Tiruchirappalli

Tumkur

SolapurSrikakulam

Cuttack

Aizwal

Gwalior

Dewas

BikanerDelhi

Agra

Ganga river

Kalpetta

Bhimavaram

Karimnagar

Kannur

Siddipet

Eluru

Bijnor

Gangaghat MuzaffarpurKatihar

BongaonBansberia

Bodhgaya

BuxarRamnagarChunar

WHAT IS AN SFD?An excreta flow diagram (often described as shit flow diagram, SFD) is a tool to readily understand and communicate visualizing how excreta physically flow through a city. It shows how all the excreta generated is or is not contained as it moves from defecation to disposal/end-use. The SFD report describes the service delivery context of the city and presents the record of data sources used.

IT IS NOT Based on actual volumes/mass – these are determined by other related factors

A representation of public health risk (risk = hazard x behavior)

A precise scientific analytical tool

IT IS A tool for engineers, planners and decision-makers

Based on contributing populations and an indication of where their excreta (septage or sewage) goes

A representation of public health hazard

An effective communications and advocacy tool

An overview to develop sanitation priorities

SFD- Shit Flow DiagramCentre for Science and Environment

Using excreta flow diagrams (SFDs) as an integral part of city wide sanitation planning for Indian cities

NEEDMany cities of India don’t have a City Sanitation

Plan (CSP). The few CSPs that exist today are rarely implemented. One of the major reason for non-

implementable CSP is the costly centralised sewerage systems proposed in the plans, despite high dependence

of cities on onsite sanitation systems. Hence there is a need to examine the excreta management of the city

before proposing any solution.

METHODOLOGYThe SFDs are developed for three different scenarios

OUTCOMES SFD turns out to be a good advocacy tool, as

the excreta management can be understood at a glance through one diagram

SFD along with report can help identify problems in the service delivery

The CSTF is already talking about FSSM (Faecal Sludge & Septage Management), in the third scenario, where the SFD is developed and shared at the initial stages of development of CSP

Possibility of FSSM to be included in CSP increases if it is based on an SFD

BRIEF SUMMARY To understand the excreta management of 27 selected cities, SFDs (Shit Flow Diagrams) are developed and introduced at different stages of development of CSPs

In all three scenarios, SFDs clearly show high dependence of cities on onsite sanitation systems and extent of untreated waste ending up into the environment

CSTF (City Sanitation Task Force) or decision makers get a better understanding of sanitation scenario, based on the SFD

16% WW not delivered

to treatment

1% WW not

treatment

2%FS not

contained

10%FS not

delivered totreatment

9%FS not

delivered totreatment

7%Open

defecation

29% WW treated

13% SN treated 13% SN treated

10% FS treated 10% FS treated

1% FS contained – not emptied

1% FS contained – not emptied

SN not contained: 22%

SN not contained delivered to treatment: 13%

WW contained delivered to treatment: 30%

FS not contained: 22%

7%

WW contained:42%

FS contained – not emptied: 16%

WW notcontained: 5%

FS not contained – emptied: 20%

FS delivered to treatment: 10%

Offsite sanitation

Onsite sanitation

Open Defecation

Transport TreatmentEmptyingContainment

Safely managed Unsafely managed

Local area Neighbourhood City

Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecal sludge, SN: Supernatant

Agra, India, 21 October, 2015Desk based study

OPEN DEFECATION

Srikakulam 15Solapur 13

Dewas 15Gwalior 6Cuttack 11Aizwal 0

Agra 7Tumkur 7Bikaner 5

Tiruchirappall i 5Delhi 4

Bhimavaram 1Eluru 0

Kalpetta 4Kannur 1

Karimnagar 0Siddipet 0

Bijnor 0Gangaghat 14

Chunar 31Ramnagar 13

Buxar 30Bodhgaya 38Bansberia 0

Bongaon 0Katihar 28

Muzaffarpur 10

S1

S2

S3

OFFSITE

7399

64158

178

231916

000040

620

71400000

167

3045

4140

52

ONSITE

7846691143422230141624

99100807396

100

92846916666272

1007282

2410

1720

4

1626

2

28

8

5024

37

2

SCENARIO 1 (S1): Eleven cities were chosen from different agro-climatic zones of India. Most of the cities already had the CSPs, and neither of them talked about FSSM in their plans

SCENARIO 2 (S2): CSE in collaboration with GIZ India did capacity building of ULBs (Urban Local Bodies) for developing CSPs of cities from three southern states. Despite hand holding training none of the cities had FSSM in their plans, hence CSE helped six champion cities to develop SFDs before their CSPs are finalised

SCENARIO 3 (S3): CSE is doing capacity building of ULBs for developing CSPs of ten small and medium cities in Ganga Basin. CSE in collaboration with the ULBs developed SFDs at the very initial stage of development of CSPs. SFDs are also presented in the CSTF meetings

NOTE: The numbers above represents excreta in terms of contributing percentage of population

For more information: Write to us at sfdhelpdesk@cseindia.org

For more details: Visit at www.sfd.susana.org

Dr. Suresh Kumar RohillaProgramme Director, Water Programme, CSE

Bhitush LuthraDeputy-Programme Manager, Water Programme, CSE

Shantanu Kumar PadhiResearch Associate, Water Programme, CSE

Anil YadavResearch Associate, Water Programme, CSE

S1 cities

S2 cities

Unsafe management

S3 cities

Safe management

Different scenarios

LOCATION OF TARGET CITIES

I N D I A

Authors

SFD Promotion Initiative - Consortium Partners