Temas selectos de salud pública: revisiones panorámicas

8/20/2019 Temas selectos de salud pública: revisiones panorámicas

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© Pk`ks hks @iridnks risirvf`ks. Mcmgumf pfrti ì istf pubhcdfdcôm puiì sir riprkùdc f̀k trfmslctc`f im mcmgumf jkrlf y pkr mcmgõm li`ck ihidtrômcdk, ì jktkdkpcf, grfbfdcôm yktrks scm pirlcsk privck pkr isdrctk ì hks futkris y i`ctkris.

Pìtuhk Krcgcmfh ì hf Kbrf5 Pilfs sihidtks ì sfhu` põbhcdf5rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs

Futkris5 Lfrdk Fmtkmck Ufvfhf-GkmzæhizLfrìf Fmgãhcdf Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz,Fhixcs Dnæviz-@ìfz,Lfrìf ìh Dfrlim Dkrtãs-Hôpiz,

Lfrìf ì hks Æmgihis Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõìz,Csfurf Lftchì Gfrdìf-Nirmæmìz,Lfrìf ìh Qchfr Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz,Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf Zihæzquiz-Lktf

CTBM 645 37>-696>>74229CTBM 615 696>>74227

@csiök cmtirckris y pkrtf`f5 Tkhi`f` Buch

skhi`f`.buchAyfnkk.dkl

Zirscôm i`ctf`f pkr5 cLi`Qub cmjkAcli`.pub nttp5//cli`.pub/

Qrclirf i`cdcôm 2169


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Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrdk Fmtkmck (Dklpchf`kr)

Lã`cdk Dcruefmk, @cphklf`k im Cmvistcgfdcôm im Dcimdcfs ì hf Tfhu` dkm Pidmkhkgìf @c-gctfh, Lfistrk im Iùdfdcôm y Dfm`c`ftk f @kdtkr im Dcimdcfs ̀ i hf Tfhu` Qõbhcdf. Bidfrckìh Dkmsiek Mfdckmfh ì Dcimdcf y Pidmkhkgìf ì Lãxcdk. Tkdck jum`f`kr ì hf TiddcômFdf`ãlcdf ì Cmvistcgfdcôm im Iùdfdcôm Lã`cdf ì hf Fskdcfdcôm Lixcdfmf ì Jfduh-

tfìs y Isduihfs ì Li`cdcmf. Tus prcmdcpfhis hìmifs ì cmvistcgfdcôm skm5 fmtrkpklitrìfmikmftfh, jkrlfdcôm ì ridursks nulfmks pfrf hf sfhu`, fspidtks bckpscdkskdcfhis ìhimvieidclcimtk, ipcìlckhkgìf dhìmcdf im ftimdcôm prclfrcf y utchczfdcôm ì li`cdflim-tks im ftimdcôm prclfrcf. Futkr ì 0: frtìduhks cmìxf`ks im EDR/TDC Pnklskm Riutirs,Li`Hcmi/QubLi`, Tdkpus, TdcIHK, Ri`FHyD i Clbckli`. Duimtf dkm 74 dctfs ì 2117f 2169 y um ìm`cdi N ì 9. Dk`cridtkr ì tiscs ì hcdimdcfturf y lfistrìf. Qrkjiskr ìlitk`khkgìf ì hf cmvistcgfdcôm, bckistf`ìstcdf y jfrlfdkhkgìf im hf Ymcvirsc`f` EuærizFutômklf ì Pfbfsdk y ih Cmstctutk ì Dcimdcfs y Istu`cks Tupirckris ì Pflfuhcpfs. Tufdtcvc`f` dklk cmvistcgf`kr nf sc`k ridkmkdc`f f trfvãs ìh mklbrflcimtk dklk Cmvistc-gf`kr Istftfh ì Pfbfsdk, Lãxcdk. Dkrrik ihidtrômcdk5 zglf[961>4Ayfnkk.dkl.lx

Lfrdk Fmtkmck Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz

Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz,

Fhixcs Dnæviz-@ìfz,

Lfrìf ìh Dfrlim Dkrtãs-Hôpiz,

Lfrìf ì hks Æmgihis Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõìz,

Csfurf Lftchì Gfrdìf-Nirmæmìz,

Lfrìf ìh Qchfr Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz,

Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf Zihæzquiz-Lktf

Bidfrcks ìh Dkmsiek Mfdckmfh ì Dcimdcf y Pidmkhkgìf (DKMFDSP) ìLãxcdk, f`sdrctks fh Qrkgrflf ì @kdtkrf`k im Dcimdcfs ì hf Tfhu`Qõbhcdf ìh Dimtrk Ymcvirsctfrck ì Dcimdcfs ì hf Tfhu` (DYDT) ì hf

Ymcvirsc`f` ì Guf`fhfefrf (YìG), im Guf`fhfefrf, Efhcsdk, Lãxcdk.


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Ìm`cdi

Qrôhkgk. Rkbhis-Tchvf, Hitcdcf .....................................................................6

Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk ìh prclir mcvihì ftimdcôm. Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz, Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf .............................................9

Bõsqui`f tfr`ìf ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf y ìlkrf im hf ìtiddcômpfrf ih `cfgmôstcdk ì dæmdir ì lflf. Dnæviz-@ìfz, Fhixcs ...................26

Jfdchctf`kris y kbstfduhczf`kris ìh dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfmtisfrtcstdcfhis im fùhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis.Dkrtãs-Hôpiz, Lfrìf ìh Dfrlim .............................................................46

Lfsduhcmc`f` y nklksixufhc`f` im hf hctirfturf dcimtìstdfhftcmk- y dimtrk- flircdfmf. Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõìz,Lfrìf ì hks Æmgihis ...............................................................................06

Tfhu` limtfh im cm`ìgimfs. Gfrdìf-Nirmæmìz, Csfurf Lftchì .................96

Qftirmc`f` im f`khisdimtis5 tilf ì cmtirãs ì sfhu` põbhcdf.Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrìf ìh Qchfr ............................................................:7

Fdtctuìs im tkrmk f hf pruibf ì ìtiddcôm tilprfmf ìh

dæmdir dãrvcdk-utircmk. Zihæzquiz-Lktf, Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf...........................7:

Qrisdrcpdcôm cmfìduf`f ì li`cdflimtks im ih trftflcimtkìh sìm`rkli litfbôhcdk im ftimdcôm prclfrcf. Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrdk Fmtkmck ............................................................>0


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Qrôhkgk

‘Rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs“ pk`ræ lcrfrsi dklk um tìtuhk ixtrfök pfrf um

tixtk ì sfhu` põbhcdf, pirk mk hk is. Hf sfhu` põbhcdf is um ærif cmtirisf`fim ìsdrcbcr hf `cstrcbudcôm y dfusfhc`f` ì hf imjirli`f` im pkbhfdckmisnulfmfs, fsì dklk im ivfhufr hf rispuistf lã`cdf krgfmczf`f pfrf dkm-timìr dkmtrf hf imjirli`f`. Hf cmvistcgfdcôm im sfhu` põbhcdf nf gimirf`kum dõluhk ì dkmkdclcimtk, tikrìfs y litk`khkgìfs pfrf ixphcdfr hf imjir-li`f` y hfs rispuistfs skdcfhis pfrf imjrimtfrhf. Istf kbrf, si ubcdf im istfcmtirsiddcôm, hf ì hf sfhu` põbhcdf y su prkùddcôm dcimtìjcdf, fh dkmgrigfrkdnk rivcsckmis ì hf hctirfturf.

Ih tãrlcmk ‘rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf“ fhuì f riumcr im um lcslk sctck ihdkmkdclcimtk privck gimirf`k y prkùdc`k f pfrtcr ì hf cmvistcgfdcôm rifh-czf`f im um ærif ì hf dcimdcf k skbri um tilf im pfrtcduhfr. Bidoir _6\ im suhcbrk ì`cdf um dfpìtuhk f hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf tctuhf`k ‘Ftirrkrczf`kspkr hf hctirfturf“, um tìtuhk ivkdftcvk skbri hk `cjìdch ì rihfdckmfrmks dkm hksfutkris qucimis mks fmtidi`cirkm im ih dkmkdclcimtk, pirk ì hf clpkrtfm-dcf ì rivcsfr ih dkmkdclcimtk privck. Mf`ci istæ iximtk ì dkmkdir quã si

nf prkùdc`k im su dflpk ì cmtirãs, y pkr isk Bidoir cmscsti im qui ‘scsfbilks hk qui si dkmkdi, cmdhusk fquihhk ixcstimti fmtis ì qui mfdcãrf-lks, imtkmdis nfrilks um usk fprkpcf`k ìh dkmkdclcimtk“. Qkr isk rivcsfrih dkmkdclcimtk privck nf sc`k utchczf`k dkm tris stmfhc`fìs5 nfdir buimfcmvistcgfdcôm, tklfr ìdcsckmis cmjkrlf`fs pfrf hf ìstmcdcôm ì prkgrflfsk pkhìtcdfs ì sfhu`, y ivfhufr f hf dcimdcf.

Nfdir buimf cmvistcgfdcôm, clphcdf dkmkdir hks istu`cks privcks fdirdfìh jimôlimk istu`cf`k, yf sif hf imjirli`f`, sus dfusfs k hfs li`c`fsprivimtcvfs k durftcvfs ixcstimtis. Rivcsfr hf hctirfturf mk sôhk is sfbir quãsi nf istu`cf`k, scmk, skbri tk`k, dkmkdir hfs jkrtfhizfs y ìbchc`fìs ì`cdnk dkmkdclcimtk pfrf ubcdfr ih pumtk ìh dufh mksktrks fvfmzfrilks,


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pirk tflbcãm is fprimìr ì hks fdcirtks y hks irrkris litk`khôgcdks ìqucimis mks fmtidi`cirkm. Mk dkmkdir hf hctirfturf skbri muistrk prkbhilfì cmvistcgfdcôm is frrcisgfrsi f ripitcr hks lcslks irrkris y f ripitcr umdkmkdclcimtk kbskhitk. @i fnì qui, im hf jkrlfdcôm ̀ i hks cmvistcgf`kris, si

imjftczf hf clpkrtfmdcf ì fprimìr nfdir hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf. Bkkti& Bichi _2\ siöfhfm qui umf substfmtcvf y skststcdf`f rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturfis umf pridkm`cdcôm pfrf rifhczfr umf cmvistcgfdcôm substfmtcvf y skststcdf`f,yf qui mk si puiì rifhczfr buimf cmvistcgfdcôm sc prclirk mk dkmkdilks yimtimìlks hf hctirfturf ìh jimôlimk qui mks cmtirisf. Qkr isk, pripfrfrf hks istu`cfmtis y juturks cmvistcgf`kris pfrf fmfhczfr y scmtitczfr hf hctirf-turf, is pri-riqucsctk mk sôhk ì umf buimf tiscs `kdtkrfh, scmk ì um buimcmvistcgf`kr.

Pklfr ìdcsckmis cmjkrlf`fs pfrf hf ìstmcdcôm ì prkgrflfs k pkhìtcdfs ì sfhu` bfsf`fs im ih dkmkdclcimtk ìh dkmeumtk ì hf cmvistcgfdcôm, is umf ìhfs timìmdcfs læs ridcimtis f mcvih cmtirmfdckmfh. Nfstf umfs `ãdf`fs ftræs,ludnfs ì hfs pkhìtcdfs ì sfhu` juirkm ìstmc`fs f pfrtcr ì hks risuhtf`ksì um skhk istu`ck k ì hf kpcmcôm ì um ixpirtk, istrftigcf f hf dufh si hifèu`cdfm vfrcks rcisgks dklk qui um istu`ck is cmsustdcimti pfrf tklfr ìdc-sckmis? hks ixpirtks jfvkridim dcirtk tcpk ì dkmdhusckmis? hfs dkm`cdckmis ìh

dkmtixtk skm ixdhuc`ks? hf fprkxclfdcôm tiôrcdf is umf skhf y? hks tklf`krisì ìdcsckmis riqucirim sfbir mk sôhk dufhis cmtirvimdckmis jumdckmfm scmktflbcãm bfek dufhis dkm`cdckmis fsì dklk sus dkstks-bimistdcks _4\. Im istkstãrlcmks, hfs rivcsckmis ì hf hctirfturf si nfm dkmvirtc`k im um cmsulk im hftklf ì ìdcsckmis fh kjridir umf bfsi ì cmjkrlfdcôm læs dkmstfbhi pfrf hftklf ì ìdcsckmis im ih dflpk ì hfs pkhìtcdfs skdcfhis im ih ærif ì hf sfhu`.Cmdhusk si dkmscìrf qui hfs rivcsckmis ì hf hctirfturf mk sôhk skm õtchis pfrfhks tklf`kris ì ìdcsckmis scmk tflbcãm pfrf qucimis clphilimtfm `cdnks

prkgrflfs y pfrf hks pfdcimtis lcslks, qucimis puiìm tklfr ìdcsckmisliekr cmjkrlf`fs skbri ih lfmiek ì su imjirli`f` _0\.

Ivfhufr f hf dcimdcf is umf ì hfs prikdupfdckmis dimtrfhis fh cmtirckr ìhf fdfìlcf y ì hks krgfmcslks stmfmdcf`kris ì hf cmvistcgfdcôm. Hf ivfhu-fdcôm ì hf dcimdcf tcimi hf stmfhc`f` ì ivfhufr hf prkùddcôm, ih clpfdtky hf dfhc`f` ìh dkmkdclcimtk gimirf`k im um ærif ìh dkmkdclcimtk k hfprkùddcôm dcimtìstdf ì cmvistcgf`kris ì umf cmstctudcôm, pfìs k rigcôm ìh

lum`k. Ysufhlimti hf dklpfrfdcôm y ivfhufdcôm ìh dkmkdclcimtk gim-irf`k f trfvãs ì riumcr hfs pubhcdfdckmis ixcstimtis pirlctim krcimtfr hfspkhìtcdfs skbri hf dcimdcf y su stmfmdcflcimtk, pirk tflbcãm pfrf ixphcdfr hfsrihfdckmis imtri hks dflpks ìh dkmkdclcimtk, hks vìmduhks imtri hks dcimtì-


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stdks y, hf drifdcôm k ih ìsfrrkhhk ì muivks dflpks ì dkmkdclcimtk _9\.Im isti dkmtixtk hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf mk dkmscsti im dkhkdfr eumtks

istu`cks ̀ i um dflpk ̀ ih dkmkdclcimtk, scmk clphcdf ih usk ̀ i litk`khkgìfsispidìstdfs pfrf riumcr y fmfhczfr `cdnf bcbhckgrfjìf y dkmstrucr um pfmkrflf

ivfhuftcvk ̀ i hk qui fdkmtidi im ̀ cdnk dflpk. Mk pkr isk im hks õhtclks 21föks nilks prisimdcf`k um dridclcimtk im hfs litk`khkgìfs pfrf rifhczfrrivcsckmis ì hf hctirfturf. Ofstmir it fh. _:\ cìmtcstdfm 29 tcpks ì rivcsckmisì hf hctirfturf duyfs litk`khkgìfs ridupirfm mk sôhk istu`cks dufhctftcvks,dufmtctftcvks y lcxtks, scmk su kbeitk ì fmæhcscs `cstiri ì fduir`k f hf stmfhc-`f` ì `cdnf rivcscôm. F isti dkmeumtk ì tcpks ì rivcsckmis si föfìm hfsrivcsckmis bcbhcklãtrcdfs qui nfm trfmsctf`k ì hks fmæhcscs ì clpfdtk ì hf`ãdf`f ì 6391 f hk qui nky si dkmkdi dklk ‘wiblitrcdf“ qui ridkmkdi

hf clpkrtfmdcf ìh jimôlimk ì hf Wib im hf dcimdcf y su prkùddcôm dcimtì-stdf _:\. @i imtri istf luhtcphcdc`f` ì tcpks ì rivcsckmis, hf prisimti kbrfsi ubcdf im hk qui si dkmkdi dklk ‘rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs“ k ‘ sdkpcmgrivciw “ im su fdipdcôm im cmghãs.

Hf rivcscôm pfmkrælcdf tcimi hf stmfhc`f` ì kjridir umf vcscôm ì dkmeumtk ì istu c̀ks im um dflpk k tilf im pfrtcduhfr i cmdhuyi istu`cks tfmtkdufhctftcvks dklk dufmtctftcvks y istu`cks lcxtks, fsì dklk umf vfrci`f` ì

`csiöks litk`khôgcdks, yf sif trfmsvirsfhis k ixpirclimtfhis, itmkgrfjìfs kistu`cks bfsf`ks im tikrìf jum`flimtf`f. Ih pfmkrflf qui kjridi is umfvcscôm gimirfh ì hks cmtirisis ì hf cmvistcgfdcôm im um dflpk k tilf impfrtcduhfr, pkr hk dufh ih hidtkr fddiì f umf bcbhckgrfjìf scstilftczf`f y kr-gfmczf`f im tilfs rihivfmtis pfrf um dcirtk pirìk`k ì tcilpk _7\.

Hfs kdnk rivcsckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf prisimti kbrf si ubcdfm im istf tim-ìmdcf, hf ì kjridir umf vcscôm ì dkmeumtk ì hk fmfhczf`k im tilfspfrtcduhfris hcgf`ks f hf sfhu` põbhcdf. @ks ieis riõmim istks trfbfeks ì

rivcscôm, um prclir grupk skm hfs rivcsckmis skbri hfs dkm`cdckmis ì sfhuìm pkbhfdckmis nulfmfs pfrtcduhfrlimti skbri hfs dkm`cdckmis lôrbc`fs ìgrupks ispidìstdks, prkdisks pscdkhôgcdks y skdcfhis ì hfs dkm`cdckmis ìsfhu` y imjirli`f`, y skbri sfbiris y prædtcdfs ìh lfmiek ì hf imjirli-`f`. Ym sigum`k iei skm hfs rivcsckmis skbri sirvcdcks ì sfhu`, hks dufhissi dimtrfm im hf ivfhufdcôm ì hfs prædtcdfs ìh pirskmfh ì sfhu`. Flbksieis skm rihivfmtis pfrf ixphcdfr ih dklpkrtflcimtk y krcgim ì hf imjir-

li`f`, fsì dklk ih ìsilpiök ìh pirskmfh ì hks sirvcdcks ì sfhu`. Hkshidtkris imdkmtrfrfm im istfs rivcsckmis mk skhk riumc`k ih dkmkdclcimtk imtkrmk f um tilf im pfrtcduhfr, scmk tflbcãm cmspcrfdckmis pfrf ìsfrrkhhfrsus prkpcfs cìfs, `ftks ì cmtirãs pfrf sus istu`cks k tilfs pfrf fgim`fs


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ì cmvistcgfdcôm juturfs. Hfs pkscbchc`fìs skm cmstmctfs f pfrtcr ì riumcr imum lcslk sctck bcbhckgrfjìf prkùdc`f im `cjirimtis dkmtixtks y ì fdf`ãlc-dks ìh lum`k. Lc cmvctfdcôm is imtrfr fh lum`k ì hfs pkscbchc`fìs dkm hfhidturf ì istf kbrf.

Hitcdcf Rkbhis-TchvfYmcvirsc`f` ̀ i Guf`fhfefrfGuf`fhfefrf, Efhcsdk, Lãxcdk

2: ì mkvcilbri ì 2169

Bcbhckgrfjìf6. Bidoir N. Wrctcmg jkr skdcfh sdcimtcsts. Nkw tk stfrt fm` stmcsn ykur tniscs, bkko, kr frtcdhi.Dncdfgk5 Ymcvirscty kj Dncdfgk Qriss. 63>:.2. Bkkti @, Bichi Q. Tdnkhfrs bijkri risifrdnirs5 Km tni dimtrfhcty kj tni `cssirtftckm hctirf-turi rivciw cm risifrdn pripfrftckm. Iùd Ris. 2119?40(:)54-69.4. Tnih`km P. Lfocmg ivcìmdi symtniscs lkri usijuh jkr lfmfgilimt fm` pkhcdy-lfocmg.E Nifhtn Tirv Ris Qkhcdy. 2119?61(suph.6)56-9.0. Lfys M, Qkpi D, Qkpfy E. Tystilftcdfhhy rivciwcmg qufhctftcvi fm` qufmtctftcvi ivcìm-di tk cmjkrl lfmfgilimt fm` pkhcdy-lfocmg cm tni nifhtn stih`. E Nifhtn Tirv Ris Qkhcdy.

2119?61(Tupph6)5:-21.9. Pnihwfhh L. Bcbhcklitrcds tk wibklitrcds. E Cmjkrl Tdc. 211>?40(0)5:19-26.:. Ofstmir L, Prcddk F, Tkkbcfn D, Hchhci I, Qirrcir H, Nkrshiy P, Wihdn Z, Dkgk I, Fmtkmy E,Ttrfuss T. Wnft cs tni lkst fpprkprcfti omkwhi`gi symtniscs litnk` tk dkmùdt f rivciw;Qrktkdkh jkr f sdkpcmg rivciw. BLD Li` Ris Litnk`kh. 2162?62(60)56-61.7. Frosiy N, K–Lfhhiy H. Tdkpcmg stu`cis5 tkwfr`s f litnk`khkgcdfh jrfliwkro. Cmt E TkdRis Litn. 2119?>(6)563-42.


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Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhisim pirskmfh `cridtcvk ìh

prclir mcvih ì ftimdcôm

Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz, Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf

Cmtrkùddcôm

Ti rifhczô umf rivcscôm scstilætcdf ì hf hctirfturf pfrf nfdir jrimti f hfduistcôm gimirfh ì f`lcmcstrfdcôm ì hks sirvcdcks ì sfhu`, dkm ih kbeitcvkì cìmtcstdfr istu`cks skbri hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `c-

ridtcvk ìh prclir mcvih ì ftimdcôm.Hf f`lcmcstrfdcôm ì hks sirvcdcks ì sfhu` ì ftimdcôm prclfrcf is fhgk

dklphiek qui ixcgi ̀ i hks f`lcmcstrf`kris dkmkdclcimtk, nfbchc`fìs y fdtc-tuìs mkrlfhlimti midisfrcfs im dufhqucir gistkr. Ih ærif ì sfhu` dkmvcvidkm isdfsis ì girimdcf prkjisckmfhczf`f im gistcôm, is ìdcr hks prkjisck-mfhis qui f`lcmcstrfm hks dimtrks ì ftimdcôm prclfrcf midisctfm `klcmfrdkmtimc`ks im ih ærif ì gistcôm. Hks prkjisckmfhis qui fdtõfm im ih scstilf

ì sfhu` skm hks rispkmsfbhis ì hf istdcimdcf ìh lcslk, f sif, su dfpfdc`f`ì cmtirvimdcôm is `cridtflimti prkpkrdckmfh f hf dfhc`f` ì su jkrlfdcômy/k dfpfdctfdcôm pfrf ìsfrrkhhfr fdtcvc`fìs im hks sirvcdcks ì sfhu`. Qkr hktfmtk, hks sirvcdcks ̀ i sfhu` ̀ ibiræm dkmtfr dkm pirskmfh ̀ cridtcvk qui duim-ti dkm hfs dklpitimdcfs midisfrcfs pfrf ktkrgfr um sirvcdck ì dfhc`f` f hfdklumc`f`. _6\. Qfrf sfbir duæhis skm hfs dklpitimdcfs midisfrcfs y ivfhuf-`fs ì um `cridtcvk ì ftimdcôm prclfrcf pfrf qui hhivi f dfbk umf gistcômf`lcmcstrftcvf fìduf`f si rifhczô umf rivcscôm scstilætcdf ì hf hctirfturf

ixcstimti. Qfrf sustimtfr ih tilf ì cmvistcgfdcôm qui si pritimì fbkr`frixcsti hf midisc`f` ì rivcsfr hf cmvistcgfdcôm rifhczf`f f hk hfrgk ìh tcilpkskbri ih lcslk, cìmtcstdfm`k ih pfmkrflf ìh tilf y fsì ktkrgfrmks dkmk-


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nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri. Qrkjissckmfh dklpitimdi KR Dklpitimdcis KRDklpitimdy KR Qrkstdcimdy FM@ Nifhtn Jfdchcty F`lcmcstrftckm KR Nifhtnwkrojkrdi FM@ Qrclfry nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri. Qrkjissckmfh dklpi-timdi KR Dklpitimdcis KR Dklpitimdy KR Qrkstdcimdy FM@ Dfsi stu`y

KR Dkmstfmt dklpfrcskm KR Dkmtimt fmfhyscs KR Dkmvirsftckm fmfhyscs KR@isdrcptcvi stu`y KR @csdkursi fmfhyscs KR Itnkgrfpny KR Ixphkrftkry stu`yKR Jilcmcst KR Jkdus grkup KR Grkumì` tnikry KR Nirlimiutcd KR Cmtir-vciw KR Mfrrftcvi fmfhyscs KR Mfturfhcstcd stu`y KR Qfrtcdcpfmt kbsirvftckmKR Qnimklimkhkgy KR Vufhctftcvi litnk` KR Vufhctftcvi risifrdn KR Pni-lftcd fmfhyscs FM@ Qrclfry nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri.

Dklk drctircks ì cmdhuscôm pfrf hf hctirfturf si sihiddckmfrkm sôhk istu-`cks rifhczf`ks im pirskmfh f`lcmcstrftcvk k `cridtcvk ì umc`fìs lã`cdfs

ì ftimdcôm prclfrcf f hf sfhu`, hf bõsqui`f mk istuvk hclctf`f f fhgõm tcil-pk im ispidìstdk, sihiddckmfm`k rijirimdcfs im ispfökh cmghãs k pkrtuguãs,ripkrtis ì cmvistcgfdcôm dufmtctftcvf y dufhctftcvf pubhcdf`f im dufhqucirpfìs. Qfrf hf sihiddcôm ì hfs rijirimdcfs si istfbhidcirkm dklk drctircks ìcmdhuscôm pkr tìtuhk? qui dkmtuvcirf `ks k læs ì hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvis, susscmômclks, tãrlcmks rihfdckmis k jkrlfs fhtirmftcvfs ì isdrcturf. Qkr risu-lim? qui dulphf dkm hks drctircks ̀ i sihiddcôm ̀ ih tìtuhk y fìlæs dkmtimgf

hks tãrlcmks ispidcfhczf`ks. Qkr tixtk dklphitk? qui ivfhõim hfs dklpi-timdcfs prkjisckmfhis ìh pirskmfh `cridtcvk ì dimtrks ì ftimdcôm prclfrcff hf sfhu`, hks frtìduhks qui mk dulphim dkm ih kbeitcvk ì hf rivcscôm skmihclcmf`ks.

Ti imdkmtrfrkm 614 rijirimdcfs, ì hfs qui si ihclcmfrkm 36 pkr mk sirfrtìduhks ilpìrcdks, mk fbkr`fr ih kbeitcvk ì hf rivcscôm k mk dkmtfr dkm ihtixtk dklphitk. Ti cmdhuyirkm stmfhlimti 62 frtìduhks ilpìrcdks (Jcgurf C).


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614 istu`cks cìmtcstdf`ks

62 istu`cks cmdhuc`ks

47 frtìduhks mk ilpìrcdksihclcmf`ks

4 trfbfeks ì rivcscômihclcmf`ks

23 frtìduhks ihclcmf`ks ftixtk dklphitk

22 frtìduhks ihclcmf`ks pkrsir feimks fh kbeitcvk

Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk ì sihiddcôm ì frtìduhks pfrf hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf. Juimti5 Ihfbkrf-dcôm ì hf futkrf.

Hf ridupirfdcôm ì tixtk dklphitk si hhivô f dfbk li`cfmti hf bfsi ì`ftks ì hf Ymcvirsc`f` ì Guf`fhfefrf yf qui grfm pfrti ì hks frtìduhkssihiddckmf`ks pkr tìtuhk y risulim mk si imdkmtrfbfm dkm `cspkmcbchc`f` imhf bfsi ì `ftks ì prkdiìmdcf.

Hf ixtrfddcôm ì hks `ftks rihivfmtis pfrf hf rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf si hhivô

f dfbk dkm hf scstilftczfdcôm ì hfs lcslfs im umf lftrcz, qui dkmstfbf ìduftrk fpfrtf`ks5 futkr/fök, kbeitcvk, litk`khkgìf y risuhtf`ks. Qfrtcduhfr-limti, hf litk`khkgìf dkmstfbf ì hks scgucimtis fpfrtf`ks5 tcpk ì istu-`ck, pkbhfdcôm, luistrf, vfrcfbhis/`climsckmis, cmtirvimdcôm, ridkhiddcôm ̀ i`ftks, trfbfek ì dflpk, trfmsjkrlfdcôm ì `ftks y fmæhcscs.

Ih fmæhcscs ì hks `ftks si hhivô f dfbk scgucim`k sciti ieis5 kbeitcvks ìhks istu`cks, dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis ivfhuf`fs, cmstrulimtks ̀ i ivfhuf-dcôm, ìstmcdckmis ì dklpitimdcf, mcvih ì dklpitimdcf i cmtirvimdckmis

pfrf liekrfr dklpitimdcfs. Im isti simtc`k, si kbtuvk istf`ìstcdf ìsdrcptc-vf pfrf prisimtfr hf cmjkrlfdcôm.


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Risuhtf`ks y `csduscôm

Im ih Duf`rk C si imhcstfm hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf rivcscôm, hfs pkbhf-dckmis im hfs qui si ivfhufrkm hfs dklpitimdcfs y hfs luistrfs im hfs qui si

rifhczfrkm. Im isti duf`rk, si kbsirvf qui ih istu`ck læs fmtcguk `ftf ìhfök 2111, qui hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis si nfm ixphkrf`k im lõhtcphisprkjisckmfhis ì `cvirsks puistks f`lcmcstrftcvks ì ftimdcôm prclfrcf, y quihfs ivfhufdckmis si nfm rifhczf`k im luistrfs prclkr`cfhlimti lfsduhcmfs.

Duf`rk C. Istu`cks ì dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk ìftimdcôm prclfrcf

Qrclir futkr,fök

Qkbhfdcôm kbeitk ì istu`ckLuistrf

Jilimcmk Lfsduhcmk

Hôpiz, 2160 Ilphif`ks põbhcdks ̀ i hfF`lcmcstrfdcôm Qõbhcdf Ispfökhf

229 4>>

Si`c`cf, 2111 @cridtkris lã`cdks ̀ i ftimdcômf`lcmcstrf`f y `cridtkris ì prkgrflfì riscìmdcf

1 634

Guk, 2114 @cridtcvks ̀ i prclir mcvih ̀ i ftimdcôm 1 61

Dzfbfmkwsof,2162

@cridtcvks, lã`cdks Gimirfhis / Lã`cdksJflchcfris

1 7

Crvcmi, 2119 Qrkjisckmfhis ̀ i ̀ criddcôm ̀ i ftimdcômprclfrcf im sfhu`

72 1

Ttfmoumfs, 2162 @cridtkris gimirfhis, sus ̀ cputf`ksy eijis ìhigfdckmfhis tirrctkrcfhis ìcmstctudckmis põbhcdfs ì sfhu`

69 01

Lchcdivcd, 2161 Fhtks ̀ cridtcvks, eijis ̀ i imjirlirìf y

eijis ì sirvcdcks

76 21

Nuirtf, 2113 @cridtcvks ̀ i hf ri` fscstimdcfh ̀ ihTirvcdck ì Tfhu` Pfhdfnufmk ì Dnchi

1 47

Grknlfmm, 2162 Girimtis nkspctfhfrcks 66 64

Juruofwf, 2166 Imjirlirfs gistkrfs y sus ̀ cridtkris 6: 3

Hcbfr`k, 211> Girimtis ̀ i hfs imtc`fìs pristf`krfsì sirvcdcks ì sfhu`

62 9:

Húibhicm, 2113 Girimtis ì hfs umc`fìs bæscdfs ì

sfhu`

23 1

Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf.


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Kbeitcvks ì hks istu`cks

Hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis si nfm ixphkrf`k dkm `cjirimtis kbei-tcvks5 cìmtcstdfdcôm 22%, ivfhufdcôm :0% i cmtirvimdcôm pfrf su liekrf

60% (Græstdf 6).613>7:904

261

Cìmtcstdfdcômì dklpimtimdcfs

4

3

2

Ivfhufdcômì dklpimtimdcfs

Cmtirvimdcôm pfrf hfliekrf ì dklpitimdcfs

M õ l i r k

` i f r t ì d u h k s

KbeitcvksGræstdf 6. Kbeitcvks ì hks istu`cks. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf.

Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis

Im ih Pfbhf 6 si imhcstfm hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis qui si nfm ivf-

huf`k im hf hctirfturf ixcstimti. Im tktfh, si nfm ixphkrf`k 60> dklpitim-dcfs, imtri hfs dufhis, hfs læs jriduimtis nfm sc`k5 trfbfek im iqucpk >4.4%,dklumcdfdcôm 79% y hcìrfzgk :7%. Hf lfykrìf ̀ i hfs dklpitimdcfs prkji-sckmfhis ixphkrf`fs, nfm sc`k ivfhuf`fs sôhk umf viz.


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Pfbhf 6. Dklpitimdcfs ìsdrctfs pkr hfs `cjirimtis pubhcdfdckmis

Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei

Prfbfek im iqucpk 61 >4.4%

Dklumcdfdcôm 3 79%

Hcìrfzgk > :7%Qhfmcstdfdcôm : 91%

Istfbhidclcimtk ̀i rihfdckmis 4 29%

Migkdcfdcôm 4 29%

Pklf ì ìdcsckmis 4 29%

Ãtcdf 4 29%

Lkmctkr 4 29%

Lfmiek ̀ i dkmflcdtks 4 29%

Istdfdcf 4 29%

Dkmkdclcimtk im ipcìlckhkgcf 4 29%

Lfmiek ̀ i tidmkhkgìfs ̀ i cmjkrlfdcôm y dklumcdfdcôm 4 29%

Gistcôm 2 67%

Krgfmczfdcôm 2 67%

Lktcvfdcôm 2 67%

Dkkr`cmfdcôm 2 67%

Istdcimti 2 67%

Lãtk`ks y nirrflcimtfs 2 67%

Dklprklcsk 2 67%

Ilpftìf 2 67%

Dkmkdclcimtk im ridursks nulfmks 2 67%

Tkhudcôm ̀ i prkbhilfs 2 67%

@isfrrkhhfr hf cmcdcftcvf y hf futkmklìf 2 67%

Gistcôm ̀i lftircfhis y sulcmcstrks 2 67%

Futkdkmtrkh y istfbchc`f` ilkdckmfh 6 >.4%Futkdkmstfmzf y sigurc`f` im sì lcslk 6 >.4%

Riscstimdcf f hf f`virsc`f` 6 >.4%

Cmfluimdcf 6 >.4%

Cmcdcftcvf 6 >.4%

Krcimtf`f ì Risuhtf`ks 6 >.4%

Dfpfdc`f` ì fmæhcscs 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀i hf krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%

Zcscôm y fmtcdcpfdcôm 6 >.4%Dcu`f`fmk y jumdckmfrck krcimtf`k 6 >.4%

Fpirturf 6 >.4%


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Cìmtcstdfdcôm dkm hf krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%

Liekrf dkmtcmuf ̀i hf dfhc`f` 6 >.4%

Gistcôm ̀ i utchczfdcôm 6 >.4%

Dkkr`cmfdcôm ̀i hf ftimdcôm 6 >.4%

Dkhfbkrfdcôm 6 >.4%

Idkmklìf 6 >.4%

Imhfdi 6 >.4%

Fscgmf`kr ì ridursks 6 >.4%

Gistcôm ̀ i kpirfdckmis 6 >.4%

Istrftigf 6 >.4%

Isdudnf 6 >.4%

Ftimdcôm fh pfdcimti y sigurc`f` 6 >.4%

Iquc`f` 6 >.4%

@isfrrkhhk prkjisckmfh dkmtcmuk 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtks im dflbck ̀ i dklpkrtflcimtk 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtks im istchk ̀i vc`f 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im ih prkdisk ̀ i hf imjirli`f` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk tikrìfs ̀ i prklkdcôm ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i cmjkrlætcdf 6 >.4%Dkmkdclcimtk tikrìfs iùdfdcôm/ fprim`czfei 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im dcimdcfs skdcfhis 6 >.4%

Ilpkìrflcimtk 6 >.4%

Dkmdcimdcf ̀ i sì lcslk 6 >.4%

Rifhcslk 6 >.4%

Qksturf prkfdtcvf 6 >.4%

Nkhcslk 6 >.4%

Rispitk pkr hfs pirskmfs 6 >.4%Riflixcôm 6 >.4%

@ijimsf 6 >.4%

Lfmiek 6 >.4%

Ivfhufdcôm ̀ i hfs midisc`fìs 6 >.4%

Dkmdcimdcf pkhìtcdf 6 >.4%

Qrisimdcf ì hf dklumc`f` 6 >.4%

Jcmfhczf`kr 6 >.4%

Clphilimtf`kr 6 >.4%Lkhìf`kr 6 >.4%

Ispidcfhcstf 6 >.4%


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Cmvistcgf`kr ̀ i ridursks 6 >.4%

Dkhfbkrfr 6 >.4%

Dklprklitir 6 >.4%

Ivctfr 6 >.4%

Dklphfdcimti 6 >.4%

Istfbhidclcimtk ̀ i prckrc`fìs 6 >.4%

Ivfhufdcôm ìh ìsilpiök 6 >.4%

Krcimtfdcôm fh usufrck 6 >.4%

Dkmstfmzf im sì lcslk 6 >.4%

F`fptfdcôm fh dflbck 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im pkhìtcdfs ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im lcscôm y kbeitcvks 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im sirvcdcks ̀ isfrrkhhf`ks 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk midisc`fìs ̀ i hf dklumc`f` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ isfrrkhhk ̀ i hf prkgrflfdcôm 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i hfs cmstfhfdckmis jìscdfs 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im mkrlfs y prkdi`clcimtks 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im iqucpflcimtk 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i lftircfhis ̀ i dkmsulk 6 >.4%Dkmkdclcimtk ivfhufdcôm ̀ i sirvcdcks sfhu` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk trfbfek ̀ i sirvcdcks ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im f`lcmcstrfdcôm pfrtcdcpftcvf 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ì gistcôm ì trfbfek ì sirvcdcks ìsfhu`

6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk girimdcf li`cks ̀ i prkùddcôm 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk im f`lcmcstrfdcôm istrftãgcdf 6 >.4%

Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i dfhc`f` ̀ i sirvcdck pristf`k 6 >.4%Cìmtcstdfdcôm ̀ i prkbhilfs 6 >.4%

Driftcvc`f` 6 >.4%

Qrklkvir y lfmtimir rihfdcôm dkm iqucpk/usufrcks 6 >.4%

Lktcvfr fh iqucpk 6 >.4%

Qrivcimi y skhudckmf prkbhilfs lfqucmfrcf 6 >.4%

Cmtucdcôm fh ̀ isfrrkhhk ̀ ih trfbfek 6 >.4%

Migkdcfr dkm ih iqucpk, supirckris y usufrcks 6 >.4%

Ãtcdk dkm ih iqucpk supirckris y usufrcks 6 >.4%Cmmkvf`kr y fgimti ̀ i dflbcks 6 >.4%

Girimdcfr hks prkgrflfs ̀ isfrrkhhf`ks 6 >.4%


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Girimdcfr ih trfbfek ̀ i iqucpk 6 >.4%

Tir eustk dkm su iqucpk y usufrcks 6 >.4%

Tir fjidtcvk, ̀ fm`k ftimdcôm fh iqucpk y usufrcks 6 >.4%

Istfr fbcirtk f hf migkdcfdcôm 6 >.4%

Istfr fbcirtk f hks dflbcks 6 >.4%

Tir driftcvk y istcluhfr hf driftcvc`f` ̀ ih iqucpk 6 >.4%

Istfr fbcirtk fh ̀ cæhkgk y sfbir isdudnfr 6 >.4%

Tir jfdchctf`kr (iqucpk y grupks dklumctfrcks) 6 >.4%

Cmdimtcvfr hf driftcvc`f` (iqucpk y grupks dklumctfrcks) 6 >.4%

Tir um hììr iùdf`kr 6 >.4%

Pimir pfrtcdcpfdcôm dkm ih trfbfek 6 >.4%

@ilkstrfr nulch`f` 6 >.4%

Qrcvchigcfr ih trfbfek im iqucpk 6 >.4%

Tfbir fdiptfr drìtcdfs 6 >.4%

Imjkqui im hks pfdcimtis 6 >.4%

F`qucscdcôm ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks 6 >.4%

Gistcôm ì ridursks 6 >.4%

Ilprim`clcimtk 6 >.4%

Gistcôm ì prkdisks 6 >.4%Zcscôm istrftãgcdf 6 >.4%

Dulphcr ̀ cspkscdckmis pkr hf eumtf ̀ cridtcvf 6 >.4%

Ieirdir hf riprisimtfdcôm higfh 6 >.4%

Istfbhidir dkmtrftks dkm ktrfs cmstctudckmis 6 >.4%

Tir mklcmf`kr ̀ i hf cmstctudcôm 6 >.4%

Krìmfr ih gfstk 6 >.4%

Rim`cr cmjkrlis 6 >.4%

Ihfbkrfr ̀ cfgmkstcdk sctufdckmfh krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%@cspkmir ̀ i hks ridursks cmstctudckmfhis 6 >.4%

@csiöfr ih scstilf ̀ i dkmtrkh ̀ i prkdisks 6 >.4%

Ytchczfdcôm ̀i tidmkhkgìfs hivis 6 >.4%

Ytchczfdcôm ̀i tidmkhkgìfs ̀urfs 6 >.4%

Fmæhcscs ̀i hfs dkm`cdckmis ̀i sfhu` 6 >.4%

Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh5 vcgchfmdcf sfmctfrcf 6 >.4%

Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh 6 >.4%

Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh ì fddckmis ì fduir`k dkm hfìlfm`f ispkmtæmif

6 >.4%

Fdiptfr hfs `cjirimdcfs 6 >.4%


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Dfpfdc`f` dflbcks 6 >.4%

Dfpfdc`f` ̀i ridupirfdcôm 6 >.4%

Jcmfhczfdcôm ì cmjkrlis 6 >.4%

Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf dkm cmjkrlfdcôm ì hks frtìduhks dctf`ks

Imtri hfs dklpitimdcfs ìsdrctfs fmtirckrlimti, gistcôm, sc bcim mk ishf læs jriduimti, is hf õmcdf qui si nf ixphkrf`k ì `cjirimtis jkrlfs im`cvirsks istu`cks5 gimirfh, ì utchczfdcôm, ì kpirfdckmis, ì gistcôm ì ri-dursks y ì prkdisks (Græstdf 2).

904261

Gistcôm Gistcôm ̀ i

utchczfdcôm

Gistcôm ì

kpirfdckmis

Gistcôm ì

ridursks

Gistcôm ì

prkdisks

2

6 6 6 6 M õ l i r k ` i

f r t ì d u h k s

Pcpks ì dklpitimdcfs ì gistcôm

Græstdf 2. Dklpitimdcf ì gistcôm, tcpks y jriduimdcf im hfs pubhcdfdckmis. Juimti5 Ihfbk-rfdcôm ì hf futkrf.

Cmstrulimtks ì ivfhufdcôm

Im ih Duf`rk CC, si ixpkmim hks `cjirimtis cmstrulimtks f trfvãs ì hksdufhis si nfm ivfhuf`k hfs dklpitimdcfs im hf hctirfturf. Ih læs jriduimti-limti utchczf`k is ih duistckmfrck, y im hf lfykrìf ̀ i hks dfsks mk si ̀ isdrcbium prkdisk ì vfhc`fdcôm.


22/104

6:

Duf`rk CC. Cmstrulimtks utchczf`ks pfrf ivfhufdcôm ì dklpitimdcfs

Qrclir futkr, fök Cmstrulimtk Dkistdcimti ̀ i stfbchc`f`

Hôpiz, 2160 Duistckmfrck DklpiPIF ζ < 1.319 girimtis

ζ < 1.>>> jumdckmfrcks 8 rfmgk

Si`c`cf, 2111 Imduistf Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm

Ttfmoumfs, 2162 Duistckmfrck Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm

Lchcdivcd, 2161 Duistckmfrck ζ < 1.71 f 1.31

Nuirtf, 2113 Cmstrulimtk ̀ i dklpitimdcfs Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm

Grknlfmm, 2162 Duistckmfrck ̀ i Hfzfrkttk Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm

Juruofwf, 2166 Duistckmfrck Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc̀ fdcôm

Hcbfr`k, 211> Duistckmfrck ̀ i Grcsfhis Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm

Húibhicm, 2113 Duistckmfrck silc-istrudturf`k Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc̀ fdcômJuimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf.

@istmcdckmis ì dklpitimdcf

Im ih Duf`rk CCC, si ixpkmim hks `cjirimtis dkmdiptks ì dklpitimdcfilphif`ks im hf hctirfturf pkr hks futkris dkmsuhtf`ks. Im isti hcstf`k, si

nfdi ivcìmti hf nitirkgimic`f` ì hfs ìstmcdckmis, lcslfs qui si imjkdfmim duistckmis hfbkrfhis, ì ìsilpiök, prkùdtcvc`f`, istdcimdcf y prkjisck-mfhc`f`. Qisi f istf nitirkgimic`f`, si kbsirvfm ihilimtks dklumis imtriistfs ìstmcdckmis qui dkcmdcìm im5 dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`fìs y fdtctuìs.

Duf`rk CCC. Dkmdiptk ì dklpitimdcfs ìsdrctk pkr futkr

Qrclir futkr, fök Dkmdiptk

Ttfmoumfs, 2162 Dklpitimdcfs ‘hf dklbcmfdcôm ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks tãdmcdks,nfbchc`fìs y dklpkrtflcimtks“

Hôpiz, 2160 Dklpitimdcf is mk sôhk hf nfbchc`f` ̀ i sir dfpfz ̀ i rifhczfrdkm ixcstk tfrifs ispidìstdfs ìh puistk ì trfbfek, scmk tflbcãmjumdckmfr im ludnfs sctufdckmis limks prkgrflf`fs im umimtkrmk cmistfbhi

Lchcdivcd, 2161 Dklpitimdcfs skm hf dklbcmfdcôm fìduf`f ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks,nfbchc`fìs y dklpkrtflcimtks qui pksiim hks cm`cvcùks ypuiìm sir umf juimti ì vimtfef dklpitctcvf skstimc`f pfrf hfkrgfmczfdcôm

Si`c`cf, 2111 Dklpitimdcfs im hf liekrf ̀ i hf dfhc`f` skm drudcfhis pfrf hksprkjisckmfhis ì hf sfhu` dkm ih stm ì jklimtfr ih duc`f`k ìhpfdcimti


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Qrclir futkr, fök Dkmdiptk

Nuirtf, 2113

‘Ymf dfrfdtirìstcdf jum`flimtfh ì umf pirskmf quiistæ dfusfhlimti rihfdckmf`f f um drctirck ì istdfdcf y/kìsilpiök supirckr im um trfbfek k sctufdcôm“

Grknlfmm, 2162 Dklpitimdcfs girimdcfhis, rihfdcôm dkm dkmkdclcimtk,nfbchc`fìs y fdtctuìs qui jkrlfm hf trìf`f ì hf dklpitimdcfgirimdcfh

Juruofwf, 2166 Dklpitimdcfs cm`cvc̀ ufhis, istridnf rihfdcôm dkm hfs istrftigcfsy dklpitimdcfs krgfmczfdckmfhis. Ixcgi f qui hks prkjisckmfhistklim dkmdcimdcf ì sus rkhis

Hcbfr`k, 211> Dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`fìs, fdtctuìs, fptctuìs, vfhkris yìstrizfs qui pirlctim hhivfr f dfbk ì lfmirf ixctksf sufdtcvc`f` hfbkrfh

Guk, 2114 Dkmeumtk ̀ i nfbchc`fìs, tãdmcdfs y rkhis pfrf hhivfr fdfbk dkmistdfdcf um trfbfek

Dzfbfmkwsof, 2162 Dklpitimdcf is umf sìmtiscs ì dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`fìsy fdtctuìs qui pirlcti f fh pirskmfh ì sfhu` imtrigfr umfftimdcôm ì fhtf dfhc`f`

Crvcmi, 2119 Ymcstdfdcôm ̀ i umf sirci ̀ i ftrcbutks gimirfhis, tfhis dklkdkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`fìs y fdtctuìs, ispidìstdflimti pfrfnfdir jrimti f hfs midisc`fìs

Húibhicm, 2113 Dkmeumtk ̀ i dfrfdtirìstcdfs pirdcbc`fs im hfs pirskmfs qui

cmvkhudrfm dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`fìs y fdtctuìs quidkmùdim f um ìsilpiök supirckr

Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf.

Mcvih ì dklpitimdcf

Im hf Pfbhf 2, si prisimtfm hfs dklpitimdcfs ivfhuf`fs dkm lfykr jri-duimdcf im hf hctirfturf dkmsuhtf`f. Im ihhf si kbsirvf qui ih lãtk`k ì ivf-hufdcôm is nitirkgãmik, im tfmtk qui, im umks dfsks si ìtirlcmf ih mcvihli`ck ì dklpitimdcf, lcimtrfs qui im ktrks si nf kbtimc`k hf prkpkrdcômì prkjisckmfhis qui lfmcstistfm `cdnf dklpitimdcf, pkr hk qui hks risuh-tf`ks mk skm ìh tk`k iqucpfrfbhis imtri sì. Im tk`k dfsk, im hf lfykrìf ìhks istu`cks si nf ìtirlcmf`k ih mcvih li`ck ̀ i dklpitimdcf, scm ̀ istmcr su`cstrcbudcôm mkrlfh.


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Pfbhf 2. Dklpitimdcfs ivfhuf`fs dkm lfykr jriduimdcf

Dklpitimdcf Qrclir futkr, fök Li`cf @isv. ist. Qkrdimtfei

Hcìrfzgk Hôpiz, 2160 22.24 4.9> MR

Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.:4 MR MR

Grknlfmm, 2162 4.79 1.>0 MR

Juruofwf, 2166 2 2.9 MR

Húibhicm, 2113 MR MR 00.>>%

Prfbfek imiqucpk

Hôpiz, 2160 29.30 2.3> MR

Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.74 MR MR

Nuirtf, 2113 >.7 MR MR

Grknlfmm, 2162 4.32 1.77 MR

Juruofwf, 2166 4 4.4 MR

Ttfmoumfs, 2162 MR MR 7.4%

Húibhicm, 2113 MR MR 9>.:%

Dklumcdfdcôm Hôpiz, 2160 21.30 2.>2 MR

Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.2: MR MR

Nuirtf, 2113 >.> MR MR

Grknlfmm, 2162 4.32 1.76 MR

Juruofwf, 2166 7 2.> MR

MR5 Mk ripkrtf`k. Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf.

Cmtirvimdckmis pfrf liekrfr dklpitimdcfs

Jcmfhlimti, im ih Duf`rk CZ si prisimtfm hks risuhtf`ks ì hfs cmtirvimdck-

mis `kdulimtf`fs pfrf liekrfr ih mcvih ì hfs dklpitimdcfs læs jriduim-tilimti ivfhuf`fs. Im isti si kbsirvf qui hfs `cjirimdcfs pri- y pkst- li-`cdcôm skm lìmclfs, hk qui ivcìmdcf qui hfs cmtirvimdckmis rifhczf`fs nfmrisuhtf`k pkdk ijidtcvfs pfrfr liekrfr hfs dklpitimdcfs.


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Duf`rk CZ. Dklpitimdcfs `cridtcvfs dkm lfykr jriduimdcf im istu`cks ìcmtirvimdcôm

Dklpitimdcf

Mcvih ì dklpitimdcfli`ck

Qrclir futkr, fökQri-

li`cdcômQkst-

li`cdcôm @cjirimdcf

Dklumcdfdcôm Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.2: 0.40 1.1>

Nuirtf, 2113 >.> 3.9 1.7

Prfbfek im iqucpk Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.74 0.7: 1.4

Nuirtf, 2113 >.7 3.1 1.4

Lfmiek ìdkmflcdtks

Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.:9 0.72 1.17

Nuirtf, 2113 3.1 3.9 1.9

Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf.

Dkmdhusckmis

Mk ixcsti hf sustdcimti hctirfturf rihfdckmf`f dkm dklpitimdcfs prkjisck-mfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk ì prclir mcvih ì ftimdcôm, hk dufh ìef f cm-tirpritfdcôm hk pkdk qui si nf fbkr`f`k ih tilf, dfbi ìstfdfr qui grfmpfrti ì hks istu`cks ixdhuc`ks ì hf rivcscôm mk dkmtfbfm dkm ih drctirck ìcmdhuscôm sustdcimti pfrf jkrlfr pfrti ì hf lcslf, mk kbstfmti, is dkmscì-rfbhi cmdhucrhks f jfhtf ì frtìduhks ilpìrcdks ktkrgæm`kmks um lfykr fpkrtiskbri ih tilf.

Ym pumtk clpkrtfmti f ìstfdfr skbri ih prkdisk ì rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf,is qui ih tilf ì dklpitimdcfs is fbkr`f`k imtri ktrfs duistckmis nfdcfprkjisckmfhis ì imjirlirìf y sfhubrcstfs, scm ilbfrgk, mk dkmtfbfm dkm ih

drctirck ì cmdhuscôm ì sir `cridtcvks pfrf jkrlfr pfrti ì hf rivcscôm. Qu`cãm-`ksi dkmscìrfr ktrf hìmif ì cmvistcgfdcôm dkm istks prkjisckmfhis.

Cìmtcstdfm`k hfs hfgumfs ì dkmkdclcimtk ixcstimtis skbri ih tilf, isclpkrtfmti dklimzfr f trfbfefr im ih lcslk, pirk fmtis si tcimi qui hhivfrf dfbk umf muivf rivcscôm qui fbkrì hfs dklpitimdcfs ispidìstdfs ì um`cridtcvk hfs dufhis si ìsprimìm ì hfs Jumdckmis Isimdcfhis ì Tfhu` Qõ-bhcdf, im istf rivcscôm si ìsghksfm hfs dklpitimdcfs gimirfhis ìh `cridtcvkhfs dufhis tcimi qui hhivfr fdfbk im su jumdcôm dklk `cridtkr.


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Rijirimdcfs bcbhckgræstdfs

6. Grknlfmm LU, Bfttcstihhf HJ, Bfrfttk ET. Dklpitimdcfs ìh gistkr nkspctfhfrck5 istu`ckim um nkspctfh põbhcdk brfschiök. Imjirlirìf Ghkbfh 2162?2:(0)5636-21>. 2. Bifdn LD, Qrcdi IG, Gfry PH, Rkbcmskm OF, Gkzu F, Qfhfdck F, it fh. Duhturfh Dklpi-

timdy5 F Tystilftcd Rivciw kj Nifhtn Dfri Qrkvcìr Iùdftckmfh Cmtirvimtckms. Li`cdfh Dfri.2119?04(0)549:-74. 4. Tchvf SD, Rkquiti JJ. Dklpitåmdcfs ̀ k gistkr il sirvcçks ̀ i sfõì5 fmæhcsi ̀ f prkùçäkdcimtìst df, mk pirìk`k ̀ i 2116 f 2166. Rivcstf ̀ i F`lcmcstrfçäk il Tfõì. 2164?69(9>)52-62. 0. Riy-Gflirk FD, Fdkstf-Rflìriz M. Ih imjkqui ì dklpitimdcfs pfrf hks iquc-pks ì Ftimdcôm Qrclfrcf im Tfhu`. Ymf rivcscôm ì hctirfturf. Riv. Girimd. Qkhct. Tfhu`2164?62(29)52>-43. 9. Jirmæmìz-Tfhcmirk LD. Hfs dklpitimdcfs im ih lfrdk ì hf dkmvirgimdcf iurkpif5Ym muivk dkmdiptk pfrf ih `csiök ì prkgrflfs iùdftcvks. Imdkumtirs km Iùdftckm.

211:?75646-94. :. Lchhir EI. Pni Dncdfgk Gucì tk Wrctcmg fbkut Mulbirs. Cm5 Dncdfgk Gucìs tk WrctcmgIfQ, i`ctkr. Pidnmcdfh but clpkrtfmt5 stvi lkri bfscd prcmdcphis.2110. p. 93-:>. 7. Dzfbfmkwsof O, Burfzirc G, Ohilimd-Oitcs U, Ocekwsof Z, Pklfsco P, Brfm` N. Vufhctyclprkvilimt dklpitimdy gfps cm prclfry dfri cm Fhbfmcfm, Qkhcsn fm` Thkvimcfm dkmtixts5f stu`y prktkdkh. Fdtf Cmjkrl Li`. 2162?21(0)5290—>. >. Jirmfmìs-Húibhicm. HD, Lfdnf`k-Uflbrfmk. R, Fmsdnfu-Khcvicrf. G. Giråmdcf ì sir-vcçks ì sfõì5 dklpitåmdcfs ìsimvkhvc`fs i `cstduh`fìs imdkmtrf`fs mf ftimçäk bæscdf.Dcåmdcf & Tfõì Dkhitcvf. 2113?60(6)56906-92. 3. Juruofwf QK, Khl-Dumnf CD. Qrksthi fm` Dklpitimdcis kj Mursi Lfmfgirs ft Fddri`c-

ti` Nkspctfhs. Riv. Hftcmk-Fl. Imjirlfgil. 2166?63(6)561:-60.61. Grknlfmm LU, Bfttcstihhf HJ, Bfrfttk ET. Dklpitimdcfs ìh gistkr nkspctfhfrck5 istu`ckim um nkspctfh põbhcdk brfschiök. Imjirlirìf Ghkbfh 2162?2:(0)5636-21>.66. Guk OH. F stu`y kj tni sochhs fm` rkhis kj simckr-hivih nifhtn dfri lfmfgirs. Nifhtn DfriLfmfgir. 2114?22(2)5692->.62. Nuirtf-Rcvirks QD, Hiytkm-Qfviz DI, Tfh`cf-Bfrfnkmf N. Fmæhcscs ì hfs dklpitimdcfs`cridtcvfs ì umf ri` ì sfhu` põbhcdf. Riv. sfhu` põbhcdf. 2113?66(:)5373->7.64. Crvcmi J. Ixphkrcmg `cstrcdt murscmg dklpitimdcis cm nifhtn prklktckm5 tni usi kj tni@ihpnc tidnmcqui. Ekurmfh kj Dhcmcdfh Murscmg. 2119?60(>)53:9-79.60. Hcbfr`k F, Gcrfh`k G, Hcmf L, Grcsfhis J, Krtcz Q. Rihfdcôm imtri ih mcvih ì ìsfrrkhhk ì

hfs dklpitimdcfs im hks girimtis ì hfs CQT y hf dfhc`f` cmstctudckmfh, Fmtckqucf, 2119. Riv.Jfd. Mfd. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf 211>?2:(2)5694-:4.69. Hôpiz-Lfrtìmiz QF, Lkmtfök-Lkrimk EE, Bfhhistir-Brfgi H. Fmfhyscs kj prkjissckmfhdklpitimdcis cm tni Tpfmcsn pubhcd f`lcmcstrftckm lfmfgilimt. Ekurmfh kj Wkro fm` Kr-gfmczftckmfh Qsydnkhkgy. 2160?415:6-:.6:. Tfmtrcd-Lchcdivcd LL, Beigkvcd-Lcofmkvcd ZL, Pirzcd-Tupcd UE, Zfscd Z. Dklpitimdcisgfp kj lfmfgilimt tifls cm prclfry nifhtn dfri. Pni Iurkpifm Ekurmfh kj Qubhcd Nifhtn.2161?26(2)5207—94.67. Ttfmoůmfs L, Tfuhcůmi· T, Tlctn P, Fviry L, šulsofs H, Dzfbfmkwsof O. Ivfhuftckm kjhifìrsncp dklpitimdcis kj ixidutcvis cm Hctnufmcfm pubhcd nifhtn cmstctutckms. Li`cdcmf

(Ofumfs). 2162?0>(66)59>6-7.6>. Si`c`cf LE, Gchhispci DD, Lkkri GP. Tpidcstd Dhcmcdfh Dklpitimdcis jkr Lfmfgcmg DfriZciws kj Riscìmdy @cridtkrs fm` Lfmfgi` Dfri Li`cdfh @cridtkrs. EFLF. 2111?2>0(3).


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Istrftigcf ì bõsqui`f

Qfrf istf rivcscôm si dkmscìrfrkm5 6) Istu`cks qui lc`cirfm ih tcilpk ììlkrf im hf bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf pkr pfrti ì hfs lueiris f pfrtcr

ìh lklimtk qui ihhfs tcimim fhgõm tcpk ì scmtklftkhkgìf, 2) Istu`cks quiìtirlcmfrfm hks jfdtkris fskdcf`ks f hf ìlkrf pkr pfrti ì hfs lueirispfrf hf bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf, y 4) Istu`cks qui cìmtcstdfrfm hksjfdtkris pfrf umf ìtiddcôm y `cfgmôstcdk tfr`ìk pkr pfrti ì hks scstilfsì sfhu`.

Hf rivcscôm ì frtìduhks si nczk f trfvãs ì bfsis ì `ftks dklk Qub-Li`, TFGI Ekurmfhs, Tdcimdi@cridt, IBTDK y BCRILI, utchczfm`k hf scgucimtidklbcmfdcôm ì pfhfbrfs dhfvi5 ifrhy ̀ cfgmkscs FM@ ìhfyi` ̀ cfgmkscs FM@

brifst mikphfsls KR siidocmg nihp FM@ ìhfyi` ̀ cfgmkscs FM@ brifst mikphfsls.

Tihiddcôm ì hfs rijirimdcfs

Ti cmdhuyirkm ripkrtis ì cmvistcgfdcôm ilpìrcdf scm hìlcti im hf litk`k-hkgìf, is ìdcr, dufmtctftcvks, dufhctftcvks y lcxtks, qui juirkm ihigc`ks ì

fduir`k f hks drctircks ì cmdhuscôm dklk juirkm5 frtìduhks pubhcdf`ks im cm-ghãs y ispfökh, hf tilpkrfhc`f` jui ̀ isì ih dklcimzk ̀ i hf cm`czfdcôm nfstf`cdcilbri ì 2160, su krcgim mk si dkmscìrô dklk hìlcti, y tflpkdk hksgrupks itfrcks ì hfs lueiris. Im ih tìtuhk y ih risulim hks frtìduhks ìbìfmdkmtimir hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi phfmtif`fs pfrf isti sdkpcmg rivciw . Im ih tixtkdklphitk df`f frtìduhk ìbìf dkmtimir ih lãtk`k ì istu`ck, hks kbeitcvksìh istu`ck, hfs luistrfs/feustis y nfhhfzgks qui ivcìmdcfrfm ixphìdctflimtihf bõsqui`f ̀ i ftimdcôm lã`cdf, fsì dklk hf ̀ ilkrf im hf ìtiddcôm y ̀ cfg-môstcdk kpkrtumk k tfr`ìk ìh dæmdir ì lflf. Ti ixdhuyirkm hks istu`cks ìcmvistcgfdcôm ilpìrcdks `kmì mk istfbf ixphìdctf hf cmjkrlfdcôm ìtfhhf`fskbri hf bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf y hf ìlkrf ìh `cfgmôstcdk, fsì dklkih trftflcimtk ìh dæmdir ì lflf.

Tihiddcôm ì hfs rijirimdcfs Im ih prkdisk ì ihiddcôm y sihiddcôm si cmcdcôdkm hf ivfhufdcôm ìh tìtuhk, ih dufh si vircstdô dkm rispidtk fh dulphclcimtkì hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi ìmtrk ì ãsti, pkstirckrlimti si ivfhufrkm hks risõ-

limis, hks dufhis ìbìfm timir hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi pfrf nfdir hf sihiddcôm si-gõm isti drctirck. Ymf viz rifhczf`k istk, si prkdi`cô f nfdir hf ridupirfdcômì hks tixtks dklphitks, f hks dufhis si his rifhczô ih prkdisk ì vircstdfdcôm


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ì dulphclcimtk ì cmdhuscôm ì litk`khkgìf, kbeitcvk, qui cmdhuyirfm hksrisuhtf`ks skbri hf ìlkrf ì bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih hfpsk ìtcilpk pfrf ih `cfgmôstcdk.

Qfrf ih prkdisk ì ridupirfdcôm ìh tixtk dklphitk, im hf lfykrìf ì hks

dfsks, si midisctô nfdir hf bõsqui`f f trfvãs ì hf bcbhcktidf ì hf Ymcvir-sc`f` ì Guf`fhfefrf, y ìh tktfh ì frtìduhks qui dulphìfm dkm hks drctircksì cmdhuscôm pfrf tìtuhk y risulim, 41 mk juirkm ridupirf`ks. Ih prkdisk ìbõsqui`f y sihiddcôm si chustrf im hf Jcgurf C.

Istu`cks imdkmtrf`ksim hf bõsqui`f

Pìtuhks y risõlimisrivcsf`ks5 :1

Frtìduhks tixtk dklphitk

rivcsf`ks5 41

Frtìduhks cmdhuì`ks5 64

@uphcdf`ks ihclcmf`ks5 6>1

Frtìduhks ridupirf`ks5 41

Frtìduhks ixdhuc`ks5 67

Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk ì bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm ì frtìduhks. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ìh futkr.

Ixtrfddcôm y fmæhcscs ì `ftks

Huigk ì nfdir umf hidturf ì hks tixtks dklphitks si ixtrfeirkm hks sc-gucimtis `ftks5 futkr, fök y hugfr ìh istu`ck, litk`khkgìf, tflfök ì hfluistrf, tcpk ì pkbhfdcôm, jkrlf ì ridkhiddcôm ì `ftks, tilfs ilirgim-tis, fmæhcscs y risuhtf`ks sigõm hks tilfs phfmtif`ks. Qfrf isti prkdisk si

utchczô umf lftrcz `cstrcbuc`f pkr futkr, kbeitcvk, litk`khkgìf y risuhtf`ks.


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Risuhtf`ks y `csduscôm

Ti imdkmtrfrkm 64 frtìduhks, hks dufhis prkvcimim ì `cjirimtis pfìsis57.7% (m < 6) Fhilfmcf, 7.7% (m < 6) Dkhklbcf, 94.>% (m < 7) Istf`ks

Ymc`ks ì Flãrcdf, 7.7% (m < 6) Lãxcdk, 7.7% (m < 6) Hcbcf, 7.7% (m < 6)Lfhfscf, 7.7% (m < 6) Qfocstfm y 7.7% (m < 6) Pfcwfm. Hf litk`khkgìf juidufmtctftcvf im 3>% ì hks istu`cks sihiddckmf`ks.

Hks `kdulimtks ivfhuf`ks prkvcimim ì istu`cks ilpìrcdks pubhcdf`ksimtri 2112 y 2160, `kmì si cìmtcstdô qui ih prcmdcpfh prkpôsctk ì hksfutkris jui fbkr`fr ih prkbhilf ì ìtiddcôm tfr`ìf ì dæmdir ì lflftimcim`k im duimtf qui ixcstim `ks tcpks prcmdcpfhis ì ìlkrf. @ilkrfim rihfdcôm fh pfdcimti skbri ih ritrfsk im hf bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf

ìspuãs ì futk-ìsdubrclcimtk ì um pkscbhi sìmtklf ì dæmdir ì lflfk ih jrfdfsk f hfs dctfs y ih ritfr`k ìh scstilf ì sfhu` im dkmsigucr dctfs,hf prkgrflfdcôm ì hfs pruibfs ì `cfgmôstcdk, ridcbcr um `cfgmôstcdk ìst-mctcvk, y ih cmcdck ì hf tirfpcf? hk dufh si prisimtf tfmtk im ih sidtkr põbhcdkdklk prcvf`k.

Jfdtkris qui cmtirvcimim im hf ìlkrf ì hf ftimdcôm

lã`cdf ìspuãs ì hf ìtiddcôm ìh prclir sìmtklfnfstf ih `cfgmôstcdk

Hf ìlkrf im hf bõsqui`f ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf im hfs lueiris si nf dfrfd-tirczf`k pkr ìefr pkr um hf`k hf rispkmsfbchc`f` ì hf lueir fh cmtirisfrsiy lkstrfr fpigk f hfs li`c`fs privimtcvfs skbri tk`k im ih dfsk ì luei-ris fùhtks lfykris hfs lueiris lfykris ì :9 föks ì i`f` (20.7%) qui

imtri hfs lueiris limkris ì 91 föks ì i`f` (7.6%), fsì dklk jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks f hf jfhtf ̀ i cmjkrlfdcôm y hks scgmks y sìmtklfs ̀ isdkmkdc`ks pkrhfs lueiris. Im rihfdcôm fh istf`ck im dæmdir ì lflf im istf`ck tfr`ìk siimdkmtrô im ih 96.:% ì tk`ks hks pfdcimtis y si tim`cô f sir læs jriduimtiimtri hfs lueiris dkm ritrfsk ì 04 lisis (9>.1%) qui imtri hfs lueirisqui dkmsuhtfrkm f um lã`cdk ìmtrk ì 6 lis ìspuãs ì hf fpfrcdcôm ì hkssìmtklfs (0>.3%) _62\.


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Jfdtkris rihfdckmf`ks dkm hf ìlkrf im hf ìtiddcôm y`cfgmôstcdk ìsì hf pirspidtcvf hks sirvcdcks ì sfhu`

Hks istu`cks qui nfm ìlkstrf`k ih clpfdtk qui tcimim im ih scstilf ì

sfhu` pfrf hf ìtiddcôm y `cfgmôstcdk fstrlfm qui ih tcilpk ìsì hf prcli-rf dkmsuhtf fh lã`cdk, hf rijirimdcf fh prkjisckmfh ì hf sfhu` ispidcfhcstf,dfrfdtirìstcdfs skdckìlkgræstdfs, istf`ck y `cjirimdcfdcôm ì tulkr juirkmìtirlcmfmtis pfrf hf ìlkrf y hf dkmstrlfdcôm ìh `cfgmôstcdk. Ih prkli-`ck ìh tcilpk ìsì ih dklcimzk ì hks sìmtklfs jui ì >.0 lisis dkm umpirck`k lìmclk pfrf um `cfgmôstcdk kpkrtumk ì 7.9 lisis y >.: lisispfrf ih istf`ck tfr`ìk _69\.

Hfs bfrrirfs ì fddisk f hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf tfhis dklk hf prkxclc`f` ì

hfs umc`fìs ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf, hf `cspkmcbchc`f` ì dctfs, ih rãgclim dkm-trcbutcvk y hf sigurc`f` skdcfh dkm hf qui dkmtfbfm mk juirkm ìtirlcmfmtispfrf hf ìlkrf im hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf, yf qui si imdkmtrô qui fquihhksdfsks dkm `cfgmôstcdk im itfpf tfr`ìf pirtimidìfm f hf dftigkrìf ì limkrtcilpk ì vcfei fh dimtrk ì `cfgmôstcdk, hk dufh dkrrispkm`ìf f limks ì61 lcmutks _6:\.

Ti nf imdkmtrf`k qui fhgumks pfìsis nfm istfbhidc`k tcilpks læxclks

pfrf dkmtfr dkm ih `cfgmôstcdk ìstmctcvk i cmcdck ìh trftflcimtk ì umf lueir dkm skspidnf ì dæmdir ì lflf, ìlkstrfm`k fsì istu`cks im dæmdirì lflf dimtrf`ks im hf ìlkrf `cfgmôstcdf, dkm grfm vfrcfbchc`f`, dkmìlkrfs qui ksdchfm imtri 6.0% y 63% læs ì hk ispirf`k _67\.

Im hfs umc`fìs lã`cdfs fõm si imtcimì qui ixcstim grfmìs bridnfsim hf ftimdcôm cmtigrfh ì hf pfdcimti, im rihfdcôm dkm ih imtrimflcimtk yhf jkrlfdcôm ì ridursks nulfmks dkm fptctuìs y dklpitimdcfs qui ì-luistrim ijidtcvc`f` y sustdcimdcf. @urfmti im ih prkdisk ì `cfgmôstcdk si

imdkmtrfrkm `ftks, tfhis dklk ih 41% ì hfs lueiris lfmcjistô qui dkmsuh-tfrkm `ks k læs vidis pkr ih sìmtklf prcmdcpfh fmtis ì cmcdcfr hks ixælimis`cfgmôstcdks, 03.9% ì hfs lueiris kbtuvk su `cfgmôstcdk im um tcilpk ìtris lisis k limks, im 2:.6% si ìlkrô imtri 4 y : lisis y im 20.0 % siìlkrô læs ì sics lisis _67\.

Fumqui si nfm clphilimtf`k prkgrflfs ì ìtiddcôm kpkrtumf y `cfg-môstcdk is clpkrtfmti ridfhdfr ih tcilpk is fprilcfmti y si riqucirim timir

liekris istrftigcfs pfrf `cslcmucr fsì hf jriduimdcfs im ih ritrfsk ìh `cfg-môstcdk qui fum fquiefm ì læs ì 4 lisis jui ìh 72.:% y hf jriduimdcfìh ritrfsk `cfgmôstcdk ì læs ì : lisis jui ìh 09.9% _6>\.

Im Hcbcf si imdkmtrô qui ih `cfgmôstcdk tfr`ìk si fskdcô jfdtkris tfhis


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dklk hf i`f`, ih tilkr f hf cmjkrlfdcôm y hf lfhf fdtctu` ìh prkjisckmfhì hf sfhu`, fsì dklk lci`k fh trftflcimtk qui cmdcì `cridtflimti im ihistf`ck im qui si `cfgmkstcdf hf imjirli`f` ì fduir`k f hf dhfscstdfdcômPML y ih istf`ck dhìmcdk dkm juirtis fskdcfdckmis dkm hf fdtctu` ì hf lueir

nfdcf ih `cfgmôstcdk ì hf imjirli`f` imdkmtrfm`k rfzkmis sustdcimtis pfrftklfr clpkrtfmdcf y lfgmctu` im ih tcilpk ìh `cfgmôstcdk fskdcf`k dkm hffpfrcdcôm ì gfmghcks rihfdckmf`k `cridtflimti dkm dfrfdtirìstcdfs dhìmcdfsim hfs lueiris fjidtf`fs. Hks futkris prkpkmim imtimìr qui isti prkbhilfvcsufhczf`k im hks scstilfs ì sfhu` `cjirimtis ‐tfmtk põbhcdk dklk im ihælbctk prcvf`k‐ jui ftim`cim`k im rihfdcôm hf ìlkrf im hf bõsqui`f ìftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih `cfgmôstcdk ì hf imjirli`f`. Dkm ihhk si kbtuvcirkmdkcmdcìmdcfs im `ftks rihfdckmf`ks dkm fhtfs tfsfs ì lkrtfhc`f`, `cslcmu-

yim`k fsì, hf skbrivc`f ì hf imjirli`f` yf qui si nfdim `cfgmôstcdks imistf`cks tfr`ìks.

Dkmdhusckmis

Is ivcìmti qui fõm ixcstim grfmìs bridnfs im ih prkdisk ì ftimdcômlã`cdf hf dufh si prkdurf pkr liekrfr im fspidtks ì sustdcimdcf y ijid-

tcvc`f`, scm ilbfrgk, si riquciri umf ftimdcôm cmtigrfh qui dkmtilphi ihtcilpk, ftimdcôm, cmjkrlfdcôm y lfykr iùdfdcôm dkm rispidtk f hf privim-dcôm ìh dæmdir ì lflf. Hks `cfgmôstcdks tfr`ìks mk sôhk si rihfdckmfm dkmìstdcimdcfs im ih scstilf ì sfhu`, scmk tflbcãm dkm jfdtkris prkpcks ì hflueir, tfhis dklk hks dkmkdclcimtks, driimdcfs i cmdhusk lctks y tilkrisskbri hf imjirli`f`.

Ih gkbcirmk tcimi hf tfrif ì umcr isjuirzks pfrf hf kpkrtumf ftimdcôm pkr

li`ck ì istrftigcfs ì vfmgufr`cf mk sôhk krcimtf`fs f hf tidmkhkgìf, scmkqui tflbcãm im jumdcôm ì hf li`cdcmf privimtcvf `ktfm`k f hfs krgfmczf-dckmis ì sfhu` ì prkgrflfs istdcimtis y `ktfm`k dkm ih sustimtk ì hfspkhìtcdfs põbhcdfs f jfvkr dkm litfs ispidìstdfs. Ih dkmdiptk ì privimdcômìbi cmdhucr hf `cslcmudcôm ìh tcilpk im qui ridcbim ftimdcôm lã`cdf hfslueiris.

Jcmfhlimti, y nfdcim`k um dkmsimsk skbri hf clpkrtfmdcf ì hks prkgrf-lfs ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf `criddckmf`ks im hf ìtiddcôm pridkz ì dæmdir,

cmdhuyim`k ih prkdisk ì ftimdcôm lã`cdf, hfs tidmkhkgìfs utchczf`fs, fsìdklk hfs pruibfs `cfgmôstcdfs, si tcimi ih ìbir ì sir `crcgc`ks ispidìst-dflimti tklfm`k im duimtf hfs dfrfdtirìstcdfs jìscdfs, skdckìlkgræstdfs y


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skdckduhturfhis ì hf pkbhfdcôm im duistcôm, kbtimcãm`ksi liekris risuhtf-`ks fdkrìs fh pirsth ipcìlckhôgcdk ì df`f pkbhfdcôm y busdfr fsì kbtimirliekris risuhtf`ks im hf `cslcmudcôm ì hf lkrtfhc`f` ì istf imjirli`f`y dkmtrcbuyim`k dkm liekr gfrfmtìf f umf ìtiddcôm kpkrtumf k pridkz yf

qui is umf imjirli`f` drômcdf y ìgimirftcvf ì hf qui fdtufhlimti mk sitcimi durf gfrfmtczf`f. Qkr hk tfmtk, dkmdhuyk qui istk fpkrtf f hf bõsqui`fy kbtimdcôm ì istrftigcfs pfrf liekrfr hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih prkdisk ì`cfgmôstcdk fìduf`k y dkm liekris risuhtf`ks, pfrf fsì clphilimtfrsi imhks prkgrflfs y phfmis ì sfhu`.


6. Gkmzæhiz-Qcir I, Gutcãrriz-@ihgf`k D, Ttivims G, Bfrrfzf-Hhkrãms L, Qkrrfs-Dkmìy R,Dfrvfhnk M, it fh. @istmcdcôm ì prckrc`fìs pfrf hfs cmtirvimdckmis ì sfhu` im ih Tcstilfì Qrktiddcôm Tkdcfh im Tfhu` ì Lãxcdk. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf ì Lãxcdk. 2117?303547-92. 2. Rkbhis TD, Gfhfmcs I. Brifst dfmdir cm Hftcm Flircdf fm` tni Dfrcbbifm. Rivcstf Qfmf-lircdfmf ì Tfhu` Qõbhcdf. 2112?66(4)567>->9. 4. Hi Gfhis-Dflus D, Bifghinkhi R, Ippcmg-Ekr`fm E. Qrivimtcmg dnrkmcd `csifsis5 f vctfhcmvistlimt. Gimivf5 Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm? 21190. Dôr`kvf-Zchhfhkbks EÆ, Bfrrcguiti-Lihãmìz EF, Hfrf-Isqui`f F, Bfrquirf T, Rksfs-

Qirfhtf L, Nirmæmìz-Ævchf L, it fh. Hfs imjirli`fìs drômcdfs mk trfmslcscbhis im Lãxcdk5

scmkpscs ipcìlckhôgcdf y privimdcôm cmtigrfh. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf ̀ i Lãxcdk. 211>?91(9)5063-27. 9. Lftnirs D@, Hkmdfr @. Yp`fti` prkeidtckms kj ghkbfh lkrtfhcty fm` burìm kj `csifsi,2112-21415 `ftf skurdis, litnk`s fm` risuhts. Gimivf Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm? 2119. :. Ctrcfgk GH, Tchvf CM, Dkrtis JG. Dæmdir im Dnchi y ih lum`k5 umf lcrf`f ipcìlckhôgcdf,prisimti y juturk. Rivcstf Lã`cdf Dhìmcdf Hfs Dkmìs. 2164?20(0)5946-92. 7. KLT. Qrivimtcmg dnrkmcd `csifsis5 WNK ghkbfh ripkrt. Gimkvf, Tuczf5 WNK? 2119. >. KLT, KQT. Dæmdir im hf Flãrcdfs, cm`cdf`kris bæscdks 2164. KLT/KQT? 2164. 3. Dfphfm H. @ihfy cm brifst dfmdir5 clphcdftckms jkr stfgi ft `cfgmkscs fm` survcvfh. Jrkm-tcirs cm pubhcd nifhtn. 2160?2(>7).61. Lfrtìmiz-Lkmtföiz KG, Yrcbi-Uõöcgf Q, Nirmæmìz-Ævchf L. Qkhìtcdfs põbhcdfs pfrf hf

ìtiddcôm ìh dæmdir ì lflf im Lãxcdk. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf ì Lãxcdk. 2113?965491-:1.66. Frosiy N, K–Lfhhiy H. Tdkpcmg stu`cis5 tkwfr`s f litnk`khkgcdfh jrfliwkro. Cmtirmf-tckmfh Ekurmfh kj Tkdcfh Risifrdn Litnk`khkgy. 2119?>6(6)563-42.62. Frm`t Z, Ttørlir P, Ttiglfcir D, Ucighir N, @nkl G, Brimmir N. Qftcimt ̀ ihfy fm` stfgikj `cfgmkscs flkmg brifst dfmdir pftcimts cm Girlfmy—f pkpuhftckm bfsi` stu`y. BrctcsnEkurmfh kj Dfmdir. 2112?>:(7)56140-01.64. Dfphfm HT, Nihzhskuir OE, Tnfpcrk T, Wishiy, L. M., I`wfr`s BO. Rifskms jkr ìhfy cmbrifst dfmdir `cfgmkscs. Qrivimtcvi Li`cdcmi. 633:?29(2)526>-20.60. Dnfmg N-E, Dnim W-^, Hcm ID-H, Pumg S-S, Jitzir T, Hcm L-J. @ihfy cm siiocmg li`cdfhivfhuftckms fm` pri`cdtkrs kj sihj-ijstdfdy flkmg wklim wctn miwhy ̀ cfgmksi` brifst dfm-dir5 F hkmgctu`cmfh stu`y. Cmtirmftckmfh Ekurmfh kj Murscmg Ttu`cis. 2160?96(7)5614:-07.69. Brcgnt O, Bfrgnfsn L, @kmfdn L, ì hf Bfrrirf LG, Tdnmicìr RE, Jkrlimtc TD. Pnirkhi kj nifhtn systil jfdtkrs cm ìhfycmg stmfh `cfgmkscs fm` triftlimt kj brifst dfmdir cmLixcdk Dcty, Lixcdk. Pni Brifst. 2166?Tupphilimt 2(1)5T90-T3.6:. Nimry O, Bksdki J, Eknmskm D, Gkh`birg @, Tnirlfm R, Dkdoburm L. Brifst Dfmdir Ttf-


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gi ft @cfgmkscs5 Cs Prfvih Pcli Clpkrtfmt; Ekurmfh kj Dkllumcty Nifhtn. 2166?4:(:)5344-02.67. Qcöirks L, Tæmdniz R, Qirry J, Gfrdìf KF, Kdflpk R, Dim`fhis R. @ilkrfs im ih `cfg-môstcdk y trftflcimtk ì lueiris dkm dæmdir ì lflf im Bkgktæ, Dkhklbcf. Tfhu` Qõbhcdfì Lãxcdk. 2166?94(:)507>->9.6>. Mkrsf–f`fn B, Rflpfh OG, Rfnlfn LF, Mfcmg MM, Bcswfh BL. @cfgmkscs ìhfy kjbrifst dfmdir fm` cts fsskdcfti` jfdtkrs cm Lfhfyscfm wklim. BLD Dfmdir. 2166?66(6)5606.


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Jfdchctf`kris ykbstfduhczf`kris ìh dkmsulk

ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis imfùhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis

Dkrtãs-Hôpiz, Lfrìf ìh Dfrlim

Cmtrkùddcôm

Hf Krgfmczfdcôm Lum`cfh ì hf Tfhu` istclf qui 407 lchhkmis ì pirsk-mfs vcvim dkm `cfbitis lihhctus im ih lum`k _6\. Im isti simtc`k, hf privim-

dcôm prclfrcf y sidum`frcf ì istf imjirli`f` is fhtflimti dkstk-ijidtcvf,puis clphcdf li`c`fs idkmôlcdfs dklk umf `citf fìduf`f y fdtcvc`f` jì-scdf riguhfr, qui tcimim um grfm clpfdtk lã`cdk, idkmôlcdk y skdcfh qui,mk kbstfmti, skm `cjìdchis ì clphilimtfr im lfsf pisi f hf prklkdcôm ìhf sfhu` _2, 4\.

Ymf ì hfs istrftigcfs pfrf hkgrfr um istchk ì vc`f sfhu`fbhi im hf pk-bhfdcôm, is hf `cslcmudcôm ì hf ìmsc`f` dfhôrcdf ì hks fhclimtks li`cfmtif`cdcôm ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis, pfrf sustctucr hks fzõdfris i clpfdtfr im

ih dkmtrkh ìh pisk dkrpkrfh y hfs dcjrfs ì ghudksf sfmguìmif, qui skm vfrcf-bhis `cridtflimti rihfdckmf`fs dkm hf dfmtc`f` ì fzõdfris im hf `citf _0\.Ilpirk, ixcstim dkmtrkvirscfs skbri ih dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis,im tfmtk qui fhgumks futkris ristirim qui fulimtf ih fpitctk _9\, ktrks, quicmùdi gfmfmdcf ì pisk _:\, ktrks læs, qui fulimtf ih rcisgk ì pfìdir`cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2 _7\, i cmdhusk, nfy qucimis siöfhfm qui prkùdicmtkhirfmdcf f hf ghudksf fskdcf`f f lk`cstdfdckmis ì hf flkrf lcdrkbcfmf

cmtistcmfh _>\. Tcm ilbfrgk, f pisfr ì `cdnfs dkmtrkvirscfs, ih dkmsulk ìiùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis si ridklcim`f, pkr hk qui si nfm rifhczf`k `cvirsks


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istu`cks skbri ih lcslk im fùhtks dkm k scm skbripisk u kbisc`f` _3-26\,ìsdkmkdcãm`ksi ripkrtis im fùhtks pkrtf`kris ì `cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2.

Dkm bfsi im hk fmtirckr, si rifhczô umf sdkpcmg rivciw dkm ih kbeitcvk ììsdrcbcr ih dkmkdclcimtk dcimtìstdk skbri jfdtkris jfdchctf`kris y kbstfduhczf-

`kris ̀ ih dkmsulk ̀ i iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis im fùhtks dkm k scm ̀ cfbitislihhctus tcpk 2.

Lftircfhis y lãtk`ks

Ti rifhczô umf rivcscôm ì hf hctirfturf im frtìduhks im hks qui si istu`cfrkmjfdtkris jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris ìh dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcst-

dcfhis im fùhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2. Ti utchczô hf litk`khkgìfì sdkpcmg rivciw , qui si usf pfrf scmtitczfr ih dkmkdclcimtk dcimtìstdk icìmtcstdfr hfgumfs skbri um tilf _22\.

Istrftigcf ì bõsqui`f

Hf bõsqui`f bcbhckgræstdf si rifhczô im hks ìm`cdis y bfsis ì `ftks5 Qub-Li`, IRCD, TFGI, Tdcim@cridt, Tprcmgir, JTPF, Imduimtrf, Dflbrc`gi Dk-hhidtckm, Tdkpus, CTC Wib kj Omkwhi`gi, Wchiy, Estkr, IBTD, i CTC IlirgcmgLfroits? ìsì ih dklcimzk ì hf cmìxfdcôm ì df`f umf nfstf fgkstk ì2160, cmdhuyim`k sôhk frtìduhks ilpìrcdks isdrctks im cmghãs, ispfökh k pkrtu-guãs, pubhcdf`ks im dufhqucir pfìs. Qkstirckrlimti, si rifhczô umf bõsqui`flfmufh ì hfs rijirimdcfs ì hfs rijirimdcfs y ì hfs dctfs ì hfs rijirimdcfskbtimc`fs im hf bõsqui`f cmcdcfh. Ti utchczfrkm hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi5 swiitimcmgfgimts, mkm-mutrctcvi swiitimirs, frtcstdcfh swiitimirs, swiitimi` bivirf-

gis, skjt `rcmos, typi 2 `cfbitis lihhctus, `cfbitis lihhctus, dnrkmcd chhmiss,dkmsulptckm pfttirms, dkmsulptckm, dkmsulptckm prijirimdis, hcji dnfmgiivimts, pirdiptckm, niftn, omkwhi`gi, fttctuìs, prfdtcdi, cmtirvciw fs f tk- pcd , qufhctftcvi risifrdn, qufhctftcvi litnk` i cmtirvciw , qui si busdfrkm imih duirpk f tixtk dklphitk ì hks `kdulimtks. Ti usfrkm kpirf`kris hksbkkhifmks fm` y kr pfrf dklbcmfr hfs pfhfbrfs, y si istfbhidcirkm dklk hìlc-tis ̀ i bõsqui`f, istu`cks rifhczf`ks im fùhtks, ixdhuyim`k cmvistcgfdckmisim pirskmfs ì i`f` limkr f 6> föks.


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Tihiddcôm ì hfs rijirimdcfs

Im prclir hugfr, si ihclcmfrkm hks istu`cks ùphcdf`ks. Hf cmdhuscôm ìhristk ì hfs rijirimdcfs si ìdc`cô fmfhczfm`k su tìtuhk, risulim y tixtk dkl-

phitk, ì fduir`k f hks scgucimtis drctircks ì sihiddcôm. Im dufmtk fh tìtuhk,si sihiddckmfrkm frtìduhks qui dkmtimìfm fh limks umf pfhfbrf dhfvi. Ris-pidtk fh risulim, si cmdhuyirkm fquihhks qui fìlæs ì sftcsjfdir hks drcti-rcks pfrf ih tìtuhk, ìsdrcbìfm ih iùhdkrfmti frtcstdcfh istu`cf`k y hks jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks fh dkmsulk ì istks, juirfm jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris. Jc-mfhlimti, im hk tkdfmti f hks tixtks dklphitks, si cmdhuyirkm fquihhks im hksqui si cmjkrlfbfm dkm ìtfhhi hks lãtk`ks utchczf`ks, fsì dklk hfs tãdmcdfsì fmæhcscs ì `ftks dkm hks risuhtf`ks qui eustcstdfrkm hf ìstmcdcôm ì hks

jfdtkris dklk jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris ìh dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfm-tis. Hf Jcgurf C, luistrf ih prkdisk ì sihiddcôm ìsdrctk. Hks tixtks dklphi-tks si kbtuvcirkm f trfvãs ì Wib kj Tdcimdi.

Rispidtk f hks tixtks dklphitks, si ixdhuyirkm fquihhks im hks qui siistu`cô ih dkmsulk ì bibc`fs fzudfrf`fs scm iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _64,67\, hfs dfrfdtirìstcdfs krgfmkhãptcdfs ì hks prkùdtks scm fbkr`fr hfs dfrfd-tirìstcdfs ì su dkmsulk _21\, dflpföfs ì lfroitcmg _26\, prijirimdcfs ì

ùhzurf imtri dkmsulc`kris scm fhuscôm f hks iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _63\,clpuistks f hfs bibc`fs fzudfrf`fs dkm k scm iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _24\, hfrispuistf bckhôgcdf fh dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis scm ftimìr f sucmfluimdcf skbri su dkmsulk _20\, fsì dklk hks istu`cks skbri privfhimdcf ìdkmsulk ì bibc`fs dkm iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis scm fhuscôm f hks jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks f ãsti, juirkm jfdtkris jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris _6>\.


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Rivcscôm futklftczf`fim bfsis ì `ftks

Rivcscôm lfmufh ìrijirimdcfs ì hfs rijirimdcfs

Rijirimdcfs cmdhuc`fs im tktfh

Rivcscôm lfmufh ìdctfs ̀ i hfs rijirimdcfs

63> tìtuhks imdkmtrf`ks

00 risõlimis fmfhczf`ks

690 ixdhuc`ks

44 ixdhuc`ks

7 ixdhuc`ks

1 ùphcdf`fs

66 tixtks dklphitks fmfhczf`ks

0 tixtks dklphitks cmdhuc`ks

9 rijirimdcfs ̀ i rijirimdcfs 4 dctfs ̀ i hfs rijirimdcfs

0 risõlimis fmfhczf`ks

0 tixtks dklphitks fmfhczf`ks

0 tixtks dklphitks cmdhuc`ks

6 mk ridupirf`f

1 ixdhuc`ks

66 istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf sdkpcmg rivciw

Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk ì sihiddcôm ì frtìduhks im hf rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcômì hf futkrf.

Ixtrfddcôm y fmæhcscs ì `ftks

Qfrf fmfhczfr hf cmjkrlfdcôm si ihfbkrô umf lftrcz ì ixtrfddcôm ì `ftkspfrf tk`ks hks istu`cks (Fmixk 6) im hf qui si cmdhuyô ih prclir futkr, fök ypfìs ì hf pubhcdfdcôm, ih tcpk ì pkbhfdcôm istu`cf`f, tcpk ì istu`ck rifhc-


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2. Nirmæmìz-Ævchf L, Gutcãrriz E, Riymksk-Mkvirôm M. @cfbitis lihhctus im Lãxcdk. Ihistf`k ì hf ipcìlcf. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf ì Lãxcdk. 2164?99(Tup2)5T623-T4: 4. Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm. Wnft cs tni `cfbitis; Twctzirhfm`. 2169. @cspkmcbhi im5nttp5//www.wnk.cmt/`cfbitis/im/ . 0. Rcvirf EF, Luökz-Nirmæmìz K, Rksfs-Qirfhtf L, Fguchfr-Tfhcmfs DF, Qkpocm BL, Wc-hhitt WD. Dkmsulk ̀ i bibc`fs pfrf umf vc`f sfhu`fbhi5 ridklim`fdckmis pfrf hf pkbhfdcômlixcdfmf. Bkh Li` Nksp Cmjfmt Lix. 211>?:9521>-47. 9. Fb`fhhfn H, Dnfbirt L, Hukcs-Tyhvistri E. Dipnfhcd pnfsi rispkmsis tk swiit tfsti. FlE Dhcm Mutr. 6337?:95747-04. :. Enkmskm D, Ttivims B, Jkriyt E. Pni rkhi kj hkw-dfhkrci swiitimirs cm `cfbitis. YT Im-`kdrcmkhkgy. 2164?3(6)564-9. 7. Jfgnirfzzc G, Zchcir F, Tfrtkrihhc @ it fh. Dkmsulptckm kj frtcstdcfhhy fm` sugfr-swiiti-mi` bivirfgis fm` cmdcìmt typi 2 `cfbitis cm tni Ituì Ipc`ãlckhkgcqui fuprîs ìs jil-lis ì hf Lutuihhi Gãmãrfhi ì h–Iùdftckm Mftckmfhi-Iurkpifm Qrkspidtcvi Cmvistcgftckmcmtk Dfmdir fm` Mutrctckm dknkrt. Fl E Dhcm Mutr 2164?375967-24. >. Tuiz E, Okril P, Uiivc @, it fh. Frtcstdcfh swiitimirs cmùdi ghudksi cmtkhirfmdi by fhti-rcmg tni gut lcdrkbcktf. Mfturi. 2160?96056>6-637.3. Qipcmk S, Limmihhf E. Jfdtkrs dkmtrcbutcmg tk cm`cvcùfh ̀ cjjirimdis cm sudrksi prijirim-

di. Dnil Timsis. 2119?415463-421.61. Lfnfr F, @uczir H. Pni ijjidt kj jriquimdy kj dkmsulptckm kj frtcstdcfh swiitimirs kmswiitmiss hcocmg by wklim. E Jkk` Tdc. 2117?72(3)5760-76>.66. @i Lfrdnc R, Ld@fmcih LR, Fm`ri NL. Jkrluhftckm f miw pfssckm jruct eucdi bivirfgiwctn `cjjirimt swiitimirs systils. E Tims Ttu`. 2113?205 :3>—766.62. Fm`riyivf P, Dnfhkupof JE, Brkwmihh O@. Istclftcmg tni pktimtcfh kj tfxis km su-gfr-swiitimi` bivirfgis tk riùdi dkmsulptckm fm` gimirfti rivimui. Qriv Li`.2166?925064-:.

64. Ekr`fm F, Qcktrkwsoc EP, Bhifohiy F, it fh. @ivihkpcmg li`cf cmtirvimtckms tk riùdi nku-sinkh` sugfr swiitimi` bivirfgi dkmsulptckm. Fmm Fl Fdf` Qkh Tkd Tdc. 2162?:01566>-49.60. Eui EET, Qriss LE, Ld@kmfh` @, it fh. Pni clpfdt kj prcdi `csdkumts fm` dfhkrci lissf-gcmg km bivirfgi dkmsulptckm5 F luhtc-scti stih` stu`y. Qriv. Li`. 2162?995:23-:44.69. Hiosrcsklpkmg Q, Hkpitdnfrft O, Gutnrci B, it fh. Qrijirimdi lfppcmg kj hilkm hclidfrbkmfti` bivirfgis wctn riguhfr fm` `cit bivirfgi dkmsulirs. E Jkk` Tdc. 2164?7>5421->.6:. Qcirmfs D, Pfti @, Wfmg ̂ , it fh. @kis ̀ cit-bivirfgi cmtfoi fjjidt ̀ citfry dkmsulptckmpfttirms; Risuhts jrkl tni Dnkksi Nifhtny Kptckms Dkmsdckushy Iviry`fy (DNKCDI) rfm`k-

lczi` dhcmcdfh trcfh. Fl E Dhcm Mutr. 2164?375:10-66.67. Ukihhmir E, Orzisoc I, Nfrìm T, it fh. Vufhctftcvi fpphcdftckm kj tni tnikry kj phfmmi`binfvckr tk umìrstfm` bivirfgi binfvckr flkmg fùhts. E Fdf` Mutr @cit. 2162?66256770->0.6>. Jrimdn T, Rksimbirg L, Wkk` H, it fh. Tkjt `rcmo dkmsulptckm pfttirms flkmg wis-tirm Fustrfhcfms. E Mutr Iùd Binfv. 2164?09(:)5929-42.63. Purmir-LdGrcivy G, Pfti @, Lkkri @, it fh. Pfocmg tni bcttir wctn tni swiit5 Rihftckm-sncp kj supirtfstcmg fm` swiit prijirimdi wctn litfbkhcd sym`rkli fm` `citfry cmtfoi.E Jkk` Tdc. 2164?7>(2)5T44:-02.21. Gfutfl F, Enf F, Tcmgn R. Timskry fm` tixturfh prkpirtcis kj dnnfmf oniir lfì wctn

tnrii frtcstdcfh swiitimirs. Cmt E @fcry Pidnmkh. 2162?::(6)5613-6>.26. Bfrrfgæm MD, Mkhhir FE, Rkbhis B, it fh. Pni „–sugfr pfdo–– nifhtn lfroitcmg dflpfcgmcm Hks Fmgihis Dkumty, 2166-2162. Nifhtn Qrklkt Qrfdt. 2164?69(2)521>-6:.

http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/


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43

FMI^KT

Fmixk 6. Lftrcz ì ixtrfddcôm ì `ftks pfrf jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`k-ris ìh dkmsulk ì iùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis

Qrclir futkr, fök QfìsPcpk ì

pkbhfdcôm

Pcpk ì

istu`ck

Jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris

Qirskmfs scm `cfbitisQirskmfs dkm

`cfbitis

Lihk, 2161 _2:\ Istf`ksYmc`ks

Qirskmfsdkm y scm`cfbitis

Dufmtctftcvk.Imsfykdhìmcdk

Jfdchctf`kris. Bfekdkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk.Kbstfduhczf`kris. Tfbkrìsfgrf`fbhi, pridckihivf`k, fhtk dkmtimc`kdfhôrcdk

Jfdchctf`kris. Dkmtimc`kmutrclimtfh,dkmtimc`k ì fzõdfr,hiyim`f ‘pfrf`cfbãtcdks“ im ihprkùdtk

Kbstfduhczf`kris.Tfbkr ìsfgrf`fbhi,pridck ihivf`k

Dkhhcms, 211: _29\ Istf`ksYmc`ks

Qirskmfsdkm `cfbitis


Mk fphcdf Jfdchctf`kris. Fpfrcimdcf brchhfmti.Kbstfduhczf`kris.

Fpfrcimdcf lfti.

Mgcfm-Gcfp, 211:_27\

Tcmgfpur Qirskmfsdkm `cfbitis

Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh

Mk fphcdf Jfdchctf`kris. Dkmsulcr limksfzõdfr, cìf ì liekr

dkmtrkh ì hf `cfbitisKbstfduhczf`kris.@föks f hf sfhu`,virgøimzf, sfbkrìsfgrf`fbhi

Chbfdo, 2114 _2>\ Tuidcf Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis


Jfdchctf`kris. Tixkjilimcmk, prisimtfdcôm ìhiùhdkrfmti im pkhvkKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk

Mk fphcdf

Fm`riyivf, 2116_62\

Istf`ksYmc`ks

Qirskmfsdkm y scm

`cfbitis


Jfdchctf`kris. McmgumkKbstfduhczf`kris. Qridck

ihivf`k

Jfdchctf`kris. Mcmgumk

Kbstfduhczf`kris.

Qridck ihivf`k

Eui, 2162 _60\ Istf`ksYmc`ks

Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis

Dufmtctftcvk.Dufsc-ixpirclimtfh

Jfdchctf`kris. Qkstirscmjkrlfm`k ìsduimtk,cmjkrlfdcôm skbri limksdfhkrìfs, ridklim`fdcôm ìieirdcdckKbstfduhczf`kris.

Dkm`cdckmis dhclftkhôgcdfsf`virsf

Mk fphcdf

@i Lfrdnc, 2113_66\

Brfsch Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis


Jfdchctf`kris. Lfykrcmtimsc`f` ì hf ùhzurfKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk

Mk fphcdf


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01

Qrclir futkr, fök QfìsPcpk ì

pkbhfdcôm

Pcpk ì

istu`ck

Jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris

Qirskmfs scm `cfbitisQirskmfs dkm

`cfbitis

Hiosrcsklpkmg,2164 _69\

Istf`ksYmc`ks



Jfdchctf`kris. Cmjkrlfdcômskbri dkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk,

lfrdfKbstfduhczf`kris.

Timsfdcôm ì pisfìz imhf himguf, prijirimdcf pkrfhclimtks ̀ uhdis

Mk fphcdf.

Lfnfr, 2117 _61\ Istf̀ ksYmc`ks


Dufmtctftcvktrfmsvirsfh

Jfdchctf`kris. Qkdk gustkpkr hk ùhdi, sixk jilimcmkKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk

Mk fphcdf

Qipcmk, 2119 _3\ Istf`ksYmc`ks


Dufmtctftcvktrfmsvirsfh

Jfdchctf`kris. Lizdhf ìiùhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis

y mfturfhis, rfzf bhfmdfk frcfKbstfduhczf`kris.

Nkgfris dkm mcöks, rfzfsfjrkflircdfmfs y hftcmfs

Mk fphcdf

Qcirmfs, 2164 _6:\ Istf`ksYmc`ks



Jfdchctf`kris. Limkrdkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk,cmjkrlfdcôm mutrclimtfhKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk

Mk fphcdf

Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf.


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06

Lfsduhcmc`f` ynklksixufhc`f` im hf

hctirfturf dcimtìstdf hftcmk- ydimtrk-flircdfmf

Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõìz, Lfrìf ì hks Æmgihis

Cmtrkùddcôm

Hf dkmstruddcôm ì hf lfsduhcmc`f` dklk cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk ì vfrkmisqui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis is um tilf ì cmtirãs ìbc`k su ripirdu-scôm im su sfhu` jìscdf, limtfh y ìsfrrkhhk skdcfh _6\? hf hctirfturf ripkrtf qui

dkmdipdckmis ì hf lfsduhcmc`f` sustimtf`fs im ih vfrôm juirti, vcrch y mkilktcvk, hclctfm hf ixpriscôm ì lfhistfris jìscdks pkr hk qui mk busdf ftim-dcôm lã`cdf y mk prkdurf ih duc`f`k ì su sfhu`? ripirduti im sus rihfdckmisjflchcfris, hclctfm`k ih ieirdcdck ì su pftirmc`f`, fìlæs ì sir sigrigf`kpkr mk fhcmifrsi fh istiriktcpk lfsduhcmk _2\? fhgumks vfrkmis mk cmdkrpkrfmsus dkmùdtfs nklksixufhis dklk pfrti ì su cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk hk qui`cstduhtf ivctfr hfs prædtcdfs ì fhtk rcisgk _4\.

Dklprimìr hf cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk y sixufh ì hks vfrkmis qui tcimim

sixk dkm vfrkmis is sulflimti dklphiek, im prcmdcpck pkr qui flbfs cìm-tc`fìs suihim sir pkdk `cjirimdcf`fs? hf cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk si nf fsulc`kdklk umf dkmstruddcôm skdcfh rispidtk f hk qui is lfsduhcmk, lcimtrfs quihf cìmtc`f` sixufh si trfùdi f hf dkm`cdcôm bckhôgcdf y simtc`k ì pirtimim-dcf rispidtk fh sixk bckhôgcdk _0\.

Ih cmtirãs ì isti istu`ck si imduimtrf im hks istu`cks rifhczf`ks im Flã-rcdf Hftcmf skbri hf lfsduhcmc`f` ì vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis?

ih prkpôsctk ì cmdhucr istu`cks sôhk ì istf rigcôm riscì im qui hf dkms-truddcôm ì hfs lfsduhcmc`fìs is um kbeitk qui ìpimì ì `climsckmisskdckduhturfhis. Flãrcdf Hftcmf si dfrfdtirczf pkr ih ridnfzk f hf mk nitirk-


48/104

02

sixufhc`f` _9\, fìlæs ì dklpfrtcr ih nfbhf ncspfmf y lkìhks jflchcfris yduhturfhis sclchfris? ktrf rfzôm clpkrtfmti is ih trfbfek dcimtìstdk `cspfr imdklpfrfdcôm dkm ktrfs umcvirsc`fìs ìh lum`k rispidtk fh tilf gãmirk,pkr ieilphk, hfs umcvirsc`fìs mkrtiflircdfmfs dimtrfm su ftimdcôm im gru-

pks lcmkrctfrcks, ìridnks nulfmks, istu`cks ì hf lueir y tcimim lfykrprisimdcf rispidtk f lkvclcimtks skdcfhis _:\.Qkr tfmtk, isti trfbfek pritimì ixphkrfr hf dkmstruddcôm ì hf lfsduhcmc-

`f` ì vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis im tãrlcmks ì dftigkrìfsì gãmirk y ì cìmtc`f` sixufh.

Lftircfhis y lãtk`ks

Nfdcim`k usk ̀ i hf litk`khkgìf ̀ i sdkpcmg rivciw , si rifhczô umf rivcscômì hf hctirfturf ì istu`cks dufhctftcvks y lcxtks (ixdhuyãm`ksi hks dufmtctf-tcvks, `f`k qui mk kjridim umf dklprimscôm ì hfs lfsduhcmc`fìs), tiscs ydfpìtuhks ì hcbrks rifhczf`ks im y ì pkbhfdcôm im Flãrcdf Hftcmf, im c`cklfispfökh, cmghãs y pkrtuguãs. Im hf Jcgurf C si prisimtfm hks ìsdrcptkris utchc-zf`ks, fsì dklk ih prkdisk ì bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm ì hks frtìduhks.


49/104

04

Qfhfbrfs dhfvi(@iDT)5

lfsduhcmc`f`,cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk,

nklksixufh, gfy

Busdf`kris5IBTDK, QubLi`,TdcIHK, Ri`FHyD,Tdnkhfr Gkkghi

Qrkdisk ì bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm ìfrtìduhks

Rijirimdcfs ìrijirimdcfs5 469

Cmdhuì`ks pkrrisulim5 2

Cmdhuì`ks pkrtìtuhk5 9

Cmdhuì`ks f tixtkdklphitk5 6

Risuhtf`k ì hfbõsqui`f5 6.6>:

Cmdhuì`ks pkrrisulim5 47

Cmdhuì`ks pkrtìtuhk5 603

Cmdhuì`ks f tixtkdklphitk5 3

Cmdhuì`ks im ih

istu`ck5 61Jcgurf C. @isdrcptkris y prkdi`clcimtk ì bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm ì frtìduhks. Juimti5 Ihfbk-rf`k pkr hf futkrf.

Hf sihiddcôm ì hks istu`cks si `ck im sciti jfsis. Qrclirf jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr tìtuhk. Ti tklfrkm im duimtf fquihhks qui dkmtuvcirfm fh limks umk ìhks ìsdrcptkris dhfvi. Tigum`f jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr dkmtimc`k ìh risulim.Juirkm ihigc`ks fquihhks qui ̀ isdrcbcirfm hfs lfsduhcmc`fìs ̀ isì ih pumtkì vcstf ì hks fdtkris, is ìdcr, qui hfs luistrfs ì hks istu`cks istuvcirfmdklpuistfs pkr vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis ì dufhquciri`f`, ilpirk si ixdhuyirkm cmvistcgfdckmis qui trfbfefrkm dkm pkbhfdcômtrfmsixufh i cmtirsixufh. Pirdirf jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr dkmtimc`k ìh tixtk dklphitk. Ti ixdhuyirkm hfs dfrtfs fh i`ctkr, imsfyks y rivcsckmis ì hctirfturf.Dufrtf jfsi5 sihiddcôm ì rijirimdcfs ì hfs rijirimdcfs. @i hks istu`cks quidulphcirkm dkm hks drctircks ì hfs tris prclirfs jfsis, si rilctcô f sus ri-

jirimdcfs pfrf hf bõsqui`f ì frtìduhks õtchis pfrf hf rivcscôm, f hks dufhisjuirkm fphcdf`ks hks lcslks drctircks ìsdrctks fmtirckrlimti. Vucmtf jfsi5kbtimdcôm ì hks tixtks dklphitks. Ih >1 % ì hks istu`cks si kbtuvcirkm f


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51/104

09

Duf`rk C. Dfrfdtirìstcdfs ì hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf rivcscôm

Dfrfdtirìstcdfs Jriduimdcf

Fök ì pubhcdfdcôm 633: _>\, 211> _3, 61\, 2113 _66, 62\,2161 _64-69\, 2162 _6:\, 2164 _67\ 61

Hugfr ì rifhczfdcômìh istu`ck

Brfsch _66, 62, 69\Dnchi _64\Iduf`kr _60\Lãxcdk _>-61, 6:\Qirõ _67\

46606

@csiök ìh istu`ck Dufhctftcvk _>-6:\Lcxtk _67\

36

Qirspidtcvf tiôrcdf Itmkgrfjìf _>, 66\Pikrìf jum`flimtf`f _69\

Riprisimtfdckmis skdcfhis _64\Jimklimkhkgìf _3, 61, 6:\Mk ispidcstdf _62, 60, 67\

26

644

Ridkhiddcôm ì hfcmjkrlfdcôm*

Imtrivcstf cm`cvcùfh silcistrudturf`f _3-66,64-6:\Imtrivcstf f grupk jkdfh _67\Kbsirvfdcôm pfrtcdcpfmti _66\@cfrcks ì dflpk _66\Imduistf _67\

76666

Prftflcimtk ì hfcmjkrlfdcôm Pikrìf jum`flimtf`f _69, 67\@csiök `cflfmti _64\Fmæhcscs ì tcpk dufhctftcvk mk ispidcstdf`k _>-61,62, 60, 6:\Fmæhcscs istf`ìstcdk _67\

26:

6

Qkbhfdcôm ìistu`ck*

Zfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis _6-61\Prfvistcs _3, 62, 60\Bfchfrcmis ìsmu`cstfs _3\

6146

@climsckmiscìmtcstdf`fsrispidtk f hflfsduhcmc`f`*

Migkdcfdcôm ì hf dkmstruddcôm _>-61, 62, 60-67\Tcgmcstdf`ks _>, 61, 66, 64, 67\Dkmvimdckmis skdcfhis _>, 66, 62, 60\

>90

* Istu`cks ripkrtfm læs ì um ìtil. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf.

Hks risuhtf`ks ì hks istu`cks juirkm krgfmczf`ks rispidtk f dkcmdcìm-dcfs im sus nfhhfzgks, ìmtrk ì isti prkdisk si cìmtcstdfrkm ihilimtks ìhf cìmtc`f` ì gãmirk y sixufh (Duf`rk CC) qui si ìsdrcbim f dkmtcmufdcôm.


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53/104

07

Duf`rk CC. Kbeitks y `climsckmis cìmtcstdf`fs im hks istu`cks

Kbeitks ì istu`ckFstrlfdcôm

nitirksixufhQrkxclc`f`

f hk jilimcmk

Cìmtc`f` sixufh NitirksixufhBcsixufh

Nklksixufh

Cìmtc`f` ì gãmirkMigkdcfdcômHìlctis sixufhis

Fdtcvk‘@fr“

Qfscvk‘Ridcbcr“

Tcgmcstdf`ksClfgim

Tcgmcstdf`k

Mk fjilcmf`k*

Zcrchc`f`Fgriscvc`f`Qkìr

Nklbrìf

Fjilcmf`k

@ãbch@ihcdf`kHhflfr hf ftimdcôm

Dkmvimdckmis skdcfhis ‘Nklbri gfy“ _67\‘Nklbrf`k“ _>\‘Lfyfti“ _>\

‘Qutk“ _61\‘Gfy“ _62\‘Ektk“ _>\‘Hkdf tkrdc`f“ _3\‘Hkdf juirti“ _60\‘Hkdf dnkhf fjilcmf`f“ _69\‘Zcf`k“ _62\‘Lueir sulcsf“ _62\**‘Lueir sõpir siùdtkrf“ _62\**‘Qutf“ _6:\** ‘Bfncfmfs“(66\

‘Gfy lfsduhcmk“ _67\Mcmgumf dftigkrìf _64\

Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm ì hf futkrf. *Ysfr rkpf qui pirlctf cìmtcstdfrsi dklk vfrôm. **Ris-pidtk f trfbfef`kris sixufhis.

DkmdhusckmisHf lfsduhcmc`f` lkstrf`f im hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks si rilctcô fh prkdisk

ì migkdcfdcôm, hfs clægimis, scgmcstdf`ks y dkmvimdckmfhcslks skdcfhis? scmilbfrgk, dklk limdckmf Mõöiz-Mkrcigf _6>\ si fsuli ih dkmdiptk ì vf-rôm dklk fhgk ivcìmti, imdfef`k im hf fpfrcimdcf ìh cm`cvcùk y mk f pfrtcrì su prkpck `csdursk, ì istf lfmirf jui dklõm imdkmtrfr ih fmæhcscs ì hflfsduhcmc`f` im jumdcôm ìh dklpkrtflcimtk sixufh.

Rispidtk fh tilf ì cìmtc`f` y lfsduhcmc`f` Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz _63\limdckmf `cvirsks duistckmflcimtks im tkmk f hf tilætcdf? imtri ihhk hk quilktcvf f hf dkmstgurfdcôm ì hf cìmtc`f`, pfrf qucimis si prisimtfm, su ri-


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0>

hfdcôm dkm ktrfs jkrlfs cìmtctfrcfs, sus ijidtks im ih cm`cvcùk y su vìmduhkdkm hks fspidtks skdck-duhturfhis.

Fh rispidtk puiì dkmdhucrsi f pfrtcr ì hks istu`cks qui `cdnfs cìmtc-`fìs si dkmstruyim tfmtk pfrf ih cm`cvcùk dklk pfrf hf skdci`f` qui his

rkìf, is umf jkrlf ì prisimtfdcôm fmti ih lum`k, qui hks `cjirimdcf yf`nciri f um grupk pfrtcduhfr? imtri hfs lktcvfdckmis pu`k cìmtcstdfrsi hfmidisc`f` ì lfmtimir um stftus (sigucr pirtimidcim`k fh grupk lfykrctfrcknitirksixufh), pkr lci`k fh ridnfzk, ih istcglf y hf sigrigfdcôm? qui`f dhfrkqui istfs cìmtc`fìs prisimtf`fs si imduimtrfm istridnflimti rihfdckmf-`fs f lkìhks trf`cdckmfhis skbri hk lfsduhcmk y hk jilimcmk? rispidtk fhks ijidtks si kbvcf hf ixdhuscôm, fgriscôm y vcdtclczfdcôm, lcimtrfs qui hfilktcvc`f` si lfmtcimi im ih lci`k y hf dkmjuscôm.

Ktrk ì hks pumtks hhflftcvks is ih ãmjfscs im pkbhfdckmis sigrigf`fsdklk trfbfef`kris sixufhis, ìsdrcbcim`k `ks tcpks ì lfsduhcmc`fìs fstr-lfdcôm nitirksixufh y fprkxclfdcôm f hf jilcmc`f`, qui puiìm sir rifhc`f-ìs pfrdcfhczf`fs yf qui mk riprisimtfm f ktrks grupks ì vfrkmis qui tci-mim sixk dkm vfrkmis. Fìlæs, ih usk ì hks tãrlcmks cìmtc`f` ì gãmirky sixufh juirkm usf`fs pkr fhgumks futkris dklk scmômclk, y hf lfykrìf mknczk umf `cstcmdcôm dhfrf imtri flbks fh lklimtk ì prisimtfr risuhtf`ks.

Jcmfhlimti, puiì kbsirvfrsi qui ixcstim vfdìks clpkrtfmtis im ih dkmk-dclcimtk rispidtk f hf dkmdiptufhczfdcôm ì quã is sir nklbri y hf lfsduhc-mc`f` ì vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis qui mk pirtimidim f grupksì sirvc`kris sixufhis.


6. Dfrrchhk N. Mictnir lfdnks mkr lfrcdkmis5 Lfsduhcmctcis fm` ilirgcmg lfhi nklk-

sixufh cìmtctcis cm Lixcdk. Cm5 Gutlfm LD, i`ctkr. Dnfmgcmg Lim fm` Lfsduhcmctcis cm HftcmFlircdf. Istf`ks Ymc`ks @urnfl5 @uoi Ymcvirscty Qriss? 2114. p. 496—:3. 2. Oicezir B. Nfstf `kmì ih duirpk fgufmti5 gãmirk, duirpk y sfhu` lfsduhcmf. Cm5 Niri-`cf YQD, i`ctkr. Hf sfhu` dklk ìridnk dcu`f`fmk5 pirspidtcvfs y prkpuistfs ìsì Flãrc-df Hftcmf. Qirõ2116. 4. @kwssit G. ‘Sk ti imsiök ih lìk sc tõ li imsiöfs ih tuyk5 nklbris gfy, cmvistcgfdcômskbri lfsduhcmc`fìs, istu`cks skbri nklbris y sixufhc`f`“. Cm5 Fludnæstiguc F, Tzfsz C,i`ctkrs. Tudiì qui li dfmsk ì sir nklbri Rihftks y riflixckmis skbri nklbris y lfsdu-hcmc`fìs im Lãxcdk. Ih Dkhigck ì Lãxcdk5 Lãxcdk 2117. 0. Gc`ìms F. Tixufhc`f` y gãmirk Cm5 Gc`ìms F, i`ctkr. Tkdckhkgìf Ispföf5 Fhcfmzf I`c-

tkrcfh 2161. p. :61-:1. 9. Lkm`cmi JL. Ymf ncstkrcf mfturfh ì hf nklksixufh Ispföf5 Qfc`ôs? 211>. :. Wfhhirsticm C. Fbrcr hfs dcimdcfs skdcfhis. Lãxcdk Tcghk ^^C I`ctkris 2112. 7. Lcihis-Bfrrirf L@, Pkmkm G, Fhvfrf`k-TFhgf`k TZ. Cmvistcgfdcôm dufhctftcvf5 ih fmæhcscstilætcdk pfrf ih trftflcimtk ì hf cmjkrlfdcôm ìsì ih imjkqui ì hf jimklimkhkgìf sk-


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dcfh. Ymcvirsctfrcfs Nulfmìstcdf. 2162?70(2)5639-229. >. Qrciur F. @klcmftckm fm` ìscri5 Lfhi nklksixufhcty fm` tni dkmstrudtckm kj lfsduhc-mcty cm Lixcdk. Cm5 L. L, O.F. T, i`ctkrs. Lfdnks, lcstrissis fm` lf`kmmfs5 Dkmtistcmg tnipkwir kj Hftcm Flircdfm gimìr clfgiry. Jrfmdcf5 Zirsk? 633:. p. >4-617. 3. Dôr`kvf-Qhfzf R. Cìmtc`fìs sixufhis y prædtcdfs dkrpkrfhis imtri trfbfef`kris ìhsixk ì hfs duc`fìs ì ^fhfpf y Zirfdruz. Muivf Fmtrkpkhkgìf. 211>?26(:3)5>4-614.

61. Qfrrcmc R, Fludnæstiguc F. Ym mklbri prkpck, um hugfr dklõm. Tubeitcvc`f`, dcu`f`f-mìf y sixufhc`f` im Lãxcdk5 ih Dhub Gfy Flfzkmfs. @ibfti Jilcmcstf. 211>?47(2)5673-3:.66. Fhburquirqui ì Brfz D. Lfdnks f hf li`cf huz5 lcrf`fs ì umf fmtrkpkhkgìf prkpcfRivcstf ì Fmtrkpkhkgìf Cbirkflircdfmf. 2113?0(4)5004-:7.62. Zcicrf-Gfrdìf LR. Cìmtcty fs f ‘pftdnwkro5 fspidts kj cìmtcty flkmg hkw-cmdkliBrfzchcfm trfsvistcs. Duhturi, Nifhtn & Tixufhcty. 2113?66(:)5:66-24.64. Rksfhis-Fstu`chhk IL. @i hf dkmstruddcôm subeitcvf ì hf lfsduhcmc`f` im nklbris nk-lksixufhis. Nfdcf hf luhtcphcdc`f` ì hks gãmirks. Dnchi Ymcvirscf`` ìh Bck-Bck? 2161.60. Tfmdnk-Kr`ômiz J. ‘Hkdfs“ y ‘juirtis“5 duirpks pridfrcks im ih Gufyfquch ìh scghk^^C. Ìdkmks. 2161?43(9)537-661.

69. Zkkm-Dncm Q. Tncjtcmg sixufh bkum`frcis5 dklpfrcmg gfy-cìmtcsti` fm` mkm-gfy-cìmtc-sti` lim wnk nfvi six wctn lim cm Brfzch fm` cm tni YTF. Tixufhctcis. 2161?64(9)59>4-3>.6:. Lim`kzf D. Biykm` six turcsl5 gfy turcsts fm` lfhi six wkroirs cm Quirtk Zfhhfrtf(Wistirm Lixcdk). Cmtirmftckmfh Ekumfh kj Purcsl Risifrdn. 2162?69(6)5622-47.67. Dhfro E, Tfhvftcirrf E, Tigurf I, Tfhfzfr ^, Okm`f O, Qiriz-Brulir F, it fh. Lkìrmkhkvi5 sixufh rkhi-bfsi` cìmtctcis fm` NCZ/TPC privimtckm flkmg lim wnk nfvi six wctnlim cm Hclf, Qirõ. FC@T Binfvckr. 2162?67(6)56464-2>.6>. Mõmiz-Mkrcigf G. Hks ‘nklbris“ im hks istu`cks ̀ i gãmirk ̀ i hks ‘nklbris“5 um ritkìsì hks istu`cks quiir. Cm5 Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED, Yrcbi-Zæzquiz G, i`ctkrs. Lfsduhcmc`f-ìs5 ih euigk ì gãmirk ì hks nklbris im ih qui pfrtcdcpfm hfs lueiris. Lãxcdk 211>.

63. Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED. Ieis istrudturfhis y tilætcdks ì fmæhcscs ìh gãmirk ì hks nkl-bris. Ymf fprkxclfdcôm. Cm5 Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED, Yrcbi-Zæzquiz G, i`ctkrs. Lfsduhcmc`f-ìs5 ih eui`k ì gãmirk ì hks nklbris im ih qui pfrtcdcpfm hfs lueiris. Lãxcdk 211>.


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Tfhu` limtfh im cm`ìgimfs

Gfrdìf-Nirmæmìz, Csfurf Lftchì

Cmtrkùddcôm

Hf sfhu` limtfh ìbi imtimìrsi dklk ‘um istf`k ì bcimistfr im ih

dufh ih cm`cvcùk is dkmsdcimti ì sus prkpcfs dfpfdc`fìs, puiì fjrkmtfrhfs timsckmis mkrlfhis ì hf vc`f, puiì trfbfefr ì jkrlf prkùdtcvf yjrudtìjirf y is dfpfz ì nfdir umf dkmtrcbudcôm f su dklumc`f` “ _6\. Istidkmdiptk pritimì cmdhucr f tk`k tcpk ì pkbhfdcôm y skdci`f` im ih lum`k.Tcm ilbfrgk, is midisfrck dkmscìrfr ih dkmtixtk. Fh nfbhfr ì pfìsis skdcfh-y duhturfhlimti ̀ cvirsks, im kdfsckmis si kbsirvf qui hf pkbhfdcôm cm`ìgimfis qucim prisimtf hks limkris mcvihis ì isdkhfrc`f`, ilphik, idkmklìf,

vcvcim`f y sfhu` _2\, hk qui dkmtrfstf dkm hf ìstmcdcôm cm`cvcùfhcstf ì hfKrgfmczfdcôm Lum`cfh ì hf Tfhu`. Quis, fìlæs ì hfs prkpcfs dfpfdc`fìsì fjrkmtflcimtk, hfs pirskmfs ixpirclimtfm sudisks y ivimtks ispidìstdksprkpcks ̀ i hfs dkm`cdckmis skdcfhis y duhturfhis qui his gimirfm simtclcimtksì fmgustcf y istrãs, y istfs ixprisckmis f`qucirim scgmcstdf`k sigõm ih dkm-tixtk `kmì si lfmcstistfm _4\.

Fh dkmscìrfr hf `cvirsc`f` duhturfh, mks imdkmtrflks ispidìstdflimti dkmhks cm`ìgimfs qui trfim dkmscgk umf dkmvcvimdcf y dkslkvcscôm prkpcf, qui

si vi fjidtf`f pkr jfdtkris skdcfhis, idkmôlcdks, y pscdkhôgcdks qui cìmtcst-df midisc`fìs luy pfrtcduhfris im sfhu` limtfh. Dkm bfsi f hk fmtirckr isqui si phfmtiô ih kbeitcvk ì istf rivcscô

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