Universidad de Salamanca
Facultad de Biología
Biblioteca
Bionoticias Octubre (4ª) de 2014
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índice
Avisos de la Facultad 4
Biología 6
Biomedicina 10
Biotecnología 13
Neurociencia 21
Células madre y Epigenética 30
.Avisos de la Facultad
SEMINARIO INCYL
”A new computer model of the auditory brainstem response.“
Ponente: Ray Meddis. University of Essex, UK
24 de octubre
12.00 h. en su salón de actos
SEMINARIO CIALE
"Estudio de la ruta de shikimato en Trichoderma parareesei, su papel en
el antagonismo del hongo y en las relaciones que establece con la
planta"
Ponente: Esclaudys Pérez González. Lab. 2 CIALE
Viernes, 31de Octubre de 2014
12,00 horas
Salón de Actos del CIALE
Elegidos los Premios Nacionales de Investigación 2014
La Secretaría de I+D+i ha dado a conocer hoy a los ganadores de los
Premios Nacionales de Investigación 2014. Estos galardones han
distinguido este año a cinco personalidades en las áreas de medicina
.Biología
Cuando ser un buen padre hace aumentar el tamaño del cerebro
Desde no hace mucho, se sabe que un mayor tamaño cerebral está
asociado con un nivel más alto de comportamiento de atención y
cuidados a sus crías por parte de los padres y las madres en numerosos
España destinará más de 12 millones de euros a la adaptación al cambio
climático
El Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente
impulsará en 2015 las políticas de adaptación al cambio climático en
España. Susana Magro, directora general de la Oficina Española de
Cómo borran las plantas la memoria del invierno para florecer
Un equipo internacional de científicos europeos y chinos ha descubierto
los mecanismos genéticos que facilitan la floración de las plantas en el
momento adecuado tras los fríos invernales. El autor principal del
Asombrosa técnica para desenrollar ADN
Una manera simple y efectiva de desenredar la masa a menudo
enmarañada del ADN es "enhebrar" la hebra de ADN por un canal
nanométrico. Unos científicos se han valido de simulaciones para
Buscan secuenciar el genoma de un nematodo que afecta al ajo
Además de las plagas, bacterias, hongos y virus que afectan a los
cultivos en general, también debe prestarse atención a los nematodos
fitoparásitos, conocidos como gusanos redondos, capaces de ocasionar
Los niños neandertales tenían menores tasas metabólicas basales y de
crecimiento que los niños actuales
Se acaba de publicar en la revista científica Journal of Human Evolution
un estudio pionero liderado por Ana Mateos, responsable del Grupo de
Paleofisiología del Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución
La verdadera enfermedad ósea que padecieron Ramsés II y otros
faraones egipcios
La espondilitis anquilosante es una enfermedad que causa inflamación
en las articulaciones de la columna vertebral y se pensaba que afectó a
diversos miembros de familias de la realeza en el Antiguo Egipto.
Ahora un nuevo estudio rebate esta afirmación, encontrando en su lugar
En busca de los primeros animales
Entrega del podcast Zoo de Fósiles, a cargo de Germán Fernández
Sánchez, en Ciencia para Escuchar, que recomendamos por su interés.
Hace 542 millones de años, comenzó el periodo Cámbrico. El Cámbrico
Comienza la XXVIII Campaña Antártica Española
La XXVIII Campaña Antártica Española ha comenzado hoy con la
salida del Buque de Investigación Oceanográfica Hespérides rumbo a la
Antártida. De los 15 proyectos que se realizarán durante esta campaña,
Las grasas afectan de manera diferente a los cerebros masculino y
femenino
Un grupo interdisciplinar de científicos de instituciones estadounidenses
ha estudiado las diferentes respuestas cerebrales de ratones y ratonas al
comer grasas. El hallazgo, publicado esta semana en la revista Cell
Descubren que una proteína repara el daño causado por el sol en el
ADN
Investigadores del grupo de Melanoma del Vall d’Hebron Institut de
Recerca (VHIR), liderados por Juan Ángel Recio, en España, han
descubierto que la proteína LKB1 es esencial para iniciar el proceso de
Nuevos datos sobre la expansión y la migración del aguilucho lagunero
en el continente europeo
Combinar la información derivada del anillamiento –un método
convencional para estudiar el desplazamiento de las aves– con técnicas
más modernas, como la modelización espacial y el análisis de isótopos
El Museo Virtual de la Vida cuenta con 652 colecciones científicas
El Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos Científicos,
Bioscripts, reúne en su plataforma The virtual Museum of Life 652
colecciones científicas repartidas por todo el territorio español para su
Observado el movimiento ultrarrápido de los electrones en una
molécula vital
Científicos de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid han logrado, por
primera vez, inducir y medir la migración ultrarrápida de carga en una
molécula compleja. Este fenómeno precede cualquier reordenamiento
Los virus de los anfibios aportan claves sobre el contagio entre especies
Un equipo internacional de investigadores, liderado por el Museo
Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, ha estudiado los efectos de un virus del
género Ranavirus, que está diezmando las poblaciones de anfibios del
Los canguros gigantes extintos caminaban en vez de saltar
En 2005 Christine Janis, profesora de ecología y biología evolutiva en la
Universidad de Brown (EE UU), tuvo una intuición al visitar un museo
que albergaba el esqueleto de un estenurino (Sthenurinea), una
El gas natural no ayuda a reducir el efecto invernadero
Frente a quienes defienden que el fracking desplazará al carbón, un
estudio de investigadores estadounidenses indica que un modelo
energético basado en el gas no reducirá las emisiones de gases nocivos
¿Las bacterias usan todo su cuerpo para nadar?
Muchas bacterias nadan utilizando flagelos, apéndices cuya forma
recuerda un poco a la de sacacorchos y que actúan como pequeñas
hélices que empujan a la célula bacteriana o tiran de ella. Desde hace
tiempo, se viene asumiendo que los flagelos realizan todo el trabajo
.Biomedicina
Un hombre paralizado vuelve a caminar tras un trasplante de células
olfativas en su columna
Un equipo de cirujanos polacos y de expertos en regeneración neuronal
de Reino Unido ha llevado a cabo una operación pionera que ha hecho
posible que un hombre con parálisis vuelva a caminar. La intervención
Descubren que una proteína repara el daño causado por el sol en el
ADN
Investigadores españoles han descrito el papel de la proteína
LKB1, que puede ser un factor pronóstico del riesgo de tener cáncer de
piel. Su trabajo, publicado en PLoS Genetics, afirma que los bajos
Las grasas afectan de manera diferente a los cerebros masculino y
femenino
Comer alimentos con alto contenido en grasas genera mayor
inflamación cerebral en machos que en hembras, según revela un
estudio en ratones. Las consecuencias son un mayor riesgo de diabetes y
Diseñan micro y nanopartículas para mejorar los tratamientos de
alzhéimer y párkinson
Investigadores de la Universidad del País Vasco han desarrollado
técnicas de encapsulación para administrar correcta y eficazmente
fármacos. Su objetivo es mejorar los tratamientos del alzhéimer y
Fármacos dirigidos, microchips y terapias personalizadas, nuevas armas
frente al cáncer
Expertos en oncología, entre ellos, el español José Baselga, uno de los
mayores especialistas del mundo en cáncer de mama, se han reunido en
Madrid en el Simposio Internacional sobre el cáncer organizado por la
Fundación Ramón Areces. La medicina personalizada, los
nanomedicamentos y los tratamientos basados en la inmunomodulación
Implantes de células madre curan la ceguera a pacientes con
enfermedades de retina
Un equipo de investigadores estadounidenses ha probado la eficacia de
las células madre para regenerar el tejido del ojo en 18 personas. Los
implantes no han producido rechazo y les han devuelto la vista.
.Biotecnología
La Fundación Bit asiste a la revisión intermedia de la Comisión Europea
del proyecto Inbionet para formar científicos
Su objetivo es la formación de la próxima generación de científicos
europeos en el campo de la inmunología microbiana
Andalucía acogerá un Seminario sobre Biotecnología de Microalgas en
la región Euromediterránea
Se celebra en Almería del 20 al 24 de octubre con el objetivo de conocer
las necesidades para su desarrollo e implantación industrial
ConCiencia, té, comienza esta semana en León
Esta serie de charlas divulgativas sobre Biotecnología tendrá lugar en la
capital leonesa del 8 al 14 de noviembre
Symbiotica, primera plataforma online de formación y divulgación de la
biotecnología
Symbiotica es un proyecto de divulgación online de biotecnología, y
plataforma de formación mediante el uso de TICs englobado dentro de
FEBiotec Divulga.
Genome editing technique advanced by researchers
Customized genome editing -- the ability to edit desired DNA sequences
to add, delete, activate or suppress specific genes -- has major potential
for application in medicine, biotechnology, food and agriculture. Now
Ancient Europeans intolerant to lactose for 5,000 years after they
adopted agriculture
By analyzing DNA from petrous bones of ancient Europeans, scientists
have identified these peoples remained intolerant to lactose (natural
sugar in the milk of mammals) for 5,000 years after they adopted
agricultural practices. The scientific team examined nuclear ancient
DNA extracted from thirteen individuals from burials from
Peanut in house dust linked to peanut allergy in children with skin gene
mutation
A strong link between exposure to peanut protein in household dust
during infancy and the development of peanut allergy in children
genetically predisposed to a skin barrier defect has been discovered by
Norovirus stomach bug: Scientists take step towards drug to treat
An experimental drug currently being trialled for influenza and Ebola
viruses could have a new target: norovirus, often known as the winter
vomiting virus. A team of researchers has shown that the drug,
Tarantula venom illuminates electrical activity in live cells
A cellular probe that combines a tarantula toxin with a fluorescent
compound has been developed to help scientists observe electrical
activity in neurons and other cells. This is the first time researchers have
Once CD8 T cells take on one virus, they'll fight others too
CD8 T cells are known for becoming attuned to fight a specific
pathogen ('adaptive immunity'), but a new study shows that in that
process they also become first-responders that can fend off a variety of
Pharmaceuticals and the water-fish-osprey food web
Ospreys do not carry significant amounts of human pharmaceutical
chemicals, despite widespread occurrence of these chemicals in water, a
recent study finds. These findings represent the first published study
Crystallizing the DNA nanotechnology dream
For the last 20 years, scientists have tried to design large DNA crystals
with precisely prescribed depth and complex features -- a design quest
just fulfilled by scientists. The team built 32 DNA crystals with
Lab-developed intestinal organoids form mature human tissue in mice
Researchers have successfully transplanted 'organoids' of functioning
human intestinal tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells in a lab dish
into mice -- creating an unprecedented model for studying diseases of
Study examines type of exome sequencing, molecular diagnostic yield
In a sample of patients with undiagnosed, suspected genetic conditions,
a certain type of exome sequencing method was associated with a
higher molecular diagnostic yield than traditional molecular diagnostic
First step: From human cells to tissue-engineered esophagus
In a first step toward future human therapies, researchers have shown
that esophageal tissue can be grown in vivo from both human and
mouse cells.
Scientists restore hearing in noise-deafened mice, pointing way to new
therapies
Scientists have restored the hearing of mice partly deafened by noise,
using advanced tools to boost the production of a key protein in their
ears. By demonstrating the importance of the protein, called NT3, in
maintaining communication between the ears and brain, these new
In between red light and blue light: New functionality of molecular light
switches
Diatoms play an important role in water quality and in the global
climate. They generate about one fourth of the oxygen in the Earth’s
atmosphere and perform around one-quarter of the global carbon
New molecule from herb discovered, potential for drug development
A new molecule that can join together chains of amino acids -- the
building blocks of protein -- has been discovered by researchers. Only
three other known molecules have been discovered to be able to
Imaging electric charge propagating along microbial nanowires
Physicists report that they've used a new imaging technique,
electrostatic force microscopy, to resolve the biological debate with
evidence from physics, showing that electric charges do indeed
Mutation associated with cleft palate in humans, dogs identified
Scientists studying birth defects in humans and purebred dogs have
identified an association between cleft lip and cleft palate -- conditions
that occur when the lip and mouth fail to form properly during
High-speed evolution in the lab: Geneticists evaluate cost-effective
genome analysis
Life implies change. And this holds true for genes as well. Organisms
require a flexible genome in order to adapt to changes in the local
environment. Researchers want to know why individuals differ from
How a molecular Superman protects genome from damage
A new role for the RNAi protein Dicer has been found in preserving
genomic stability. Researchers discovered that Dicer helps prevent
collisions during DNA replication by freeing transcription machinery
Misfolded proteins clump together in a surprising place
A surprising finding about the aggregates of misfolded cellular proteins
has been made. Patients with Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular
disease, and cystic fibrosis may have something in common: cells in
Using test tube experiments to study how bacterial species evolve
antibiotic resistance
Given a critical change in the environment, how exactly, do species
adapt? Researchers wanted to get at the heart of this evolutionary
question by measuring the growth rates and DNA mutations of 8
Cellular self-destruct program has deep roots throughout evolution
In what seems like a counter-intuitive move against survival, within
animals, some cells are fated to die from the triggering of an elaborate
cell death program, known as apoptosis. Now, researchers have honed
in on understanding the evolution of caspase-8, a key cell death initiator
Cells' powerhouses were once energy parasites: Study upends current
theories of how mitochondria began
Parasitic bacteria were the first cousins of the mitochondria that power
cells in animals and plants -- and first acted as energy parasites in those
cells before becoming beneficial, according to a new study.
Sugared soda consumption, cell aging associated in new study
Sugar-sweetened soda consumption might promote disease
independently from its role in obesity, according to UC San Francisco
researchers who found in a new study that drinking sugary drinks was
MicroRNA molecules serve as on/off switches for inflammation
Two microRNA molecules that control chronic inflammation have been
found by researchers, a discovery that one day may help researchers
prevent certain fatal or debilitating conditions before they start.
Human genetic research uncovers how omega-6 fatty acids lower bad
cholesterol
Research based on the genetic information from over 100,000
individuals of European ancestry has uncovered a gene that affects
blood cholesterol levels through the generation of a compound from
Cell architecture: Finding common ground
When it comes to cellular architecture, function follows form. Plant
cells contain a dynamic cytoskeleton, which is responsible for directing
cell growth, development, movement, and division. Over time, changes
Are male brains wired to ignore food for sex? Nematode study points to
basic biological mechanisms
Choosing between two good things can be tough. When animals must
decide between feeding and mating, it can get even trickier. In a
discovery that might ring true even for some humans, researchers have
For one family, zebrafish help provide genetic answers
Research in zebrafish has helped identify the cause of an unknown
genetic disorder affecting a boy and two of his uncles, scientists report.
The researchers tracked down a mutation carried only by the affected
males and their mothers, within a gene called RPL10. When the
equivalent gene was suppressed in zebrafish, the animals developed
smaller heads, which is one of the major symptoms of the huma
.Neurociencia
El ictus amenaza también a los jóvenes
En las últimas dos décadas, ha aumentado en un 25% la incidencia de
infartos cerebrales en personas de entre 20 y 64 años. Leer
600.000 niños con retraso intelectual por culpa del plomo
La OMS alerta sobre la contaminación por este metal a través de
pinturas y otros materiales, sobre todo en países pobres. Leer
Smoking interferes with neurocognitive recovery during abstinence
from alcohol
Researchers know that alcohol-dependent individuals (ALC) sustain
neurocognitive impairment even after detoxification. A new study
examines specific domains of cognitive recovery in conjunction with
Fight against Alzheimer's disease: New research on walnuts
An new animal study reveals potential brain-health benefits of a walnut-
enriched diet. Researchers suggest that a diet including walnuts may
have a beneficial effect in reducing the risk, delaying the onset, slowing
Immune proteins moonlight to regulate brain-cell connections
When it comes to the brain, 'more is better' seems like an obvious
assumption. But in the case of synapses, which are the connections
between brain cells, too many or too few can both disrupt brain
Memory decline among menopausal women could be next research
frontier for hypnotic relaxation therapy
Memory decline — a frequent complaint of menopausal women —
potentially could be lessened by hypnotic relaxation therapy, say
researchers who already have done studies showing that such therapy
Tarantula venom illuminates electrical activity in live cells
A cellular probe that combines a tarantula toxin with a fluorescent
compound has been developed to help scientists observe electrical
activity in neurons and other cells. This is the first time researchers have
A rich vocabulary can protect against cognitive impairment
Some people suffer incipient dementia as they get older. To make up for
this loss, the brain's cognitive reserve is put to the test. Researchers have
studied what factors can help to improve this ability and they conclude
Key factor in transition from moderate to problem drinking
A tiny segment of genetic material known as a microRNA plays a
central role in the transition from moderate drinking to binge drinking
and other alcohol use disorders, researchers have discovered.
Mental rest and reflection boost learning, study suggests
A new study, which may have implications for approaches to education,
finds that brain mechanisms engaged when people allow their minds to
rest and reflect on things they've learned before may boost later
See-through sensors open new window into the brain
Developing invisible implantable medical sensor arrays, a team of
engineers has overcome a major technological hurdle in researchers’
efforts to understand the brain. The team has now described its
Scientists restore hearing in noise-deafened mice, pointing way to new
therapies
Scientists have restored the hearing of mice partly deafened by noise,
using advanced tools to boost the production of a key protein in their
ears. By demonstrating the importance of the protein, called NT3, in
User-friendly electronic 'Eyecane' enhances navigational abilities for
blind
White Canes provide low-tech assistance to the visually impaired, but
some blind people object to their use because they are cumbersome, fail
to detect elevated obstacles, or require long training periods to master.
Why your brain makes you reach for junk food
Will that be a pizza for you or will you go for a salad? Choosing what
you eat is not simply a matter of taste, conclude scientists in a new
study. As you glance over a menu or peruse the shelves in a
Heart rate may predict survival, brain function in comatose cardiac
arrest survivors
Patients with sinus bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia had a 50
to 60 percent lower mortality rate at 180 days than those with no sinus
bradycardia, a study has found. The same research also found that sinus
Improving bladder function among people with spinal cord injuries
New research may lead to dramatically fewer bladder infections
following spinal cord injuries and other traumatic injuries -- infections
that can cause kidney damage, and even death, scientists report.
See-through, one-atom-thick, carbon electrodes powerful tool to study
brain disorders
A graphene, one-atom-thick microelectrode now solves a major
problem for investigators looking at brain circuitry. Pinning down the
details of how individual neural circuits operate in epilepsy and other
Sport in old age can stimulate brain fitness, but effect decreases with
advancing age
Physical exercise in old age can improve brain perfusion as well as
certain memory skills, say neuroscientists who studied men and women
aged between 60 and 77. In younger individuals regular training on a
Brain activity provides evidence for internal 'calorie counter'
As you think about how a food will taste and whether it's nutritious, an
internal calorie counter of sorts is also evaluating each food based on its
caloric density, according to findings from a new neuroimaging study.
Fairness is in the brain, scientists say
Ever wondered how people figure out what is fair? Look to the brain for
the answer. According to a new brain study, people appreciate fairness
in much the same way as they appreciate money for themselves, and
New antidepressant: Rapid agent restores pleasure-seeking ahead of
other antidepressant action
A drug being studied as a fast-acting mood-lifter restored pleasure-
seeking behavior independent of -- and ahead of -- its other
antidepressant effects. Within 40 minutes after a single infusion of
Design of micro, nanoparticles to improve treatments for Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's
Techniques are being developed to deliver correctly and effectively
certain drugs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Both disorders affect
Head injury causes immune system to attack brain, new study finds
Scientists have uncovered a surprising way to reduce the brain damage
caused by head injuries -- stopping the body's immune system from
killing brain cells. A new study showed that in experiments on mice, an
Aspirin shown to benefit schizophrenia treatment
Some anti-inflammatory medicines, such as aspirin, estrogen, and
Fluimucil, can improve the efficacy of existing schizophrenia
treatments, new research suggests. Research has shown that the immune
New test to help brain injury victims recover
A new assessment can help patients suffering from traumatic brain
injury, aneurism, dementia, stroke and more between ages 18-74,
experts say. The test is suitable for measuring concentration, memory
Pathological gambling is associated with altered opioid system in the
brain
All humans have a natural opioid system in the brain. Now new
research has found that the opioid system of pathological gamblers
responds differently to those of normal healthy volunteers.
Eating breakfast increases brain chemical involved in regulating food
intake, cravings
Eating breakfast, particularly meals rich in protein, increases young
adults' levels of a brain chemical associated with feelings of reward,
which may reduce food cravings and overeating later in the day.
Action video games bolster sensorimotor skills, study finds
People who play action video games such as Call of Duty or Assassin's
Creed seem to learn a new sensorimotor skill more quickly than non-
gamers do, psychology researchers have found.
How the brain leads us to believe we have sharp vision
We assume that we can see the world around us in sharp detail. In fact,
our eyes can only process a fraction of our surroundings precisely. In a
series of experiments, psychologists have been investigating how the
Presence of enzyme may worsen effects of spinal cord injury and impair
long-term recovery
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with few
treatment options. Studies show that damage to the barrier separating
blood from the spinal cord can contribute to the neurologic deficits that
Change your walking style, change your mood
Our mood can affect how we walk -- slump-shouldered if we're sad,
bouncing along if we're happy. Now researchers have shown it works
Scientists find 'hidden brain signatures' of consciousness in vegetative
state patients
Scientists in Cambridge have found hidden signatures in the brains of
people in a vegetative state, which point to networks that could support
consciousness even when a patient appears to be unconscious and
Myelin vital for learning new practical skills
New evidence of myelin's essential role in learning and retaining new
practical skills, such as playing a musical instrument, has been
uncovered by research. Myelin is a fatty substance produced by the
Myth-conceptions: How myths about the brain are hampering teaching
Myths about the brain are common among teachers worldwide and are
hampering teaching, according to new research. The report highlights
several areas where new findings from neuroscience are becoming
Are male brains wired to ignore food for sex? Nematode study points to
basic biological mechanisms
Choosing between two good things can be tough. When animals must
decide between feeding and mating, it can get even trickier. In a
discovery that might ring true even for some humans, researchers have
Male and female brains aren't equal when it comes to fat
Researchers have found that male and female brains respond in
remarkably different ways to high-fat meals. Those differences in the
brain lead to greater inflammation and increased health risks in males
Brain's compass relies on geometric relationships, say researchers
The brain has a complex system for keeping track of which direction
you are facing as you move about; remembering how to get from one
place to another would otherwise be impossible. Researchers have now
Mild traumatic brain injury can have lasting effects for families
Families of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) may expect
them to return to normal quickly — after all, it's "just a concussion."
But mild TBI can have a lasting impact on families as well as patients,
Single gene links susceptibility to rare infections with predisposition to
autoimmune disease
The mutations were familiar, but the patients’ conditions seemed
baffling at first. A team of researchers had linked variations in an
immune gene to rare bacterial infections. Shortly afterward, Chinese
.Células madre y Epigenética
With three first-in-human trials, therapeutic stem cell science takes a
bold step
Therapeutic stem cell-based science is stepping out of the laboratory
and closer to real-world medical applications. The unprecedented trials
involve potential therapies for spinal cord injuries, Type 1 diabetes and
Lab-developed intestinal organoids form mature human tissue in mice
Researchers have successfully transplanted 'organoids' of functioning
human intestinal tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells in a lab dish
into mice -- creating an unprecedented model for studying diseases of
'Mega' cells control growth of blood-producing cells
While megakaryocytes are best known for producing platelets that heal
wounds, these “mega” cells found in bone marrow also play a critical
role in regulating stem cells according to new research. In fact,
First step: From human cells to tissue-engineered esophagus
In a first step toward future human therapies, researchers have shown
that esophageal tissue can be grown in vivo from both human and
mouse cells.
Stem cells discovered in the esophagus
Despite previous indications to the contrary, the esophagus does have its
own pool of stem cells, say researchers. The findings could lead to new
Cryptic clues drive new theory of bowel cancer development
Researchers have challenged conventional thinking on how the bowel
lining develops and, in the process, suggested a new mechanism for
how bowel cancer starts. The researchers produced evidence that stem
Cell discovery challenges dogma on how fetus develops; holds insights
for liver cancer, regeneration
A new kind of stem cell has been discovered that can become either a
liver cell or a cell that lines liver blood vessels, according to a study.
Using standard tools of molecular biology, the team garnered evidence
Why depression and aging are linked to increased disease risk
New research shows that both aging and depression are associated with
a biochemical change in a gene on chromosome 6, the FKBP5 gene.
This means that we may have found one reason for why risk for aging-
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