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Tema 2 De o paradigma fundamental da
fitopatologíaao paradigma da epidemiologia
Analisar o concepto de infeção e contagio em o contexto dos paradigmas
Objetivo da Aula
Cuál e o paradigma fundamental
da fitopatologia?
InteractionGenetics
Cellular and Subcellular
Infection Principle
Etiological Paradigm
Tissue Plant Pathogen
Physiology of Parasitism
Etiology and histology
Agrotoxic
Resistance Transgenics
Population
IPC
IPM
Epidemiological Paradigm Contagious Principle
Community
IMC
Integrated Regional Manag.
+Agroecosystem Stability-
Etiological Paradigm => Epidemiological Paradigm
Romero 2003
2 milhões emigrados 1 milhoes de mortes
O Contexto histórico da origem de Fitopatologia com ciência
Romero y Mora, 2002
"WorkofPrevost(1807)asthefirstirrefutable evidenceofthecausativenatureoffungiinplant diseaseandtheearlypaperbytheBary(1853)as thenextonetosupportthisconcept... early
1860's(wehave a)crystallizationofplant pathologyasadistinctdiscipline"
J.C. Walker (1963).
A.Pesquisa de Prevost: Etiologia1. Associação
Observation and illustration of "spores" in bunted kernels. Spores germination studies in relations to temperature, substrate, toxic agents, age.
2. IsolamentoUse of water culture. Controlling quality of water, types of spores and conditions of incubation.
Inoculations by using different inocula and plant age. Observations of post-inoculation.
3. Inoculação
"The cause of bunt is a plant of the genus uredos or of a very nearly related genusThis plants are "...internal parasitic plants"
"...bunt is contagious..." if it occurs "on the seed, mixed with soil or upon the young plant"..." contact alone does not suffice to
establish infection", to do that, "wheat must be moistened... fresh bunt must be used"
infecciocidad, condicoes da infeccione e qualidade de inoculo
endoparasitismo
Bacteriosis
Phytophthora sp Patógeno
Enfermedad
Causa Efeito Postulados de Koch
Principio etiológico:
Doenca
O patogeno
"bunt begins its growth on the wheat plant, or in its vicinity, and not within it"...penetration
occurs at "very young" stage into the embryo and became "perfect gemmae when...maturity"
Desenvolvimento da Doença
Principio Histológico:Causa Efeito
TecidoSadio
Tecido Doente
Mora-Aguilera, A. 1997
EmbonecamientoManga
Comparação estrutural detecidos e órgãos da plantas sadias e doentes
1.Test of liming, copper, copper sulphate, copper acetate and other metallic salts or oxides on germination and development of
bunt
2. Test of copper and copper sulphate on wheat dusted and sown in open field
Copper salts prevented spore germination. Prevost categorized effects as inhibitory and
lethal.
Concentration, time, and temperature are factors for successful control.
The best control of the disease was obtained with copper sulphate. He recommend "its general adoption" and as mean to "propagate pure seed".
Efeito Fungistatico e Fungicida
Produto, doses, modo e momento da aplicação
Uromyces Puccinia
Phragmidium Aecidinei
Phytophthora infestans
Implicações do Principio etiológico:
> Ênfases em o agente causal
Ustilago spp: U .maydis, U.longissima, U.hypodytes, U.antherarum .
Protomyces Cystopus
Coleosporium Trichobasis
"Themostimportantandup tonowmost disputedrelevantpartofplantpathologyis...(to
demostrate that) fungi...arenottheconsequence butthecauseofpathologicalprocesses"
Anton de Bary (1853).
"Theemergence ofPlant Pathology (as science)was impossibleuntiltheprincipleofinfectionhad
been elucidated" Aisworth
Anton de Bary 1853
estructuras fungosas
Que e uma doença? Uma anormalidade (J. Kunt, 1900s Uma Alteração do processos fisiológicos
(Walker, 1950) Uma iteração de fluxos energéticos (Kent
1970) Uma alteração de expression génica
Teoría Botánica (XVII XVIII), Fisiológica (XIX), Quántica (XIX), Biomolecular (XX)
Proteção específica (Química, Biológica, Genética)
Fungos: Fungicidas Nematoides: Nematicida Bactérias: Bactericidas Insetos: Inseticidas Malesas: herbicidas
Qual e a implicação da causalidade?
Folidol Foley Furadan Parathion Lanate Tamaron
2912563278
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Oxicloruro Cob. Benlate Manzate Ridomil Furadan Foley
2218394084
1 51010176
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Captan
paration metilico Folidol Foley Parathion Met.
carbofuran Furadan
metomilo Lanate metamidofos Tamaron
oxicloruro de c. Oxicloruro de Cbenomilo Benlatemencozeb Manzatemetalaxil Ridomilcaptan Captan
Paradigma Fundamental da Fitopatología
Principio da Infeccao bajo a assunção de una relação causa e efeito
InteractionGenetics
Cellular and Subcellular
Infection Principle
Etiological Paradigm
Tissue Plant Pathogen
Physiology of Parasitism
Etiology and histology
Agrotoxic
Resistance Transgenics
Population
IPC
IPM
Epidemiological Paradigm Contagious Principle
Community
IMC
Integrated Regional Manag.
+Agroecosystem Stability-
Etiological Paradigm => Epidemiological Paradigm
Gabriel García Márquez Colombia, Premio Novel Amor en los tiempos del cólera
La epidemia de cólera…había causado en once semanas la más grande mortandad de nuestra historia…el cementerio fue desbordado, y no quedó un sitio disponible en las iglesias…Entonces se dispuso continuar los enterramientos en La Mano de Dios, una hacienda…que mas tarde fue consagrada como Cementerio Universal.