESIDUAL AUMENTA EL RIESGO DE COMPLICACIONES RESPIRATORIAS CRÍTICAS

CONSECUENCIAS POTENCIALES DEL BNM RESIDUAL

Alteración regulación de la ventilación >>> HIPOXIA

Disfunción de la musculatura faríngea

Riesgo de aspiración y obstrucción de VAS

Complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias ( neumonías)

Aumento estancia hospitalaria/ costos

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CLÁSICAMENTE TOFr 0’7-0’9>> reflejos protectores de la vía aérea alterados, obstrucción VAS, recuperación neuromuscular incompleta.

GOLD STANDARD >0’9

CRC de mayor incidencia en la URPA (N=61)

59

34,4

19,7

34,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Hipoxemia grave Obstruc víasrespirat sup

Hipoxemia leve Varias CRC

Tipo de CRC

Frec

uenc

ia re

lativ

a (%

)

EL BNM RESIDUAL AUMENTA EL RIESGO DE COMPLICACIONES RESPIRATORIAS CRÍTICAS

CONSECUENCIAS POTENCIALES DEL BNM RESIDUAL

Alteración regulación de la ventilación >>> HIPOXIA

Disfunción de la musculatura faríngea

Riesgo de aspiración y obstrucción de VAS

Complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias ( neumonías)

Aumento estancia hospitalaria/ costos

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• MITO 4: BNM RESIDUAL POSTOPERATORIO ESTÁ SOBREESTIMADO.

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

En voluntarios sanos, TOFr 0’8: incidencia 20% actividad musculatura faringea alterada y reducción P esfinter esofágico inferior.

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

En voluntarios sanos, TOFr 0’8: incidencia 20% actividad musculatura faringea alterada y reducción P esfinter esofágico inferior.

Incluso con reversión BNM, 41% pacientes presentaban TOFr <0’7, 58% TOFr 0’7-0’9, 88% TOFr <0’9.

Valoración estrecha de la recuperación de la función neuromuscular previo a ExIOT para garantizar corecta recuperación de la fuerza

musculatura faringea y respiratoria

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

En voluntarios sanos, TOFr 0’8: incidencia 20% actividad musculatura faringea alterada y reducción P esfinter esofágico inferior.

Incluso con reversión BNM, 41% pacientes presentaban TOFr <0’7, 58% TOFr 0’7-0’9, 88% TOFr <0’9.

Valoración estrecha de la recuperación de la función neuromuscular previo a ExIOT para garantizar corecta recuperación de la fuerza

musculatura faringea y respiratoria

Incluso dosis única de BNM previa a IOT puede ocasionar BNM residual postoperatorio.

Reversión rutinaria BNM no elimina el riesgo de BNM residual ( estudios con BNM residual TOFr 0’7-0’9 16-45%, presente en el

25% de pacientes tras reversión)

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!"#$%&'()*+,!-./01,2-,345678/01,'4191:727,+7;-18/7,<=,2-,>75?4,2-,<@AB,

En voluntarios sanos, TOFr 0’8: incidencia 20% actividad musculatura faringea alterada y reducción P esfinter esofágico inferior.

Incluso con reversión BNM, 41% pacientes presentaban TOFr <0’7, 58% TOFr 0’7-0’9, 88% TOFr <0’9.

Valoración estrecha de la recuperación de la función neuromuscular previo a ExIOT para garantizar corecta recuperación de la fuerza

musculatura faringea y respiratoria

Incluso dosis única de BNM previa a IOT puede ocasionar BNM residual postoperatorio.

Reversión rutinaria BNM no elimina el riesgo de BNM residual ( estudios con BNM residual TOFr 0’7-0’9 16-45%, presente en el

25% de pacientes tras reversión)

NECESIDAD DE MONITORIZAR Y REVERTIR BNM!!

Garantizar bloqueo neuromuscular suficiente y eficaz.

Determinar cuando es posible la intubación orotraqueal.

Determinar cuando es posible revertir BNM.

Garantizar la reversión completa del BNM.

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• Baillard, 1995. Monitorización del BNM se inicia a partir de 1995

• 62% pacientes presentan un TOFr< 0’9 en URPQ

• Monitorización aumentó hasta 60% de pacientes // Reversión BNM pasó de 6- 42%

• REDUCCIÓN BNM RESIDUAL HASTA 3’5% EN 2004

• Reducción de 35% de efectos adversos tras la aplicación de monitorización

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• Baillard, 1995. Monitorización del BNM se inicia a partir de 1995

• 62% pacientes presentan un TOFr< 0’9 en URPQ

• Monitorización aumentó hasta 60% de pacientes // Reversión BNM pasó de 6- 42%

• REDUCCIÓN BNM RESIDUAL HASTA 3’5% EN 2004

• Reducción de 35% de efectos adversos tras la aplicación de monitorización

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• MITO 5: BNM PUEDE SER FÁCILMENTE DIAGNOSTICADO Y TESTADO CLÍNICAMENTE.

• MITO 6: TESTS SUBJETIVOS ( VISUALES/ TACTILES) SON SUFICIENTES PARA DIAGNOSTICAR BNM RESIDUAL.

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TESTS SUBJETIVOS (apertura ocular, protrusión lengua, levantar brazo, cabeza >5 segundos, volumen /min adecuado) NO son del todo fiables porque

1- puede que el paciente no sea capaz de realizarlos por BNM residualo por dosificación de opioides2- pacientes puedan realizarlos au comn cierto grado de bloqueo residual ( levantar cabeza 5 seg requiere TOFr>0’5)

La detección visual/ táctil no se observa hasta que no se alcanza un TOFr>0’5

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TESTS SUBJETIVOS (apertura ocular, protrusión lengua, levantar brazo, cabeza >5 segundos, volumen /min adecuado) NO son del todo fiables porque

1- puede que el paciente no sea capaz de realizarlos por BNM residualo por dosificación de opioides2- pacientes puedan realizarlos au comn cierto grado de bloqueo residual ( levantar cabeza 5 seg requiere TOFr>0’5)

La detección visual/ táctil no se observa hasta que no se alcanza un TOFr>0’5

TESTS SUBJETIVOS SE PUEDEN EMPLEAR, PERO NO PUEDEN REEMPLAZAR LA MONITORIZACIÓN CUANTITATIVA OBJETIVA

ES NECESARIO DICHA MONITORIZACIÓN PARA VALORAR LA PROFUNDIDAD DEL BLOQUEO Y EL GRADO DE RECUPERACION DEL MISMO

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CUÁNDO Y CÓMO REVERTIR BNM?

SIEMPRE QUE SE EMPLEEN BNM Y SEGÚN DATOS OBTENIDOS EN LA MONITORIZACIÓN.

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REVERSIÓN DEL BNM• INHIBIDORES DE LA COLINESTERASA (NEOSTIGMINA/EDROFONIO...)

• Inactivan el enzima en el hueco sináptico (aumentan concentración Ach en hueco sináptico)

• Reversión clásica: efecto máximo se alcanza a partir de los 10 min, incluso cuando se administra tras obtener T2.

• Techo de dosis (> dosis o 2ª administración no ofrece beneficio en la reversión).

• Efectos secundarios: náuseas/vómitos, bradicardia, aumento QT, broncoconstricción, sialorrea, miosis (efectos muscarínicos)

• MONITORIZACION ESENCIAL PARA EVITAR BNM RESIDUAL.

• Importancia de la profundidad del BNM a la hora de administrar el fármaco ( se recomienda TOF 2, ya que aumenta el tiempo de recuperación si TOF 1-2)

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NUEVOS REVERSORES: CICLODEXTRINAS (SUGAMMADEX)

• Estructura en anillo conformando un cono truncado

• Molécula hidrosoluble que rodea por la cavidad central lipofílica los 4 anillos esteroides del rocuronio.

• VD 18 litros. Aclaramiento renal 120 ml/min

• Baja unión a proteínas, no pasa BHE, bajo paso placentario, no presenta actividad intrínseca, no genera toxicidad ni teratogenicidad

• Complejo de inclusión 1:1 con rocuronio/vecuronio/pancuronio, finalizando su acción Unión a las moléculas libres en plasma, creando gradiente de concentración, que promueve el movimiento de las moléculas de la unión neuromuscular hacia el plasma, donde se encapsula con el resto de sugammadex libre

• Efecto dosis- dependiente

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EVIDENCIA CLÍNICA DEL SUGAMMADEX

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EVIDENCIA CLÍNICA DEL SUGAMMADEX

REVERSIÓN BLOQUEO PROFUNDO ( TOF 0, PTC>1): dosis 4 mg/kg. Reversión a TOFr 0’9 en <3min

REVERSIÓN INMEDIATA ( RESCATE EN BLOQUEO INTENSO, TOF0, PTC 0): en situaciones de pacientes no intubables, no ventilables ( en inducciones de secuencia rápida con dosis de rocuronio 1’2 mg/kg): dosis de 16 mg/kg recupera hasta TOFr 0’9 en 1’6 min)

Efecto no se ve alterado en pacientes con insuficiencia renal

Se ha observado recurarización cuando las dosis son insuficientes ( RESPETAR DOSIS CORRECTAS)

No aparente efectos secundarios severos. Más seguro que neostigmina

Se puede readministrar con seguridad respetando tiempos de espera

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EVIDENCIA CLÍNICA DEL SUGAMMADEX

REVERSIÓN BLOQUEO PROFUNDO ( TOF 0, PTC>1): dosis 4 mg/kg. Reversión a TOFr 0’9 en <3min

REVERSIÓN INMEDIATA ( RESCATE EN BLOQUEO INTENSO, TOF0, PTC 0): en situaciones de pacientes no intubables, no ventilables ( en inducciones de secuencia rápida con dosis de rocuronio 1’2 mg/kg): dosis de 16 mg/kg recupera hasta TOFr 0’9 en 1’6 min)

Efecto no se ve alterado en pacientes con insuficiencia renal

Se ha observado recurarización cuando las dosis son insuficientes ( RESPETAR DOSIS CORRECTAS)

No aparente efectos secundarios severos. Más seguro que neostigmina

Se puede readministrar con seguridad respetando tiempos de espera

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COMPARA REVERSIÓN CON SUGAMMADEX DE BLOQUEO PROFUNDO ( TOF0 PTC >1) CON REVERSIÓN CON NEOSTIGMINA DE BLOQUEO MODERADO ( TOF2)

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TIEMPO DESDE ADMINISTRACION DE FÁRMACO HASTA TOFR 0’9: 3’4 VECES MÁS RÁPIDO

( 2’4-8’4 min)

TIEMPO DE RECUPERACION DESDE LA ULTIMA DOSIS DE ROCURONIO HASTA TOFr 0’9:

13’3-35’2 min

EFECTOS ADVERSOS ( menor incidencia de bradicardia)

NO SE OBSERVARON BNM RESIDUALES

COMPARA REVERSIÓN CON SUGAMMADEX DE BLOQUEO PROFUNDO ( TOF0 PTC >1) CON REVERSIÓN CON NEOSTIGMINA DE BLOQUEO MODERADO ( TOF2)

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TIEMPO DESDE ADMINISTRACION DE FÁRMACO HASTA TOFR 0’9: 3’4 VECES MÁS RÁPIDO

( 2’4-8’4 min)

TIEMPO DE RECUPERACION DESDE LA ULTIMA DOSIS DE ROCURONIO HASTA TOFr 0’9:

13’3-35’2 min

EFECTOS ADVERSOS ( menor incidencia de bradicardia)

NO SE OBSERVARON BNM RESIDUALES

COMPARA REVERSIÓN CON SUGAMMADEX DE BLOQUEO PROFUNDO ( TOF0 PTC >1) CON REVERSIÓN CON NEOSTIGMINA DE BLOQUEO MODERADO ( TOF2)

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SUGAMMADEX EN SITUACIONES ESPECIALES

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ENFERMEDADES NEUROMUSCULARES

• Casos descritos en Miastenia Gravis, Distrofias musculares, Distrofia miotónica de Steinert, ELA, Dermatomiositis, atrofia muscular espinal, miopatías, Síndrome Rett...

• Miastenia Gravis ( casos clínicos sobre cirugía de timectomía).

• Generalmente poca sensibilidad a succinilcolina/ reversion con anticolinesterásicos incompleta ( interferencia con medicación habitual. En ocasiones TOFr basales 0’5-0’6

• Sugammadex no interfiere en la regulación colinérgica>> se puede combinar con la medicación anticolinesterásica habitual (preservación de la función muscular).

• Fármaco seguro incluso en BNM profundos, no BNM residual

• Aunque dosis de BNM menores ( mayor sensibilidad a los BNMND por “down regulation” de receptores postsinápticos), reversión precisa de dosis completas

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INSUFICIENCIA RENAL TERMINAL

• I.Renal prolonga la acción del rocuronio ( posibilidad de despertar prolongado, BNM residual y recurarización)

• Sugammadex: reversión segura, TOFr>0’9, no diferencias significativas en tiempo respecto a pacientes con ClCr normal, NO bloqueo residual.

• Cuando se emplea sugammadex, la reversión del rocuronio depende del desplazamiento del fármaco de la unión neuromuscular, más que de la eliminación renal del mismo.

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PACIENTES CRÍTICOS (UCI)

http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECTPersonal use only. For copyright permission information: Published online http://www.cconline.org© 2012 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses

doi: 10.4037/ccn2012107 2012;32:e1-e10Crit Care Nurse Jason Wilson, Angela S. Collins and Brea O. RowanResidual Neuromuscular Blockade in Critical Care

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GRACIAS