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Long Distance Shipment of Fresh Commodities
& Control of Quarantine Insect PestsUsing Low-pressure Intermodal Containers
Tom Davenport
Stan Burg
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Mature Fruit
All Fruits and Vegetables
Approach a Stage of MaturityAs They Develop
With Full Flavor & Peak Quality
Immature FruitAre Slow to Ripen after Harvest
With inferior Flavor and Quality
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Refrigerated Intermodal Container
Temperature Control
Fresh Air Exchange
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Mangoes Harvested Immature to Survive Shipment
but too Immature for Good Eating Quality
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Air Cargo
Advantage
QuickMature Fruit
Flowers
Disadvantage
Heat
$ Cost $
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Controlled Atmosphere Intermodal Containers
Modified Atmosphere Intermodal ContainersMinimal Temps.
O2 1% to 5%
CO2 3% to 5%Ethylene scrubbed
Optimum RH
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Prototype 20 ft VacuFresh Intermodal Container
for Long Distance Shipment of Horticultural Commodities
and Disinfestation of Quarantine Pests
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Benefits of Low-pressure Shipmentand Storage of Fresh Commodities
Disease Control
Insect Disinfestation
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Low-pressure Environment
Temperature-controlled Container WallsChiller
VacuFresh System is Simple
Temperature 13 C
Restricted
Air Flow
Humidifier
Vacuum
Pump
[O2] 0.2% at 15 mm Hg[CO2] 0%
[Ethylene] 0%
RH near 100%
Gas-tight Components are Essential
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Leak Rate (mm Hg/hr):
0.3 (VacuFresh)27.6 (NASA)
Empty Chamber Conditions:
0C
one water-saturated low pressure air
change/hr
Ambient Conditions:25C, 50% RH
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Effect of Pressure on Respiration Rate
CA limited to 50% reduction in respiration below NA before fermentation sets in.
Optimal LP produces 5X less respiratory heat than CA and 10X less than NA.
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Total calculated water loss based on respiratory heat compared to actual
measured water loss from apples during 2 and 5 months storage at 2C
either in 75mm Hg (LP) or 760 mm Hg (NA) from Bangerth (1973).
Water lossStorage NA LP
Variety (months) Calculated (Actual) Calculated (Actual)
. . . .
5 7.6 (6.3) 3.2 (3.5)Boscoop 2 3.2 (2.1) 0.8 (0.8)
5 6.8 (5.1) 1.6 (1.2)
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All Horticultural Commodities
Benefit from Low Pressure
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Cut Flower Preservation
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Vase life of carnations following storage in a prototype
Fruehauf 6.1 m (20 ft.) hypobaric container operated at a pressure
of 6.67 kPa (50 mm Hg) and temperature of2C
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Ethylene (left) and CO2 (right) production of bud cut White Sim carnations
at 20C immediately after harvest (fresh cut) or following five weeks storage
at 0C and an LP pressure of 50 mm Hg. (Carpenter and Dilley, 1975)
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sease ontro
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Figure 7.02.Mean percent growth, compared to growth in air of Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Erwinia carotovora, and Erwinia atroseptica, in (upper left) different concentrations of O2 + 3% [CO2];
(upper right) different concentrations of O2 + 0% [ CO2 ]; (lower left) different concentrations of
CO2 + 21% [ O2]; (lower right) different concentrations of CO2 + 3% [O2]. Growth in the dark at 21C
on a buffered asparagine-yeast extract broth during 16 hours forE. carotovora, 20 hours forP. fluorescens,
and 24 hours forE. atroseptica. High purity N2 gas was used to formulate the gas mixtures (Wells, 1974).
VacuFresh
Reefer
CA
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Figure 7.06.Effect of hypobaric pressure on (left) colony growth of Geotrichum candidum
var. citri aurantii,Penicillium digitatum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternata,
and (right)spore germination at 23C(Apelbaum and Barkai-Golan, 1977).
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Figure 7.07.Incidence of decay in papayas shipped from Hawaii to New York City in an intermodal
hypobaric container operated at 10C and a pressure of 2.67 kPa (20 mm Hg), and in a random sampling
of the same lot of fruit stored in a refrigerated container at the same temperature and atmospheric pressure.
There was no significant advancement in softening or colour development during the 21-day interval from
harvest to the first day of the shelf-life test. Hypobaric stored fruits had 63% less peduncle infection, 55%
less stem-end rot, and 45% fewer fruit surface lesions than papayas stored at atmospheric pressure in a
refrigerated container. Treatments included: W = wax (); B = benomyl plus wax ();
T = thiabendazole (TBZ) plus wax (); C = untreated control () (Alvarez, 1980).
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CARAMBOLA
Stored One Month at 13 C
15 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
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LP Preserves
Fully Mature Fruits for Months
Depresses
Pathogen Growth
During Shipment
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Lack of Maturity
Has Risks
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Insect Quarantine
Methyl Bromide FumigationIrradiation
Vapor Heat Treatment
Hot Water Treatment
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Batch Process Hot-water Treatment of Mangoes
Up to 90 minutes at 46.1 C
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Problems Associated
with ImmatureMangoes in Hot Water
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Postharvest Problems in Mangoes Imported
to the United States in Refrigerated Containers
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Immature Mangos
Can End up Like -THIS
Following Hot Water
Treatment
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Internal DamageBelow Collapsed
Shoulder
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Water Enters Fruit via Laticifers
To Balance Osmotic PotentialLatex is Forced Out
of Laticifers
Water Migrates into Cells
Surrounding Laticifers
to Balance
Osmotic Potential of Cells
Cells Explode Due to Excess
Turgor Pressure Releasing
Cell Contents into Laticifers
Leaving Cell Walls
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Internal DamageBelow Collapsed
Shoulder
Caused by Exchange
of Latex and Adjacent
Cell Contentswith Water Leaving
Cell Walls (White Tissue)
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Water Entering Fruit Also Carries
Microorganisms
Yeast
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Internal BreakdownCaused by Yeast
O h P h P bl
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Other Postharvest Problems
Fungi
Bacteria
External Postharvest Disorders
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External Postharvest Disorders
Skin Discoloration Lenticel Breakdown
C di i A P d i LP
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Commodities Are Preserved in LP
Due to Low O2
Can insects Get Enough O2
To Survive?
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C ibb F it Fl
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Caribbean Fruit Fly
Anastrepha suspensa
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Lab Scale Low Pressure Apparatus
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Vacuum Line
Vacuum Pump
Pressure RegulatorSystem
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Temperature
Controlled
Chamber
TreatmentDesiccators
Ambient
Vacuum
Line
Pump
A bi t C t l P
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Ambient Control Pump
Draws Humidified Air Through Control Desiccators
Treatment Desiccators
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Treatment Desiccators
Vacuum
Desiccator # 2
ow ontro
&Humidifiers
Ambient PressureControl
VacuumDesiccator # 1
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Vacuum Desiccator
Mylar Shield
Post-treatment Incubation at 29 C
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Incubation Bowl
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Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae
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Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae
Caribbean Fruit Fly Pupae
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Caribbean Fruit Fly Pupae
Average mortality of all eggs exposed over time to 20 mm Hg LP
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g y gg p g
and ambient control. Proportion of the original number of eggs.
Probit 9
10.6 days
Average mortality of all eggs exposed over time to 15 mm Hg LP
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ve age o ta ty o a eggs e posed ove t e to 5 g
and ambient control. Proportion of the original number of eggs.
Probit 9
9.44 days
Egg Mortality After 7 Days at 15 mm Hg
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Egg Mortality After 7 Days at 15 mm Hg
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Maggotometer yields
About 300 Larvae
Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae Mortality
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Ca bbea u t y a ae o ta ty
13 C
15 mm Hg
LP in VacuFresh Intermodal Containers Stores
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Virtually any Perishable Commodity forMonths
Cut FlowersPotted Ornamental Plants
a ure rop ca ru
Mango
Papaya
Mature VegetablesMeat
Prototype VacuFresh Intermodal Container
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Innovative Rectangular Design
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Requirements for Success
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Requirements for Success
Demonstrate Insect Kill
at Probit 9 Statistical Level
in Fruit
Develop Infrastructure for Container
Manufacture and Distribution
Ship Fully Mature Fruits & Vegetables
Anywhere in the WorldWhile Suppressing Decay
Killing 100% Quarantine Insects During Shipment
Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum Chamber
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Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum Chamber
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Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum
Chambers in Temperature-controlled Room
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p
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Humidifiers
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Humidifiers
Conclusions
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LP is superior to CA and 1-MCP storage treatmentsin controlling ethylene production, intercellular
concentration, and action.
LP stora e re laces meth l bromide, heat, and
chilling treatments to kill quarantine insects.
LP stores produce for months by eliminating all
major causes of commodity spoilage.
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Thank You