INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CARMEN MOLINA DE LLANO- Tecnicatura Sup. en Desarrollo de Software –Primer Año - Inglés Técnico

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Exercicio N°1

What does PC stand for? PC = Personal Computer

Computer parts (ponga en español las partes de la computadora)

Una primero las palabras con las definiciones y luego pase todo al español en otra hoja:

The basic parts to a personal computer

Disk drive used to help the mouse have better grip.

Monitor used for inputting all information to the monitor.

Tower are used to load programs, games and hardware drivers.

Keyboard controls the cursor on the screen by moving the mouse.

Mouse without a monitor you would not be able to see this website or any other program.

Mouse mat is the main part of the computer. It is the part that contains the hardware needed.

Parts of a laptop and description for each one

Disk drive controls the cursor on the screen by moving the your finger over the pad.

Screen / Monitor used for inputting all information to the monitor.

Keyboard are normally on the side of laptops.

Touch pad / Mouse display the text / images back to the user.

Parts of computer desk

Draws for making phone calls.

Telephone hold the keyboard and slides back in when not in use.

Filing cabinet are used for storing things in.

Keyboard shelf are used for storing things in.

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Cupboards are used for storing important documents in.

Computer keyboard Try and find the following keys on your keyboard

1. Space bar 2. caps lock 3. Arrow keys 4. Numbers keys 5. Enter button 6. Control button = Ctrl 7. Shift keys 8. number pad 9. Alt keys 10. Backspace 11. Delete

Control button (Ctrl) + i = Makes highlighted text italic Control button (Ctrl) + b = Makes highlighted text bold>

Computer mouse What is a mouse? A mouse is used to move the cursor around the screen. Using the left the button you can open programs and files. Are there other types of mouse available? Yes, the first one is the wireless, cordless which as the ability to work without using any wires between the mouse and the computer. The second one is a trackball which looks like an upside down mouse. The on screen pointer is controlled using a ball using your finger or thumb.

Speakers What are speakers used for? Speakers are used to allow you to hear sound from the computer. Sometimes computer have built in speakers, but these are not good quality.

Printer

What is a printer? A printer is a piece of hardware that has to be used with a computer. They are able to print text and images on to paper Printers can be used to print letters, documents and photographs. There are 2 main types of printers inkjet and laser printers. Inkjet printers sprays ink from an ink cartridge to the paper as it passes by. The laser printer uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror to attract toner (ink) to the selected parts of the paper as a sheet passes over a drum.

Compact disc

What is a compact disc? CD is short for compact disc, a compact disc is a flat, round and used for storing things on. medium that is read by a laser in a CD-ROM drive that was A standard CD can hold up to 72 minutes of music or 650 MB of data. CD's can be used to store music, video, photos, any type of file.

Computer headphones and microphone What are computer headphones and microphones used for? Headphones can be used to listen to sound whilst not disturbing anyone else close by. Microphone can be used to talk to another person on msn, yahoo messenger or sykpe.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CARMEN MOLINA DE LLANO- Tecnicatura Sup. en Desarrollo de Software –Primer Año - Inglés Técnico

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Exercicio N°2

Interprete (cognados y falsos cognados)

1. First, you have to remove the tape from the top

2. These are his actual words.

3. In actuality, it is much more complex than that

4. Labour costs actually fall every year

5. Carbon is a chemical element

6. They are protecting the fresh water fish of the river Parana

7. I do not like frozen food, I prefer fresh food

8. They bring a fresh supply of water

9. The area has a very rich history.

10. Vegetables grow well in the rich, black soil.

11. I am the first child in my family to attend college

12. She had a big argument with her husband

13. They generally accept the orders without argument

14. His official title is editor

15. He has title to the land

16. Please, Erick, show your good manners

17. Our sympathies are with the families of the victims

18. Her sympathies lie firmly with the Conservative Party

19. I want to dispose my shares of the company

20. He arranged the disposition of her assets upon his mother’s death.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CARMEN MOLINA DE LLANO- Tecnicatura Sup. en Desarrollo de Software –Primer Año - Inglés Técnico

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Exercicio N°3

Computer

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set

of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed,

the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing

unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations,

and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information.

Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations

saved and retrieved.

Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era

for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized

military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital

computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as

several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early

machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices,

and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are

icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded

computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial

robots are the most numerous.

ACTIVIDADES

a. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras que crees que son transparentes o cognados b. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras técnicas e inclúyelas en tu glosario c. Pasa al español las frases subrayadas. d. Escribe de qué trata el texto en dos o tres oraciones

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Exercicio N°4

Software

Computer software also called a program or simply software is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform specific tasks or operations. Computer software consists of computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data (such as online documentation or digital media). Computer software is intangible, contrasted with computer hardware, which is the physical component of computers. Computer hardware and software require each other and cannot be realistically used on its own.

At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also (indirectly) cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or interrupted.

Software written in a machine language is known as "machine code". However, in practice, software is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language). High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, essentially, a vaguely mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet, which is translated into machine language using an assembler.

ACTIVIDADES

a. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras técnicas e inclúyelas en tu glosario b. Lee el texto y marca 6 adjetivos comparativos c. Lee el texto y marca 4 casos posesivos d. Pasa al español las oraciones subrayadas. e. Escribe tres oraciones sobre Software.

Exercicio N°5

Office automation Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect,

store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system. Office automation helps in optimizing or automating existing office procedures. The backbone of office automation is a Local Area Network (LAN), which allows users to transfer data, mail and even voice across the network. All office functions, including dictation, typing, filing, copying, fax, Telex, microfilm and records management, telephone and telephone switchboard operations, fall into this category. Office automation was a popular term in the 1970s and 1980s as the desktop computer exploded onto the scene. Advantages are:

1. Office automation can get many tasks accomplished faster. 2. It eliminates the need for a large staff. 3. Less storage is required to store data. 4. Multiple people can update data simultaneously in the event of changes in schedule

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ACTIVIDADES a. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras que crees que son transparentes o cognados

b. Lee el texto y marca 6 adjetivos derivados c. Lee el texto y marca 6 sustantivos derivados d. Pasa al español las frases subrayadas. e. Escribe las ventajas de la Ofimática

Exercicio N°6

Is Facebook a danger to your business data?

Stuart King - 13 Sep 2007 1:00

We are all now familiar with the likes of MySpace and Facebook, and I am sure that many have published their profiles, comments, moods and questions, and have a list of online "friends". My organization has its own network on one of the most common social networks, and I know that many members of that network use the site during office hours. One of the risks of social networking is identity management. Suppose you receive a request to connect with someone on the popular LinkedIn network. How can you know that the request is from the named individual, and not from an impostor looking to gather data about your firm? Danger of the unknown

A fundamental flaw of all social networks is the lack of identity validation. Anyone can pretend to be anyone. In July, New Scientist magazine highlighted this problem as it manifests itself on Facebook, where spammers create realistic profile pages that make them look like ordinary users. They then persuade people to accept them as friends, giving the spammer access to the victim's inbox, which they flood with Viagra ads and pornographic links. Social networking sites do have their advantages. We can see if our contacts are online and interact with them in real-time. Having real-time access to a community or network of experts can create real business efficiencies and accelerate business processes. Social networking is changing the way we interact. The catch is that there are presently no rules, and that makes it a dangerous environment. Changing boundaries

One of the most important aspects of social networking from my point of view is that business use of social networks extends outside the organization. Therefore, our boundaries become extended and the potential vectors to access to our data increase. From a user's point of view, the distinction between personal and business identities begins to blur. Facebook's privacy policy runs to more than 3,200 words, with a disclaimer stating that the policy can change at any time without warning. Would you trust this company with your private data? There are no guarantees and no restrictions about how Facebook can use the huge quantity of data that it holds. It is a marketers’ dream and a hugely valuable asset for the owners. Do not forget that Facebook was not designed for business; it was intended as a fun "social utility". The future will see more development of these sites, tighter integration with our business tools, and more risk to privacy. So, the message has got to be "use with caution". Do not publish anything you are likely to regret later, because the likelihood is that your online content will live on longer than you might wish it to. http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240082955/Is-Facebook-a-danger-to-your-business-data

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ACTIVIDADES

a. Marca las partes del texto. b. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras que crees que son transparentes o cognados c. Lee el texto y marca 6 adjetivos derivados d. Lee el texto y marca 6 sustantivos derivados

e. Lee el texto y marca 4 casos posesivos f. Pasa al español el texto: Danger of the unknown

Exercicio N°7

Software development From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Software development is the process of computer programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing involved

in creating and maintaining applications and frameworks involved in a software release life cycle and resulting in

a software product. The term refers to a process of writing and maintaining the source code, but in a broader

sense of the term it includes all that is involved between the conception of the desired software through to the

final manifestation of the software, ideally in a planned and structured process. Therefore, software development

may include research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any

other activities that result in software products.

Software can be developed for a variety of purposes, the three most common being to meet specific needs of a

specific client/business (the case with custom software), to meet a perceived need of some set of

potential users (the case with commercial and open source software), or for personal use (e.g. a scientist may

write software to automate a mundane task). Embedded software development, that is, the development

of embedded software such as used for controlling consumer products, requires the development process to be

integrated with the development of the controlled physical product. System software underlies applications and

the programming process itself, and is often developed separately.

The need for better quality control of the software development process has given rise to the discipline

of software engineering, which aims to apply the systematic approach exemplified in the engineering paradigm

to the process of software development.

There are many approaches to software project management, known as software development life cycle

models, methodologies, processes, or models. The waterfall model is a traditional version, contrasted with the

more recent innovation of agile software development.

ACTIVIDADES a. Marca las partes del texto. b. Lee el texto y marca 6 palabras que crees que son transparentes o cognados. c. Lee el texto y marca 6 adjetivos derivados y dos compuestos. d. Lee el texto y marca 6 sustantivos derivados.

e. Lee el texto y marca 4 casos posesivos. f. Dé la definición de Software development. g. Enuncie los tres propósitos de software development. h. Escriba dos oraciones resumiendo de qué trata el texto.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CARMEN MOLINA DE LLANO- Tecnicatura Sup. en Desarrollo de Software –Primer Año - Inglés Técnico

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Exercicio N°8

Software development process

A software development process (also known as a software development methodology, model, or life cycle) is a framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. A wide variety of such frameworks have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and

weaknesses. There are several different approaches to software development: some take a more structured,

engineering-based approach to developing business solutions, whereas others may take a more incremental approach, where software evolves as it is developed piece-by-piece. One system development methodology is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodologies is best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project and team considerations.

Most methodologies share some combination of the following stages of software development:

Analyzing the problem

Market research

Gathering requirements for the proposed business solution

Devising a plan or design for the software-based solution

Implementation (coding) of the software

Testing the software

Deployment

Maintenance and bug fixing

These stages are often referred to collectively as the software development lifecycle, or SDLC. Different approaches to software development may carry out these stages in different orders, or devote more or less time to different stages. The level of detail of the documentation produced at each stage of software development may also vary. These stages may also be carried out in turn (a “waterfall” based approach), or they may be repeated over various cycles or iterations (a more "extreme" approach). The more extreme approach usually involves less time spent on planning and documentation, and more time spent on coding and development of automated tests. More “extreme” approaches also promote continuous testing throughout the development lifecycle, as well as having a working (or bug-free) product at all times. More structured or “waterfall” based approaches attempt to assess the majority of risks and develop a detailed plan for the software before implementation (coding) begins, and avoid significant design changes and re-coding in later stages of the software development life cycle planning.

There are significant advantages and disadvantages to the various methodologies, and the best approach to

solving a problem using software will often depend on the type of problem. If the problem is well understood and a solution can be effectively planned out ahead of time, the more "waterfall" based approach may work the best. If, on the other hand, the problem is unique (at least to the development team) and the structure of the software solution cannot be easily envisioned, then a more "extreme" incremental approach may work best.

ACTIVIDADES

a. Marca las partes del texto.

b. Dé la definición de software development process. c. Enuncie las etapas en el desarrollo de un software. d. ¿Cómo se pasan al español las frases subrayadas: There are e. Pase al español con coherencia las oraciones subrayadas, en ellas hay palabras

recuadradas, ¿cómo se llaman estas estructuras?

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Exercicio N°9

Introduction to Computer Software | Reading Activity | English 4 IT https://www.english4it.com/unit/2/reading

Introduction to Computer Software

For as long as there has been computer hardware, there has also been computer software. But what is

software? Software is just instructions written by a programmer which tells the computer what to do.

Programmers are also known as 'software developers', or just plain 'developers'.

Nothing much is simple about software. Software programs can have millions of lines of code. If one

line doesn’t work, the whole program could break! Even the process of starting software goes by many

different names in English. Perhaps the most correct technical term is 'execute', as in "the man executed

the computer program." Be careful, because the term 'execute' also means (in another context) to put

someone to death! Some other common verbs used to start a software program you will hear are 'run',

'launch, and even 'boot' (when the software in question is an operating system).

Software normally has both features and bugs. Hopefully more of the former than the latter! When

software has a bug there are a few things that can happen. The program can crash and terminate with a

confusing message. This is not good. End users do not like confusing error messages such as:

Site error: the file /home7/businfc6/public_html/blog/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/seo-blog/core.php

requires the ionCube PHP Loader ioncube_loader_lin_5.2.so to be installed by the site administrator.

Sometimes when software stops responding you are forced to manually abort the program yourself by

pressing some strange combination of keys such as ctrl-alt-delete. Because of poor usability,

documentation, and strange error messages, programming still seems very mysterious.

A- Lea el texto y resuelva los siguientes ejercicios

1. Identifique los cognados y márquelos con un círculo.

2. ¿Qué clases de palabras son las subrayadas en los primeros párrafos? Complete la siguiente tabla con las mismas.

Singular Plural Simple Derivado Compuesto

3. Encuentre sustantivos derivados con los sufijos –ion,-er, -ity

4. Haga una lista con todos los sustantivos simples del texto, escríbalos en plural y dé su equivalente en español.

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5. Subraye con color los sustantivos compuestos y dé su interpretación en español.

6. Dé la interpretación de las frases resaltadas en negrita.

7. Repase los prefijos y sufijos más comunes para formar sustantivos en inglés. Provea un listado con otros ejemplos de vocabulario técnico usado frecuentemente en su área de estudio.

Exercicio N°10

Introduction to Computer Software | Reading Activity | English 4 IT https://www.english4it.com/unit/2/reading

Introduction to Computer Software (2nd part)

I think everyone studying Information Technology should learn at least one programming language

and write at least one program. Why? Programming forces you to think like a computer. This can be very rewarding when dealing with a wide range of IT-related issues from tech support to setting up PPC (pay-per-click) advertising campaigns for a client's web site. Also, as an IT professional, you will be dealing with programmers on a daily basis. Having some understanding of the work they do will help you get

along with them better.

Software programs are normally written and compiled for certain hardware platforms. It is very important that the software is compatible with all the components of the computer. For instance, you

cannot run software written for a Windows computer on a Macintosh computer or a Linux computer. Actually, you can, but you need to have special emulation software or a virtual machine installed. Even with this special software installed, it is still normally best to run a program on the kind of computer for which it

was intended.

There are two basic kinds of software you need to learn about as an IT professional. The first is closed source or proprietary software, which you are not free to modify and improve. An example of this kind of software is Microsoft Windows or Adobe Photoshop. This software model is so popular that some people

believe it's the only model there is. But there's a whole other world of software out there.

The other kind of software is called open source software, which is normally free to use and modify (with some restrictions of course). Examples of this type of software include most popular programming languages, operating systems such as Linux, and thousands of applications such as Mozilla Firefox and Open Office.

ACTIVIDADES

Lea el texto y resuelva los siguientes ejercicios

1- Identifique los cognados y márquelos con un círculo.

2- Subraye con color todos los artículos.

3- Complete la siguiente tabla con sustantivos extraídos de los dos primeros párrafos del texto.

Singular Plural Simple Derivado Compuesto

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CARMEN MOLINA DE LLANO- Tecnicatura Sup. en Desarrollo de Software –Primer Año - Inglés Técnico

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4- Provea el plural de los siguientes sustantivos: language, programme, professional, model, world

5- Dé la interpretación de las frases resaltadas en negrita. ¿Qué sustantivo es incontable?

6- ¿Cuál es la idea principal del texto?

Exercicio N°11

Operating system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

Examples of popular operating systems with GUI interfaces include Windows and Mac OS X. Unix systems have two popular GUIs as well, known as KDE and Gnome, which run on top of X-Windows. All three of the above mentioned operating systems also have built-in CLI interfaces as well for power users and software engineers. The CLI in Windows is known as MS-DOS. The CLI in Max OS X is known as the Terminal. There are many CLIs for Unix and Linux operating systems, but the most popular one is called Bash.

In recent years, more and more features are being included in the basic GUI OS install, including notepads, sound recorders, and even web browsers and games. This is another example of the concept of 'convergence' which we like to mention.

A great example of an up and coming OS is Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a Linux operating system which is totally free, and ships with nearly every application you will ever need already installed. Even a professional quality office suite is included by default. What's more, thousands of free, ready-to-use applications can be downloaded and installed with a few clicks of the mouse. This is a revolutionary feature in an OS and can save lots of time, not to mention hundreds or even thousands of dollars on a single PC. Not surprisingly, Ubuntu's OS market share is growing very quickly around the world.

As an IT professional, you will probably have to learn and master several, if not all, the popular operating systems. If you think this sort of thing is fun and interesting, then you have definitely chosen the right career.

This page was last modified on 8 August 2016, at 21:30.

ACTIVIDADES

1. Encuentre:

1. Sustantivos en plural, escriba su singular y su traducción 2. Sustantivos derivados: 3. Artículos y márquelos con un circulo 2. De la interpretación de las frases subrayadas en el texto: 3. Trabaje con los textos 4,5,6.

1. Busque adjetivos en ellos, para completar la siguiente tabla. Dé la interpretación de los mismos en español.

Simples Derivados Compuestos

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2. Extraer adjetivos derivados, con los sufijos y prefijos más comunes estudiados. Cópielos junto a los sustantivos que califican.

3. Extraer 4 oraciones, que contengan adjetivos en función atributiva y predicativa.

4. Dé la interpretación en español de las siguientes oraciones. ( Práctica de adjetivos)

a- Perhaps the most correct technical “term” is execute.

b. Hopefully more of the former than the latter.

c. It is normally best to run a program …

d. Examples of this type of software include most popular programming languages,…

e. The most popular one is Bash.

5. Identificar el tiempo verbal en las siguientes oraciones extraídas de los textos 4, 5 y 6 y luego interpretar en español.

a) Software programs can have millions of lines of code

b) …the most correct technical term is 'execute'.

c) If one line doesn’t work,

d) Software normally has both features and bugs.

e) Programming forces you to think like a computer

f) There are two basic kinds of software you need to learn about as an IT professional

g) But there's a whole other world of software out there.

h) Examples of popular operating systems with GUI interfaces include Windows and Mac OS X

i) There are many CLIs for Unix and Linux operating systems

j) Ubuntu's OS market share is growing very quickly around the world.

6) Interprete las siguientes oraciones del texto N° 1, e identifique los verbos.

a) Software is just instructions written by a programmer which tells the computer what to do. Programmers are also known as 'software developers', or just plain 'developers'.

b) Nothing much is simple about software. Software programs can have millions of lines of code. If one line doesn’t work, the whole program could break!

c) When software has a bug there are a few things that can happen. The program can crash and terminate with a confusing message.

d) Sometimes when software stops responding you are forced to manually abort the program yourself by pressing some strange combination of keys such as ctrl-alt-delete.

e) Because of poor usability, documentation, and strange error messages, programming still seems very mysterious.

7) Exprese la idea principal del texto

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Exercicio N°12

Recognizing Different Types of Computers | Reading Activity | English ... https://www.english4it.com/unit/10/reading

Recognizing Different Types of Computers

In this unit you will learn about different types of computers and what makes them unique. Computers were not always things you could carry around with you, or even have in your bedroom. Sixty years ago, computers (such as ENIAC ) were as big as entire apartments. They were difficult to use and not very powerful by today's standards. They also cost a lot of money to build and operate. So computers were only used by large organizations such as governments, international corporations, and universities.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, computers captured the public's imagination in literature, films, and TV. More and more companies wanted computers, even if they didn't always have a good reason to own one. As a result, computers gradually became smaller, cheaper, and more practical to own. This was thanks in part to companies like IBM, which mass-produced computers for the first time and promoted them to medium and large businesses to do things like payroll, accounting, and other number-crunching tasks.

In the 1970s and 1980s a new type of computer started to gain in popularity. It was called the PC or personal computer. For the first time in history, computers were now for everyone. The PC started a revolution which affects nearly everything we do today. The ways we work, play, communicate, and access information have all been radically reshaped due to the invention and evolution of the PC.

PCs are everywhere you look today. At home, at the office, and everywhere in between. Many people still mistakenly believe the term PC is synonymous with a desktop computer running Windows. This is not really true. Really, any computer you use by yourself for general purposes could be called a PC. You probably already own at least one of these types of PCs:

- laptop - desktop computer - PDA or personal digital assistant - workstation

Besides PCs, there are other types of computers you probably see at work or school. These include:

- file servers - print servers - web servers

But not all types of computers are so obvious as the ones above. There are still other kinds of computers that fit inside of other devices and control them. These computers are known as embedded systems. Embedded systems can be found in traffic lights, TV sets, refrigerators, coffee machines and many more devices. Embedded systems are typically controlled by inexpensive, specialized processors which can only handle very specific tasks.

Types of computers go in and out of fashion as times changes. Older kinds of computers which were very popular in the 20th century (1900’s) are now referred to as legacy systems. These include:

- mainframes - minicomputers - IBM clones

New types of computers are always coming out and replacing or augmenting existing computer types. Examples of new types of computers emerging would be netbooks, tablet PCs, and even wearable computers.

As you complete this unit, you will learn to differentiate between different computer types. Keep in mind that the lines between computer types are constantly being blurred. This phenomenon is known as convergence.

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ACTIVIDADES

1) De la interpretación de las oraciones subrayadas.

2) Identifique en el texto las respuestas a estas preguntas e interprételas en español.

a ¿Qué sucedió en las décadas de 50 y 60?

b ¿Qué cambios produjo la aparición de la PC?

c ¿ Qué tipos de PC hay?

d ¿ A qué se refiere el término convergencia?

3) Complete las siguientes ideas

a) Como resultado de la creciente incorporación de computadoras en diversas compañías, las

computadoras…..

b) Hay otros tipos de computadoras, como ser………..

c) Los sistemas incrustados……….

Exercicio N°13

Famous People in the History of IT | Reading Activity | English 4 IT

https://www.english4it.com/unit/7/reading

Famous People in the History of IT

(1) Almost everyone uses computers these days for everything from shopping to working to playing games. (2) But have you ever stopped to think about where all this amazing technology came from? (3) Who invented it all? (4)Well, behind every company, programming language or piece of software, there is a person - or sometimes a team of people - who turned ideas into reality. We've all heard of Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft and one of the richest men in history. (5) Equally famous is Steve Jobs, the person who, along with Steve Wozniak, started Apple computers. However, there are hundreds of other people, from early pioneers to later geniuses, who aren't as well known but who deserve recognition for the work they did in advancing the world of computing.

(6) One of the first people to conceive of computers was Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and analytical philosopher who drew up plans for the first programmable computer called the Difference Engine. George Boole came up with a way of describing logical relations using mathematical symbols - now called Boolean logic - that is the basis of all modern computer processes. ( 7)Vannevar Bush first proposed an idea in 1945 he called 'memex', which we now know as 'hypertext'. Another notable figure in early computing was Alan Mathison Turing, an Englishman known as the "father of computer science". He invented the Turing Test, which is a way to find out if a computer is acting like a machine or a human. (8) Another English computer scientist, Edgar Frank Codd, is known for inventing the "relational" model for databases, a model which is still in use today.

As computing became more complicated, people needed a way to make it easier to tell computers what to do - in other words, they needed ways to program the computers. These computer instruction systems became known as computer, or programming, languages. FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level programming language, was invented by an American computer scientist, John Warner Backus. Other

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notable North American inventors of programming languages include Dennis Ritchie, author of the C programming language, Larry Wall, creator of Perl, and Canadian James Gosling, known as the father of Java. Two men from Denmark are responsible for writing two other famous programming languages. Bjarne Stroustrup came up with C++ and Rasmus Lerdorf devised PHP. Dutchman Guido van Rossum wrote the Python programming language, while the Japanese computer scientist, Yukihiro Matsumoto, made a language called Ruby.

One of the uses of programming languages is to create operating systems, which are essentially sets of instructions that allow computers to function. The most widely-used operating system in the world is Microsoft

Windows, but there are other powerful ones that exist, such as Unix, created by Ken Thompson and his team at AT&T in 1969, and Linux, written by Linus Torvalds in 1991.

Microsoft, of course, is the largest software company in the world, but there is another company, Intel, that is equally important when it comes to hardware. Intel was started by several people who are now legends in the computer world, including Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Moore is also famous for coming up with Moore's Law, which predicts the rapid increase of computer technology over time. Intel expanded rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s when a man named Andy Grove was in charge of the company.

Other notable figures in the evolution of the computer industry are Ralph Baer, inventor of the first home video game console, Seymour Cray, for many years the manufacturer of the world's fastest supercomputers, Richard Stallman, founder of the free software movement called GNU, and Tim Berners-Lee, the man who created the basis for the World Wide Web.

Through their creativity and hard work, all of these people contributed to shaping what we now experience as Information and Computer Technology. Every time you boot up a computer, play a video game or surf the Internet, try to remember the individuals who made these wonders possible.

1) Interprete en español las oraciones subrayadas en el texto, e identifique el tiempo verbal en cada

una de ellas.

2) Complete el cuadro con las actividades que realizaron cada una de estas personas nombradas en

el texto. Escríbalas en español.

Bill Gates

George Boole

Alan Mathison Turing

John Warner Backus

Dennis Ritchie

Larry Wall

James Gosling

Bjarne Stroustrup

Rasmus Lerdorf

Guido van Rossum

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Yukihiro Matsumoto

Ken Thompson

Linus Torvalds

Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore

Andy Grove

Ralph Baer

Seymour Cray

Richard Stallman

Tim Berners-Lee

3) Escriba en español la idea principal del texto

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Exercicio N°14

Computer Hardware, PC Parts & Components, Storage Devices ... www.newegg.com/Components/Store

Computer Hardware Components

Due to convergence, the traditional categories we divide computing into are blurring. (1) But for practical

reasons, IT professionals can still divide hardware into two main classes: components and peripherals.

Components are primarily core internal devices of a computer which help define what type a computer is,

what it is capable of doing, and how well it is capable of doing it. (2) Nothing affects the overall quality of a

computer more than its components.

(3) Normally the more expensive a component is, the better it performs. This is a general guideline

however and not a steadfast rule. Sometimes you can spend a lot more money on a component with only slightly better performance than one costing half as much. (4) Other times a very expensive component

might be based on a completely new technology that is not ready for mass production. In these

cases, one is often better off buying a more mainstream part.

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Being an early adopter is not always the most practical move when choosing components for a new system. Often you can find very powerful hardware at the medium price ranges. There is normally a relatively large sweet-spot in the market.

How can you know if a component is good or bad? You want to be an IT professional, right? IT

professionals need good computers without performance bottlenecks. So do some research. Read articles about components on a website. Where do you find them? Just Google it!

One of my favorite places for objective customer reviews of components is Tom's Hardware Guide. Another place for objective information is on well-known websites such as Amazon.com or NewEgg.com. On sites

like these, customers will often write both positive and negative reviews shortly after receiving their

products. This can help you decide what to buy!

Imagine you want to build your own computer. It's not that difficult or expensive really. I personally think

it's kind of fun, How would you start? If you are experienced, you would start by choosing the components first! (5) Components must be compatible with each other in order to function correctly. For example not all

processors are compatible with all motherboards. Research is necessary to solve your dependencies.

(6) If you can't afford the exact parts you want to get all at the same time, you can use old parts or buy cheaper parts at first if you have to. Why? Because certain components can be upgraded to attain increased performance. For example, a video card (or graphics card) can be upgraded to improve the graphics for a CAD/CAM application or 3D gaming experience.

At the heart of the computer lies several key components sitting on the motherboard including the microprocessor, the chipset, RAM and a ROM firmware instruction set called the BIOS. (7) These core components are connected by several "buses" made to carry information around the system and eventually out to display devices and other peripherals.

(8) The CPU is another name for the 'brain' of the computer and normally includes the microprocessor and RAM. This is what does all the calculations. One or more coprocessors may or may not be needed depending on what the computer is used for. In the 20th century, coprocessors were often used for mathematics such as floating point operations. Today however coprocessors are mostly used for 3D

graphics (GPUs), sound generation, and physics applications.

ACTIVIDADES

1) ¿Cuál es el tiempo verbal predominante en el texto?

2) ¿Qué clase de palabras son las resaltadas en negrita? Clasifíquelas y dé su interpretación en español.

3) Responda las siguientes preguntas

a) ¿Cómo se puede dividir el hardware?

b) ¿Qué son los componentes?

c) ¿Cómo se puede saber si el componente es bueno o malo?

d) Para construir una computadora propia, ¿qué se necesita hacer primero?

e) ¿Qué componentes se encuentran en el corazón de la computadora?

4) Interprete en español las oraciones subrayadas.

5) ¿A qué hacen referencia los pronombres resaltados en el texto?

6) Encuentre ejemplos de sustantivos simples y derivados y de adjetivos simples y derivados ( 5 de cada uno)

7) Busque 5 (cinco) oraciones en diferentes tiempos verbales e interprételas en español.

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Exercicio N°15

Technology Now: Your Companion to SAM Computer Concepts https://books.google.com.ar/books?isbn=1305445910

RAM -ROM

As you probably learned in an earlier chapter, RAM is the memory which allows your computer to hold the operating system and all running programs while your computer is in use. On the contrary, ROM is a kind of permanent memory which is still intact even when the computer is off. The BIOS is a good example of an application using ROM. The BIOS controls very low-level access to the hardware.

Busses and ports are general terms for connectivity components with connect the different parts of the PC together. These include the serial port, parallel port, PCI and PCIe busses, and the Universal Serial Bus (USB) controller. These devices allow communication between different parts of the system. Also network interface cards are now standard on most motherboards, although USB and PCI versions of the devices are also available.

Your optical drives and hard disk drives are also components in your computer. To allow data interchange between your CPU and drives, SATA, ATA, and SCSI controllers are still widely used.

The core multimedia components include the sound card and graphics card. They make computing more fun and useful for creative professionals such as designers, gamers, and musicians. Multimedia is definitely a place where high-quality components really matter.

Feeding all these components with a steady supply of energy is another component called the power supply. This is an often overlooked piece of hardware but obviously very important! A low quality power supply can cause havoc in a computer system. On the other hand a bigger than necessary power supply can increase system heat, waste power, and make a lot of noise. Choose wisely!

At the most exterior of the computer we see the computer case. This is meant to look good, protect the components, and provide an easy interface to plug in peripherals. If you are buying or building your own computer, make sure it has a good case.

Apple is well-known for high quality PC and laptop cases, although most major companies have fair to medium quality PC cases. Beware of computers with cheap looking plastic cases. If a computer manufacturer uses a cheap case, it's very likely they are also using other cheap components inside as well. Cheap components equal a slow computer which will break after moderate use. If you intend to use a computer for several hours every day, it makes sense to buy the very best one which fits your needs and budget.

ACTIVIDADES

1) Encuentre todos los ejemplos de preposiciones e interprete esas las frases u oraciones

2) Describa Memoria RAM y ROM.

3) ¿Qué es el BIOS?

4) Nombre los buses y puertos mencionados. Explique su función

5) ¿Qué otros componentes existen?

6) ¿Cómo se ven beneficiados los profesionales creativos?

7) Explique las consecuencias del uso de una fuente de energía de mala calidad o más grande que la

necesaria.

8) ¿Cuál es la función del gabinete?

9) Interprete el último párrafo en español.

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Exercicio N°15

History of the Web – World Wide Web Foundation webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/

The Rise of the World Wide Web

By the early 1990's, people were using computers in many different ways. Computers were already installed in most schools, offices, and homes. They were commonly used for writing papers, playing games, financial accounting, and business productivity applications. But very few people used them for communication, research, and shopping the way we do now. A man named Tim Berners-Lee changed all that. In 1990, Lee added an exciting hypertext and multimedia layer to the Internet and called it the World Wide Web. The rest, as they say, is history.

The Web was not built for geeks. It was built for everyone. It was built with very high ideals. No single company, government, or organization controls it. It was new and exciting. New ideas and words appeared almost daily. Obscure technical terms became household words overnight. First it was email. Then it was URL and domain name. Then rather quickly came spam, homepage, hyperlink, bookmark, download, upload, cookie, e-commerce, emoticon, ISP, search engine, and so on. Years later we are still making up new words to describe our online world. Now we "google" for information. We "tweet" what's happening around us to others. The new words never seem to stop!

Just because the web seems so chaotic and unorganized compared to more structured companies and governments, doesn't mean it's total anarchy. In 1994, Tim Berner's Lee started the W3C, a worldwide organization dedicated to setting standards for the Web. This group is probably the most respected authority for what should and should not be Web standards. W3C's mission is to lead the Web to it's full potential.

As a student of English and Technology, you will hear people use the words 'Internet' and 'World Wide Web' almost interchangeably. They are, of course, not the same thing. So what is the difference between the two? Perhaps a simple answer is that the Internet is the biggest network in the world, and the World Wide Web is a collection of software and protocols on that network. I guess a more simple way to put it is, the World Wide Web is an application that runs on The Internet.

The original backbone of the Internet is based on an old military network called ARPANET which was built by ARPA in the late 1960's. ARPANET was built so information could withstand a nuclear war. The idea was not to have a single point of failure. This means if part of the ARPANET was blown up in a nuclear war, the rest of it will still work! What made ARPANET so successful was its packet-switching technology, invented by Lawrence Roberts. The idea is that "packets" of information have a "from" address and a "to" address. How they get from point "a" to point "b" depends on what roads are open to them. Packet switching is a very elegant thing. Without it, the Internet would simply not work.

People view the World Wide Web through a software application called a web browser or simply a "browser" for short. Some popular examples of web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari. Browsers allow people to search, view, and even add and edit data on the World Wide Web.

The Web is not supposed to be a passive experience. Creating new pages for the Web is getting easier all the time. Web editing software is specially designed to work with hypertext languages such as HTML, which is the original specification for the Web. Web editing software normally allows for the WYSIWYG creation of text, images, and hyperlinks between related documents. With web applications such as wikis, MySpace and FaceBook, a typical user can create his or her first online presence in a matter of hours.

In the year 1999, the Internet suffered it' first financial crash. Many companies selling products and services on the Web were not living up to sales expectations. This was known as the Dot Com Bubble. There were many reasons why this happened, but perhaps the two most important reasons were a combination of slow connection speeds and too much optimism. Very few people had fast internet connections and many people thought the Internet was "just a passing fad". But we know now that the Internet is not a fad. So what happened? Web 2.0 happened!

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What is Web 2.0? It's very hard to say. It's just a phrase to describe a transition from the pre-existing state of 'Web 1.0', which was slow, static, and unusable, to a new, 'second web', which was faster, more dynamic, and more usable for the average person. How did these things happen? Easy. Broadband modems enabled sites like video-streaming YouTube to become possible. Better design and development practices enabled social media sites like MySpace and then Facebook to attract hundreds of millions of users. Finally, search engine technology improved on sites like Google where people could actually find the information they were looking for.

What will be the future of the Web? Easy. More speed and more power. In the future, digital distribution on the Internet is likely to replace all other forms of media distribution including CDs, DVDs, and even radio and television broadcasts.

I personally feel lucky to be alive in the age of the Web. It is one of the coolest things ever invented. It is unlikely that such another wonderful and major revolutionary invention will occur in our lifetime. But I can still dream about the Next Big Thing. And who knows? Maybe you will invent it.

ACTIVIDADES

Responda las siguientes preguntas en base al texto, en español. Subraye en el texto las oraciones en donde encuentra esa información.

a) ¿Qué grandes cambios se produjeron en el uso de las computadoras en los primeros años de la década de los 90?

b) ¿Cómo se vio reflejada la aparición de la Web en el lenguaje? c) ¿Qué fue Arpanet? d) ¿Qué paso en 1999? e) ¿Qué permiten los biobuses? f) ¿Cuáles son las posibilidades que brindan aplicaciones como My Space y Facebook? g) Describa Web 2.0. ¿Qué diferencias presenta con la web 1.0? h) ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre Internet y World Wide Web? i) ¿Cómo predice el autor para el futuro?

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PALABRAS DE ALTA FRECUENCIA A

a (an): un, una about: acerca de, con respecto a, alrededor de, casi

above: sobre, arriba de, anterioridad, precedente, dicho, superior according (to): de acuerdo con, conforma a, según que, como

according y: por lo tanto, pues, en consecuencia

across: a través de, en frente after: después (de), detrás (de), posterior, siguiente again: nuevamente, de nuevo, otra vez against: contra, en contraste con

ago: hace all: todo(s), completamente, la totalidad almost: casi alone: solo

along: a lo largo (de), al lado (de), adelante, junto con already: ya also: también, además, asimismo (al)though: aunque, si bien always: siempre

among: entre, en medio de amount: cantidad and: y, e, u

another: otro/a, distinto/a

any: cualquier, algún, todo, ningún, algo; (o no se traduce) anything: cualquier cosa, alguna cosa anything else: alguna otra cosa around: alrededor (de), en torno (de)

as: como, tal como, cuando, a medida que as ... as: tan ... como at: en, a B

because: porque before: adelante, delante de, al frente, antes (de) behind: detrás (de), atrás, por detrás below: abajo, debajo (de), más abajo, inferior

beneath: abajo, debajo (de) beside: al lado (de). Junto a, cerca de besides: también, además (de) between: entre, en medio de beyond: más allá (de), tras, después de, al otro lado de

both: ambos, los dos both ... and: tanto ... como but: pero, sino, excepto, salvo by: por, al lado (de), junto a C

certain: cierto/a/s, seguro choice: elección, opción common: común

concerning: respecto a, en lo que respecta a, acerca de consequently: por lo tanto, por consiguiente, en consecuencia D

definite: determinado/a, definido/a

despite of: a pesar de, pese a doubt: duda down: abajo, hacia abajo during: durante, mientras E

each: cada (uno), todo(s), cada cual, por persona each other: mutuamente, entre sí either: cualquier(a), uno u otro

either ... or: o ... o else: otro más elsewhere: en/a otra parte enough: suficiente, bastante

even: aún, incluso, siquiera. (adj):uniforme, constante, par, al mismo nivel every: cada, todo, todos los everybody: todos, cada uno

everyone: todos, cada uno F

few: (a few) pocos/as, no muchos/as, algunos/as

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first: primero for: para, durante, porque, puesto que fourth: cuarto from: de, desde

further: más amplio, adicional, más lejano/allá furthermore: además H

he: él hence: de aquí (que), por tanto her: su, de ella, le, la, a ella hers: suyo, de ella herself: ella misma, sí misma, se

him: le, lo, a él himself: él mismo, sí mismo, se his: su, sus, de él, suyo(s), el suyo however: sin embargo, no obstante, de cualquier modo I

I: yo if: si in: en, dentro (de), de, adentro, interior, interno

inside: interior, interno, adentro, en el interior, dentro de instead: en vez de into: a, en, dentro de it: Pronombre sujeto: generalmente no se traduce

Pronombre objeto: lo, la, le

its: su, de ella, de ello itself: Él mismo, ella misma, sí mismo/a, se J

join: unir, conectar joint: articulación just: justo, exactamente, sólo, solamente K

key: llave (adj): principal, fundamental, clave kit: equipo L

least: mínimo, el menor, el mínimo, (lo) menos less: menor, menos like: como, tal como, similar, parecido a likely: probable

likelihood: probabilidad likewise: asimismo, igualmente, además long: largo/a, largos/as M

mainly: principalmente many: muchos, numerosos me: me, a mí, yo middle: medio

mine: mío/a, míos/as, el mío more: más, además de moreover: además, por otra parte most: la mayoría

much: mucho my: mi, mis myself: yo mismo, mí mismo, me N

near: cerca (de), junto a , casi cercano neither: ningún neither ... nor: ni … ni never: nunca, jamás

nevertheless: sin embargo, no obstante next: junto a, al lado (de), próximo, siguiente, luego no: no (adj): ningún/a, nada de nobody: nadie, ninguno

none: ninguno/a, nadie, nada no one: nadie, ninguno/a nor: ni tampoco nothing: nada

notwithstanding: a pesar de (que)

now: ahora, ya nowhere: en ninguna parte O

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of: de, por off: fuera de, lejos, completamente, apagado often: frecuentemente, a menudo on: sobre, encima de, en, encendido

once: una vez (que), cuando, anteriormente one: uno, alguno

only: solo, único or: o, u

other: otro/a our: nuestro/a, nuestros/as ours: nuestro/a/s, los/las nuestros/as ourselves: nosotros/as mismos/as, nos

out: fuera, afuera, externo, apagado outside: fuera (de), a excepción de, externo, afuera over: sobre, por encima de, durante, al otro lado own: propio P

past: más tarde, más allá de perhaps: tal vez, quizás provided that: siempre que, con tal que

providing: siempre que, con tal que Q

quite: bastante R

right: correcto, sano, en buen estado, bien

rarely: rara vez, pocas veces rather: más bien, bastante round: alrededor (de)

(adj): redondo, circular S

same: mismo, igual seldom: rara vez

several: varios/as, diversos/as she: ella since: ya que, puesto que, desde, a partir de, desde entonces so: pues, por lo tanto, así, de este modo, tan so that: de manera que, de modo tal que

some: algunos/as, unos/as, un poco de, una parte de somebody: alguien, alguna persona someone: alguien, alguna persona something: algo, un poco, en cierto modo

sometimes: a veces somewhat: algo, un poco, en cierto modo somewhere: a/en algún lugar/ alguna parte soon: pronto, prontamente

still: sin embargo, no obstante, todavía, aún (adj): inmóvil, fijo, silencioso such: tal, tales, tan such as: tal como

suddenly: de repente, repentinamente T

than: que

that: que, ese, esa, aquel, aquella, ése, ésa, aquél

the: el, la, los, las their: su, de ellos/as theirs: suyo/a, suyos/as, de ellos/as them: los, las, les, a ellos

themselves: ellos/as mismos/as, sí mismos/as, se then: entonces, luego, después there: allí, allá therefore: por lo tanto, en consecuencia thereby: con eso, por eso

these: estos/as, éstos/as they: ellos, ellas thing: cosas this: este/a, esto, éste/a

third: tercero those: esos/as, aquellos/as, ésos/as, aquéllos/as though: aunque, aún cuando through: a través de, por

throughout: por todo, en todo, de principio a fin thus: así, de este modo, por lo tanto till: hasta

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to: a, para, hacia, hasta together: junto/a/s toward: hacia, para twice: dos veces U

under: debajo

underline: subrayar

up: para (también da idea de ascender) until: hasta usually: usualmente, normalmente V

variety: variedad very: muy, sumamente W

we: nosotros/as

well: bien, razonable what: que, cual, lo que whatever: cualquier cosa que, todo lo que when: cuando

whenever: cuando quiera que, en cualquier momento, cada vez que where: donde wherever: donde sea que, en cualquier lugar que whereas: mientras que, puesto que whether: si

which: cuál, el/la cual, los/las cuales

while: mientras (que), en tanto (que) whilst: en tanto (que) who: quién, quienes, el/la que

whom: a/para quien/es whose: cuyo/a, a quien, de quien wide: ancho, extenso with: con

within: dentro (de) without: sin why: por qué, para qué, por la/lo que Y

yet: todavía, aún, ya, sin embargo you: Pronombre sujeto: usted/es, tú Pronombre objeto: le, la, te, a usted/es your: tú, tus, su, sus, vuestros/as

yours: tuyo/a/s, suyo/a/s, de usted/es yourself: tú / usted mismo, a ti / usted mismo, te, se yourselves: ustedes mismos, se

Falsos Cognados ability: habilidad, capacidad, talento actual: real, efectivo eventually: finalmente, al final figure: cifra

introduced: presentado large: grande material: sustancia

minute: diminuto

part: papel, rol subject: tema, materia various: diferentes, diversos several: varios/as, diversos/as

to relalize: constatar, darse cuenta virtually: casi, prácticamente.