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Toyotas Approach to Fuel Cell Veh
June 25, 2014
Toyota Motor Corporation
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The first automobiles
Steam-powered vehicle (1769)
Electric vehicle (1899)
Gasoline vehicle (1886)
Benz Patent-MotorwagenPrice 2,750 marks (approx. $1,000)
Engine Single-cylinder horizontal984 cc/400 rpm/0.9 hp
Max. speed 16 km/h
Weight 313 kgS
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The electric engine starter
Electric engine starter (1Manual engine starter
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The assembly line
Advent of mass production (1913)
Price redinnovation
m
$290
$780
Ford Model T assembly line
Ford Model T
$850(Rival com
Sources: Ford Motor CompAmerika ji
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The road network in the U.S.
Sources: U.S. Department of Tran
Interstate Highways (Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and D
Built under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
Combined length of approx. 66,000 km, at a total cost of 25 billion dollars over 13 yea
Funded with Highway Trust Fund (Gasoline tax in 1956: 3 cents/gallon)
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History of gasoline
Lucas gusher, Spindletop Hill,Texas (1901)
Drive-in gas station (1913)Sources: Sekiyu no seiki (Daniel Yerg
The
1901: Oil fields discovered in Texas1907: First gas station opens in the U.S.1913: Thermal cracking allows greater quantities of gasoline to be obtained fr
1929: 300,000 stores selling gasoline in the U.S.
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The age of gasoline-powered automobiles
1950
Electricvehicles
1900 Yea
Gv
Steam-poweredvehicles
Numberofautomob
iles
Massproduction
Electricengine
starter
Lincoln Highway Federal-Aid Highway Actof 1956
Development of thermalcracking process
Gas stations spreadThe first gas station
Increased demand for gasolineRoads
Fuel
Gasoline-powered automobilesSteam, electricity, and
gasoline-powered automobilesHorse-drawn cart
The simultaneous development of technologies, roads angave rise to the age of gasoline-powered automobile
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What the automobile has achieved
Enhanced mobility (for people and for go
Freedom and convenience (anytime, any
Mobile personal spaces
Economic,social, and cultural growth
New possibiliticreated by enhanced
=
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Problems caused by gasoline-powered automobiles
Concern over future oil sup
Increase innumber ofvehicles
Surge infossil fuel
consumption
Air pollution
CO2emissions leading toglobal warming
Growth of globalindustry andtechnology in the20th century
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Crude oil supply forecast
Developing non-conventional resources
will increase the global oil supply
Others
BiofuelsCrude and condensa
Crude oil(conventional oil fields)
Tight oilOil sands
Liquid natural gas
Deep-sea oil fields
(units: million oil-equivalentbarrels/day)
(trillion barrels)
Global liquids supply by type
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Increase in distance traveled
1985 $1= 250
GDP and distance traveled by region (1950-1997)
North America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Australia and New Zealand
Former Soviet Union
Central Asia
South Asia
Latin America
Middle East and Africa
Africa
Asia Pacific
World
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000
Per capita GDP in 1985
Distan
cetraveled
perperson
peryear
(km) 1997
1950
Distance traveled has increased due to economic growt
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The world in 2050
Global population of 9.6 billion 70% of the worlds population living in cities
Global and urban population Global GDP
Source: U.N. Dept. ofEconomic and SocialAffairs
Global GDP to increase more tha
Rapid increase in overall/urban population and economy leadIntensified environmental problems
(climate change, global warming, air pollution)
Global population
Urban population
Population
10
8
6
4
2
0
(billion)
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What is a sustainable mobility society?
One that allows us allto move freely
in comfort and safety,
in an environment-friendly, sustainablema
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A sustainable society
A society which uses diverse energy sources, with electricity and hydroge
EVs/PHVs
Electricitystoragefacilities
Thermalpowergeneration
Power generation units
Automotive fuel
Hydrogentanks
Biomass
Wastewater
Photovoltaicgeneration
Wind powerRenewableEnergy
Fossil FuelsElectricity Grid
Hydrogen Grid
Hydrogen-ElectricityConversion
High-volume,long-term storage
Electrolysis
Industry
Elec
Energy Fl
Hyd
Foss
FCVs/FC buses
Urban/
residential
HVs
Refineries/chemical p
Chemicalplants
Urban/residential
Urban/residential
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Toyotas environmental principles
Driving real and positive change by popularizthese vehicles
Developing efficient, low-emission vehicles
Embracing diverse energy sources
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Primary energy sources, automotive fuels and powertr
Primary energysource
Automotive fuel Powertrain
Oil
Coal
Plants
Electricity
Hydrogen
Diesel
Conventionaland hybrid
vehicles
EVs
FCVs
PHVs
Natural gas
Uranium
Hydro, solar,geothermal electricity
generation
Gasoline
Biofuels
Gaseous fuels
Synthetic fuels
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Hybrid vehicle lineup
Toyota has introduced hybrid models in all vehicle categories
Compact
Medium
Large
SUV
Minivan
Commercial As of Ma
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Hybrid vehicle sales
1997 1999 2001 2009 20112003 2005 2007 2013
11
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Cum
ulativesales(millio
n)
HV global sales 2012: Achieved 1 million annual units sales for the first time Dec. 2013: Cumulative sales passed 6 million units
3 million units
2 million units
1 million units
4 million units
5 million units
6 million units
2014
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Development of hybrid technology
Hybrid technology underpins Toyotas PHVs, EVs and FCV
EV
HV
PHV
FCV
Motor
Fuel tank
PCU
Battery
Engine
Generator
Motor
Fueltank
PCU
Battery
Engine
Generator
Motor
Fueltank
PCU
Battery
Engine
Motor
Hydrogentank
PCU
Battery
Engine
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Characteristics of alternative fuels
The strengths of individual alternative fue
Electricity Hydrogen Biofuel N
Well-to-wheel CO2 Poorto Excellent
Poorto Excellent
Poorto Excellent
Supply volume Excellent Excellent Poor
Cruising range Poor Excellent Excellent
Fueling/charging time Poor Excellent Excellent
Dedicated infrastructure Good Poor Excellent
Internal combustionengines
InterFCVEV
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Fuel diversity and uses
EVs: Short-distance, HVs & PHVs: Wide-use, FCVs: Medium-to-lon
Short-distancecommuter vehicles
Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, biofuels, CNG, synthetic fuels, etc. Hyd
Home deliveryvehicles
EVs
HVs
PHVs
FC buses
FCVsVehiclesize
Passenger carsRoute buses
Personal mobility
EVs
HV/PHVsFCVs
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The importance of PHVs
ElectricityG
Next-generation electric vehicles for widespread us
PHVs can be used safely and without limitations, at all tim
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Pros and cons of EVs
EVs are appropriate for short-distance commuting and
Shorter range
High battery costs
Long charging time
Need for quick charger infra
Zero emissions when driven
Quiet
Rechargeable from household outlet
Advantages Disadvantages
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About hydrogen
Hydrogen is found in abundance in water and fossil fuels
It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless at room temperatureatmospheric pressure; it is extremely light and diffuses rap
It is a reactive element with numerous chemical/fuel uses;increase the electricity generation efficiency of hydrogen
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Primary uses of hydrogen
Thanks to past experience and recent research,hydrogen can be used as safely as gasoline or natural g
Hydrogen has been used for over 200 years
Urban areas: gas lampsIn homes: utility gas (water/coal gas)In manufacturing: fertilizer (ammonia), oil refining (desulf
As an automotive fuel
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Advantages of hydrogen
Zero CO2emissions during use, helping to achieve a low-carbon society
Can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources From fossil fuels such as natural gas, as well as from unused sewage From water using natural energy sources such as solar or wind energy
Higher energy density than batteries, and is easier to transport and store; cused to resolve uneven distribution of regional energy, and to compensate fluctuations in supply from renewable energy sources
Wide range of uses, from home to automotive fuel and power generation
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We believe hydrogen will bea leading energy source in
the future
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Toyotas FCV development to date
1992: Start of development
A Toyota FCV took part in a parade in Osaka. The vehiclefeatured a fuel cell stack and metal hydride hydrogen tank.
1996: Parade in Osaka
EVS13 in Osaka (O
Toyotas FCV development started in 1992.
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Toyotas FCV development to date
Max speed 155 km/h
Range
830 km
(10-15 testcycle)
Occupancy 5
Max pressure of tank 70 MPa
Fuel cell output 90 kW
World-first limited sale in the U.S. and Japan
Achieves vehicle type certification from the Japanese government
Range and cold start capabilities improved
Toyota has leased over fuel cell 100 vehicles to date, and thehave driven over 2 million km in the U.S. and Japan
2002: FCHV (Dec 2002-)
2005: FCHV (July 2005-)
2008: FCHV-adv (June 2008-)
f C
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Advantages of FCVs
Energy diversification
Hydrogen can be produced from avariety of primary energy sources
Zero emissions
Zero CO2emissions during dr
Driving pleasure
Smooth start and good accelerationat low and medium speeds
Smooth and quiet operation
Low refueling time
Cold-start capabilit
PerformHigh cruising rangeunder JC08 cycle;
Power supply capabilities 4-5 times greaterthan EVs; can supply power to an averagehousehold for more than a week
Large power supply capability for emergencies
Th t ti l f FCV
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The potential of FCVs
FCVs are ideal eco-cars
FCVs contribute to a sustainable mobility society by:
contributing to the diversity of automotive fuels
only emitting water vapor during driving
offering the convenience of existing gasoline-engine automo
F l ll t d l t
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Fuel cell system development
The new fuel cell system is smaller and performs bett
Top-level
Size reduction
3.0 kW/L
Key system components can be plac
Output power over 100 kW
Over twice the output powerdensity of the Toyota FCHV-adv
Hi h h d t k d l t
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High-pressure hydrogen tank development
High-pressure hydrogen tank performance
has increased while costs have decreased
Top-level
Different materials andmanufacturing process used
5.7 wt%
Reduced costs
Number of tanks per vehicle halved fromfour to two
Tank storage density improved by approx.20% compared to Toyota FCHV-adv
(70MPa) (70MPa)
Fuel cell system development
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Fuel cell system development
Significant progress has been made in fuel cell system deve
Use of boost converter Fewer cells, smaller motorNo humidifier Enhanced reliability; reduced size, weig
MotorPower control unit Battery Fuel filler
Hydrogen tankFuel cellstack
Boost converter
Fuel cell system cost reduction
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Fuel cell system cost reduction
DesignProduction technology
Limited sales
Mass production
Resolve technical issues
Market entry Widespread use
Reduce cost
Costs down to 5%of FCHV-adv costs
(2015)
Furthercost
reductions
FCHV-adv(2008)
Fuel cell system costs have decreased significantly, and willcontinue to decrease.
Toyotas FCV sedan: exterior ( f J 25 20
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Toyota s FCV sedan: exterior (as of June 25, 20
Toyotas FCV sedan: Japan sales (as of June 25 20
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Toyota s FCV sedan: Japan sales (as of June 25, 20
Going on sale before April 2015(in the summer of 2015 in the U.S. and Europe)
Sold at Toyota and Toyopet dealer
Approximately 7 million yen
(Initially, sales will be focused on dealerships in areas where hydrogen infrasbeing developed)
(Approximate MSRP; excludes consumption tax; U.S./European pricing not y
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