Una medida integral del bienestar psicológico: El Pemberton

Carmelo Vázquez Facultad de Psicología

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Una medida integral del bienestar psicológico: El Pemberton Happiness Index

Guadalajara 2014

¿Las percepciones construyen realidad? El papel del bienestar subjeCvo en la construcción

de realidades.

Julio 2011: La Asamblea General adoptó una resolución para incluir la felicidad como un “indicador de desarrollo”

IniciaFvas nacionales e internacionales

-‐Unión Europea: Beyond GDP (desde 2007) -‐NaFonal Wellbeing Reino Unido -‐World Happiness Report, ONU -‐OCDE: Your BeUer Life Index -‐Gallup-‐Healthways Well-‐being Index, USA. -‐Gross NaFonal Happiness, Bután.

-‐Sovereign Wellbeing Index, Nueva Zelanda. -‐European Social Survey-‐6 : Well-‐being Module -‐Universidad TEC-‐Milenio, Monterrey (Mexico) -‐PosiFve EducaFon, Geelong School, Victoria, Australia.

¿Qué buscamos?

•  Medidas fiables •  Ligadas a teorías •  Medidas válidas •  Medidas que añadan valor

¿Cómo medir el progreso humano?

1.  Medidas económicas 2.  Índices compuestos 3.  Medidas subjeCvas

HDI 2007

■  Producto nacional: – ‘‘el valor neto de todos los bienes económicos producidos por la nación’’(p. 3).

“El bienestar de una nación diVcilmente puede inferirse a parCr de la medida del producto nacional ”

1971

Simon Kuznets

IDH 2007

PIB 2007 r = .77 - .95

Indice de Calidad de Vida 2011

Calidad de Vida Salud Educación Riqueza Democracia Paz Medio ambiente

NaFonranking.com

SubjecFve measures

¢  Relevant subjecCve measures ¢  One-‐item measures ¢  MulFple-‐item measures

¢ SaCsfacCon With Life Scale (SWLS, Diener et al., 1984)

¢  SubjecCve Happiness Scale (SHS, Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) ¢  Warwick-‐Edinburgh Mental Well-‐being Scale (WEMWBS, Tennant et al., 2007) ¢  Mental Health ConCnuum Short Form (MHC-‐SF, Keyes, 2009)

¢  SubjecCve measures (insCtuCons) ¢  World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) ¢  Eurobarometer/European Social Survey ¢ US General Social Survey ¢ OCDE Bener Life Index

SubjecFve measures

¢ Canada (MHC-‐SF, Keyes, 2009) ¢ Scotland (WEMWBS, Tennant et al., 2007)

■  Being “saCsfied with life” correlates with:

–  GNP Per capita (r = .58) –  ViolaCons of human rights (r = –.48) –Diener et al. (1995). –  Social inequality and civil liberCes (Veenhoven, 1995) –  Less corrupCon (Veenhoven, 2005). –  Trust on government and other people (Tov & Diener, 2007) –  Availability of social support (Helliwell et al., 2010). –  Mental and physical health (Vazquez et al., 2014)

■  SensiCve to social changes (Inglehart et al., 2008).

Validity of single indicators

Vázquez et al. (2014) J. Happiness Studies

Porc

enta

je d

e re

ducc

ión

(SW

LS)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Diabetes Depresión 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Trastornos dsicos Trastornos mentales

Dife

renc

ia c

on c

ontr

oles

san

os (d

Coh

en)

N total =2.966 N sanos = 1.411

EUDAIMONÍA

Fortalezas Competencias

Libertades Funcionamiento

BIENESTAR SOCIAL

BIENESTAR EMOCIONAL

Emociones Satisf. Vital

2012

http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ Huppert, Marks, Vazquez & Vitterso (2012)

Evaluación -‐SaCsfacción vital -‐Felicidad subjeCva

Emociones -‐Emociones negaCvas -‐Emociones posiCvas 2013

Bienestar emocional

Personal

Funcionamiento (Eudaimonia) Social

-‐Apoyo social -‐Vínculos con la sociedad -‐AcCvidad social (voluntariado,..)

-‐Autonomía y control -‐Vitalidad -‐SenCdo y propósito -‐Competencia -‐Involucración (engagement) -‐Resiliencia -‐OpCmismo -‐AutoesCma

Implicación en acFvidades promotoras de bienestar

Huppert, Marks, Vazquez & Vitterso (2012)

Pemberton Happiness Index Scale development & ValidaFon process

Conceptual approach

PHI a priori requirements: ¢ global / mulCcultural scope ¢ easy to use / apply ¢ mulC-‐component (covering different WB dimensions) ¢ accurate and valid

¢  Hedonic ¢  Eudaimonic well-‐being ¢  Social well-‐being

¢  Experienced well-‐being (emoFonal experiences, last 24h)

Conceptual approach: Dimensions

Pemberton Happiness Index

GENERAL and HEDONIC WELL-BEING 1. "I am very satisfied with my life"

2. "I have the energy to accomplish my daily tasks"

Positive affect 9. "I enjoy a lot of little things every day"

Negative affect 10."I have a lot of bad moments in my daily life"

EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING Life meaning 3. "I think my life is useful and worthwhile"

Self acceptance 4. "I am satisfied with myself"

Personal Growth 5. "My life is full of learning experiences and challenges that make me grow"

Positive relationships 6. "I feel very connected to the people around me"

Control 7. "I feel I am able to solve the majority of my daily problems"

Autonomy 8. "I think that I can be myself on the important things"

SOCIAL WELL-BEING 11."I think that I live in a society that lets me fully realize my potential"

EXPERIENCED WELL-BEING 12.---Compound item based on yesterday specific experiences----

Using the following scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being total disagreement and 10 being total agreement, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements

Happiness Pemberton Index

Please mark any of the following things that happened to you yesterday.

PosiFve experiences YES NO NegaFve Experiences YES NO

Something I did made me proud At Cmes, I felt overwhelmed I did something fun with someone I was bored a lot of the Cme

I did something I really enjoy doing I was worried about personal maners I learned something interesCng Things happened that made me really angry

I gave myself a treat I felt disrespected by someone

Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI)

PHI construcCon sample

Hervás &Vázquez (2013) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

PHI -‐ Item selecFon

Pemberton Happiness Index

Overall Wellbeing

Social Wellbeing

Hedonic

Eudaimonia

• SATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) • SUBJECTIVE HAPPINESS SCALE (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). • DOLS: Domains-of-life Satisfaction

• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, A., 1988).

• Satisfaction with country • RYFF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING SCALES (RPWS; RYFF 1989).

Experienced well-being Previous day wellbeing


Unique criteria selecCon:

Each item was selected for maximizing 1.-‐ correlaCon with the reference scale 2.-‐ correlaCon with each country (i.e., valid in all countries – to minimize cultural bias)

PredicFng sleep quality

Sleep quality

Remembered .40 -‐ .20

Experienced .19 -‐ .01

The showed values are the std. regression coef. (Beta) – Unique variance

PredicFng perceived health

Perceived health

Remembered .65 -‐ .35

Experienced .15 -‐ .01

The showed values are the std. regression coef. (Beta) – Unique variance

RELIABILITY SWLS vs. PHI

Las columnas muestran los valores en Fiabilidad del Pemberton Happiness Index. Las líneas verCcales representan los valores de fiabilidad en el SWLS


Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI) 2014 Study

Sample size per country Final sample size considered for this analysis reaches 14,872 interviews across all markets. In order to report global results, we have weighted the final sample considering the population in each country aged from 16 to 75 y.o.

Sample Size 16-75 y.o.

Population 16-75 y.o.*

Considered weight for global analysis

Total 14872 971,746 100%

Australia 989 17,122 1.8%

Brazil 996 143,070 14.7%

Costa Rica 998 3,507 0.4%

France 993 45,926 4.7%

Germany 987 62,761 6.5%

Italy 989 45,854 4.7%

Japan 994 94,605 9.7%

Mexico 998 79,632 8.2%

Portugal 994 8,135 0.8%

Russia 996 110,865 11.4%

South Korea 998 38,579 4.0%

Spain 993 35,462 3.6%

Sweden 987 7,085 0.7%

UK 979 46,856 4.8%

US 981 232,288 23.9%

* Source: UN population statistics provided by Coca-Cola. In thousands.

28

PHI per Countries

8.17 8.05 7.24 7.15 7.02 6.90 6.82 6.82 6.78 6.65 6.60 6.52 6.46 6.13

5.04

Costa Rica

Mexico Brazil US Spain Russia Australia Germany Portugal UK Italy Sweden France South Korea

Japan

Average PHI Global Average PHI Total Base (14872)

6,84

Global Average PHI

29

T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)

PHI Ratings Finance status

6.84

5.98

6.98 7.69

8.04

6.18 6,67 6.98

7.45

6.07 6.77

7.16 7.49

Average PHI Global Average PHI

6,84

INCOME SATISFACTION GLOBAL MAKE THROUGH THE MONTH INCOME COMPARISON

GLOBAL 0+1+2+ 3+4

5+6 7+8 9+10 Fairly hard+

Very hard

Basically hard

Basically easy

Very easy + Fairly

easy

Very low + low

Medium low

Medium Medium High + High + Very High

Base: (14872) (5881) (4129) (3715) (1147) (3170) (3566) (4697) (3439) (3971) (3134) (5125) (2642)

30

Q34. How satisfied are you with your income? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means that you are not at all satisfied and 10 means you’re totally satisfied. Q35. How easy or hard is it for you to make it through the month, financially? Q36. Compared to average income in the country, your level of income is:


Q28. Do you get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise per day? Q29. Currently do you do at least 2 hours of structured exercise per week? Q30. In general, how would you rate your health? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means very poor health and 10 very good health. Q31. How well do you rest when you sleep? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means that you don’t rest at all and 10 means that you rest totally.

PHI Ratings Exercise and Health status

6.84 6.20

7.20 6.93 7.04 7.35

4.93

6.10

7.18 7.97

5.38

6.37 7.14

7.72


6,84

GLOBAL STATE OF HEALTH RESTFUL SLEEP

GLOBAL Inactive Active Only Weekly

Only Daily Weekly +Daily

0+1+2+ 3+4

5+6 7+8 9+10 0+1+2+ 3+4

5+6 7+8 9+10

PRACTICE OF EXERCISE

31

Base: (14872) (5320) (9552) (1721) (2207) (5624) (1759) (3345) (6517) (3251) (2129) (3464) (5850) (3428)


Australia

Brazil

Costa Rica

France Germany

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Portugal

Russia

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

UK US

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5

PHI per Countries Remembered vs Experienced wellbeing

32

REMEMBERED WELLBEING

EXP

ERIE

NC

ED W

ELLB

EIN

G

Total Pemberton Happiness Index Score Experienced wellbeing

Global Australia Brazil Costa Rica France Germany Italy Japan Mexico Portugal Russia South

Korea Spain Sweden UK US

Positive Experiences (% YES) 89,3 91,8 94,5 97,7 91,3 89,4 90,5 59,7 98,3 87,5 94,6 82,2 95,0 87,5 89,3 92,3

Something I did made me proud 57,5 49,6 70,8 87,5 76,8 47,1 56,3 24,8 87,5 61,2 53,4 54,1 75,7 49,8 38,5 55,1

I did something fun with someone 62,8 57,0 68,5 83,6 67,7 55,2 63,1 37,8 85,3 62,3 64,6 63,2 79,9 53,4 57,6 60,7

I did something I really enjoy doing 69,7 71,0 71,9 84,2 68,4 74,5 69,8 33,7 87,8 60,1 77,4 52,8 75,7 66,2 71,0 74,0

I learned something interesting 59,7 55,7 73,6 78,4 51,3 50,4 58,4 33,3 80,5 55,7 73,2 55,0 55,8 48,0 48,5 56,8

I gave myself a treat 48,7 61,4 52,9 56,6 31,0 47,6 42,0 20,7 63,2 34,8 38,7 34,8 48,3 56,5 54,6 62,9

Global Australia Brazil Costa Rica France Germany Italy Japan Mexico Portugal Russia South

Korea Spain Sweden UK US

Negative Experiences (% YES) 73,3 67,5 88,1 79,9 69,0 69,8 76,7 61,8 73,1 83,6 84,0 85,3 68,6 71,8 60,8 66,1

At times, I felt overwhelmed 33,6 34,4 42,7 50,1 30,3 19,1 33,1 31,3 27,2 32,1 35,0 55,1 29,9 25,6 26,5 33,6

I was bored for a lot of the time 24,2 25,6 36,7 19,4 19,0 12,4 21,4 25,5 23,6 36,1 20,4 32,1 18,7 26,5 22,9 22,2

I was worried about personal matters 57,8 50,2 80,1 67,9 56,3 56,6 61,3 40,3 59,9 70,5 69,4 64,2 53,2 52,4 44,0 47,5

Things happened that made me really angry 28,3 25,6 45,1 28,7 22,6 27,7 36,2 21,9 26,9 27,7 31,0 41,9 22,3 22,8 21,8 19,9

I felt disrespected by someone 22,9 24,4 27,7 20,2 17,2 21,0 33,5 14,3 20,0 18,4 30,2 39,4 15,6 21,5 18,0 20,0

33

Chi-Squared Test on percentages - Green significantly higher than Global / Red significantly lower than Global (95%)

PHI Ratings Demographics

6.84 6.81 6.87 6.81 6.79 6.75 6,89 6,87 7,27

GLOBAL Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75


6,84

Q4. What is your gender? Q3. What is your age?

GENDER AGE GLOBAL

Base (14872) (7450) (7422) (2874) (3559) (3219) (2644) (1627) (948)

34


Experienced wellbeing Demographics

GLOBAL GENDER AGE

Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75

Positive Experiences (% YES) 89,3 88,3 90,4 91,7 89,4 87,6 89,2 87,3 92,2 Something I did made me proud 57,5 56,9 58,0 59,6 57,7 58,4 57,4 54,5 51,8

I did something fun with someone 62,8 60,5 65,1 67,2 64,7 63,2 61,7 57,4 53,1

I did something I really enjoy doing 69,7 69,7 69,8 71,7 68,9 67,3 69,9 69,9 74,4

I learned something interesting 59,7 59,8 59,5 65,9 60,8 56,2 57,2 58,0 57,7

I gave myself a treat 48,7 45,8 51,7 49,9 51,0 47,5 48,3 45,2 47,9

Q4. What is your gender? Q3. What is your age?

35

GLOBAL GENDER AGE

Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75

Negative Experiences (% YES) 73,3 70,5 76,0 80,8 78,4 75,3 69,2 63,4 52,5

At times, I felt overwhelmed 33,6 30,4 36,9 38,1 38,8 37,4 29,9 22,0 18,4

I was bored for a lot of the time 24,2 25,4 23,1 34,0 29,0 23,7 17,5 15,0 13,2

I was worried about personal matters 57,8 54,5 61,2 64,3 61,9 60,6 54,7 47,6 39,9

Things happened that made me really angry 28,3 26,9 29,7 31,9 33,9 31,2 23,8 20,1 13,3

I felt disrespected by someone 22,9 21,1 24,7 27,4 25,6 24,0 20,0 18,0 11,5

Chi-Squared Test on percentages - Green significantly higher than Global / Red significantly lower than Global (95%)

PHI Ratings Grandchildren per Age

6.98 7.27 6.80

7.28 6.83

7.16 6.68

7.40 7.01


6,98

TOTAL 45-75 y.o. GLOBAL

45 – 75 y.o. 45 – 54 y.o. 55 – 64 y.o.

GLOBAL With Without With Without With Without With Without

Base: (4727) (1774) (2953) (454) (1811) (685) (869) (635) (273)

Q37. Do you have grandchildren?

65 – 75 y.o.

36


Para concluir…

■  Importancia de medidas subjeCvas

■  El bienestar/felicidad es un concepto complejo:

–  Sa:sfacción + Estados de ánimo (bienestar emocional)

–  Capacidades y funcionamiento (bienestar psicológico)

–  Bienestar social

–  Experiencias co:dianas

■  Diferentes medidas para predecir diferentes resultados

RETOS Y DIRECCIONES FUTURAS

¿Es lo esencial invisible para los ojos?

¡Muchas gracias! [email protected]

Documents

Una medida integral del bienestar psicológico: El Pemberton