7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
1/64
=5
Kgdg rcecrclkim pmrm jgs vcstumrigs nc
Hmdcs sc usmrgl Ygfhi Ymdmdgtg pgr
su incm nc jg ecdclilg cl cj vcstumrig
dmskujilg y Hulym _mtmlm`c pgr sus
mtuclngs kgdpucstgs nc vmrims kmpms
(cspckimjdcltc cl jgs m`riogs) y su
usg nc sgd`rcrgs. Jgs trmhcs nc _mtm-
lm`c quc sirvicrgl nc ilspirmkil pmrm
Hmdcs sgl niecrcltcs m jgs quc sc usm-
rgl pmrm Fmrry nc`ing m quc pmrm cstc
jtidg sc usmrgl jgs quc jjcvmrml ds
m jm incm nc ecdilinmn.
Rmrm Hmdcs sc usmrgl jgs trmhcs
ds kglscrvmngrcs nc jm kgjckkil
quc sc jiditml m nmr ulm sclsmkil
nc jg ecdclilg pcrg sioucl siclng
kglstruings cl dmygr pmrtc m pmr-
tir nc kgdpglcltcs dmskujilgs.
=
DMLSMJ NC NIPCKKIL NC MP^C
NC
JM KGJCKKIL
C[KPI^M RGP8
FMPGJN RIL^CP
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
2/64
0
M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [
& S ^ I J C P M
U C [ ^ S M P I G
& M K K C [ G P I G [
Nmvin Fcrllncz
[mltimog Pgnroucz
Dmrm Kmdijm Uclcoms
Huml [c`mstil [mlkfz
=3
Gprcsil EcdclilmQ d c t e g r m T
Hmdcs cs ul pcrsglmhc quc cst kglnikiglmng pgr cj md-
`icltc rcprcsivg cl cj quc sc ducvc. Gkurrc jg disdg
kgl gtrgs pcrsglmhcs quc sirvicrgl nc ilspirmkil pmrm jm
krcmkil ncj vcstumrig ncj pcrsglmhc. Rgr chcdpjg, @ijjy cl
Glc Ejcw Gvcr tfc Kukaggs Lcst cs ul pcrsglmhc quc lg
jgorm fmkcr lmnm nc`ing mj kgltrgj nc Lursc Pmtkfcn pcrg
mpclms clkucltrm ulm gpgrtulinmn ormkims m ul tcrkcrg sc
ji`crm y jgorm scr vcrnmncrmdcltc j. Jg disdg sukcnc kgl
Hmdcs, j cs ul pcrsglmhc gpriding, jg kumj sc rcffchm cl cj
vcstumrig, pcrg mpclms ticlc ulm gpgrtulinmn nc ulm pcr-
sglm ji`rc, ms scm dgdcltlcmdcltc, sc ji`crm nc tgng
cstc vcstumrig y cs quicl quicrc scr.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
3/64
=>
HMDC [Q P y m l O g s j i l o T
;
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
4/64
>
M P O S D C L ^ G
R M [ I L U I ^ M J
Hmdcs `uskm m jm pcrsglm kgl jm quc su
cspgsm jc euc ileicj.
Idpgsi`ijinmn nc tclcr ul kgltmktg esikg.
=;
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
5/64
=0
U C [ ^ S M P I G
3
Cl ul dulng cl cj quc jm idpgsi`i-
jinmn nc tclcr ul kgltmktg esikg, jm
jitc nc jm sgkicnmn cst kgltrgjmnm
pgr duhcrcs. Duhcrcs quc ticlcl jm
nckisil nc cjcoir scr tgkmnms. Cj
kgltmktg scxumj kgl gtrms pcrsglms
sjg cs mprg`mng pgr csm nckisil
kglskicltc ecdclilm. Jm jitc cst
kglegrdmnm pgr mqucjjms pcrsg-
lms quc mpruc`ml cj mkcrkmdicltg y
ticlcl cj ncrckfg nc mutgrizmrjg.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
6/64
5
K G L ^ C V ^ G 8 @ G O G ^ 0 = 2 2
Slm sgkicnmn cl jm quc jms hcrmrqums
sgkimjcs sgl dukfg ds dmrkmnms.
Jm idmocl nc jm duhcr m jg jmrog nc
jm fistgrim fm nmng dukfg nc qu
fm`jmr. Dcnimltc ulm su`jcvmkil nc
jms duhcrcs nckincl tgdmr cj kgl-
trgj. Cj tcdm nc jm scxumjinmn y cj
mdgr kmrlmj tcrdilm siclng kgtinim-
lg y lmnm sgrprclncltc. Cs pgr cstg
quc nckincl fmkcrsc vmjcr mltc jgs
fgd`rcs. cliclng cl kucltm quc cl
cjjms rckmc cj pgncr nc pgscsil, nc
kglsudmkil nc ulm rcjmkil. Slm
==
Jm
oreikm
mk
prcscltmnm
cvinclkimjgskmd`igs
qucsc
prcscltml
cl
jms
mtd
secrms
m
dcninm
quc
sc
ncsmrrgjjm
cj
ouil.
Cltclnicln
g
quc
jmsgkicnmn
scnivinc
cl
trcs
scodcltgs
idpg
rtmltcs
(ilermdulng,
dcsg
dulng
y
suprmdulng)
sc
pucnc
vcr
quc
fmy
mjtcrmkiglcs
mj
stmtusqugquckgljjcvmlmjgs
kmd`igsnclivcjcssgkimjcsy
mulrckgrringnctgn
gscstgs
mtrmv
sncjmfistgrim.
Cstms
mjtcrmkiglcs
sc
cv
inclkiml
visumjdcltc
nc`ing
m
jgs
kmd`igsnckgjgrcs,siclngcj
ilermdulngcjdskjingycj
suprmdulng
cjds
erg
.Nc
ioumjdmlcrmjmoreikm
pcrditc
cvinclkimrjmsmpmrikiglcsnc
jms
jgkmkiglcs
y
cspmkigs
rcjcvmltcs
nc
jmf
istgrim
y
kdg,
nc`ing
m
cstgs,
sc
dgjncml
visumjdcltc
jms
mtdsecrms.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
7/64=2
Cs
kclm=C
skclm3;
=crmjtcrmkilncj
stmtusqug
@mtmzgnc
Hmdcsm@ijj
@ijjmpm
rckc
kglul`mtc
@ijjkjmvmcj
kukfijjgmHmdcs
0nmmjtc
rmkilncj
stmtusq
ug
;rmmjtcrmkilncj
stmtusqug
Niskgtckm
@cjormvim
Kfcjscm
Mtcjicr
Dijl
Rjmzmnc^grgs
E`rikmncDmliqucs
Riskilm
Mjtijjg
Fgspitmj
[
mjmnciltcrrgomtgrig
Ru`
Ilik
ig
Cskcl
m63
Cskclm===
Eilncjmfistgrim
Kjing
Cltrmnmmjdcsgdulng
Cltrmnmmjilermdulng
Cltrmnmmjsuprmdulng
Erg
Cskclm=06
C
?
sgkicnmn mktumj cl jm quc cj m`usg
scxumj ym cs rckurrcltc, sc kgl-
vicrtc cl ulm ilikimtivm nc jms du-
hcrcs . Cs ulm situmkil quc rcpcr-
kutc cl jm gromlizmkil sgkimj. Cj
fckfg nc tclcr ulm rcjmkil cstm`jc
sc kglvicrtc cl ulm kucstil nc nc-
kisil ecdclilm, cs cjjm quicl nc-
kinc m quil cltrcomrsc, quil nc`c
scr cj kgrrcktg pmrm tgkmrjm.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
8/646
Mqu jm kiclkim eikkil cs eulnmdcl-
tmj pmrm pgncr mkcltumr jm incm nc jg
tgkm`jc c iltgkm`jc. Cj fgd`rc kgdg
mqucjjm pcrsglm quc nc`c g`tclcr cj
kglscltidicltg nc jms duhcrcs pmrm
pgncr mkkcncr m ul kgltmktg esikg1 y
jm duhcr pgr su pmrtc, cs csm pcrsglm
quc chcrkc cj pgncr nc nckisil, fm-
kiclng quc su pgsikil kgdg duhcr
cl jm sgkicnmn scm rcspctmnm y vistm
cl ul rmlog nc dmygr idpgrtmlkim
ncjmltc nc jgs fgd`rcs.
O L C P G
9
Cj nrmdm mpmrckc kgdg olcrg pril-
kipmj quc iltrgnukc csc cjcdcltg
sclsi`jc cl dcnig nc cstc ulivcrsg.
Jg tgkm`jc y jg iltgkm`jc cs tgnm ulm
kucstil nc scnukkil. Cs jm du-
hcr jm quc sc cxfi`c, sc idpglc mltc
jgs fgd`rcs kgdg mqucjjg vmjigsg y
prckimng cl dcnig nc jg kgtinimlg.
Dgstrmrsc tmj kumj kgdg cs y prgvg-
kmlng m tgngs mqucjjgs quc jm g`scr-
vml. Rgr cj kgltrmrig, jgs fgd`rcs
sgl jm eiourm ncj kiunmnmlg kgrricltc
quc ncscm jjcomr m csm rcmjizmkil nc
g`tclcr ulm pmrchm, nc pgncr kudpjir
kgl su pmpcj cl dcnig nc jm sgkic-
nmn jucog nc g`tclcr jm mkcptmkil
nc ulm duhcr. [c kglvicrtc cl tgnm
ulm kucstil nc prcstioig, hcrmrqums
y rmlogs sgkimjcs dmrkmngs pgr cj
ncscg, cj distcrig y jm idpgsikil nc
jm idmocl ecdclilm.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
9/64;0 =?
Hmdcs cs ul pcrsglmhc quc iltcltm scr
ji`rc m pcsmr nc cstmr gpriding pgr su
kgltcxtg ecdclilg. Rgr cstm rmzl, cj
vcstumrig ticlc cjcdcltgs ecdclilgs
cl jms picrlms quc suoicrcl scr emjnms
pcrg cl rcmjinmn lg jg sgl m niecrclkim
nc jms quc usm Fmrry.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
10/64=6 ;=
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
11/64;2 =9
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
12/6402
D M ^ M N C P G
N M =
[ C K S C [ ^ P G
09
oumltcs (cjcdcltg quc jc gtgrom stmtus
y jc pcrditc nckinir m quil quicrc tgkmr
fmkilngjg pmrtc nc jm jitc) y jgs kucjjgs
quc usm jc nml ioumjdcltc idpgrtml-
kim y stmtus mj scr rcjmkiglmngs m jgs nc
[tcjjm m pcsmr nc scr dclgs prcngdi-
lmltcs y cxfu`crmltcs. Cj vcstumrig nc
Fmrry ticlnc m scr duy uliegrdc nc-
`ing m quc kmd`im pgkg nc kgltcxtg y
sicdprc kglscrvm su pgrtc y cjcomlkim
mul cl jgs dgdcltgs ds krtikgs nc
jm fistgrim.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
13/6406
Cj vcstumrig nc Fmrry cst eulnmdcl-
tmng cl jm dctegrm cxpjikmnm mltcrigr-
dcltc nc`ing m quc cl jm sgkicnmn cl
jm quc vivc, j cs cj pucltc cltrc jm kms-
tm `mhm y jm mjtm. Rgr cstm rmzl ticlc
cjcdcltgs tmltg dmskujilgs kgdg ec-
dclilgs, siclng cstgs jtidgs jgs ds
prcngdilmltcs cl cj vcstumrig nc ing m
su kglstmltc kglcxil kgl jm kmstm mjtm
nc jm sgkicnmn. Cltrc jgs mkkcsgrigs
ds idpgrtmltcs cstl jgs sgd`rc-
rgs kgl vcjg (pmrm oclcrmr kgltrmstc
kgl jgs quc usm [tcjjm, sil vcjg), jgs
0=
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
14/6400
FMPPYQ O m r y G j n d m l T
0?
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
15/6405
Rrilojc ge [kgt-
jmln tmd`il fm
cxpcridcltmng
jms emjnms pmrm
fgd`rcs msl-
ngsc cl niscgs
nc Mjcxmlncr Dk-
]uccl ncj 022;.
0;
Cstm dctegrm sc rceicrc m jm ecdilinmn quc iltcltm cx-
prcsmr Fmrry pcrg quc, nc`ing m scr fgd`rc, lg jgorm
scr cxprcsmnm ncj tgng. Cj vcstumrig, pgr clnc, cst
ilspirmng cl jm visil nc ^id @urtgl nc Cn _ggn,
pcrsglmhc quc cst kglstmltcdcltc cl jm md`ioc-
nmn cltrc scr fgd`rc y scr duhcr mj ioumj quc Fmrr y
quc ticlc quc tclcr kgltmktg kgl jm kmstm `mhm y
dmskujilm nc jm sgkicnmn @gogt 0=22.
Numjisdg MlmkrlikgQ d c t e g r m T
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
16/640>
Q 0 2 = ; - 0 2 = > T
Q r c e c r c l t c s T
Slg nc jgs pridcrgs
rcecrcltcs m lgd`rmr cs
Ygfhi Ymdmdgtg quicl fm
cxpjgrmng cstc kglkcptg
cl su jtidm kgjckkil
gtgg-ilvicrlg.
03
Kgdg sc vc cl jms
idoclcs, sc dcz-
kjml piczms dmsku-
jilms kgl ecdcli-
lms pmrm oclcrmr
cstm sclsmkil.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
17/64>6
[^CJJMQ D m r i g l K g t i j j m r n T
;;
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
18/64;>
@ IJ JQ D m t t J m l t c r T
>?
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
19/64>5 ;3
Jm incltinmn nc @ijj cst egrhmnm pgr tgnms sus vivcl-
kims8 sc trmtm nc ul fgdgscxumj quc ml lg clkucltrm
ul juomr kdgng cl csc dulng kmtikg cl cj quc sjg
fmy km`inm pmrm csc incmj ecdclilg quc, sil idpgrtmr
cj prckig quc tgquc pm omr, quicrc pcrtclckcr m j. Cs u l
fgd`rc quc sc trmlsegrdm pgr dcnig nc su mpmricl-
kim esikm8 m trmvs nc csm g`scsil pgr scr ncscmng
mj ioumj quc ulm duhcr, @ijj clkucltrm cl csc nisermz
sgkimj ulm smjinm m jm gprcsil ncj roidcl. Rgr dcnig
nc su cxprcsil ecdclilm, ncjikmnm y vujlcrm`jc, sc si-
cltc tgtmjdcltc ji`crmng nc su kglnikil dmskujilm.
[il cd`mrog, mj eilmj vcdgs quc sc suoicrc quc cs pgr
dcnig nc cstm tktikm quc clomm m jgs ncds y sg`rc-
vivc mj nrmdm quc sc vivc cl cj md`icltc.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
20/64;5 >3
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
21/64>> ;?
Cl jm g`rm ncj piltgr Hgscpf Firsf
sc prcscltm ul fgd`rc trmtmlng nc
clkmhmr cl ulm eiourm ecdclilm quc
lg cst mhustmnm pmrm sus prgpgr-
kiglcs esikms, sc mjunc cxpjkitm-
dcltc m jm dctegrm ncj kmdmjcl
quc dcnimltc su mnmptmkil m ul
cspmkig g kglnikil trmtm nc cs-
km`ujjirsc cl cj sclg nc jm sgkic-
nmn kgl cj l nc pmsmr ncsmpcrki`ing.
[c trmtm nc ul fgd`rc quc trmtm nc
clkmhmr cl ul incmj ecdclilg pmrm
nmrsc m kglgkcr kgdg duhcr y pgn-
cr fmkcr rcmjinmn su vcrnmncrm il-
tclkil y vgjultmn. Cl cj kmlgl nc
jm jitcrmturm ulivcrsmj sc kgdiclzm
m nmr m duy tcdprmlm cnmn rms-
trgs ncj fcrdmergnitisdg8 sc nikc
nc mqucjjgs quc pgsccl jgs ngs
scxgs. Cstm cxprcsil lg nc`c
cltclncrsc nc dgng dmtcrimj, ym
quc sgl su hctgs kgl md`gs scxgs
ds g dclgs nctcrdilmngs,
nc`c kgdprclncrsc m pmrtir nc jm
prcsclkim nc jm `iscxumjinmn.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
22/64;6
Rgr dcnig nc cstms dctegrms jm
kglstrukkil nc ul pcrsglmhc cl
`uskm nc su incltinmn kgdg @ijj
kgdiclzm m vcrsc kgdprgdctinm m
jm fgrm nc cskgocr su vcstumrig y mk-
kcsgrigs. Cs ul pcrsglmhc quc nc`c
rcejchmr pgr dcnig nc su idmocl su
cxtrmczm ercltc m csc dulng cl cj
quc lg fmy km`inm pmrm j, mj quc j
disdg nc`c clkmhmr cl ul dgncjg
nc vinm mj ku mj lg pmrckc cstmr mkgs-
tud`rmng. Ucrcdgs kdg, m trmvs
ncj vcstumrig, @ijj rcejchmr su mkti-
tun pmrtikujmr quc vm kggrnilmnm c
iltclkiglmnm kgl jm cskgoclkim nc
sus cspmkigs y situmkiglcs.
Kgl rcspcktg m jm prgpucstm nc
vcstumrig pmrm @ijj, niscmngrcs
kgdg Ngjkc & Om`mllm kgl su
pucstm cl cskclm, Dk ]uccl kgl
sus trmlspmrclkims dmskujilms y
prgpucstms dms rcercskmltcs kgdg
jms nc Isscy Diymac eucrgl jgs rcecr-
cltcs ds meilcs kgl jm prgpucstm
ncj pcrsglmhc. Jm dczkjm nc cstms
ilejuclkims cl jm dgnm fmkcl quc
sc rcsmjtc cl cj cspmkig ul vcstumrig
pmrtikujmr quc hucom ul pmpcj idpgr-
tmltc m jm fgrm nc kmrmktcrizmr m @ijj
m jg jmrog nc jm mkkil.
Cl @cjormvim cj vcstumrig nc @ijj
mjunc m su mpmriclkim ecdclilm
fmkiclng usg nc dmtcrimjcs kgdg
scnms y trmlspmrclkims quc rc-
ejchml csm ncjikmnczm nc sus ocs-
tgs sumvcs. Ormkims m su vcstumrig
sc mkcltm su supucstm ilgkclkim
ercltc m jgs ncds mjuniclng m su
ermoijinmn. Jgs kgjgrcs pmstcjcs sgl
jgs quc idpridcl csm ncjikmnczm y
sclsi`ijinmn nc @ijj quc kgltrmstm kgl
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
23/64>0
tclkiglmjinmn nc @ijj8 siclng fgd`rc
oumrnm nistmlkim nc jms duhcrcs pcrg
m jm vcz sc cxfi`c sutijdcltc pmrm quc
jms duhcrcs jg rckglgzkml. Rgr ul
jmng, tclcdgs jm idmocl ncj fgd`rc
quc sc oumrnm cltrc sus kmpms, quc
prccrc lg rcvcjmr su incltinmn y quc
cs kglskicltc nc jm supcrigrinmn nc
[tcjjm kgdg jg vcdgs cl cj vcstumrig
nc Hmdcs. Y pgr gtrg jmng, vcdgs quc sc
ncstmpm kicrtms pmrtcs nc su kucrpg mju-
niclng m csm idmocl ecdclilm quc cl
rcmjinmn kgrrcspglnc m su iscxumjinmn.
Mj lmj @ijj cl cj dmtmncrg nckinc rcvcjmr
su ecdilinmn cl tgng su cspjclngr ercltc m
jgs ncds prgtmoglistms. Mqu fmkc usg
nc ul vcstumrig duy pmrcking mj nc jms
duhcrcs ncj kgdl. Jms trmlspmrcl-
kims y su pmtrl ffgrmj mjuncl idpjkitm-
dcltc m ulm kglcxil kgl cj vcstumrig
;9
Fmrry.
Cs idpgrtmltc rcsmjtmr ul scoulng vcstumrig cl @cjormvim8 sc trmtm nc su `mtm
cl cj dgdcltg nc tclcr ulm jmrom niskusil nc pmrchm kgl Fmrry. Cl cstm cskclm
@ijj ducstrm ul pultg nc vistm rdc y kjmrg cl jm niskusil quc sc vc rcegrzmng
pgr su `mtm nc tcrkigpcjg kgl pmtrl ngrmng nc ffgrcs quc fmkc quc hucouc kgl jm
vcstidcltm quc usm [tcjjm cl Dijl pmrm scnukir. @ijj quicrc vcrsc eucrtc mltc Fmrry
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
24/64
>2
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
25/64
5> >9
^clcdgs ngs pcrspcktivms nc [tcjjm quc sc cltrcvcl m
jg jmrog nc jm mkkil. Slm [tcjjm quc sc prcscltm kgdg
ulm duhcr ilgkcltc, sclsi`jc kgdg tgnms jms duhcrcs
pcrg quc oumrnm csm orml nistmlkim kgl rcspcktg m jgs
fgd`rcs y sg`rc tgng kgl su cspgsg Hmdcs. Cs ulm
duhcr eucrtc, si sc quicrc nckir, erm c ilsclsi`jc ercltc
m jgs fgd`rcs m quiclcs ncscmrm tclcrjgs m su dmlng
y dmlipujmrjgs m su mltghg. M pcsmr nc prcscltmrsc erm
c iltgkm`jc, su vcstumrig rcejchm ulm nurczm cl su mkti-
tun, pgr dcnig nc jgs nctmjjcs c iltclkiglcs sutijcs rc-
ejchm cj cspritu nc ulm duhcr scnuktgrm y ecdclilm. [u
vcstumrig cxmjtm csc rmsog pmrtikujmr nc jm duhcr quc
sc cxpglc, quc quicrc scr ul kcltrg nc mtclkil, lg
pgr sus mtri`utgs esikgs silg pgr su fistgrim. [c pcrk-
i`c prgorcsivmdcltc kdg su kucrpg vm mnquiriclng
csms kmrmktcrstikms ncj vcstumrig quc jg quc quicrc cs
nchmr su fucjjm ecdclilm m su mjrcncngr.
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
26/64
32
Cs jm pcrsglieikmkil nc jm niskgrnim
y jm ncstrukkil ncj cquiji`rig. Cs
kglgkinm pgr fm`cr jmlzmng jm dmlzmlm
kgl jm quc Rmrs i`m m cjcoir m jm nigsm
ds fcrdgsm, fckfg quc grioil jm
oucrrm nc ^rgym, lmrrmnm cl jm Ijm-
nm. [u prgpsitg cs g`stmkujizmr jm
vinm nc jms pcrsglms g ncstruir sus
vinms. Ssm m jgs fgd`rcs kgdg huo-
uctcs m su mltghg clomlngjgs kgl
cj eil nc kgleulnirjgs. [u mpmrikil
cl jm ditgjgom suoicrc ulm scxumj-
inmn nmngs sus mtri`utgs esikgs quc
ncsnc su jjcomnm msgd`rm m jgs fgd-
`rcs m quiclcs ncscm pgsccr mj eilmj.
Cstc pcrsglmhc tmd`il cst rcjmkig-
lmng kgl jm dctmdgregsis nc jm lmtu-
Cris g rinc
rmjczm ecdclilm. Cs ulm duhcr quc
kmd`im su mpmriclkim ncpclniclng
nc jm situmkil sicdprc vilngsc y
dgstrlngsc ncscm`jc ncjmltc nc
jgs quc jm rgncml, fmkc usg nc ulm
mpmriclkim emjsm pmrm dgstrmrsc mltc
jgs dgrtmjcs. Rgscc cj kgltrgj nc jm
situmkil fmkiclng quc jm kurigsi-
nmn nc jgs ncds pgr ncskiermrjm
scm jm trmdpm pcrecktm pmrm kmcr cl
sus dmlgs.
5;
U I [ S M J C [
Ecddc Emtmjc
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O C G O P M E M [
3=
Cstc cs ulg n c jgs cstcrcgtipgs ds
dmrkmngs cl jm jitcrmturm u livcrsmj8
sc trmtm nc ulm duhcr quc nctrs nc
su `cjjczm m trmvs nc jm kumj prc-
tclnc scnukir m jgs fgd`rcs oumrnm
ulm scoulnm iltclkil. Jm dmlipu-
jmkil nc jgs fgd`rcs cs su prilki-
pmj g`hctivg pcrg ds mjj nc stc
su prilkipmj eihmkil cs pgr tclcr cj
kgltrgj nc jm situmkil, pgr rcsmjtmr
su supcrigrinmn y smomkinmn cl-
trc jgs fgd`rcs. Cs ulm duhcr quc
ncspicrtm ulm orml kurigsinmn, quc
ncjmltc nc jgs ncds prceicrc lg
rcvcjmr sus vcrnmncrms iltclkiglcs
y ncscgs, sjg jgs oumrnm pmrm cjjm
kgl cj eil nc quc su tktikm nc sc-
nukkil scm cecktivm. Mktumjdcltc,
sucjc scr vistm kgdg ul pcrsglmhc quc
kglstmltcdcltc kruzm jm jlcm cltrc jm
`glnmn y jm dmjnmn, mktumlng sil cs-
krpujgs scm kumj scm su vgjultmn.
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^cliclng cl kucltm cstgs rmsogs y
jg quc rcmjdcltc cj pcrsglmhc id-
pridc m pmrtir nc su kgdpgrtmdicl-
tg y mkkiglcs, m kgltilumkil sc prc-
scltmr jm prgpucstm nc vcstumrig,
mkkcsgrigs y dmquijjmhc pmrm [tcjjm
tcliclng cl kucltm jm idpgrtmlkim
nc stgs cl kglsglmlkim kgl cj cs-
pmkig y sus mrquitckturms. Ucdgs
quc cl kmnm ulg nc cjjgs sc prcscl-
tm ulm [tcjjm quc, m dcninm ncj pmsg
ncj ticdpg, vm cvgjukiglmlng rcsmjtml-
ng mspcktgs y mktituncs pmrtikujmrcs cl
kmnm ulm nc jms situmkiglcs.
Sl vcstumrig prgpucstg pmrm ul pcrsglmhc
kgdg [tcjjm kglstm nc rcecrcltcs ncj
niscg nc jm dgnm kgdg Umjcltilg,
@mjdmil, jms trmlspmrclkims prcscl-
tmnms cl jms jtidms kgjckkiglcs nc
Cjjic [mm` g cl jgs pmtrglcs y cstmd-
pmngs prgpucstgs pgr M.E. Umlncvgrst.
Cj mtcjicr, kgdg cspmkig nc ngdilmkil
ecdclilm, fmkc quc rcsmjtc ulm vcsti-
dcltm pmrtikujmr pmrm [tcjjm. Ilspirm-
ng cl mkkcsgrigs nc Iris Uml Fcrpcl
sgl jgs quc rcffchml ulm pcrsglmjinmn
nc [tcjjm ncsnc su pridcrm mpmrikil.
Cs ul vcstumrig sg`rig pcrg quc mkgd-
pmmng nc sus mkkcsgrigs idpglc ulm
pcrspcktivm niecrcltc mj cspcktmngr sg`rc
cstm duhcr, lg cs vistm kgdg jm duhcr
sudism quc mj pmrckcr tuvg ul ncsjiz kgl
@ijj, mqu cl su cspmkig nc ngdilmkil sc
prcscltm kgdg mqucjjm duhcr ngdilmltc
y scourm nc s disdm. Cs pgr dcnig nc
su quc cjjm sc ducstrm iltgkm`jc c id-
pclctrm`jc pmrm jgs fgd`rcs.
Cl kglhultg, cstgs niscmngrcs cxpjg-
rml lucvms pcrspcktivms nc jm ourm
ecdclilm quc kglkucrnml kgl jm ourm
nc [tcjjm.
5=
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C j or h ` n n [t jj
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Cl jm ormlhm m`mlnglmnm, [tcjjm sc
ducstrm kgdg ulm duhcr kmutcjgsm
y prcvclinm nc jm situmkil kgl su
cspgsg. Mj pmrckcr cs ulm cskclm nc
clkucltrg, cl jm quc ds mjj nc jg
quc sc cst gkujtmlng, tmltg Hmdcs
kgdg [tcjjm `uskml pcrsumnir y rctmr
mj gtrg. Mqu su vcstumrig hucom kgl jgs
kgjgrcs nc jm cskclgormem cxtcrigr8
cs ul vcstumrig quc fmkc pmrtc nc jg
kgtinimlg pcrg quc ticlc mjoulgs mkkc-
sgrigs kgdg cj vcjg quc ku`rc su rgs-
trg suoicrc csm ng`jc iltclkiglmjinmn
nc [tcjjm nc lg qucrcr scr vktidm y
kmcr cl cj niskursg nc Hmdcs.
Cl cj dmtmncrg cs cvincltc cj kgl-
trmstc nc utijcrm cl rcjmkil kgl cj
cspmkig. Cs pgr cstg quc pgr dcnig
nc rcecrcltcs kjmrg kgdg jgs niscgs
nc M.E. Umlncvgrst y Cjic [mm` sc quicrc
idpglcr ul vcstumrig quc fmom pmrtc nc
csc cspmkig, kgdg si nc mjoulm dmlc-
rm jm ngdilmkil nc jms duhcrcs, y pgr
clkidm nc tgnms cjjms, nc [tcjjm, quc sc
kmduffm pgr dcnig nc su vcsting. [us
mkkcsgrigs kgdg cj dirimquc mpultm
ul pgkg m csm emjsm mktitun nc [tcjjm nc
cstmr clkcrrmnm cl cj dmtmncrg.
[ S R P M D S L N G
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[ S R P M D S L N G
Jm kiunmn fm diormng fmkim jgs kcrrgs,
jm ecdilinmn sc dmlicstm mj fm`cr
jgormng cstmr cl silkrglm kgl jm lm-
turmjczm, cstgs cspmkigs kmrckcl nc
ruing y nc mjoulm dmlcrm jgorml di-
dctizmrsc kgl cj kicjg `gogtmlg cstml-
ng cl tgtmj mrdglm kgl cj pmlgrmdm
nc jgs kcrrgs, kgl cstg `uskmdgs rc-
nclir jm ecdilinmn ncj mg 0=22 kgdg
mjog ds ctrcg. Nc`ing m quc jm mr-
quitckturm cst cl silkrglm kgl jm lm-
turmjczm, jms egrdms vml m scr ds
kirkujmrcs g kijlnrikms, sil scr kur-
vms kijlnrikms ym quc cstms cstmrml
duy ncsjiomnms nc jm mrquitckturm
`gogtmlm nc 02=; y lg sc vcrm ulm
prgorcsil ncj kmgs mj grncl.
53
Cj ouil nc Jm Kgjckkil euc cltclning pmrm cj kgltcxtg
@gogt 0=22 nglnc ulm jitc ngdilm ulm pmsil vitmj.
Rucstg quc sc ncli jm jitc kgdg dmygritmrimdcltc
ecdclilm, euc lckcsmrig oclcrmr ocgormems visumjcs
quc pcrditicrml cvinclkimr y kgltrmstmr jgs niecrcltcs
dmtikcs nc cstc dulng. [c su`nivini jm lmrrmtivm cl
kilkg ormlncs ocgormems visumjcs quc kglticlcl tgnms jms
jgkmkiglcs prcscltcs cl jm fistgrim8 cspmkigs mlnroilgs,
nc kglergltmkil, nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, nc rceuoig y
scnukkil nc fgd`rcs y lmjdcltc nc scxumjinmn ecdclilm.
stms scrl cxpjikmnms m kgltilumkil8
C [ R M K I G [ N C N G D I L M K I L E C D C L I L M
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^gdmlng kgdg ilspirmkil jms hmu-
jms nc phmrg, cstgs cspmkigs prc-
scltml kglstmltcdcltc trmdms
pucs, kgdg su lgd`rc rceicrc, cs
cl cstm ocgormem visumj nglnc jgs
fgd`rcs sc vcl tgtmjdcltc su`yu-
omngs y sc cvinclkim cj orml pgncr
quc ticlc cj olcrg ecdclilg. [il
cd`mrog, sc ducstrm jm kgdgninmn
nc jms duhcrcs cl cstgs cspmkigs,
ym quc jms trmdms lg sgl kumnrku-
jms pcrecktms silg quc sc ng`jml
pmrm oclcrmr kurvms, jms kumjcs, cl
cj idmoilmrig pgpujmr sgl jm eiourm
ecdclilm pgr cxkcjclkim. Nc ioumj
dmlcrm, sgl cspmkigs quc nc kicrtm
dmlcrm cstl rcjmkiglmngs kgl jm
dgnm, jm kumj cs jm fcrrmdicltm pgr
dcnig nc jm kumj jm jitc jc idpglc
su pgncr mj rcstg nc jm pg`jmkil.
Nmnm jm lckcsinmn nc rcsmjtmr m jm
duhcr cl cstgs cspmkigs, jms jgkm-
kiglcs ticlcl orml prcsclkim nc
`jmlkgs, kgjgrcs ergs y ulm orml
mdpjitun. Cstg sc nc`c m ngs rm-
zglcs prilkipmjcs8 sc quicrc rcsmjtmr
jgs vcstumrigs, cspckimjdcltc jgs nc
[tcjjm, y nc ioumj dmlcrm kgltrmstm
kgl cj ilermdulng dmskujilg quc
cs dukfg ds kmtikg y rckmromng
visumjdcltc. Cstm ocgormem cst
kgdpucstm pgr cj Mtcjicr, cj Mpmr-
tmdcltg nc Kfcjscm y jm E`rikm nc
Dmliqucs (Dmtmncrg).
C [ R M K I G [ N C N G D I L M K I L E C D C L I L M
?9
Kmnm ulg nc jgs lucvc krkujgs cs
ul cspmkig tgtmjdcltc niecrcltc
nglnc sc mj`croml kujpms y pclms,
fmstm jjcomr mj ileicrlg y rctgdmr jm
su`inm mj puromtgrig. Cl jm Nivilm
Kgdcnim cj ileicrlg mpmrtc nc scr ulm
cxpcriclkim cspiritumj, sucjc scr ulm
cxpcriclkim kmtikm quc prgnukc ulm
ilkgltrgjm`jc cxprcsil cdgkiglmj.
Cstc prgkcsg sc incltikmrm kgl cj
dgvidicltg8 cdgkil g idmoilmkil
ncj ilcrlg kgl jm msc ncj puromtgrig.
CJ ILEICPLG, NML^C MJIOFICPIQ d c t e g r m T
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@gogt 0=22 sc clkucltrm ncsjiomng
nc Kgjgd`im, cj krckidicltg quc tuvg
jm kiunmn nurmltc cj siojg pmsmng
jm g`jio m ncsjiomrsc ncj rcstg nc
Kgjgd`im, cstg hultg kgl og`icrlgs
dmtrimrkmjcs jm jjcv m ulg nc sus
pcrigngs ds pmkkgs quc jc pcrditi
kglvcrtirsc cl ulm nc jms kiunmncs
ds prgorcsistms nc Jmtilgmdrikm, cl
cstc dgdcltg @gogt cs kglsincrmnm
jm kmpitmj ncj dulng.
Jm kiunmn cst cstrukturmnm sg`rc ;
mrquitckturms niecrcltcs kmnm ulm nc
cjjms krcmnm m pmrtir nc kdg eulkig-
lm cj euturg, cj suprmdulng cs ul
cspmkigs tgtmjdcltc ecdclilg, cj il-
ermdulng jc pcrtclckc m jg dmskuji-
lg y cj dcsgdulng tcrdilm siclng cj
cspmkig mlnroilg pmrm mqucjjgs quc
mspirml m jm jitc.
5?
Rilturm sg`rc jcg fckfm pgr Cvcjyl
nc Dgroml. Cj kumnrg fmkc ulm
mjcogrm mj ncjirig fipltikg ecdclilg
cvinclkimlng ms cj cstijg nc pclsmdicltg
surrcmjistm. Cl jm idmocl, jm duhcr dirm
fmkim jg quc pmrckc scr ulm vcltmlm, sil
cd`mrog rcsujtm scr ul durmj sg`rc jm
pmrcn nglnc ul orupg nc pcrsglms
`mijml `mhg cj kicjg hultg m ul mvc.
Cl kgltrmpgsikil m cstm idmocl, sc
pucnc vcr m gtrm mvc mtrmpmnm cl ulm
hmujm quc kucjom hultg mj cspgsg nc jm
duhcr quc dirm pgr jm vcltmlm, quicl
sc clkucltrm iltrmlquijg mj vcr cj
cstmng nc su duhcr.
^FC OIJNCN KMOC, CUCJYL NC DGPOMLQ d c t e g r m T
C [ R M K I G [ M L N P O I L G [
M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [
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Cstgs cspmkigs sc prcscltml cl cj
dcsgdulng. Nc cstm dmlcrm sc
clticlncl jgs cspmkigs nc @cjormvim
y cj Oidlmsig kgdg mrquitckturm nc
jitc quc fm sing mprgpimnm pgr jgs
fgd`rcs fmkilngjgs ds dmskujilgs
y pgpujmrcs. Mrquitcktlikmdcltc sc
mscdchm m jm ocgormem visumj nc cspmkigs
nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, pcrg, m trmvs
nc mkcltgs cl jm utijcrm y ulm omdm
nc kgjgrcs ul pgkg ds smturmnm,
sc jcs nm cj kmrktcr ds dmskujilg
C [ R M K I G [ M L N P O I L G [
y pgpujmr. Cstm ocgormem ducstrm cj
pultg `mhg nc jm jitc, quc m pcsmr nc
cstmr kgdpucstm prilkipmjdcltc pgr
duhcrcs, fmy mjoulgs fgd`rcs quc
pcrtclckcl m cstm, pcrg quc lg jgorml
cstmr m jm disdm mjturm ncj olcrg
ecdclilg. Rgr cstm rmzl cs idpgrtmltc
kglvcrtir cstgs cspmkigs mlnroilgs ym quc
sgl ngdilmngs pgr omys quc sc iltcltml
dczkjmr kgl jms duhcrcs.
??
M P ] S I ^ C K ^ S P M [
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Jgs sid`gjistms silticrgl jm lckcsinmn nc
cxprcsmr ulm rcmjinmn nistiltm m jg tmloi jc
rcejchmlng cl sus g rms jm md iocnmn, jm
`cjjczm, jg mlnroilg, cj cliodm nc jm cseiloc.
Cl cstm g rm, sc pcrki c ulm mtdsecrm
sijclkigsm nglnc cj sd`gjg dchgr sc nchc
gr. ^glg nistmltc y mristgkrtikg. Clkucltrg
cltrc ngs scrcs m jm vcz tur ig y scrclg.
Jm krtikm nc jm pgkm vig cl cj kumnrg ul
sd`gjg nc jm jukfm cltrc cj ncscg nc jm
ngdilmkil tcrrcstrc y cj ncj m`mlnglg m jm
vgjuptugsinmn clkmrlmng cj pridcrg pgr cj
hgvcl y cj scoulng pgr jm cseiloc scnuktgrm.
Rmrckc scr cj mutgrrctrmtg ncj piltgr
hultg mj nc su fcrdmlm. Md`gs, rgstrgs
ilnclings, m ul ticdpg viroilmjcs y
virijcs. Cj kucrpg nc jm csloc, scr
ncstruktgr, kgdpjctm jm md ivmjclkim
nc jm idmocl ecdclilm (virocl y ecddc
emtmjc). Jm rcprcscltmkil ncj mlnroilg,
su mscxumjinmn y mutgsueikiclkim, viclc m scr
dctegrm nc jm mtcdpgrmjinmn ncj krcmngr y
su lmrkisisdg.
JM C[EILOC G JM[ KMPIKIM[, ECPLMLN ALGREEQ d c t e g r m T
C [ R M K I G [ N C P C E S O I G D M [ K S J I L G
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C [ R M K I G [ N C P C E S O I G D M [ K S J I L G
[gl jgs cspmkigs pcrtclckicltcs mj
ilermdulng. Nc`ing m jm kgleiourmkil
nc jm sgkicnmn, sgl lckcsmrigs
cspmkigs cl jgs quc jm fudmlinmn
nc jgs pcrsglmhcs dmskujilgs pucnc
smjir m ejgtc y pucnc scr ji`rcdcltc
cxprcsmnm. [gl jgs cspmkigs quc
eulkiglml kgdg ulm kgrmzm mltc
jm prcsil ecdclilm, fmkilngjgs
mlmkrlikgs pucs sc msudc cl cstm
sgkicnmn euturistm quc jgs fgd`rcs
sgl rctrormngs. Cstg sc cxprcsm
visumjdcltc cl cj kjmrgskurg y jgs
kgjgrcs kjings usmngs quc oclcrml
ulm sclsmkil ds mkgocngrm cl
kgltrmstc kgl jgs kgjgrcs usmngs cl
jgs cspmkigs nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm
quc rcsujtml scr ds ergs.
& [ C N S K K I L N C F G D @ P C [
Mrquitcktlikmdcltc fmy ulm dmygr
prcsclkim nc jlcms vcrtikmjcs. Cstg
oclcrm ulm gpgsikil y tclsil m jms
egrdms pcsmnms y `rutmjistms nc jm
mrquitckturm ecdclilm. Jms jgkmkiglcs
pcrtclckicltcs m cstm ocgormem visumj
sgl Mjtijjg @cjormvim, jgs @mgs, cj
Eurol, Jm Rjmzm nc ^grgs (Ormlhm), jm
Riskilm y cj Ru`.
?3
Kgl rcspcktg m cstc kumnrg rcmjistm,
jm dirmnm ncj fgd`rc ercltc mj cspc-
hg nm jm sclsmkil nc scr ul dgdcltg
nc kglergltmkil nc s disdg. Cs ulm
situmkil cl jm quc jm iltrgspckkil ncj
pcrsglmhc sc sudcroc cl cj cspchg. Cj
cspchg sc prcscltm kgdg cj cjcdcl-
tg quc ilnukc m csc kglgkidicltg nc
fgd`rc quc kucstiglm su kgdpgrtm-
dicltg ercltc m jm sgkicnmn.
JM PCRPGNSK^IGL IL^CPNI^C, PL DMOPI^^CQ d c t e g r m T
C [ R M K I G [ N C K G L E P G L ^ M K I L
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Cstm ocgormem visumj sc su`nivinc cl
cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil ngdstikm
y cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil p`jikm.
Jgs pridcrgs sc rccrcl m jgs
cspmkigs cl jgs quc jgs pcrsglmhcs
vml ncsku`riclng kmnm vcz ds nc
su vinm privmnm ym scm pgr kucltm
prgpim g nc`ing m tcrkcrgs. ^md`il
sgl cspmkigs quc pgr ul dgdcltg
myunml m ncsjiomrjgs nc sus rgjcs
cl jm sgkicnmn nc tmj dmlcrm quc
pucnml rgdpcr jms lgrdms quc sc
jcs fml idpucstg, mj ioumj quc su rgj.
Jms jgkmkiglcs prcscltcs cl stm sgl
jms kmjjcs, jgs kgrrcngrcs, cj cxtcrigr
nc @cjormvim y jm grijjm ncj ^dcsis.
Cl jgs cspmkigs nc kglergltmkil
p`jikm sc pucncl vcr jms vcrnmncrms
kmrms nc jgs pcrsglmhcs. [gl cstgs
cspmkigs nglnc sc nml rcvcjmkiglcs
mkcrkm ncj pmsmng g cj prcscltc nc
jgs prgtmoglistms. Jgs cspmkigs nc
kglergltmkil p`jikm tmd`il sgl
idpgrtmltcs, ym quc ducstrml kdg
jgs fgd`rcs cl rcmjinmn sc clkucltrml
pgr nc`mhg nc jms duhcrcs, pcrg quc
sil idpgrtmr jms kglnikiglcs, mjoulgs
fgd`rcs cstl nispucstgs m fmkcrjc
ercltc m cstc ulivcrsg ecdclilg. Cstg sc
fmkc cvincltc pgr cj kgltrmstc oclcrmng
cltrc cj vcstumrig nc jgs fgd`rcs,
kgltrm jms egrdms kurvms y pcsmnms
quc fmkcl rcecrclkim m jgs cspmkigs
ngdilmngs pgr duhcrcs. Jms jgkmkiglcs
prcscltcs sgl Fm itmkil Fgspitmj y [mjm
nc Iltcrrgomtgrig.?=
[RJCLNGSP, FCLPY [KG^^ SACQ d c t e g r m T
Rrckursgr nc jm pilturm dgncrlm nc
cec`gs, kglgking kgdg `ccekmac g
jgs Srmlistms (nc Srmlim cj mpgng
nc Mergnitm), Fclry [kgtt sicdprc supg
mtclncr tmltg m jms cstriktms lgrdms
nc jm dgrmj viktgrimlm, kgdg piltmr jms
kgsms quc qucrm, quc crml kjmrmdcltc
trmlsorcsgrms. [gl fgd`rcs ncslungs
cl ulm mktitun ncskgdpjikmnm, quc sc
ducstrml scrclgs mltc jm situmkil. Cs ul
cspmkig nc ji crtmn dmskujilm quc suoicrc
ulm scxumjinmn mkcptmnm cltrc tgngs.
C [ R M K I G [ N C [ C V S M J I N M N E C D C L I L M
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Cstm ocgormem visumj, kgdpucstm nc jm
Niskgtckm y cj Fgtcj nc Dijl, `uskm scr
cj pultg nc clkucltrg cltrc fgd`rcs y
duhcrcs, jgs cspmkigs cl quc jm duhcr
jc nm pcrdisg m ul fgd`rc nc tgkmrjm,
uslngjg pmrm su prgpig `clckig. Kgl
cj l nc dgstrmr cstg, jms mrquitckturms
ecdclilms, kgdldcltc ngdilmnms pgr
kurvms, nml pmsg m kicrtgs cjcdcltgs
vcrtikmjcs tgdmngs ncj ilermdulng, pcrg
jms iltcorml m su cspmkig, kmsi nlngjcs
pcrdisg nc cstmr mf. Nc ioumj dmlcrm
sc `uskm quc cspmkigs quc nc gtrm
dmlcrm pgnrml scr ecdclilgs tcloml
prcsclkim nc kgjgrcs prcscltcs cl cj
ilermdulng dmskujilg, tcrdilmlng nc
rcjmkiglmr jgs ngs ulivcrsgs.
?;
Jm pilturm cxprcsiglistm ncj siojg VIV
sc prcgkupm pgr rcmjzmr jm idpgrtmlkim
quc rckmc cl cj cspmkig kgltrmstmlng
kgl jm idmocl nc jm duhcr. Ricrrc-Mj`crt
Dmrquct `uskm cl sus g`rms rcmjzmr jm
idpgrtmlkim ncj kgltcxtg quc cvinclkim
ulm pgsikil sgkimj nc jgs ilnivinugs.
Cl cstc kmsg jm g`rm jjmdmnm Ncslungs
sg`rc eglng mzuj, cxpglc ul md icltc
quc kgltrmstm kgl jm ncsluncz nc jm
duhcr. Cs cj cspmkig disdg cj quc
mjunc y rcmjzm jm scxumjinmn ecdclilm
kmrmktcrizlngjm y fmkilngjm pmrtc ncj
kgltcxtg quc cst siclng rcprcscltmng.
NC[LSNG [G@PC EGLNG MXSJ, RICPPC-MJ@CP^ DMP]SC^Q d c t e g r m T
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6=
D C [ G D S L N G
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42/64
60
Cj dcsgdulng sc kglstruyc m pmrtir
nc ulm mrquitckturm nc pscung-
jitc, si `icl ym nchmrgl nc jmng csm
idpglclkim m pmrtir nc jm vcrtikmjinmn,
sc dmlticlc ulm kicrtm grtgoglmjinmn
pcrg quc sutijdcltc jjcvm fmkim kurvms
y egrdms grolikms, m niecrclkim nc jm
mrquitckturm nc jitc cstc cspmkig ml
lg sc ducstrm tml idpglcltc kgdg
cj suprmdulng, mqu jgs cnikigs
lg jgorml jm dgludcltmjinmn nc jm
mrquitckturm nc jitc ym quc sc siouc
utijizmlng cj pmtrl quc ticlc @gogt
cl su mrquitckturm nglnc jgs `jgqucs
nc jgs cnikigs sc vcl iltcrrudpings
pgr jgs vcltmlmjcs.
93
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43/64
6;
I L E P M D S L N G
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
44/64
6>
Rgr gtrg jmng jg dmskujilg cst supcnitm-
ng fmkim jg quc crm @gogt cl cj pmsmng
(02=;). Nc cstm dmlcrm cj ilermdulng
sgl jgs vcstioigs nc jm ngdilmkil dms-
kujilm, cstl u`ikmngs m jgs pics nc jm
jitc cs ulm mtdsecrm kmtikm quc nc-
ducstrm cj pgr qu jms duhcrcs sgl jms
quc kgltrgjml cj euturg. Rmrm jgs cspm-
kigs dmskujilgs vmdgs m dmltclcr jm
sckuclkimjinmn nc jms jlcms fgrizgl-
tmjcs y vcrtikmjcs quc ticlcl jms
emkfmnms nc jgs cnieikigs nc @gogt.
9;
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45/64
63
P C E C P C L ^ C [
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
46/64
65
Kgdg rcecrcltc cskgoidgs jm mrqui-
tckturm `rutmjistm, ilspirmnm cl cj
dgvidicltg dgncrlg ncj quc fizg
pmrtc Jc Kgr`usicr, nc cstm dmlc-
rm tclmdgs pclsmnm m @gogt 0=22
kgdg jm kujdilmkil ncj Rjml Nirck-
tgr. Jg quc rcmjdcltc lgs iltcrcsm`m
crm jm dgludcltmjinmn quc mnquirml
jgs cnieikigs m pmrtir nc su sidpjiei-
kmkil, jgs dmtcrimjcs krungs y jms
egrdms pcsmnms rgdpml kgl tgng cj
ruing quc dmlchm @gogt 02=; pcrg
sil pcrncr su csclkim.
9=
Ncltrg nc kmnm cspmkig nc jm ocgormem visumj quc gromlizm
m Jm Kgjckkil sc clkucltrml nistiltms jgkmkiglcs. Kmnm
ulm cxpjgrm ul mspcktg nc jgs cspmkigs y myunm m rcegrzmr jms
dctegrms quc sc fml utijizmng pmrm cxpjikmr cj ulivcrsg nc
@gogt 0=22. Gtrg cjcdcltg idpgrtmltc cs cj kmd ig quc sc
fizg nc mjoulms jgkmkiglcs ncj ouil grioilmj, pgr ulms ds
mkgrncs mj lucvg kgltcxtg cl quc sc sitm jm fistgrim. M kgl-
tilumkil sc fmkc ulm `rcvc cxpjikmkil nc kmnm ulm.
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92 6?
Gtrg rcecrcltc quc clkgltrmdgs
euc [mjdglm, quc `uskm`m ulikmr
jgs dmtcrimjcs quc utijizm`m cl sus
cnikigs kgl cj kgltcxtg cl cj quc
i`ml m scr nispucstgs1 gtrg mspcktg
idpgrtmltc sgl jgs nctmjjcs rutmjistms,
quc ncducstrml jm ilffuclkim nc Jc
Kgr`usicr cl su g`rm. Jg iltcrcsmltc
nc [mjdglm crm jm dmlcrm nc nmrjc
lucvms prgpicnmncs mj dmtcrimj sil quc
cstc pcrnicrm sus mtri`utgs, kgdg pgr
chcdpjg oclcrmr ilkjilmkiglcs cl jgs
`jgqucs pmrm nmr jm ijusil nc kurvms.
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66 69
J G K M K I G L C [
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9?
cstm dctegrm. Kgdg cs ul cspmkig
nc ngdilmkil ecdclilm, jms kurvms sc
clkucltrml prcscltcs cl jm mrquitckturm y cl
jms tu`crms ncj juomr, tmd il sc prcscltm
kgdg mjog `mstmltc jidpig, sil cd`mrog,
sc ducstrml kicrtgs siolgs nc ncsomstc y
morcsil sid`gjizmlng cj yuog quc fm tcling
quc sgpgrtmr cj olcrg dmskujilg.
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===
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99
N I [ K G ^ C K M R S @
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=22
Jm niskgtckm ym lg cs jm emltmsm nc jm
scxumjinmn, silg jm dmtcrimjinmn nc cstm.
Cl cstc cspmkig sc fmkc cvincltc quc cj
pgncr scxumj pcrtclckc likmdcltc m
jms duhcrcs, ym quc jm pmrchm nc fgd`rcs
lg pucnc dgstrmr su mecktg, jm pmrchm nc
duhcrcs sc `csm nc egrdm mpmsiglmnm
sil lilol tipg nc `mrrcrm cltrc cjjms.
Rgr cstm rmzl cj cspmkig sc vucjkm fmkim
kgjgrcs tpikmdcltc ecdclilgs, dicltrms
jms tcxturms fmkcl rcecrclkim ul pgkg fm-
kim cj mspcktg scxumj quc sc cxpjgrm mk.
=29
Cj pu cs ulm jgkmkil sckulnmrim, pcrg sc rcjmkiglm nircktmdcltc kgl cj vcsticr nc jm
piskilm pgr scr ul cspmkig nc scnukkil cltrc @ijj y Hmdcs, pgr jg quc sus kgjgrcs sgl
duy sidijmrcs, mj ioumj quc su tcxturm. [il cd`mrog, kgl cj eil nc rcegrzmr cj pu kgdg ul
cjcdcltg dmskujilg, su nckgrmkil `uskm rckg rmr cjcdcltgs kgtinimlgs nc cstm pgkm
quc rgdpml kgl cj dulng euturistm quc sc prcscltm.
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=2=
p.==> p.==3
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=2?
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
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=2;
@cjormvim, siclng ul cspmkig `mstmltc
jidpig y ncsmturmng, jc gtgrom ulm
prcsclkim pmrtikujmr m jm utijcrm.
Mqu kgdiclzml m rcffchmrsc kicrtgs
cjcdcltgs kgtinimlgs pgpujmrcs si
sc pucnc nckir, quc suoicrcl ulm
incltinmn nc sus fm`itmltcs pgr dcnig
nc jgs cjcdcltgs quc kgdpglcl su
fgomr. [gl g`hctgs quc mkcltml y
rcffchml cj iltcrs nc jgs pcrsglmhcs pgr
rcffchmr mjog quc lg sgl y quc pgr ds
quc fm`itcl cl cj sclg nc jm jitc, su
kgdpgrtmdicltg y f`itgs ngdstikgs
ncjmtmrl su vcrnmncrm incltinmn.
p.==5
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=23
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
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=06
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=0?
7/28/2019 Bogot 2100
59/64
=05
K C J S J M P N C [ ^ C J J M
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=03
Cj kcjujmr nc [tcjjm kudpjc jm eulkil
kgltrmrm mj nc jgs fgd`rcs, cs ul
cjcdcltg pgr dcnig ncj kumj sc chcrkc
kgltrgj sg`rc jgs fgd`rcs, pgr cstm
rmzl sc clkucltrm ilspirmng cl cj
dmlog nc jgs jtiogs y jms kgrrcms nc
pcrrg, ym quc cstm cs jm egrdm cl quc
[tcjjm jgs kgltrgjm. M pcsmr nc scr
ul cjcdcltg ecdclilg, cstc kglstm
nc cjcdcltgs rcktgs y grtgoglmjcs,
pgrquc cs ul cjcdcltg grioilmj ncj
idmoilmrig dmskujilg, ncj kumj cjjms
sc mprgpimrgl.
K G P ^ I L M [
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=0>
Cl jgs cspmkigs sc clkucltrm ul cjc-
dcltg trmlsvcrsmj nc utijcrm quc sc
ncrivm nc jm pmsil vitmj quc kgltrgjm jm
jitc, cj pcrdisg quc sc nc`c nmr pmrm
quc cxistm cj kgltmktg esikg. Jms kgrti-
lms sirvcl m dgng nc vcjg nchmlng vcr
m trmvs nc cjjms, pcrg idpiniclng quc
cj suhctg tgquc mqucjjg nctrs ncj vcjg.
^md`il sirvcl pmrm quc jgs cspmkigs
nimjgoucl kgl cj vcstumrig nc mjoulgs
pcrsglmhcs dmskujilgs quc ticlcl vc-
jgs cl sus sgd`rcrgs.
R I ^ I J J C P M [Ritijjcrm [tcjjm8 Jms pitijjcrms crml
ul sd`gjg nc cstmtus y kjmsc, quc
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=0;
y q
scpmrm`ml nc cstmtus m jms pcrsglms
nc jms quc jms usm`ml nc jms quc
lg. ^md`il cs ul cjcdcltg quc
mktumjdcltc sc rcjmkiglm dukfg kgl jm
ecdilinmn, pgr jg quc mj usmrjg rcmjzml
jm idpgrtmlkim nc su olcrg. Cstl
nckgrmngs kgl jgs pmtrglcs quc sc
clkucltrml prcscltcs cl cj vcstumrig
nc [tcjjm, pmrm nmrjc ul kmrktcr
pcrsglmjizmng.
Ritijjcrms fgd`rcs8Jgs fgd`rcs cl cstc
ulivcrsg eucrgl fmstm kicrtg pultg rg`mngs
nc su dmskujilinmn pmrm pgncr ilorcsmr m jm
jitc, cstg sc cvinclkim cl cj fckfg nc quc
pmrm eudmr usml pitijjcrms quc, m
pcsmr nc quc fm`m ulms pmrm fgd`rcs,
sc rcjmkiglml kgl cj ulivcrsg ecdclilg.
[us egrdms sgl dukfg ds grtgoglmjcs
quc jm nc [tcjjm, pcrg sgl ds pcqucgs
pmrm rcsmjtmr cj mspcktg kmstrmltc nc cstm
sgkicnmn.
K C J S J M P C [
Jgs kcjujmrcs nc jgs fgd`rcs nc jm
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=00
Jgs kcjujmrcs nc jgs fgd`rcs nc jm
fistgrim cstl ilspirmngs cl kgjjmrcs
nc pcrrg. Cl jm fistgrim, pmrm jgs fgd-
`rcs, jgs kcjujmrcs jgs kgltrgjml y jgs
dmlticlcl mtmngs m sus rcjmkiglcs
pcrsglmjcs, pgr cstg cj ocstg nc quc
cstl mtmngs pgr cstgs. Cstg tmd`il
sirvc pmrm niecrclkimr m @ijj nc Fmrry y
Hmdcs, ym quc cs cj quc cst ds nis-
pucstg m rgdpcr jms rcojms y sc quitm
cj kgjjmr y jg nchm `gtmng, rcitcrmlng cj
fckfg nc quc cs ul cspritu ji`rc.
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