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Echinoderms
Sponges
Cnidarians
Chordates
Brachiopods
Annelids
Molluscs
Ediacaran
Arthropods
635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC
605 Time (millions of years age)
575 545 515 485 0
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Water flow
Pores
Choanocyte
Flagellum
Food particles in mucus
Collar Choanocyte
Phagocytosis of food particles
Amoebocyte
Amoebocytes
Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera)
Spicules
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(c) Anthozoa (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa
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15 µm
(a) Valeria (800 mya): roughly spherical, no structural defenses, soft-bodied
(b) Spiny acritarch (575 mya): about five times larger than Valeria and covered in hard spines
75 µm
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(b) Bilateral symmetry
(a) Radial symmetry
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Digestive tract (from endoderm)
Body covering (from ectoderm)
Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm)
Body cavity
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ANCESTRAL PROTIST
770 million years ago
680 million years ago
670 million years ago
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Chordata
Echinodermata
Metazoa
Hemichordata
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Porifera
Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa
Bilateria
Deuterostom
ia
Eumetazoa
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Muscle segments
Notochord
Post-anal tail
Anus
Mouth
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
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(a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate
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Chondrichthyes Actinistia Actinopterygii
Myxini
Tetrapoda
Petromyzontida
Dipnoi
Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Actinistia (coelacanths)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Tetrapoda (amphibians, reptiles, mammals)
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Dipnoi (lungfishes)
Limbs with digits
Lobed fins
Lungs or lung derivatives
Jaws, mineralized
skeleton
Vertebral column
Common ancestor of vertebrates
Tetrapods
Lobe-fins O
steichthyans G
nathostomes
Vertebrates
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0.5 m
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GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN
Derived (roots) N/A N/A
LAND PLANTS INSECTS TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES
N/A
Derived (lignin/stems)
Derived (vascular system)
Derived (cuticle)
Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral
Derived (amniotic egg/scales)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Ancestral (skeletal system) Derived (limbs)
Ancestral
Anchoring structure
Support structure
Internal transport
Muscle/ nerve cells
Protection against
desiccation
Gas exchange
TER
RES
TRIA
L O
RG
AN
ISM
C
HA
RA
CTE
R
AQ
UAT
IC
AN
CES
TOR
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Cephalothorax
Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment)
Abdomen
Antennae (sensory reception)
Thorax Head
Pincer (defense)
Mouthparts (feeding)
Walking legs
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Lepidopterans
Hymenopterans Hemipterans 16
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Fish Characters
Neck Shoulder bones
Head
Fin
Ulna Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull
Humerus
Ribs Scales
Fin skeleton
Elbow Radius
“Wrist”
Tetrapod Characters
Scales Fins Gills and lungs
Neck Ribs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull
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Lungfishes
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Tulerpeton
Amphibians
Amniotes
Limbs with digits
Silurian Permian Carboniferous Devonian
PALEOZOIC
Key to limb bones
Time (millions of years ago) 415 340 355 370 385 400 325 280 295 310 265 0
Ulna Radius Humerus
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Salamanders retain their tails as adults.
Caecilians have no legs and are mainly burrowing animals.
Frogs and toads lack tails as adults.
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Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk
(nutrients)
Albumen
Yolk sac
Shell
Chorion Allantois Amnion
Embryo
Extraembryonic membranes
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Tuataras
Squamates
Birds
Crocodilians
Turtles
†Plesiosaurs
†Pterosaurs
†Ornithischian dinosaurs †Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds
Crocodilians
Birds
Turtles
Tuataras
Squamates
Common ancestor of dinosaurs
Common ancestor of reptiles
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Monotremes Marsupials
Eutherians
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New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Humans
Chimpanzees and bonobos
Gorillas
Orangutans
Gibbons
“Apes”
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(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya
(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya
Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria
Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
Age
at m
atur
ity (y
ears
)
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Workers on a mound of pearl mussels killed to make buttons (ca. 1919)
An endangered Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis
Recorded extinctions of animal species
Other invertebrates
Reptiles (excluding birds)
Molluscs
Insects
Fishes Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
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