Slide 1
http://perla.princeton.edu/
Note website, thank Mariana Campos
Also thank Ren Flores and Liza Steele for collaborating on articles and for help in producing this power point presentation. Will show slides from both our projects.
Also, have done research first on racial identitification, public opinion before venturing into into stratification.
1
2014
2
PERLA
Multinacional con Colaboradores de Brasil, Colombia, Mxico, Per y Estados Unidos
Multidisciplinar
Baseados en Encuestas/Surveys en 2010 Con Representacin Nacional
Dos Estagios:
1. Modulo tnico en el Barmetro de las Amricas en 8 a 25 Pases (LAPOP)
2. Encuestas en Profundidad en Brasil, Colombia, Mxico y Per
Sobre-Amuestras
Survey accompanies new interest on the topic in Latin America and the addition of race and ethnicity questions in many national censuses, for the first time.
LAPOP SURVEYS
Also known as Americas Barometer
Face to Face Surveys of 24 Countries in the Americas, based at Vanderbilt University
Political-Science Focus
PERLA Ethnicity Module in 2010 adds:
-ethnoracial identification and skin color measures in 23 countries
-ten ethnicity/race and class origin items in 8 countries
Context of Multiculturalism and New Race Consciousness
But with almost no Data, New Censuses
Brazil exception
In-depth Ethnicity and Race Surveys in Four Countries with about 100 items
National Probability Samples Brazil (1000 cases) Colombia (1050 cases) Mexico (1000 cases) Peru (1500 cases)
Over-Samples Afro-Colombians (500 cases) Mexican Indigenous (500 cases) Afro-Mexicans (400 cases)
3
Temas de las Encuestas
Clasificacin Etnoracial
Desigualdades Etnoraciales
Percepciones de Discriminacin
Opinin Publica Actitudes Raciales
Movimientos Sociales
Polticas Publicas Engrciales
4
Preocupaciones
Diversidad de Pases con Formaciones Etnoraciales Distintas
Investigar Afro descendientes e Indgenas
Empricamente Testar Desacuerdos/Dudas en Nuestras Discusiones
Entender Implicaciones de Mltiples Maneras de Clasificacin Etnoracial para Conteo Poblacional y Desigualdades
Medir Color de Piel-Una Variable Escondida
5
Color Palette
Full range of color continuum
People have these in their heads
Skin color discrimination is widely recognized in Latin America
INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF COLOR PALETTE
Color Palette based on actual skin colors
Interviewers rated skin color of respondents before the interview
Skin color based on facial color
Interviewers directed to be familiar with palette and never show it to respondents
Interviewers explained why we are interested in skin color, especially as a meaningful social category that is rarely discussed
(Often used in U.S. surveys)
Cultural and Biological Race Mixture. Culture is consensus. I think one can easily argue that there was more much more biological race mixture across the population than the United States because
- high sex ratio during colonization
- more intermarriage in the twentieth century (based on Brazil data)
- relatively large black and indigenous populations and small white population so that chance of whites encountering nonwhites are greater (data on number of European immigrants?)
- relatively small number of European immigrants compared to US, even at height of mass immigration (except perhaps in Southern Brazil)
- wide skin color varation among the general population in all four countries
Mixture in black population (by far, largest part of nonwhite population) so that intermediate categories (mulatos) kept in black category but one drop rule kept it limited to that category while white category was considered pure (although sometimes violated).
Changing with large scale immigration of latinos and asians in the United States, so the Latin American experience may be important here
6
Clasificacin Etnoracial en los Censos e en Encuestas es Medida de Varias Maneras y depende de la pregunta y las categoras usadas y quien responde
Inconsistencias en la Mediacin Etnoracial
7
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Ejemplos de Preguntas de Censos y Categorias de Respuestas
Preguntas:
Su Color o Raza es.? (Brasil)
Como Ud. Se Considera? (Ecuador)
A que grupo etnico (pueblo) pertenece? (Guatemala)
Segun su cultura, pueblo or razgos fisicos, Ud. es o se considera?.(Colombia)
Ud. Pertenence a la. Cultura? (Costa Rica)
Ud. O Alguno de sus antepasados es? (Uruguay, Argentina)
Cual es su color de Piel? (Cuba)
Categorias de Respuesta:
Para indigenas, indigena o grupo etnico o idioma hablado
Para Afrodescendientes: negro, mulato, pardo afrodescendiente, Afro-(Pais),, preto, raizal, moreno? Indio?
Concern about local variations in ianguage and terms used but also politics of course.
Census data is better of course but often not yet accessible. Project to begin to exploit it next year on the IPUMS.
Always self identification today
9
1. La Mediacin de Raza tiene Implicaciones para La Proporcin Indgena y Afro descendiente
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Indgenas en Mxico
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Quantos Negros no Brasil?
Figure 5.2
12
_x0011_Open-ended: Negro_x0011_Open-ended:Ppreto_x0015_Self-identified preto_x0010_African ancestor_x0015_Color 6+ & Kinky hair_x0011_Open-ended: Pardo_x000d_Skin Color 6+_x0010_Kinky/curly hair_x0015_Self-identified pardo_x001b_Self-identified Preto/Pardo_x0018_Interviewer: Preto/Pardo5.66.915.21819.32530.831.439.70000000000000354.959.4
Cuntos indgenas en Per?: depende
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Comparacin entre Peru y Mexico y Entre Pueblos Indigenas
Ecuador, with 7 percent indigenous, asked if they were indigenous before asking which group.
14
Peru: Quechua & Aymara
QuechuaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.150.618500000000000050.9AymaraSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.470600000000000020.722199999999999950.97219999999999995
Mexico: 4 Pueblos Indigenas
NahuatlSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X54.4152.9461.76MayaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X14.2921.4326.19ZapotecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X21.4328.5728.57MixtecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X44.8358.6251.72
2. La Desigualdad Medida Por Categoras Etnoraciales de Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado
Indgenas Consistentemente los en maior Desventaja
Mestizos Estn en mejor Situacin que Blancos
15
Educational attainment and Identity
16
Non-indigenous
Non-Indig
Non-indig
Non-indig
Non-Indig,
non-Afro
0.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.399235379200000020.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.39923537920000002BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia11.28.018.649.6199999999999992Indigenous
Indig
Indig
Indig
Indig
0.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.982787904000000050.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.98278790400000005BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.05000000000000075.247.458.83Afro
Afro
0.597621600800000040.59762160080000004BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.0500000000000007
Educational attainment and Identity
17
White
Pardo
Preto
White
Indio
Mulato
Negro
White
Mestizo
Indig
Afro
White
Mestizo
Indig
Afro
-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999WhitePardoPreto.WhiteIndioMulatoNegro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.BrazilDREcuadorPeru7.897.356.998.21000000000000097.910.577.769.489.918.05000000000000078.639999999999998811.7811.39.7511.04
3. La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Direccin Esperada
18
Educational Attainment
Skin Color
19
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.687032000000000312.32905000000000111.061468.586294000000000510.660360000000001MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador8.661811999999999411.331689.79268300000000027.874515999999922610.034929999999999DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador7.763461999999999610.5794700000000019.1349809999999987.20083200000000019.1928249999999991
Skin Color
Household Income
20
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.71095899999999995.83870999999999984.88874999999999993.08780000000000014.3921779999999746MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.25862099999999985.41850200000000024.34201599999996462.5948844.2904109999999998DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.12877299999999985.15708799999992884.16441399999992792.4519024.0461169999999997
Skin Color
Top Household Income
21
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2722.732117.3823.36MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2016.3712.129.917.95DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador17.85000000000000113.799.918.279999999999999415.29
Skin Color
Bottom Household Income
22
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador14.3215.059.119999999999999215.4310.68MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador16.8819.23999999999999812.823.9310.48DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador25.1422.9915.3227.412.86
Educational Attainment
Skin Color
23
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.687032000000000312.32905000000000111.061468.586294000000000510.660360000000001MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador8.661811999999999411.331689.79268300000000027.874515999999936810.034929999999999DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador7.763461999999999610.5794700000000019.13498099999999987.20083200000000019.1928249999999991
Skin Color
Household Income
24
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.71095899999999995.83870999999999984.88874999999999993.08780000000000014.3921779999999746MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.25862099999999985.41850200000000024.34201599999996462.5948844.2904109999999998DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador4.12877299999999985.15708799999994484.16441399999994392.4519024.0461169999999997
Skin Color
Top Household Income
25
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2722.732117.3823.36MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2016.3712.129.917.95DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador17.85000000000000113.799.918.279999999999999415.29
Skin Color
Bottom Household Income
26
LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador14.3215.059.119999999999999215.4310.68MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador16.8819.23999999999999812.823.9310.48DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador25.1422.9915.3227.412.86
Skin color and educational attainment
27
Central America and Mexico
Panama1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.1041711.22131000000000110.6267600000000019.51465800000000079.945736000000000110.77311000000000110.6216211.75758000000000111.84615Costa Rica1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest8.71153799999999919.09756100000000078.90960500000000097.97784799999999987.47393399999999997.29059800000000019.3333329999999997Honduras1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.32183900000000077.97927500000000037.08737900000000036.58754900000000015.91891899999999986.21848699999999976.9130438.0615380000000005Mexico1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.69999999999999939.98823499999999959.45058099999999978.96955499999999978.52083299999999978.49238599999999986.9891300000000003Guatemala1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.80676300000000019.02556799999999987.63594499999997475.88115900000000025.23423399999999985.0789470000000003El Salvador1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.30508500000000019.46571400000000029.03174600000000018.38757400000000088.11583000000000086.5631069999999996Nicaragua1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest8.72549000000000068.63597399999999927.6721997.58754900000000016.88888899999999986.4655169999999744
Respondent color
Mean Years of Education
Skin color and educational attainment
28
Andean
Bolivia1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.87770000000000111.9459510.812710.1452000000000019.33623200000000088.58419199999999988.1313129999999969Peru1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.9722212.0114911.15799999999999910.5518410.283519.0428569999999997Venezuela1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.6530610.87918999999999910.7027910.1039410.0039700000000019.62637399999999849.0909089999999999Colombia1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.1818210.86510.7444400000000019.88917499999999989.05668000000000018.48031499999999928.65753400000000019.1Ecuador1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.20588000000000110.57759000000000110.61518000000000110.1973800000000019.79809199999999879.04895099999999898.83544299999999979.975609999999999610.02632
Respondent color
Mean Years of Education
Skin color and educational attainment
29
Southern Cone and Brazil
Argentina1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.3709710.9631310.49001999999999910.368429.06201599999999988.828125Chile1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest10.85155999999999910.45151000000000110.81645999999999910.0458200000000019.9462378.714285999999999510.28571Paraguay1 - lightest234567891010.89394000000000110.3456410.0783299999999998.82890899999999958.69202899999999988.5766419999999997Uruguay1 - lightest23456789109.628865999999998610.3676499999999999.98910700000000069.21238899999999998.11173199999999998.6777788.9166670000000003Brazil1 - lightest23456789108.77678599999999958.50310600000000078.83934999999999967.8092598.23912999999999947.95302000000000047.80620199999999996.74418599999996366.48648600000000027.3469389999999999
Respondent color
Mean Years of Education
Skin color and educational attainment
30
Caribbean
Suriname1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.6937511.05028000000000110.7911111.23922999999999911.0833310.004789.76436799999999759.1268659999999997Jamaica1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.47511.276610.86076000000000110.12264000000000110.1952099999999999.74750799999999639.73061200000000078.93814399999999948.6779659999999996Trinidad & Tobago1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.494389.83125000000000079.51737499999999779.10457500000000059.30447799999999968.71066000000000078.58823499999999928.3170730000000006Guyana1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.09558799999999939.14479599999999959.19078900000000059.45833299999999979.17307699999999938.89758999999999929.2758620000000001Dominican Republic1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.89285699999999939.34656999999999989.08011899999999988.70292899999999928.27106200000000067.46202499999999977.87.0624999999999956Belize1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest7.43269200000000036.73114800000000016.90909100000000016.98802400000000027.47252700000000047.72388099999997567.69902900000000037.5
Respondent color
Mean Years of Education
4. La Discriminacin Racial/Por Color es Altamente Percibido Contra Si y Contra Otros en los Cuatro Pases
5. La Mayora de el Publico Apoya Movimientos Sociales Engrciales y Polticas Publicas que promueven gente afro-descendiente y indgena
31
32
33
In most countries, Do you consider yourself white, mestizo, indigenous, black, mulatto or other?
In Spanish, Usted se considera una persona blanca, mestiza, indigena, negra, mulata u otra?
In Portuguese, Vce se considera uma pessoa branca, parda, preta, indigena, ou amarela?
Primary Ethnoracial Question in Americas Barometer
34
Auto IdenRacial Self-Identification is Loosely Related to Actual Skin Color
35
Ethnic identity and skin color, (1=Lightest, 11=Darkest)
36
Bolivia
Indigenous12345678910110.532.278.1719.1327.9826.7711.433.420.260.050Non-Indigenous12345678910111.616.9619.7823.7122.716.8500000000000016.15999999999999661.310.50.30.1
Brazil
White123456789101112.715.9941.7118.227.422.970.579999999999999960.250.1600Indigenous12345678910111.59012.723.8115.8714.297.944.767.946.354.76Pardo12345678910110.932.049999999999999812.3926.7126.0319.7399999999999986.13.31.870.750.12Preto12345678910112.1101.585.266.059.470000000000000614.2115.7918.6817.379.4700000000000006
Dominican Republic
White12345678910113.521.143.7197.73.51.40000Indio12345678910110.21.517.52618.520.310.19999999999999941.20.60.1Mulatto12345678910110317.10000000000000121.315.919.510.46.15.50.60.6Black123456789101100.71.33.36.51922.924.813.17.21.3
Colombia
Indigenous123456789101107.5531.1323.5822.6413.210.940.94000Afro12345678910111.12999999999999991.646.4211.3216.2317.3610.5715.479.817.171.89None12345678910110.8111.4332.6926.2519.327.411.12999999999999990.480.320.160
Ethnic identity and skin color, (1=Lightest, 11=Darkest)
37
Ecuador
White12345678910115.2625.9944.0816.124.282.630.660.330.6600Mestizo12345678910110.666.0724.0433.4723.059.63999999999999882.170.530.250.080.04Indigenous1234567891011009.684026.8817.26.450000Afro12345678910110.791.575.517.0913.3915.7513.3921.2610.246.34.72
Guatemala
Indigenous1234567891011002.7617.3234.0633.079.842.760.200Non-Indigenous123456789101102.9217.0227.0426.9317.646.15999999999999662.190.100
Mexico
Indigenous123456789101104.119999999999997411.3425.2624.7424.747.221.031.5500Non-Indigenous12345678910110.884.7221.6830.8321.6813.425.011.180.289999999999999980.289999999999999980
Peru
White12345678910117.0320.30999999999999941.4119.5310.940.78Mestizo12345678910110.113.4814.9627.0831.8215.385.15999999999999661.790.2100Indigenous123456789101103.1411.71283214.298.861.430.5699999999999999500Black/Mulatto1234567891011005.0810.1728.8125.4216.955.085.081.691.69
La Desigualdad Medida Por Categora Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado
Indgenas Consistentemente los mas en Desventaja
Mestizos Estn en mejor Situacin que Blancos
38
Educational attainment and Identity
39
Non-indigenous
Non-Indig
Non-indig
Non-indig
Non-Indig,
non-Afro
0.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.399235379200000020.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.39923537920000002BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia11.28.018.649.6199999999999992Indigenous
Indig
Indig
Indig
Indig
0.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.982787904000000050.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.98278790400000005BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.05000000000000075.247.458.83Afro
Afro
0.597621600800000040.59762160080000004BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.0500000000000007
Educational attainment and Identity
40
White
Pardo
Preto
White
Indio
Mulato
Negro
White
Mestizo
Indig
Afro
White
Mestizo
Indig
Afro
-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999WhitePardoPreto.WhiteIndioMulatoNegro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.BrazilDREcuadorPeru7.897.356.998.21000000000000097.910.577.769.489.918.05000000000000078.639999999999998811.7811.39.7511.04
La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Direccin Esperada
41
Skin Color and Educational Attainment
42
Light-0.49149177560000001-0.30066153039999999-0.49927793440000001-0.64802499999999996-0.31787913080000002-0.78619721880000004-0.65774628639999999-0.9074927008-0.49149177560000001-0.30066153039999999-0.49927793440000001-0.64802499999999996-0.31787913080000002-0.78619721880000004-0.65774628639999999-0.9074927008BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru128.1410.39910.269.269.289999999999999111.89Medium-0.29987233639999999-0.25051661600000003-0.46962736799999999-0.45942394120000002-0.24004412040000001-0.39106990159999999-0.44901933999999999-0.3686959528-0.29987233639999999-0.25051661600000003-0.46962736799999999-0.45942394120000002-0.24004412040000001-0.39106990159999999-0.44901933999999999-0.3686959528BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru9.88000000000000087.439.18.53999999999999919.657.718.3310.96Dark0.308701960.301171777199999990.662474198399999990.43478217440.436677710.423225014800000020.591987326000000040.560000000000000050.308701960.301171777199999990.662474198399999990.43478217440.436677710.423225014800000020.591987326000000040.56000000000000005BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru8.516.788.47000000000000067.48.775.387.0710.26
43
44
45
6. Race is Sui Generis throughout Latin America
Ethnoracial Inequality is Independent of Class/Socioeconomic Origins
46
Table for 23 Countries
47
National Differences in the Effect of Skin Color on Educational Attainment
Coefficient plot
Each data point represents: color + countryXcolor
48
7. Latin Americans Recognize Discrimination against Blacks and Indgenous
For Dominants, Certainly More than the United States
Except Bolivia
49
8. Perceived Discrimination
Latin Americans often perceived discrimination by race, language or color and black, indigennous and dark skin persons report that they have been discriminated on those factors
50
Recent Publications
Flores, Ren and Edward Telles. 2012. Social Stratification in Mexico: Disentangling Color, Ethnicity and Class. American Sociological Review 77(3): 486-494
Telles, Edward and Liza Steele. 2012. Pigmentocracy in the Americas: How is Educational Attainment Related to Skin Color? Insights 73
Telles, Edward and Denia Garcia. 2013. Mestizaje and Public Opinion in Latin America Latin American Research Review 48(3): October, 130-152
Telles, Edward and Stan Bailey. 2013. Understanding Latin American Beliefs about Racial Inequality American Journal of Sociology 118(5): August, 1559-1595
Telles, Edward E. and Ren Flores. 2013. More than Just Color: Whiteness, Nation and Status in Latin America Hispanic American Historical Review 93(3): March, 411-449
Telles, Edward and Tianna Paschel. 2014. Beyond Whitening: Color, Status and Nation in Latin Amerian Racial Classification American Journal of Sociology
Pereira, Krista and Edward Telles. 2014.Color, Racial Classification and Discrimination in the Health of Latin Americans Social Science and Medicine
Telles, Edward E. and the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America.2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
Telles, Edward, Ren Flores and Fernando Urrea Giraldo, Pigmentocracies: Skin Color, Census Ethnoracial Categories and Educational Inequality in Eight Latin American Countries (under review)
Telles, Edward and Florencia Torche Who is Indigenous in the Americas? (in process)
51
FIN/FI/FIM/END
52
Various Census Questions and Categories: Mostly Self Identification
Questions:
Your color or race is? (Brazil)
How do you consider yourself? (Ecuador)
To what ethnic group (people) do you belong? (Guatemala)
According to your culture, people or physical features, are you or do you consider yourself(Colombia)
Do you belong to the culture? (Costa Rica)
In countries Venezuela and Paraguay, separate questions for afro-descendants and indigenous
Response categories:
For indigenous, indigena or as a particular ethnic group or language. Early Censuses used attire, diet or community
For Afrodescendants: negro, mulato, pardo, preto, raizal, etc.
Concern about local variations in ianguage and terms used but also politics of course.
Census data is better of course but often not yet accessible. Project to begin to exploit it next year on the IPUMS.
Always self identification today
53
Ethnoracial Inequality
54
Identity
Educational Attainment
55
WhiteBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru8.29177099999999718.530343000000000210.1280699999999999.918032999999999411.17MestizoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru9.3510.52677000000000110.2939211.22IndigenousBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.36507899999999976.8557218.68181799999999638.46739099999999929.81Mulatto/PardoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.808416999999974610.347378.898305000000000610.9BlackBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.52254599999997449.55199999999999969.088234999999999210.16
Identity
Household Income
56
WhiteBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru3.08743200000000024.23782200000000044.54886000000000034.01094900000000015.3230239999999966MestizoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru4.63550799999999974.57677900000000024.36268999999999975.5536719999999997IndigenousBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.6271193.58163300000000014.11267600000000043.78651699999999994.8240739999999747Mulatto/PardoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.45813799999999994.54545499999999963.94444399999999985.2380950000000004BlackBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.73109199999999994.42583699999999963.9411765.3529409999999746
Identity
Top Household Income
57
WhiteMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador22.6316.48999999999999815.4716.3914.96MestizoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador23.2318.44000000000000116.220.48IndigenousMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador11.398.339.8613.5612.36Mulatto/PardoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador15.8715.588.9812.96BlackMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.800000000000000712.929.800000000000000716.18
Identity
Bottom Household Income
58
WhiteMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador21.0522.3412.0514.314.23MestizoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador14.3117.39999999999999911.6110.02IndigenousMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador28.2226.8516.89999999999999920.3419.100000000000001Mulatto/PardoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador25.412.9928.2714.81BlackMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador19.6110.05000000000000119.8913.24
Identity
Educational Attainment
59
WhiteBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru8.29177099999999718.530342999999998510.1280699999999999.918032999999999411.17MestizoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru9.3510.52677000000000110.2939211.22IndigenousBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.36507899999999976.8557218.68181799999999638.46739099999999929.81Mulatto/PardoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.808416999999974610.347378.898305000000000610.9BlackBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.52254599999997449.55199999999999969.088234999999999210.16
Identity
Household Income
60
WhiteBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru3.08743200000000024.23782200000000044.54886000000000034.01094900000000015.3230239999999966MestizoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru4.63550799999999974.57677900000000024.36268999999999975.5536719999999997IndigenousBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.6271193.58163300000000014.11267600000000043.78651699999999994.8240739999999747Mulatto/PardoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.45813799999999994.54545499999999963.94444399999999985.2380950000000004BlackBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru2.73109199999999994.42583699999999963.9411765.3529409999999746
Identity
Top Household Income
61
WhiteMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador22.6316.48999999999999815.4716.3914.96MestizoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador23.2318.44000000000000116.220.48IndigenousMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador11.398.339.8613.5612.36Mulatto/PardoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador15.8715.588.9812.96BlackMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.800000000000000712.929.800000000000000716.18
Identity
Bottom Household Income
62
WhiteMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador21.0522.3412.0514.314.23MestizoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador14.3117.39999999999999911.6110.02IndigenousMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador28.2226.8516.89999999999999920.3419.100000000000001Mulatto/PardoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador25.412.9928.2714.81BlackMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador19.6110.05000000000000119.8913.24
Pigmentocracy
(not picked up in ethnoracial census categories)
63
Color Palette
Full range of color continuum
People have these in their heads
Skin color discrimination is widely recognized in Latin America
INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF COLOR PALETTE
Color Palette based on actual skin colors
Interviewers rated skin color of respondents before the interview
Skin color based on facial color
Interviewers directed to be familiar with palette and never show it to respondents
Interviewers explained why we are interested in skin color, especially as a meaningful social category that is rarely discussed
(Often used in U.S. surveys)
Cultural and Biological Race Mixture. Culture is consensus. I think one can easily argue that there was more much more biological race mixture across the population than the United States because
- high sex ratio during colonization
- more intermarriage in the twentieth century (based on Brazil data)
- relatively large black and indigenous populations and small white population so that chance of whites encountering nonwhites are greater (data on number of European immigrants?)
- relatively small number of European immigrants compared to US, even at height of mass immigration (except perhaps in Southern Brazil)
- wide skin color varation among the general population in all four countries
Mixture in black population (by far, largest part of nonwhite population) so that intermediate categories (mulatos) kept in black category but one drop rule kept it limited to that category while white category was considered pure (although sometimes violated).
Changing with large scale immigration of latinos and asians in the United States, so the Latin American experience may be important here
64
Take Away Points
Skin Color (External Identification) Matters
Skin Color Matters particularly in Some Countries
Ethnoracial Identification (Self- Identification) may be Less Important than Color
Ethnoracial Identification and Skin Color do not necessarily Overlap
Class Origins Also Matter
This is Work in Progress
65
Importance of Race Mixture (Mestizaje) in Latin America (vs Segregation in the United States)
1. mixture facilitated by demographic imbalance between colonizers and colonized
2. nationalizing elites made mixture central to national identity
3. little history of racial segregation (some in PR, Cuba and Panama)
4. often use mixed race categories
5. classification is more fluid and ambiguous
6. a national ideology of mixture widely accepted and downplays or denies importance of race and racial disadvantages AND THIS HAS AFFECTED RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC
Need to include stuff on indigenous
66
OLS Models predicting SES in Ecuador
Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.
67
OLS Models predicting SES in Brazil
Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.
68
OLS Models predicting SES in Mexico
Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.
69
OLS Models predicting SES in Colombia
Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.
70
Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.
OLS Models predicting SES in Peru
71
72
Brazil
White123456789101112.715.9941.7118.227.422.970.579999999999999960.250.1600Indigenous12345678910111.59012.723.8115.8714.297.944.767.946.354.76Pardo12345678910110.932.049999999999999812.3926.7126.0319.7399999999999986.13.31.870.750.12Preto12345678910112.1101.585.266.059.470000000000000614.2115.7918.6817.379.4700000000000006
Colombia
White12345678910114.0925.6140.1920.715.85999999999999772.590.540.140000000000000010.2700Mestizo12345678910110.637.3321.6730.5824.749.46000000000000093.311.730.160.240.16Indigenous123456789101105.619999999999995715.7323.617.9825.844.496.74000Mulatto123456789101101.0521.0522.1124.2122.114.214.211.0500Black12345678910110.800.42.4110.03999999999999916.8721.6921.6914.469.63999999999999882.0099999999999998
Ecuador
White12345678910115.2625.9944.0816.124.282.630.660.330.6600Mestizo12345678910110.666.0724.0433.4723.059.63999999999999882.170.530.250.080.04Indigenous1234567891011009.6839.7826.8817.26.450000Mulatto12345678910111.691.696.7813.5622.0316.9516.9510.175.085.080Black123456789101101.474.411.475.8814.7110.2930.8814.717.358.82
Mexico
White12345678910119.470000000000000621.8431.5819.2111.8450.790.26000Mestizo12345678910110.826.5221.4531.2620.2713.454.71.180.3500Indigenous12345678910110.50.996.4425.7424.2628.718.914.46000White12345678910117.6419.4342.6817.529.23999999999999843.180.320000Mestizo12345678910110.569999999999999953.6218.331.2226.514.064.051.430.2400Indigenous123456789101103.2711.8128.6431.1614.828.53999999999999911.260.500Mulatto1234567891011004.230000000000000415.4916.89999999999999929.5819.725.635.632.820Black12345678910110011.1120.3724.0733.333.73.701.851.85
Peru
White12345678910117.6419.4342.6817.529.23999999999999843.180.320000Mestizo12345678910110.569999999999999953.6218.331.2226.514.064.051.430.2400Indigenous123456789101103.2711.8128.6431.1614.828.53999999999999911.260.500Mulatto1234567891011004.230000000000000415.4916.89999999999999929.5819.725.635.632.820Black12345678910110011.1120.3724.0733.333.73.701.851.85
Brazil
73
Mexico
74
Colombia
75
Ecuador
76
Peru
77
Brasil: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores
78
Negro/Afro - pregunta abierta Preto - Auto-identidadAntepasado AfricanoPreto/Pardo - Auto-identidadPreto/Pardo - entrevistadorPadre o Madre - Preto/Pardo/Negro Piel>=6 + Cabello crespoCabello CrespoPiel>=66.8915.3121.9255.2959.4663.3919.331.430.8
% of respondents
Colombia: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores
79
Negro/Afro - pregunta abiertaNegro - auto-identidadAntepasado AfricanoNegro/Mulato - auto-identidadNegro/Mulato - entrevistadorPadre o Madre- Negro/Mulato Piel>=6 + Cabello CrespoCabello Crespo, rizadoPiel>=618.05999999999999914.42019.57999999999999120.0924.3210.1919.2223.81
% of respondents
Mxico: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores
80
Se consideraEncuestadorPregunta abiertaLengua MaternaTradiciones/CostumbresAmbos padresMadrePadreCualquier padreCualquier antepasado12.48.800000000000000724.4512.522.1713.5316.67000000000000916.4619.7546.87
% of respondents
Mestizo
White
Dominant Group
Mulatto
Indigenous
Black
Mestizaje
81
Per: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores
82
Se consideraEncuestadorPregunta abiertaLengua MaternaTradiciones/CostumbresAmbos padresMadrePadreCualquier padreCualquier antepasado4.73000000000000046.278.1911.423.4625.9331.74293540.1
% of respondents
Per: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros/mulatos, por diferentes indicadores
% of respondents
83
PeruEncuestadorSe consideraPregunta AbiertaNegro/Mulato - pregunta abiertaNegro/Mulato - IDNegro/Mulato - encuestadorAncestro Africano1+ padre Negro/Mulato Piel>=6 + cabello crespo/rizadocabello crespo/rizadoPiel>=61.2E-21.6199999999999999E-21.6500000000000001E-23.3000000000000002E-24.1200000000000001E-24.4699999999999997E-26.54E-27.3800000000000004E-23.5999999999999997E-20.135000000000000010.2273
84
Peru: Quechua & Aymara
QuechuaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.150.618500000000000050.9AymaraSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.470600000000000020.722199999999999950.97219999999999995
Mexico: Grupos Indigenas
NahuatlSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X54.4152.9461.76MayaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X14.2921.4326.19ZapotecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X21.4328.5728.57MixtecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X44.8358.6251.72
Table 1.1: Afrodescendant and Indigenous Population (in 1000s) and Percentages in Latin America by Country
Countries
Year
Afrodescendant Population
Percentage
Year
Indigenous Population
Percentage
Total NationalPopulation
Argentina
2010
150
0.4
2010
955
2.4
40,117
Bolivia
2012
24
0.2
2012
4,068
40.6
10,027
Brazil
2010
97,083
50.9
2010
897
0.5
190,733
Chile
2012
97
0.6
2012
1,700
10.3
16,636
Colombia
2005
4,274
10.5
2005
1,393
3.4
41,468
Costa Rica
2011
334
7.8
2011
104
2.4
4,302
Cuba
2012
3,885
34.8
2012
--
--
11,163
Dominican Republic
2010
A) 2,267
B) 8,980
A) 24.0
B) 89.0
2010
2267
24
9,445
Ecuador
2010
1.043
7.2
2010
1,014
7.0
14,484
El Salvador
2007
7
0.13
2007
13
0.23
5,744
Guatemala
2011
5.0
0.0
2011
4,428
30.0
14,713
Honduras
2011
59
1.0
2001
428
7.0
8,448
Mexico
2010
2,366
2.2
2010
11,133
9.9
112,337
Nicaragua
2005
23
0.4
2005
444
8.6
5,142
Panama
2010
313
9.2
2010
418
12.3
3,454
Paraguay
2012
234
3.5
2012
116
1.7
6,673
Peru
2007
411
1.5
2007
7,600
27.0
27,412
Uruguay
2011
255
7.8
2011
159
4.8
3,286
Venezuela
2011
A)953
B)14,534
A) 3.5
B)53.4
2011
953
3.5
27,228
TOTAL A) 112,035 A) 20.2
B) 133,027 B) 24.0 34,317 6. 2 554,298
Source: See Telles and PERLA 2014 for extensive sources list
Ordinary Least Squares Models Predicting Years of Schooling in Eight Latin American Countries, 2010
Skin color
-0.340***
-0.248***
Parental occupation
0.500***
0.495***
Mexico
0.990***
1.241***
Guatemala
0.407**
2.560***
Colombia
1.797***
1.894***
Ecuador
2.345***
2.623***
Bolivia
2.425***
3.506***
Peru
2.917***
2.904***
Dominican Republic
1.338***
1.837***
Interaction: Mexico X skin color
-0.052
Interaction: Guatemala X skin color
-0.448***
Interaction: Colombia X skin color
-0.015
Interaction: Ecuador X skin color
-0.060
Interaction: Bolivia X skin color
-0.227***
Interaction: Peru X skin color
0.010
Interaction: Dominican Republic X skin color
-0.109
Number of Observations
14,741
14,741
Note: Controls for Gender, Age, Urban/Rural and Countries. Brazil is reference for countries.