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GEOLOGICALTRANSECTTHROUGHANACCRETIONARYMARGIN,WESTERNCOLOMBIA
FIELDTRIPSEPTEMBER3-52011
Preparedby
Dr.CesarVinascoUniversidadNacionaldeColombia.cvinasco@unal.edu.co
Dr.JamesPindellTectonicAnalysisLtd.UK
Dra.MarionWeber-UniversidadNacionaldeColombia
Dr.AgustnCardonaCorporacinGeolgicaAres.
Dra.LuzMaryToro-UniversidaddeCaldas
INTRODUCTION
Thenorthwesternmarginof SouthAmericais characterizedby theinteractionoftheSouthAmerican,
CaribbeanandPacificplates.Thisinteractioninvolvedmultipleepisodesofaccretionofoceanicterranes
(MORB, island arc and plateau) against the Pre-Mesozoic continental margin since the Lower
Cretaceous.Thisinteractionresultedinformationofsubduction-accretioncomplexesthatunderwenta
complextransitionfromprimitivetomoreevolvedcrust.
Overthelastfiveyears,newradiometric,geochemicalandfielddatahasenabledtherevisionofcurrent
geodynamicmodels for thenorthwesternAndean andCaribbeanrealms,allowingtoreaddresslong-
standingandimportantquestionsregardingsubduction-accretionmodels.Suchquestionsinclude:the
natureofaccretedterranes;thegrowthofbatholithswithincontinentalandoceanicplates;andtherole
ofmajorshearzonesresponsiblefortheredistributionoflitho-tectonicelementsinthemargin.
During the upcoming XIV Latin-American Geological and XIII Colombian Geological Congresses,
(Medellin, Colombia, September 2011), more specifically in the Special SessionCrustal growth and
modificationattheCaribbeanplatemargins,projectIGCP546"SubductionZonesoftheCaribbean",
newU-Pb,geochemical,isotopic,structuralandcartographicdatawillbepresented.U-Pbresultsfocus
onprovenance studiesundertakenonkeymetasedimentary sequences,providingnew insightto the
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understanding of regionalmodels.Recently generated information inother fields (e.g., geochemical,
isotopic,structuralandcartographic)alsosupportsthismodel.
PhysiographicallyspeakingthewesternmostsegmentoftheColombianAndesencompassestheCentral
and Western Cordillera aswell as the Atrato basin and the BaudoRanges (Fig. 1). The Central andwesternCordilleras areseparatedby theCaucaRiverdepression.Thegeologicalconfiguration closely
follows the physiographic trend whereby the two cordilleras belong to two contrasting domains
separatedby theRomeralFaultSystem(RFS)(Fig.2).TheRFSenclosesaseriesofrocks(includingthe
ArquiaComplex),whichishereinterpretedasanextensiveshearzone(kilometric-scale)composedof
multiplelithologicalunitsofvaryingages,diverseorigins,polydeformed,andinfaultedcontact.ThePre-
Mesozoic continentalmargin worked as aMeso-Cenozoic back stop, which is defined by the actual
CentralCordillera.TheaccretedterranesareinturnrepresentedbytheWesternCordillera,someofthe
componentsoftheArquiaComplexandrocksoftheBaudoRange(Figs.1,2).
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Fig.1.SimplifiedgeologicalmapoftheColombianAndes.Thelowerinsetshowsadetailedgeologicalmapofthe
studyareainAntioquiaandCaldasstates.ModifiedfromGonzlezetal.(1988)
DespitethecomplexdistributionofreportedagesfortheCentralCordillerablock,whichsuggestthe
presenceofpre-Mesozoicconstituents,anUpperPaleozoicLowerMesozoiceventisperhapsthemost
importantorogeniceventrecordedfortheblock.Thiseventcouldbeassociatedwiththebuildupof
PangeadrivenbythecollisionbetweenLaurentiaandGondwanaduringtheAlleghenianorogeny
(Vinascoetal,2006),andresponsibleforthesubsequentclosureoftheprotoAtlanticocean(Pindelland
Dewey,1982;Pindell,1985;PindellandKennan,2002).Triassictectonicregimerecordedforthe
Pueblitodiorite(Fig.2,#6)suggestsadominantleftlateralregimebythistime,incontrasttothe
dextraldominantregimefortheCretaceous.
However,thismodeldoesnotseemtoworkfornorthernmostColombiawheretheSierraNevadade
SantaMartamarksthenorthernterminationoftheAndeanchainwhereCardonaetal(2010)found
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temporaldiscrepanciesthatprecludeanyconnectionofthisareawiththemainAlleghanian-Ouachitan
Pangeanorogen.Furthermore,severalauthorshavesuggestedthatthepresentCentralCordillerablock
hasresultedfromnorthwardmigrationduringtheLateCretaceoustoEocene.
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.
Fig2.Localizationandlocalgeologicalmap.
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The Central Cordillera basement can be regarded as an Upper Paleozoic Permian metamorphic
sequence intruded by crustal syn-tectonic Permian and post tectonic Triassic granitoids with arc
imprints.ThebasementisalsointrudedbyupperCretaceousgraniticsuites,mainlyrepresentedbythe
AntioquiaBatholith(Figs1,2),relatedtoawell-establishedwesternsubductionzonecharacteristicofan
activecontinentalmargin(Botero,1963;Saenz,2003;Restrepo-Moreno,2009).Cretaceousmagmatism
hasregionallyresetstheK-Arsystem.TheCentralCordillerablockhasbeendescribedandgivenvarious
names through time including: Cajamarca Group (Nelson, 1957); Cajamarca Complex (Maya and
Gonzalez, 1995); the Tahami terrane (Toussaint and Restrepo, 1989), the Central Cordillera
PolymetamorphicComplex(ToussaintandRestrepo,1989)andtheCajamarcaValdiviaTerrane(Cediel,
etal.2003).
Other well-documented geochronological events in the region occurred during Devonian and
Cretaceoustimes(Halletal.,1972;Gonzlez,1980;ToussaintandRestrepo,1989).Finally,otherevents
are recorded during the entire Tertiary. These events are mainly associated with deformational
processes,syntectonicsedimentationandMio-Pliocenevolcanism(e.g.,AmagaandCombiaformations
respectively)
TheeasternmosttraceoftheRFSisdefinedbytheSanJeronimofault(MayaandGonzalez,1995).This
faultdefinesthebeginningofabroadboundarythatseparatestheCentralCordillerain theeast from
theaccretedterranestothewest.Regionally,thisbroadboundarycorrespondstoakilometricshear
zone hosting a series of rocks including: (1) the Cretaceous sedimentary-volcanic sequence of the
QuebradagrandeComplex(Fig.2,#7);(2)lowgradedevonian(?)metasediementaryrocksofSinifan
Schists(Fig.2,#8);(3)maficandultramaficTriassicsuprasubductionintrusives(Fig.2,#6)andfinally(4)
Permian(?)and/or(?)cretaceous(?)lowtomediumgrademetavulcano-sedimentaryN-MORBtype
sequences of the Arquia Complex (Fig.2, #5). The Amaga Formation (Fig. 2), a coal-bearing, Oligo-
Miocene sedimentary sequence (Grosse, 1926; Silva et al., 2008) unconformably covers the older
lithologicalunits.Mio-PliocenevolcanicandsubvolcanicrocksoftheCombiaFormation(Fig.2)covered
and intruded the Amaga Formation and other older rocks. Geometrically, the RFS shear zone is
characterizedbyan anastomosedarrangeof faults yielding ablock tectonics configuration.The rocks
andstructuresinsidetheshearzonearethemainfocusofthefieldtrip.
Asequenceofbasalticvolcanicsandflysh-typesedimentaryrocksoutcroptothewestoftheCauca-
Almaguerfault,whichis thewesternmostelementoftheRFS(MayaandGonzalez,1995).Theserocks
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areLower Cretaceous in ageandbelong to theBarrosoFormation,andareentirely confined to the
WesternCordilleraof Colombia. Theboundary with themeta-vulcanosedimentarysequences of the
Arquiacomplexisnotclear.Recently,Garciaetal(2010)suggestedthatthewesternmostmetabasic
rocksoftheArquaComplexaretransitionaltovolcanicrocksofthewesternCordilleraimplyingthatat
leastsomecomponentsoftheArquiacomplexbelongtothissequence.
Differentauthorsagree that theLateCretaceoustoearlyCenozoictectonicevolutionofthenorthern
SouthAmericanmarginwascontrolledbyitsinteractionwiththemarginsofanallochthonous(Pacific-
derived), anomalously thick Caribbean oceanicplate and itsassociated arc (Burke,1988;Kerr et al.,
1997;Pindelletal.,1998;Montesetal.,2005;Spikingsetal.,2005;Luzieuxetal.,2006;Vallejoetal.,
2006;Maresh etal., 2009;Weber etal., 2009). SubsequentPalaeogene orogenic phases seem tobe
relatedtovariationsinplateconvergence(velocityandangle)ortoaccretionaryphenomena(Pindellet
al.,1998;Restrepo-Morenoetal.,2009;Vallejoetal.,2009;Jaillardetal.,2010).Cardonaetal(2011),
suggest that the Caribbean oceanic plate influenced the Late CretaceousEocene orogeny of the
northern Andes by thecollision of theCaribbean arcwith thecontinentalmarginabout 90Mawith
subsequentinstallationofthesubductionregimepossiblysinceabout65Ma.Thissituationseemstobe
differentfromthatoftheCentralAntioquiasegmentoftheCentralCordillerawheresubductionregime
isrecordedatleastsince90Ma.Finally,theysuggestmagmaticquiescenceandblockupliftafter50Ma
asproductofshallowsubductionandobliqueconvergence.
RegionalreconstructionsgivenbyPindell(inprep)sinceJurassictimesinvolvestheeastwardsubduction
ofFarallonplateunderthecontinentalmarginrepresentedbytheCentralCordillera.Theresultofthis
subductionisrepresentedbytheQuebradagrandebeltcontainingthearcandbackarcrockswhilethe
Arquia belt containsHP-LTsubduction related rocks. Thesearcswere closed by120Maagainst the
CentralCordilleraandcontinuoussubductionlastinguntil70Ma.Concurrently,offshoreinthePacific,
theCaribbean-ColombianOceanicPlateau(CCOP)wasbeingextrudedatintra-oceanichotspotsontothe
Farallonlithospherefrom100to88Ma(Kerretal2003).TheeastwarddippingsubductionofFarallon
crust beneath the now composite terranes of Colombia allowed the plateau to converge with the
Colombianmargin. TheFarallon lithosphere continued tobe subducted beneath theaccreted upper
crustal material, albeit at a low dipping Benioff Plane. Panamanian subduction began in the
Maastrichtian,thusisolatingaCaribbeanPlateoutoftheFarallon.SouthAmericabeganamorehead-on
overthrustingoftheCaribbeanlithosphereinCampanian-Maastrichtiantime,accretingplateaubasalts
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that were arriving at the trench into the Western Cordillera. During the Tertiary, South America
overthrust more and more the Caribbean Plate ina flat slab geometry. Thus,afteraccretion of the
Western Cordillera at the start of this overthrusting, first the Central Cordillera (Paleocene-Middle
Eocene;Laramide)andthentheEasternCordillera(LateOligocene-Miocene;earlyAndean)havebeen
thrust over theeastern leading edge of theunderthrusted Caribbean lithosphere.Presently, seismic
tomography indicates that theCaribbean slab occurs beneathnorthern Colombiaall theway to the
LlanosBasin(vanderHilstandMann,1994).Finalepisodesofdeformationinthechainarerelatedto
thecollisionof thePanama-ChocoblockinEarlyMiocene-earlyPliocene (Pennington,1981;Toussaint
and Restrepo, 1988; Duque-Caro, 1990; Mann and Corrigan, 1990; Van der Hilst and Mann, 1994;
Taboadaetal.,2000;Trenkampetal.,2002).CollisiondriveschangesintheRFSkinematicsfromright-
lateralinthesouthtoleft-lateralinthenorth(Suterelat,2008).ThePanama-Chocoblockcollideswith
NWSouthAmericainanEtoESEdirection(Duque-Caro,1990;Taboadaetal.,2000).Itisconsideredas
a rigid indenter, which induces deformations north of 5N reaching the lowlands of the Eastern
Cordillerasome600kmeast(Suter,etal.2008).Thecollisionisconsideredtoberesponsibleforthe
latest andmajorphaseof uplift in the Colombian Andeswhichcorresponds tothe Andean tectonic
phasethataffectedthethreecordilleras(Taboadaetal.,2000;Cortesetal.,2005).
In the model depicted above, the Quebradagrande belt corresponds to an autochthonous arc
contemporaneous to the Arquia belt produced by eastward subduction of the Farallon plate.
AlternativeshypothesissuggestthatArquiaComplexisacompositecollectionofrocksincludingpre-
mesozoicanduppercretaceousfragments.Someofthesefragmentswouldberemobilizedpiecesfrom
bothCentralandWesternCordilleraina longlastingshearzone,developedtothecontinentalmargin
sinceTriassictimes,assuggestedbyASMstudiesinthePueblitodiorite(Fig.2,#6)(Rodriguezetal.
2010). TheQuebradagrandecomplexcouldrepresentanintracratonicmarginalbasintrappedduring
the collision of the CaribbeanColombian Cretaceous oceanic plateau, which accreted west of the
ArquaComplexintheEarlyEocene(Niviaetal.2006).
Ontheotherhand,MorenoSnchezetal(2007)standsthatthereisnotproveoftheexistenceofany
metamorphicbasementtothewestoftheQuebradagrandeComplex.Instead,theyinvokethepresence
ofamagmaticarcwestoftheQuebradagrandeComplex.
Finally,acompletedifferentlineofargumentationfortheoriginoftheCaribbeanplateisgivenby
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James,K.(2006)whosuggestaninter-Americanoriginfortheplate.Argumentsarebasedmainlyinthe
existence of coeval of Caribbean and neighbouring continental areas of regional deposits of Albian
shallowwaterlimestones,Paleocene-MiddleEoceneflyschdeposits,MiddleEocene limestones,and
thepresenceofa regionalLateEocenehiatuscompatiblewithaninter-Americanlocation,notwitha
changing Pacific-Caribbean development. Additionally, the internal structural conformity of the
CaribbeanPlateandoftheMayaandChortisblockswithregionalgeologyofMiddleAmericashowsthat
nomajormigrations or rotations have occurred (James, 2006), aspects invokedbymodels of pacific
origin.
Wehopethatnewdatatobepresentedduringthespecialsessioncontributetobetterelucidatethe
regionalmodels.Moreimportantis,although,theopeningofnewwaysofcooperationandthelooking
forresearchpathsyetunexplored.
FIELDTRIP
A3-dayfieldtripGeologicaltransectthroughtheevolutionofanaccretionarymargin willguideus
throughthevariouselementsthatformedthecurrentwesternSouthAmericanmargin(Fig.1,2).These
include thepre-Mesozoic South Americanbasement rocks, accreted metamorphosed mixed oceanic
domains(ArquiaComplex),anearlierCretaceousunitwitharc-affinity(QuebradagrandeComplex),the
Colombian-Caribbean plateau (CCP), and various magmatic rocks that range from Cretaceous to
Miocene,suggestingactivemagmaticactivitythroughtime.
ThetripwilltakeusfrommodernMedellncitytothehistoricalcolonialtownofSantaFedeAntioquia,
along the CaucaRiver, heading afterwards to themountainous city ofManizales,where coffee and
volcanoesarepartofthelandscape.
Generalinformation
Figure2showsthemainroadslinking Medellin-SantaFedeAntioquiaBolomboloLaPintada
Manizales.Themapincludesfieldpointsofobservation(yellowstars)onageologicalbasemap,which
inturnshowsthemainlithologicalunitsreferredinthetext.
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Santa FedeAntioquia is a nacionalhistoricalmonument given its colonial architecture. It possess 6
churchesandhousesoftheXVI,XVIIyXVIIIcenturies.Thetownislocatedat550m.a.s.landameanof
25Co.Itisrecommendedwearingproperclothsforwarmclimateandkeepenoughliquid.
Picturesofthearea,includingpanoramicalviewsandrockcharacteristicsareavailableatthislink:
https://picasaweb.google.com/116714157401905796743/PanoramicalPicturesNearSantaFeDeAntioquia
?feat=directlink
Itinerary
ThefieldtripisintendedtoshowanoverviewofthecomplextransitionoftheCentralCordilleraintothe
WesternCordillerathroughtheRFS.ThefirstdaywewillcrosstheCaucaValleyinthenorthernpartof
theareauntilreachrocksoftheWesternCordillerarepresentedbytheSabanalargaBatolith(Fig.2,
circle2).DuringthejourneywewillobserveoutcropsoftheAmagaFormationanddeformedrocksof
theArquiacomplex.TheseconddaywewillheadtothesouthlookingforLaPintada(Fig.2)andArqua
creektoseeexposuresofmafic tointermediateTrmagmatismandgarnetiferousamphibolitesofthe
ArquiaComplex.DuringtheJourneyitispossiblevisitoutcropsoftheThevolcanicBarrosoFormation,
sedimentsoftheAmagaformationandvolcanicsoftheCombiaformation.Thethirddaywewillheadto
Manizales.DuringthislastjourneywewillobserverocksbelongingtotheQuebradagrandeandArquia
Complex.
Day1(September3)
ThefieldtripbeginsintheMedellincityheadingNWtotheSantaFedeAntioquiatown.Thefirstfield
pointisknownas theBoquern(Fig2 -Yellowstar1).ThispointallowstheobservationoftheAburra
ValleytotheeastwhereMedellinislocated.ItispossibleeitherobservetheCaucaValleytotheNorth.
In this area we can observe Tr (?) Amphibolites of the Central Cordillera and medium grade schist
belonging to the Cajamarca Complex. Amphibolites are probably related to deformed gabbros and
amphibolites located within the RFS although some authors considered it as allocthonous blocks
obductedinthelowerCretaceous(ToussaintandRestrepo,1989).
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The journey takesus to the CaucaValley whereOligo-Miocene sediments of the Amaga Formation
outcrops (Fig. 2- yellow star 2). The siliciclastic Oligo-Miocene successions in the region bear key
geologicinformationtounravelthepaleotectonicandpaleogegraphicevolutionofNWSouthAmerica.
Twomodelsareactuallybeingconsidered,andinterandeandepressionmodelfordeposition(Guzmn,
2003;Sierra,2003;Silva,2008),orapeneplainconfigurationmodel(Grosse,1926)withapotentialfor
marineinfluence(Escobar,1990;SchulerandDoubinger,1970).
Passing5kms inNWdirection fromSantaFedeAntioquia,wearenow fullylocated inthewestern
cordilleradomain.InthispointoutcropthelowerMesozoicSabanalargaBatolith(Fig.2yellowstar3).
Somepicturesoflandscapesaretakenfromthisplace(seelinkofpictures-panoramicalpictures).
We spend the night in Santa Fe de Antioquia where there are plenty of nice places for diner and
drinking.
(http://www.google.com/search?q=santa+fe+de+antioquia&hl=es&prmd=ivnsm&tbm=isch&tbo=u&sou
rce=univ&sa=X&ei=8h3DTdTMBoq2twe-9ICqBQ&ved=0CEIQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=639).
Day2(September4)
MostpartofthedaywillbededicatedtotheneighboringareasofSantaFedeAntioquiawithintheRFS
areaofinfluence.WewillvisitthePuentedeOccidente,abridgeovertheCaucariver(Fig.2yellowstar
4)(seelinkofpictures-panoramical pictures). In this place outcrops L-tectonites Tr(?) gabbrosand
amphibolites.ThesemaficrocksarecontinuouswithPueblitodioritefurthersouth(Fig.2#6).Rodriguez
etal.(2010)presentevidenceof intrusivecontactwithschistof Sabaletas(Fig.2 #5), implyingapre-
mesozoicageforatleastsomefragmentsoftheArquiaComplex(seelinkpicturesstructuresinschist).
Other authors consider the contact as being regionally faulted of Sabaletas schist with Tr Pueblito
diorite.
Next,wewillcrosstheCaucaRiverheadingtothesmalltownofSucre.Wecanobservewestverging
thrustingstructuresofultramaficrocksoverlowgrademetasediements.Ifhikingsome30minutesalong
QuebradaSecawecanobserveathrustofQuebradagranderocksoverTertiary(?)syenogranitesverging
tothewest.Thewestvergingofstructuresisageneralizedcharacteristicofthearea.Almostallofthe
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actualcontactsbetweenunitsinsidetheshearzone(RFS)arelowanglethrustsverging totheW-SW.
ThisisprobablyaCenozoicstructure.
Hiking along the Barbudo creek isanoption; itwould depend of the weather. Along the creek it is
possibleobservestructuresassociateswithdeformedTrgabbrosandamphibolites(seelinkpictures
Barbudo creek), deformed sediments and volcanics of Quebragrande formation (see link pictures
structures in Quebradagrande). The Barbudo creek is the best route in the area to see structures
associated withRFS. Includesdiscrete shear zones, associated folding, stretched boudins, etc. Some
graniticsillsareobserved intrudingtheshalesequence(seelinkpicturesBarbudocreek).Ultramafic
rockscanbeseen few kms eastofSucrealonga localroad. Theycorrespondto lenseshapebodies
paralleltoregionalNNWstructures.FinallywewillascendtowardsLlanadasvillagetotheeast.Inthis
pointoutcropsschistofCajamarcaComplexagain.Thisisanexcelentpointtoobservelandscapestothe
westandsouth-west(seelinkpicturespanoramicalpictures).
IntheafternoonwewillheadtothesouthlookingforLaPintada(Fig.2).Duringthejourneyitispossible
observevolcanicsrocksofMio-PlioceneCombiaFormationandlandscapesassociated(seelinkpictures
panoramicalpictures).
WewillspendthenightinLaPintada(MiradordePipinta) whichisahotellocatedclosetotheCauca
riverwitha very nice view of geoformsassociated withMio-Plioceneporphyritic rocks. These rocks
normallyhostimportantdepositsofgoldandbasicmetalsactuallybeingexplotedintheMarmatomine
district.
Day3.(September5)
FromLapintadawewillheadtothesouthtotheManizalescity.Thefirstpointofobservationwillbein
theGuavitacreekwheremassiveserpentinitewithperidotitecoresappears.Onekmfromthispointwe
willvisit theRioArquiawhereoutcropsblackandgreenintercalatedschistsintrudedbyandesiticand
daciticMio-Plioceneporphyritic rocks. Locally theschists presente faultedcontactwith garnetiferous
amphibolites. Finally, getting to the Manizales we will observe Metagabbros and Permian intrusive
gneisses.
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Wewillspendthenightinthecity.Manizalesislocatedat2153m.a.s.l.closetotheNevadodelRuiz,an
activevolcanowhichreach5321m.a.s.l.(http://intranet.ingeominas.gov.co/manizales/Ruiz)Manizales
istheColombianCoffee-GrowersAxistogetherwithPereiraandChinchintowns.
Somepicturesofthecitycanbeseenat:http://www.google.com/search?q=manizales&hl=es&prmd=ivnsum&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa
=X&ei=sJjJTaG0F4Le0QHdqtjnCA&ved=0CEUQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=617
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