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ENERGIA 20
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Investigación y Desarrollo de Tecnologías para la Eficiencia Energética y Energía Renovable
Aplicadas al Sector Agrícola y Agro-alimentario
Carlos M. Monreal Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - AAFC
Ottawa, Canada
Seminario Internacional - Seguridad y eficiencia energética: Un aporte cientifico para la generacion de politicas publicas
La Serena, Chile - Abril 17, 2008
Hydro
Biomass
Others less than 1%– Tidal– Solar – Wind– Ethanol– Earth Energy– Municipal Waste– Landfill gas
6 %
11 %
Canadian Energy Supply
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Coal , 11%
Oil , 32%
Natural Gas, 33%
Nuclear, 7% Renewables &Hydro, 17 %
- 30 % of world oil reserves
Oil, 32 %
Canada’s green advantage -
• 0.5 % of worlds population• 7.0 % of global land area • 10 % of world’s forest
Bioenergy use is large relative to other renewables - second only to hydro-electric power.
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Canada’s Green Advantage
• Climate change / environmental• Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions
• Clean water, air and soils • Rural economic development and revitalization
• Creation of economically viable natural resource-based enterprises in rural Canada and reduction of farm subsidies
• Farmer ownership of ethanol and biodiesel production facilities would enhance rural community development
• Farm income• New market opportunities for grains and oilseeds and other biomass feedstocks
• The emerging bioeconomy• Production of new products from natural resources
Renewable Energy Policy Drivers
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
•Abundant bioresources for national and international markets
•Adding value to biomass revitalizes rural and aboriginal economies and creates innovative industries and markets•The utilization of opportunity biomass resources can turn waste and liability into economic potential
Why is Canada Interested in a Bio-based Economy?
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
• Climate change / environmental• Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions
• Clean water, air and soils • Rural economic development and revitalization
• Creation of economically viable natural resource-based enterprises in rural Canada and reduction of farm subsidies
• Farmer ownership of ethanol and biodiesel production facilities would enhance rural community development
• Farm income• New market opportunities for grains and oilseeds and other biomass feedstocks
• The emerging bioeconomy• Production of new products from natural resources
Renewable Energy Policy Drivers
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Biodiesel in Agricultural Tractors Zero-tillage
PERD -Reducing the Use of Fossil Fuel Sources - Food production
• Due to the lower energy content of the biodiesel, higher fuel consumption & lower fuel efficiency were observed for B50 and B100 blends.
CO
2 e
mis
sion
s (k
g/ha
)
5
15
25
Diesel B20 B50 B100
PERD - Reducing the Use of Fossil Fuel - Food processing
Increasing leafy vegetable stability during storage and distribution
P. Delaquis - [email protected]
Chlorinated H2O at 50°C:-reduced browning and waste -enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness-improved consumer acceptance
Delaying fruit ripening during storage and transport
P. Toivonen - [email protected]
1-methylcyclopropene:-blocks ethylene action to delay fruit ripening-reduced fruit respiration by 30 to 50 %-reduced refrigeration need-good for apples, less predictable for apricots & plums
A Feedlot in Alberta - Highmark Renewables Inc.
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Highmark Renewables Inc. - Alberta
• Develops and commercializes an Integrated Manure Utilization System (IMUS) to: a) convert livestock manure into biogas using a thermophilic (55 °C) AD; b) and produce and export electricity to the power grid.
The AD system produces organic fertilizer and reusable water by recovery and concentration of nutrients in the digested beef manure.
IMUS AD system
Cattle: 36,000 cattle in feedlotManure processed: 215 tons slurry/dDigester capacity: 1800 m3 x2Biogas: 9000 m3/d
Energy: 760 kWe, 974 kWtEmission Reduction: 6.3 kt CO2e/yr
AD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot PlantsAD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot Plants
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Bio-Terre Systems Inc. - Quebec
• Develops a market-ready AD system for the production of biogas, and cogeneration of electricity and heat from hog manure using a psychrophilic (23 °C) sequencing batch reactor.
Bio-Terre AD system – Peloquin farm
AD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot PlantsAD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot Plants
Hogs: 10,000 marketed/yrManure processed: 11 m3/d Digester capacity: 450 m3 x3Biogas: 405 m3/d
Energy: 88 kWtEmission Reduction: 1.4 kt CO2e/yr
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Nano-science - Definitions• Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
– Nanotechnology: a field of applied science and technology focused in the control of matter
at the molecular level in scales normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices
within that size range.
– Nanobiotechnology: is the branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical
applications or uses. Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to
fabricate new devices.
1. Renewable energy and bioproducts from biomass conversion
Gases
Animal manures
&crop
residues
Bioliquids
Solids
Primary conversion
(Anaer. digestion gasification,
pyrolysis)
Producers - Canadian Federation of Agriculture- Dairy Farmers of Canada- Canadian Cattlemen’s Association- ACA co-op
Industry- Menova- Enerkem- ENSYN - Highmark Renewables
R&D agencies- AAFC (ECORC, SC), NRC - (BRI, IMB, NINT, IFCI), ARC, University of Ottawa, Carleton University, IRDA, NRCan.
- 50 scientists and engineers
1. Biofuels
2. Biochemicals & biomaterials
3. Biofertilizer
Biosystems & Bioproducts For Use as
Industrial Inputs
- Biohydrogen- BioOil*, Methanol*
- Bioplastics- Coenzyme Q10
- Carotenoids- Lipids& waxes- Activated carbon & nanomaterials
Research Platforms
4. High Quality Feeds
Themes Bioproducts
SecondaryConversion
(microbial, chemical,
algal, enzymatic,
solar energy)- Biochar derived- AD derived
- Algal & bacterial biomass
Biosystems & Bioproducts For Use as
Agricult. Inputs
- ARCNet
Pyrolysis of Agricultural Biomass
Pyrolysis Plant to Produce BioOil, Syngas & Biochar from Chicken Manure
Advanced Bio Refinery Inc., Ottawa, Canada
From - Schnitzer, Monreal, Leinweber, Fransham. 2007. 2008 J. Env. Sc. Health.
Extraction and Separation of Chemicals from Bio-oils
Pyrolysis BioOils and Bio-char derived from chicken manure
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
N, O, S freeRenewable Bio-fuel
Nanoporous silica
Small metallic nanoparticle
catalysts
N and S to fertilizer
Bio-oils containing N, O and S compounds
Must be removed from organic molecules to obtain Bio-oil
Sample Wt %
C H N O S Ash
Fraction I 44.5 5.0 12 37.6 0.9 0.5
Fraction II 70.0 7.8 7.4 14.3 0.5 0.4
Sample N-Hetero-cyclics
Furans Phenols Benzene & derivatives
Carbo-cyclics
Aliphatics Unknown
Fraction I 7.4 4.5 10.3 12.0 1.0 20.4 44.4
Fraction II 30.2 4.0 9.2 3.2 10.2 2.5 39.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 10 20 30 40 50Emitter current in mA
Inte
nsity
m / z
60
95/96
BioOil, sample 2FDMS
110 133
163 178
8674
117
125
FDMS
Bio-oil Fraction II
Distribution of Classes of Chemical Compounds (%) in Bio-oils from Chicken Manure
Elemental Analysis of Bio-oil Fractions obtained from Fast Pyrolysis of Chicken Manure
-From Schnitzer, Monreal and Jandl. 2008 (In press, J.Env.Sc.Health.)
1.b. Converting methane to methanol by methanotrophs and MMO*Background
• Methane is one of the Greenhouse Gases that has 25 times the global warming potential of CO2.
• Methane is produced by methanogens through anaerobic decomposition of OM in natural ecosystems. Also by AD, gasification & fast pyrolysis.
• Methanotrophs help decrease methane emissions from terrestrial ecosystems. In marine sediments, anaerobic methane-consumption coupled to sulfate reduction decides the ultimate fate of methane.
• MethanolMethanol is an important intermediate of the metabolic pathway of methane in methanotrophs. Methanol can accumulate under controlled conditions and potentially harvested for biofuel use and high value chemicals (i.e. bioplastics).
• The methane to methanol conversion process is mediated by methane monooxygenase (MMO *).
LornaCarrasco
BinLin
• Methane is one of the Greenhouse Gases that has 25 times the global warming potential of CO2.
• Methane is produced by methanogens through anaerobic decomposition of OM in natural ecosystems. Produced by AD, gasification & fast pyrolysis of biomass.
• Methanotrophs help decrease methane emissions from terrestrial ecosystems. In marine sediments, anaerobic methane-consumption coupled to sulfate reduction decides the ultimate fate of methane.
• MethanolMethanol is an important intermediate of the metabolic pathways of methanotrophs. Methanol can accumulate under controlled conditions and potentially harvested for biofuel use and production of high value chemicals (i.e. bioplastics).
• Methane monooxygenase (MMO *) controls the methane to methanol conversion.
The Microbial Conversion of Methane to Methanol
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
Ribulose monophosphate (RuMP),
Type II
1: MMO
Metabolic pathway in methanotrophsMetabolic pathway in methanotrophs
2: MDHase
Type I
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
M.tricosporium M.tricosporium + PA
Achieved > 99.5% inhibition for sMMO
Inhibition of sMMO by phenylacetylene
7-h
ydro
xyco
um
arin
(n
M)
Production of Methanol by MethanotrophsKey enzymes for converting and accumulating CH3OH in cell culture:- Soluble MMO and methanol dehydrogenase
- We developed protocols to: a) grow, culture & isolate methanotrophs, b) measure and inhibit both enzyme activities.
Preliminary findings
MethanolMethane
Methylosinus trichosporium Methane
Methanol
Soil Consortium 2.3
The Microbial Conversion of Methane to Methanol
Methanol production by methanotrophic bacteria
From - Lin, Monreal, Miguez, Tambong. 2008. J. Env. Microb.
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada
First Step – Use Model Polymers to Immobilize Model Enzymes
Enzymes are immobilized in alginate microcapsules and silica nano-porous materials to study their loading mechanisms and kinetics.
Urease was used as a model enzyme for MMO to study the immobilization process and enzyme functionality. MMO is not commercially available.
Commercial urease has a low cost and is readily available.
Alginate microcapsule -scanning electron micrograph
Encapsulation of Methanotrophs and sMMO for Bioreactors
Conclusions
•Canada has a diversified portfolio of energy supply, and abundant biomass and natural resources which support the development of renewable energy. •Federal government supports multidisciplinary and multiorganization R&D whose outputs feed into policies for enhancing leading-edge technologies for energy efficiency & renewable energy. • New technologies contribute strengthening the bioeconomy, environmental health and agriculture.
Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada
Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada