ENGLISH HANDOUT

Análisis y producción de funciones comunicativas (Tiempos Verbales)

En inglés existen tres tiempos básicos, presente pasado y futuro. Cada una de ellos tiene una forma perfecta (perfect form) que indica una acción terminada; también una forma progresiva (progressive form) que indica una acción continua; y una forma perfecta progresiva (perfect progressive form) que indica una acción continua que será completada en un momento determinado. Ejemplos:

Formas Simples

Formas Progresiva

s

Formas Perfectas

Formas Perfectas

Progresivas Presen

tetake/s am/is/are

takinghave/has

takenhave/has been

takingPasado took was/were

takinghad taken had been taking

Futuro will/shall take

will be taking

will have taken

will have been taking

Formas Simples

a) Tiempo Presente (Present Tense): Expresa una acción o situación repetida, inmutable, y recurrente que existe o no sólo en este momento.

EjemploThe mountains are tall and white.Every year, the school council elects new members. Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.

b) Tiempo Pasado (Past Tense): Expresa una acción o situación que comenzó y finalizó en el pasado. Mochos de los verbos en tiempo pasado terminan en ED en lo referente a verbos regulares. Así también los verbos irregulares tienen formas especiales de pasado que deben ser memorizadas.

Ejemplo Forma

W.W.II ended in 1945.ED Pasado

RegularErnest Hemmingway wrote "The Old

Man and the Sea."Forma Irregular

c) Tiempo Futuro (Future Tense): Expresa una acción o situación que ocurrirá en el futuro. Se usa el auxiliar WILL más la forma simple del verbo.

EjemploThe speaker of the House will finish her term in

May of 1998.El futuro también se puede formar usando AM, IS o ARE con el GOING TO para expresar futuro inmediato o cercano.

Ejemplo

The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.

Debemos tomar en cuenta que podemos utilizar adverbios para denotar o dar énfasis a la construcción que se escribe

EjemploThe president speaks tomorrow.

(Tomorrow es un advebio de tiempo futuro.)

Formas Progresivas

d) Tiempo Presente Progresivo (Present Progressive Tense): Describe una acción que está sucediendo en el mismo momento que se dice o escríbela oración. Se forma con AM, IS o ARE con el verbo terminado en ING

EjemploThe sociologist is examining the effects that racial

discrimination has on society.

e) Tiempo Pasado Progresivo (Past Progressive Tense): Describe una acción que estaba sucediendo cuando otra acción ocurrió. Se forma con WAS, WERE con el verbo terminado en ING

EjemploThe explorer was explaining the latest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets.

f) Tiempo Futuro Progresivo (Future Progressive Tense): Describe una acción continua que sucederá en el futuro. Se forma usando el WILL BE con el verbo terminado en ING

EjemploDr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week.

Formas Perfectas

g) Tiempo Presente Perfecto (Present Perfect Tense): Describe una acción que ha sucedido en un momento indefinido en el pasado o que comenzó en el pasado y continúa hasta el presente. Se forma con

usando HAS/HAVE con el participio pasado del verbo. Muchos participios terminan en ED y otros, los irregulares tienen formas especiales.

Ejemplo SignificaThe researchers have traveled to many countries in order to

collect more significant data.En un momento

indefinido

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.Continúa hasta

el presente

h) Tiempo Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect Tense): Describe una acción que ha sucedido en un momento en el pasado antes de otra acción en pasado. Se forma con HAD más el participio pasado del verbo.

EjemploBy the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.

i) Tiempo Futuro Perfecto (Future Perfect Tense): Describe una acción que sucederá en el futuro antes de cualquier otra acción. Se forma con WILL HAVE más el participio pasado del verbo.

EjemploBy the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several

weeks waiting.

Formas Perfectas Progresivas

j) Tiempo Presente Perfecto Progresivo (Present Perfect Progressive Tense): Describe una acción que comenzó en el pasado, continúa en el presnte y puede continuar en el futuro. Se forma con HAS/HAVE BEEN más el verbo terminado en ING.

EjemploThe CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where

profits would be larger.

k) Tiempo Pasado Perfecto Progresivo (Past Perfect Progressive Tense): Describe una acción continua en pasado que se completó antes que otra acción. Se forma con HAD BEEN con el verbo terminado en ING.

EjemploBefore the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many

extracurricular activities.

l) Tiempo Futuro Perfecto Progresivo (Future Perfect Progressive Tense): Describe una acción continua que sucederá antes de algún momento especificado en el futuro. Se forma con WILL HAVE BEEN con el verbo terminado en ING

EjemploBy the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

4. Conectivos II 1.1

CONJUNCIONES (CONJUNCTIONS)

m)CONJUNCIONES COORDINADAS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS): Se usan para unir dos oraciones dentro de una sola oración

CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL + COMA / CONJUNCION + CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL = COMPOUND SENTENCE

Ejemplos: It began to rain, but it stopped before noon.The drive was very long, so we stopped for a break.

And but Or nor for so yet

n) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS): Se usan para unir dos pares de ideas dentro de una sola oración

Ejemplos She excels not only in tennis, but also in swimming.Both the students and the teacher enjoyed the play.

both...and either...or not only...but also

as...as neither...nor

whether...or whether

c) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINADAS (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS): Introducen a las cláusulas subordinadas. Crean fragmentos de oraciones menos unidos a la cláusula principal. Cuando las cláusulas subordinadas están al comienzo de la oración se usa coma, pero esta no es necesaria cuando las cláusulas principales estén de primeras.

CLÁUSULA SUBORDINADA + CLÁUSULA PRINCIPAL = ORACIÓN COMPLEJA

Ejemplos: Although rain was expected, I forgot to take an umbrella.

I forgot to take an umbrella although rain was expected.

although because before After while wherever unless if during

whenever though since Until as if so far as whereas as so that

d) ADVERBIOS CONJUNTIVOS (CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS): Introducen las cláusulas principales. Cuando se les usa como conectores se les coloca un punto y coma después de la palabra. CLÁUSULA PRINCIPAL + PUNTO Y COMA / ADVERBIO CONJUNTIVO + CLÁUSULA

PRINCIPAL = ORACIÓN COMPUESTA

Ejemplos: We missed the bus; therefore, we had to walk to school. The course was difficult; however, I was pleased with my final

grade.

thus Hence therefore however otherwise nevertheless

furthermore

consequently

then Indeed moreover

besides likewise nonetheless meanwhile accordingly

Tipos de relación II 1.3

La relación entre las oraciones, Conectores Lógicos (Logical Connectors) se usa para unir dos ideas que tienen una relación en particular. Esta relación puede ser: Secuencial (de Tiempo), de razón y propósito, oposición y/o resultados inesperados.

a.Secuencial (de tiempo)

Conjunción Subordinada

Until/After/ Before/When/While/Since/Once/Whenever/As soon as/As long as By the time/

Preposiciones During/After/Before/Since/Until/UponConjunción Adverbial y Transitorios

Then/Next/After that/Following that/Before that/Afterwards/Meanwhile/Beforehand

Conjunción And then

b.Causal (Razón y Propósito; Causa y Efecto)

Conjunción Subordinada

Because/As/Since/Inasmuch as/Now that/As long as/Such...that/[such a/an + adjetivo +sustan + that]/So...that/[so +adjetivo or adverbio + that]/[so much/many/little/few + noun + that] Expresar Propósito: So that/In order that/

Preposiciones Because of/Due to/In order toConjunción Adverbial y Transitorios

Therefore/Consequently

Conjunción So

c. Adversativo (Resultado Inesperado, Contraste, Oposición)

 Conjunción Subordinada

Even though/Although/Though/In spite of the fact that/While/Whereas/Where

Preposiciones Despite/In spite ofConjunción Adverbial y Transitorios

However/Nonetheless/Nevertheless/On the other hand/In contrast on the contrary

Conjunción But...anyway/But...still/Yet...still/But

d.Condición

  Conjunción Subordinada

If/Unless/Even if/Providing (that)/Provided (that)/In case/Whether or not/Only if* *inversión del verbo , no hay coma si only if aparece

primero en la oraciónConjunción Adverbial y Transitorios

Otherwise

Conjunción Or (else)

ABSTRACTS

An abstract is an abbreviated version of your science fair project final report. For most science fairs it is limited to a maximum of 250 words. They can be divided into descriptive and informative abstracts. Descriptive abstracts head to transmit information, they focus on the document itself and help readers to decide whether to read the complete report or document or not. Most of the times, they resemble an introduction of the whole document. Informative abstracts on the other hand go in a certain position inside the document (and in agreement with the UPEL-APA regulations). They focus on the subject and are a short representation of the report or document (because it is a summary of the actual document). All Abstracts:

Match the table of contents (Informative Abstract) Avoid first person (I, me, my) Omit references to visuals Must stand on its own! Avoid jargon or any technical terms that most readers won't understand. Avoid abbreviations or acronyms that are not commonly understood

unless you describe what they mean. Do not have a bibliography or citations. Do not contain tables or graphs.

They should have the following five pieces:

Introduction: This is where you describe the purpose for doing your science project.

Problem Statement: Identify the problem you solved or the hypothesis you investigated.

Procedures: What was your approach for investigating the problem? Don't go into detail about materials unless they were critical to your success.

Results: What answer did you obtain? Be specific and use numbers to describe your results. Do not use vague terms like "most" or "some."

Conclusions: State what your science project or invention contributes to the area you worked in. Did you meet your objectives?

Sample

Advertisers are always touting more powerful and longer lasting batteries, but which batteries really do last longer, and are battery life impacted by the speed of the current drain? This projects looks at which AA battery maintains its voltage for the longest period of time in low, medium, and high current drain devices. The batteries were tested in a CD player (low drain device), a flashlight (medium drain device), and a camera flash (high drain device) by measuring the battery voltage (dependent variable) at different time intervals (independent variable) for each of the battery types in each of the devices. My hypothesis was that Energizer would last the longest in all of the devices tested. The experimental results supported my hypothesis by showing that the Energizer performs with increasing superiority, the higher the current drain of the device. The experiment also showed that the heavy-duty non-alkaline batteries do not maintain their voltage as long as either alkaline battery at any level of current drain.

E sources:

http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/ project_abstract.shtml

http://www.uah.edu/501/Notes_Study_Questions/abstracts.htm

Passive Sentences.

The Royal Mint produces coins; however, bank notes are issued by the Bank of England.

He was arrested at the airport. Most purchases are made by credit card, not cash.

WHICH OF SENTENCES A-C USES THE PASSIVE?

a. The agent (the person performing the action) is unknown, unimportant or too obvious to mention?

b. The writer wants to focus on a new subject?

c. The writer wants to emphasise the agent?

LOOK AT FOUR MORE PASSIVE SENTENCES AND IDENTIFY WHICH TENSES ARE USED. WHERE POSSIBLE CHANGE THEM INTO ACTIVE SENTENCES.

The colours are being modified by experts.Anything that is made can be copied.The design is going to be changed by the bank.He should be given a long sentence by the judge.

Write the past participle of each verb under the verb: paint,

painted

paint write discover invent build climb

manufacture kill cause grow eat

first see make shoot assassinate

destroy

Fill in the blanks using the passive voice:(1) Romeo and Juliet ______________________Shakespeare.

(2) San Francisco _____________________ an earthquake in 1906.

(3) More traffic accidents ___________________ drunk drivers than

anything else.

(4) The Sistine Chapel ___________________ Michelangelo.

(5) The Mona Lisa ___________________ Leonardo da Vinci.

(6) Rice ___________________ Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese.

(7) The light bulb ___________________ Edison.

(8) The Law of Gravity ___________________ Newton.

(9) The moons of Jupiter ___________________ Galileo.

(10) Everest ___________________ Sir Edmund Hillary.

(11) Lung cancer ___________________ smoking.

(12) JFK ___________________ Lee Harvey Oswald.

(13) The pyramids ___________________ the pharaohs.

(14) The Eiffel Tower ___________________ in the 19th century.

(15) The Sphinx’s nose ___________________ Napoleon.

(16) Cars ______________________ in America, Japan, and Korea.

Topics:Movies: Who directed Pulp Fiction? (Quentin Tarantino)Where was Life is Beautiful produced? (Italy)Where was The Lord of the Rings filmed? (New Zealand)Who directed 2001: A Space Odyssey? (Stanley Kubrik)

Writers:Who wrote Hamlet? (Shakespeare)Who wrote Moby Dick? (Melville); Who wrote Crime and Punishment? (Dostoyevsky)Who wrote Frankenstein? (Shelly)Painters:Who painted the Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci)Who painted Starry Night? (Van Gogh) Who painted Guernica? (Picasso)Who painted The Scream? (Munsch)Inventions:Who invented the light bulb? (Edison)Who invented the flying machine? (Wright Brothers)Who invented the telephone? (Bell)Who invented the radio? (Marconi)Discoveries:Who discovered the law of gravity? (Newton)Who discovered E=mc2? (Einstein)Who discovered the moons of Jupiter? (Galileo)Who discovered radioactivity? (Currie)

List of other possible passive voice topics:

Causes: What causes lung cancer? (smoking)Killers: Who killed JFK? ( Lee Harvey Oswald)Exploration: Who climbed Everest first? (Hillary)Famous Deaths: How was James Dean killed? (in a car accident)Famous Cities: How was San Fransico destroyed? (in an earthquake)Who was Troy destroyed by? (Greeks)