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PORT G ESE TRADIIO AL SETT LEME TS,A RES L T OF C L TURAL M ISCEGE ATIO

MANUEL C. TXEIRA

he Portuuese bult rte epire duri the fteeth d sixteeth eturies tht

icorported settlees o the coss of Brz Afrc Idi d the r Et he

rchteture d urb ses of thse settees reeted the du iuee d iterbreedi

of Portuuese d lo uturs Oerses Portuuese tows shred the se mes f

referece hese were the ede tows of Portu prtulrly Lisbo d Oporto whih

oted fetures tht be tred bk to the Musl cty d t Europe ped

froter tows of the dde es Lo cutur iuees were felt t the leel

rchtecture, both the dptto of Portuue odes t lo mterls d imti

odtos d the dopto b Portuue bulders of ol typoies frs d mes

of referee he Portuuese eft ther rk y prts o the wrld mst prtiulry i

rchtectur trdto Kowede d experece ied by ol buiders fr the Portuue

e cetures o hs y plces b pssed dow from eerti t eerti d hs

ruted the prserto of bud prototpes tht ebody t y's trdti rhteture

For uropes the Portuuse oyes of the perod were iprtt ompoet of the

Ressce d the eerece of ew so of

Manue Txa a ia Pofo a L 'aam a Na ar Libo Poga

The oquest of Ceuta in Moroco in 1415 arke thebeging of Potuguese expansion overseas During thenet two centures Portugal uilt an ept a aritieepire in the Atlantic, Inian an acic Oceans that

bought a effective onopoly o navigation an coerce

along e oasts of Aria, Inia, e Far East Brazl.Three suessive Papal Bulls, in 1452 1455 an 1456,onfirmed this monopoly. Price D. Henrique - Herythe Navigator was the iitial sategist of the enterise;

he was aso the Graaster o the Orer o Christ, angave is Order spiritual jurstion overallldoveby the Potguese The spirit of crusae against the nfiels,


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he expanson of the Chstan fath and moe downoeth commecal objectves wee the man foces behndthe ambtious entepse of the PotugueseDescobertas nthe ffteenth and sxteenth centues

Fo hstoans the Potuguese expanson must be se wthnthe context of the European Renassance of whch t was anessental component. Geoges Lefebve has sad De ceeaventue lge multsculae (a nos yeux) la Renassance - quel a t en gos e fat essentel? Ben su lesgndes dcouvetes" An mpotant contbuton of Potugal to he Renassance ws a new vson of man boughtaut by contac wth new aces and cvzatons. Thetendency of the Potuguese to mx wth the peoples theyencounteed led to a mscegenaton o ntebeedng of

cutues Ths end s cleay vsble n the rchtectue andubn spaces of he Potuguese colonl settlements Thecomposte mels poduced n them often wee accepted asnew types of adtonal achtecte eplacng pevouslyestablshed models

ROUTS O PORTUGUS XPANSON AND

CHARACTRSCS O COLON AL CTIS

The tade n gold poduced n the egons south of theSaha - and afte 1442 he slave tade -wee he mainntal objectves of Potuguese mechants Potugal wasable to dvet to ts shps a substantal share of the ans

Sahan ade fomely held by the Tueg cavans Butae he 1480s the objecve came Inda especally edscovery of a seaway aound Afca Untl ths tme thespce ade had been n the hands of Muslm mechnswho saled the Pesan Gulf and the Red Sea and whoaveled veland to the Medteanean coast and Venetanmechants who shpped om he Mameluke pots of Syaand Egypt to Euope. The commecal objectve of Potug was to tke hold of ths monopoly and n 1498 the eetof Vasco Gama eached Calcut.

As Potuga pogessed n ts sech fo a seaway to Indaa stng of fots and factoes wee bult aong the coasts of

Afca nd Aaba These settlements wee locat atstategc ponts servng ethe as bases fom whch topotec the sea outes pos of call fo povsonng shpso adng saons Some evolved nto uban settlementsand the uban sucture and rchtectue came to eectboth Potuguese culture nd he cultues of the socetesPotgal came nto contact wh

In 1500 Pedro Alvaes Cabl dscoveed Bazl on hs wayto Inda The colonzaton of ths lnd was posoned fomany yeas because of the nvolvement of the PortugueseCown n the Indn tade the gold of Gunea and the wswth Moocco But dung the second half of the sxteenthcenuy the casual ade wth Amendan bes was eplaced by the cultvaon of and commece n sug cane.Waves of Portuguese mmgants settled n Bzl afte1570 gvng se to numeous settlements long the coastSome of these apdly evolved nto admnsatve commeca o agicultual cenes

In Inda the Potuguese founded a numbe of mpotntctes on th coasts These wee foresses and admnstatve and commerca centes fo the ade n Asan spces

Fom Inda the Potguese aveled as fa as Japan wheen 1561 the village of Yokoseua was founded wth theageement of he loc shogun. In he ntevenng halfcentuy he Potuguese bult a mtme empe at effecively contoed commece n the Atlantc nd IndanOceans and n he Chna seas Potuguese settlements weebult along he costs of Bazl Aca Aaba PesaInda Sri Ln, Buma Sam the Malay Pennsula eEas Indes Chna nd Japan.

Potuguese setements fell nto hee man categores: efactoy the fo and the cty. These types wee not ghtlyfxed; ahe hey tended to evolve one fom the othe

Factoes wee adng statons hat sometmes conssted oflte moe than a house suounded by a palsade Theywee located n pvleged tadng places oten at the mouthof a ive makng communcaton wth the hntelandpossble. Fos wee ofen foted tadng statons hatgew to accommate a numbe of settles' houses G. 1Alteatvely fots wee bult n locatons whee no commeca actvy was justed but whee sategc plannngclled fo a supply of food and wate o a pot of call foshps n dstess Mos ctes evolved om factoes ofots patculrly n paces whee commecal actvty wasntense These setlements wee founded by the sate owee bul unde paonage of the state and they became

steppng stones fo the foundaton of new Portuguese ctesn eve moe dsant places

An mpont chaacterstc of towns bult by the Potuguese oveseas and of the Potuguese coona expnsonn genel was he gadual way that t cued. Potugalundewent the occupaton of the Moos fo ove fve


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centuries When the Moorswerefmallyexpelledin 124they let hnd deep rks

on both the achitectre ndurban character o thecouny's souh. Portguesecities in Alentejo nd Algrewere not uch dierent oMoroccan ctes in ters ophysical chaacter or populaton (which includedMrs, Cistins nd Jews)Thus, when the Portuguese conquered Ceuta in 1415, teywere not aced with an alen expeence. They et ailiar relity with regard to people urbn spaces cliateand geography - a stuaton that conibuted to ther easyadaption to North Aica

But Morocco was just e irst step. Potuguese seaenproessed ro one regon to the next without discontnuity, allowng progressive adaptaon to ecological and cultral condtons n Arica Asia and South Aerica Thispatte oadaptaton helps explain the rerkable contnuiy o tadtion that Portuguese colonil cites dsplay despit the iense vriety o contexts n which tey apper.

The dierent ecologcal condtons in which Portugueseoverseas ces were built, he derent cultures they aced

and the specic oles hey were assgned gave each specic"local chracteristics Yet every Portuguese overseas ctyhad the sae els o reerence, predoinantly rawnro Lsbon the eopols which gave the an unistakable "natonl character This d not ean thatbuilders and architects took plans or the new settleentsoverseas with the. Quite the cony, the els oreerence were known by hert and in every place wereely adapted to local condtons Despte the variety osuch local conditions nd the apprently casual way henew settleents were sctured, the urbn adition wasstrong enough to ensure a rerkable strctural dentitybetwen Potuguese settleents.

MO DES O REERENCE

Portguese colonial settleents, either rading statonsots or ces were the instrents o a global stategy o

TEIXERA: P ORUGU ESE RADIIONA SEEENS 5

doination o the sea. eywere located in key coaslations either to servcend secre the sea lanes or totap iportant sources ocoerce Whenever possible hey were blton hllyland, thus ainning ecasensn adton o deense on hgh ground thatdated to preRoan tesThe seteents were ba

clly deensive nuclei, adapted to the ophology o thelnd; ther ain purse w the conol o terrtory Whenored places were assocated with coercal activteson the seashore or on the rgn o a rver, they wereorgnized on two levels: the port nd coercal actvitiesat sea level nd the adnistatve buildngs basic insttutons, and ost o the housing on hgh ground. The tworeas were connected by a ore or less saight road thatclbed the hil and in te would becoe he an streeto the settleent, the socalled Ra Dra.

The consruction o an orginal ctadel on e enence oa ount was a che characterstic o the eropolnodel o reerence o these overseas settleents InOporto in Portug the originacastrmwas located on topo a hill The ility character o the seteents was cler.

Both Oporto and Lisbon were surrounded by deensivewalls that had contained, successvely the Ron, Vsgothic Musli, and Christian cties. Also, bot Lisbon andOporo, the ultate reerences o colonial city bulders,wer organized on two levels, uptown and downtown -astrctre that would be adopted whenever ssble overseas

Within the ortied city the best places, usually the top otehills were reserved or publc buildngshe goveorsplace, the town hall the hospt, the msercra thepublc assisance buildng), and ajor churches and convents. These buldings were soldly built and they gave he

city a sense o county. They also played an porntrole in organizing urban space Together wth the inoralsqures associated wih the, ey bece ocal int orthe developent o the urban tissue The city was suctred by the progressve articulaon o these solated nu

RG. 1 he baic eemen ooCoae GuloOma eveneen cen.


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cle The iregula trajectores of thestreets connectng them were dctated by

ther appaenly casual locaton wthnthe urban sucture But, n fact therewas nothng casual aut ther locatonsThese coesponded to a sct order ofsocety and to establshed relatons ofpower tween nstutons.

hs was the adonal sucture of thePortuguese medeval cty as rebult overseas In Brazl as elsewhere the Portguese re-created the European world.S. Salvador da Baa whch was the captal of Bazl from 1549 to 763 was a

fathful replca of Lsbon and OportoLocated aop a hgh scrp domnatng avast expanse of water t was surroundedby fotfed walls Its hlltops were domnated by churches and palaces whlecommerce took place at the lower levelalong the quays2

RG.. Lbn f e Oien Ga wecaflnda lae eveneen cen

Goa the poltcal commercal and relgous captal of the Portuguese n Asa sprobablytheclerestexampleofthestcture and spatal characteristc of a Portuguese colona cty (FI 2) By the end of

the sxteenth century t had a pulatonof nealy 3,people and t had beendubbed the Lsbon of the Oent becauseof ts close resemblance to that cty In alaton strangely smlar to Lsbon' s onthe left margn of a rver Goa presentedan regula semccula pla. Its seetsdescbed more or less symmecal andconcentic arcs centered on he downtown ea By the ver were the quaysthe arsenal the customs house and

':- " '- Ir .- . - I . ;'":. -

I t : , 0 h1 f_. . . " . ' h

:'- "._ 4 _ ' .

most sgnfcantly the palace of the RG.3 ibn lae ixteenh cen he baic reference f c buder

Vceroy A large seet he Ra Dreta (or Hgh Seet)was th sucturally and functonally the man street.Important commeal functons tk place along t and tconnected a number of squares where sgncant edfceswere located In the man square of Goa the SenatoalPalace the Achbshops Palace ad the Cathedral fguredpromnently The College of S. Paulo run by the Jesuts

themsercra, the Hospl and oher churches and convents were also stuated n prvleged latons consttutng other fal ponts the urban structure.

Represetatons of Lsbon of the ealy sxteenth centuryshow the most pomnent hll occuped by the old castle andthe Royal Palace the seats of temporal power G 3 o the


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west and east, on top of the other hlls, were the monasteriesof Graa, Carmo, Tndade and S. Vicente On an intermediate plae, he representations show he housing tssue in

which symbolically distinguished collctive buildings wereset he hospital, he trbunal, the jail, monsteres, andparish chrches. The cathal, although built hf way upthe hil, was given parculr prominence so that it interfered in he profile of the ciy The st plne, by the river,was cupied by the commercial zone and the t with itswharfs, dkyards and warehouses, mong which he customs house stood out The town wlls were highly visible,and he old castle appeaed as the key element of thedefensive srcture of the city, coesnding to the importce that was awrded to seculr power in the defense ofthe city Only the two min sques of Lisn - Rossioand Terrero do Pao were represented In Rossio werelated the hospitl and a second Royal Place. In Tereirodo Pao were locate the market, the docks, he gany,and, most imporntly, the Casa a Ina the wehousewhere all the spices and merchandise om India wasstored Thus, at the beginning of the sixteenth centuy thevertical order of society was apprent in the gaphic representation of isbon: the prominence of royal power, thespiritual power of churches and convents comtng withit, and the surdnate role of commerce ater in thecenury, at a time when rading actvities gained n increasing importance in the lfe of the city and he couny as awhole, the Royal Palace would built by the river the

Pao a bera in the hert of the mritime zone

One notices in these representaons the same basic sucture and he same key elements that were present when newcities were built overseas. Overseas cities were organizedon different levels, the highest coesnding to its dominnt secular and religious buildings, the lowest reserved forits mritme and commercial activiies Gret importancewas given to defense, as manifested in the choice of anelevated lation and he consucton of town walls Prominence was accorded to community buildings The squaresaround which these buildings were locatd came focalpoints in the orgnizaion of the bn sucture And the

ua Dreita played a suctur role in connecting the rtand the commercial area to the main square

Basic characteistics of this somewhat informal stuctureca be aced back to the Muslim city During ther longpresence in Portugal, from the eighth t the thiteenthcenries, he Moors left their impnt on the urban space

EXEA POUGUESE AONAL STLEMS 27

and rchitecture of many cities they occupied or founddWhereas the basic element of the Roman city was the steet,orgnized in a chckerd patte, the basic unit of te

Muslim city was the house The layout of he stt ws notdefind fohnd s in the Roman c; it resultd fromthe pogessive joining of houses. Ths, the intovertedstyle of life, and the necessities of defense also conbutedto the intmate character of the seets wnding lnes wthdifferent gauges and profiles, from which smer stretsbrnched out, often as Lshad alleys gvng access tosmll clusters of houses limatic conditons further determined that the steets be naow nd shaded The houseswee tud inwds, and the rre openings ito the stetwere protected by elaborate screns and blins

Muslim concepts of urban space and chitctre were stivery much alive in Portuguese cities of the sxteeth cetury, and the ub spaal concepts of the oors wereimportant to the urbn refereces d life expeences ofthose who but he new settements overss Braziliancities of the sixteenh century were in all aspcts simil tomedieval Portuguese cities, with now, egulr seets,blind lleys, Moosh ches, and balconies potcted bywooden blinds the murabs.3 These last, n pticul,similar to veiled faces, clerly relcted the oosh inuence that was exported to Brazil

But the organic, somewhat iregula city was not the oly

model of reference avilable to Portuguese city buldersNew kins of settlements lso emerged during this riod,planned fronter towns surounded by wlls and built nelevated places Despite the egulity of the places nwhich these new towns were built, their plans were regul,following a gomec patte In Potugl a number ofsuch towns were built in the ely fourteeth century,prticularly in Alentejo Among these were onsa,Redondo nd Vila Viosa The main sucturl element ofthese towns was a cenal street, the a Dreta thatcossed the town longitudinally, connecting two drsopened in opposite walls of the town (or conectig temain door of the town with the castle at is opposite

extreme). A small square was one alog ths main sttat the center of the town, where the church, ibunal, adother important collectve buildings were located. Scondry seets were built parallel to, or at approxmately ghtangles to, the main seet, creating a regular uban patteWhenever a new town was built ad there was enoughcenalized powert contol its developmet, such gomet


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ric pates were mposed This was a radicay differentkind o urban growth rom that generated round informa

church and paace squares Even so, the sucura roe ofthe main seet in both types of deveopment suggests acontinity. Even the apparenty most casua urban areashad a cerain degree of panning and contained reerencesto he more erudite orms o urban sucure that woud uly deveod n he next centry.

When new cites did not deveop sowy om fors orading stons bt nsead were buit rapidy, tradiionwas abandoned and Renaissance ideas were embraced.4This happened particury in Inda where a compromisebetween meieva and Renaissance concepts was estabished Dmo and Baaim, buit in the second haf o he

sixteenth century on the west coast o India, show a reguarcheckered pate o seets suounded by bastoned wasthat cery denote erdite Renaissance infuences (FI 4)Neverheess, he center o Damo contains a foress, areminder o the adiiona suctu of the Poruguesemediev city, instead of the regar sque characterisic oRenaissance ideas

The urban suctures of Portuguese overas setementsdo not f into pure types.The Renaissnce idea appears combined wi medie

va paes in a work o syn-thesis Each setement denotes a mixtre o aditionveacareemensanderudite eements These varydepending on he me ofther consction, the facto ther evoution either omprevios settements or vrgin territory, and the dierent poitica atttudes andsrategies that goveed hem The cities of Brazi, whichhad deep roots in Portuguese medieva adition, wereadequate to a poicy of occupation that was made soyduring the sixteenth cenury In India, on the conary, itwas neessry to proceed mch faster and to mrk anefective miitary and poitica presence to protect he

commerce in spices Cies in India had to be buit rapid yand effectivey to defend against Musim traders and mke

a show of dipomac activity and ostentation towrdpowerfu Indian Maharajas Cities inspred by Renaissanceideas fied these objecives appropriatey.

TH CAS O HA D MOAMBQU

Iha de Mombique on the east coast o Aica was firstvisited by the Poruguese in 1498 on ther way to India Itsoon beame a mandatory por of cafor ships on the Indianroue. t oered protecon against the monsns and, mostimportanty, was an important center for the ade in god,wih which Asian spices coudb bought in India A thegod, siver and ivory that had been traded or coth, meta

aifacts, nd misceaneous items on the cost o Moam-bique had to pass hrough Iha de Moambique. Thestategic importance of Iha de Moambique to the Indianade was emphaszed by the fact hat after 1509 it wasadministered om Goa and its goveor was surdinate tothe Viceroy o India

For decades the Poruguesefough t the Arab S wahiis fortrade supremacy in the reaIn 1507 the rading stationwas buit At first, this wasony a sma fort buit wth

stones om ships' baast,around which appeed tePortuguese settement andthe first chas But thecontinuing reacon of Arabs and Indians to the Portuguese inusion n the IndianOcean soon made necessaythe consuction o heaverfortifications The foressof S Sebasio was begun in

558 on the norhe tip of the Iha, nd by the end o thesixenth century the ading station was n imporntsettement with o fortesses, a hospita, churches, con-vents, and many houses FI 5) Reigious orders payed animrant roe in the deveopment of the setement Amongthem were he Dominicns, the Jesuits, and the monks of S

FIG4 e Renaissance inuence: Damo wes coas oIndia, beginning oe seveneen cen.


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Joao de Deus, to whom lrge dontions olnd were given.The Jesuits mnged to bcome the owners of most rntlhouses on the lh

Ilh de Mombique presented very rich ethnic compositon. here were three mn ctors behind this: the loction o the islnd ner the Acn connent, the importntrole it plyed in the commercil network of the IndinOcen, nd the ntegron of the islnd into the lrgerPortuguese empire6 Thepopultion consisted ofBntus (the originl nhbitnts of the islnd), bmerchnts nd sefrers,Portuguese, mixed Portu

guese-Indin Chisn immigrnts rom Go, ndHindu nd Muslim IndinsFinlly, te ws consnttrnsit nd settlement opeople rom l the oherprts of the Portugueseempire rom McoTimor, West Aric ndBr these groups leftther ethnic nd culturl imprint on he Ih. But in termso the urbn om nd the orm of housing the Portuguesecontrbution prdomintd.

At the ginning of the Portuguese ocuption settlers'houses were temrry constructons similr to l verncul uildings bo in terms of form nd in use omtels. In the dcdes tht followed, however Europn houses begn to be more solidly built nd begn todisnguish themselves from loc buildings Neverheless,by the middle o the eightenth century huts with plm lef(macuroos were still eely locted mong stone houseshe bsic sucture o the town ws chrcterized bynrow, egulr seets tht connected the fulcrl ins ofthe urbn network: churches convents the Jesuits college,the residence of the CptinGenel the hospil, nd he

sques usully ssocited with them. Along the cost werelted the commercil buildings. hese ced both these, or loding nd unloding crgo, nd he seet wheregos were ded The ncresingly rpid development of

X PORUGUESE ADIONAL STLEMS 29

the town coincided with the estblishment of the towncouncil in 1761 nd the beginning oflndlsing to pvteindividuls By 800 the town hd grown considerblytowrd the south ollowing the clssicl ubn pttetypicl o the time wih regulr blocks nd brod, sghtsets he cottges with strw roos begn to concentrtein the southe pt of the lh By the end o the nneteenthcentury there ws clrly diferentitd Europen "stonebuilt town, nd "mau town for locl inhbins

These were conscted ofdferent mterils hd diferent forms nd occupieddifferent loctions Thestonebuilt town on thenorh nd the ma town

to the south were shydivided by line cross theislnd

One my conclude tht inthe beginning of the Portuguese presence nd in thefirst centures ht followedthere ws gret dl ofclturl ssimiltion. Tis

went s r s the dopion by the Poguese of locveculr houseforms nd mterils Despite the progressive seprtion of the two bsic housing tys there

still persists n importnt element o kinship between hem.The bsic plntype hs been preservd thugh the ysnd, remrkbly, it cn be ound in both types In ct thebsic rrngement o the pln is the sme or ll houses, odnd new big nd sm, msonry or mudbuilt IG 6 Thisplntype is not purely Portuguese or Arbin, Indin orSwhili Apprently, it emerged s the most dequtesolution kng into ccount the vilble locl mterilsthe ll climte nd the nturl living conditions o theislnd? Nevertheless one inds more thn csul similrities with house plns o veculr houses om the southo Portugl. hereo it is likely tht the Portugueseinuence ws the strongest component of he crosscultr

nd ecologic process tht gve rse to it

Extelly, the houses lso relect the muliple inluencesrepresentd n them, but the most notble inluence comes

G5 ha de Mambique beginning o svenn cnury basic sucur o esmn


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from Algarve the south region of Portugl.8 houssofAgrve have features that re vry similr to tos on the

Ila: rndered and limd facads, detailed coics whitpaind window and door surrounds, a composition offacade with rectangular well-prortiond rytmicallyplacd windows pilaster sps tat mpsiz cors andfat roofs for collecting rainwatr G 7B Arabian andndian featurs can also b found in te details of oterbuildgs, for xampl in crch facads, but rrely inhouses. t is ntealy in dcoration and fishings thatthe Indan iflunc was most clrly flt in ouses ofthe Ia.

HE CASE O OLI NDA AND RCI

Like oter towns built by Portugal in Brzil, the urbanlayout of Olinda ad its mdival roots imprintd in it Teapparnt disorder of t urban sucture was in fact, a

FG. 6. ( Panpsohoussn ha dMambqu.RG 7 op ghHousngpoogs had Mambqus-bu"o.

RG. B. boom

gh) HousingpoogisAga

plannd orgnization at accordd to medieval principlsSuc prncipls, although not xplicity codied, blongedto a rich urban adition both Crsan nd Muslim that tarcitects and buildrs carrid with tm.

Olinda w founde in 1537 in the regon of Peamucote cnter of a vast hinted of sugar plantations Foowing th Portuguese tdition, th top of a steep hil waschosn for the site of the town despite its ing fve mes

from th sea. To compensate for this lation the smalsettlmnt of Recfe was founde on a plain at the confluence of the Capaerbe and Berbe Rivers. Recife providd the ncessary shing ad port actvities of Olinda.Unlik Portugues colonies that lived om the sea adethe economic asis of Olin was agrculture and theindusal activitis rlatdt th processing of sugar caneNvertheless its urban layout was asically the same as


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other colonial cities. mpornt adminisative buildingsand monumenta churches were located in prominent places,structurng he urban space There were clear affiniieswih e urban structure of other cites, namely Goa and SSalvador d a Baa9 Recife, locaed on lat ground and withlimited functions mosty related to the rt and the domestic needs of its workers, had a rather simpler layout Itconsisted of a checkered patte of nerly regular blocksand seets aroud a central squre where he church waslated

Bo Olinda and Recife were desoyed folloing heDutch invasion of 30 Of he two complementary settlemens, the Dutch preferred Recife, and they inslled theirgovement there The commercial and urban develop

ment of Recife promoted by the Dutch meat hat Olindalost is role as capial of Peambuco o Olnda wasreserved the role of historical capil,allowing he crystallation of is urban structure in a way hat as chracteristic of a model of uban develop-ment

EIXE: OUGUESE ArONAL SLEMS 31

these new area in later yes was not rare Houses built inRecife in the eighteenh ad nineteenth centres, he characteristc houses of tay's Recife, had song Portugueseroos They soon replaced, or were literally bult un,what he Dutch left, further conbuting to the Portuguesechracter of Recife and te effacement of the Dutch legacy

The duality between Olinda and Recife is furher expressedin the house typologies d architecture that grew up inthem. The houses of Olinda have their roots in the Portuguese rural adition: thick stone wls, one or to loorsstone coers, thresholds and jambs, a dominant horzonality of line, hipd rfs, and the overall squat look ofPortuguese Baroque buildings IGS. 10, 1 1 This housetypewas fully developed in the lrge mnsions built by planta

tion oners. ! Tese mansions were direct hes to thecounry manors of noble landoners in Portugal Since

Recife as rebuilt by the Dutch wih astrong defensive structure and a precise and erudite plan of orthogonalblocks The erudition of the Dutchplan of Mauricio de Nassau repre

sented (as far as Brazil was conceed)a new concept of urban space andurban sucture radically different omPortuguese conceptions G 9) Afterthe restoraon of the sovereignty in the aditional practice ofPortuguese citybuilding was resumedOlinda's urban network, closely tiedto tographical conditions, had remained unchanged, and it was rebuiltfollowing original principles. nRecife, the regular Dutch layout wasmainned but further developments

of the town were determined by the

FG.9 e Dh pan of Reife Braz1 lae seveneenh enry

lation of new churches nd the suctuing of squares inclose assiation wih them The resulng urban tissue ofRecife is a mixture of erudite and organic growh, and, inthe end, is not altogether different from the layouts of oherBrzilian towns that occupied cosal areas adjoining theiroriginal lations The adoption of geometrical layouts in

Olinda was a center for a region of sugr planons, it asnot surprising that his originally rural housety took rootthere The type was easily adapted o opical conditionsthrough local innovaons higher ceilings, walls that ddnot reach he roof, lattic windows, shady verandahs andinteal courtyards


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DS

he houses of Recife ae radicaly different They aerather slim, e built to five or six stoies and have naowfrontages, high pitched slae roofs and an exemely accentuated verticity. The typical house of the merchant inRecife combied a shop on the gound foor wih dwelingquters aboveY Thi s house-form derived from sim iatpes ofstucure n Portugal, particully merchan housesn Oporto he sim houses of Recife e similar to ebougeois houses ofOporto th exteally and in terms ofinteal organization Their ineal order feaured drawing rooms on the first oor, dining rm and kitchen on etop floor (on account of smels and he danger of re) andseeping rooms n between Accommodations for seranswere located in the attic Stairs in the midde of the house

were illumnated by elaborate skylights GS 12 13 Thehouses of the poorer strata of society both in Oporo andRecife, were basically e same alhough smaler and lessstructured A convergence of ecological funcional andculural factors led to the adoptio of this housetype inRecife On the one hand, sli m, a buidings on narow otswere the obvious solution to a scarcity ofand On the oher,a housetype that combined commercial and residena

IG 0 op le) oun mano nPougal

IG boom le Statel mano n BazlIG 2 below) Uban houses n potoIG fang page) The onnu of

adon houses n Refe.

uses best fied e needs of the merchts he house ofOporto deveoped in s imilar circumstnces, was esily andsuccessfuly adopted

The cultal inuence of one society on another by itself,does not ean much Unless deliberately imposed culturainfluences usuay ony ake root if they find ocal ecologic sa d culta ccumstceswhich they cn beadpted prtculy i these re mengful to thesocet eg nfuece Oe finds i Oi ad Recifetwo competey different typologes of housg that hadorigis Portugal he house of Onda a tow fodedby Potuguese obity and the ceter of a rural ea, wsher to te adtio of a ua house-type he house of

Recife a ercante city r exellene, was derived directy from the house of the merchant borgeoisie inOporto Both types had to d n nnsc ogic withresct to l conditons as well as adequate grouds fordeveopmet Nether occurred as the result of blindacceptce of avable mes


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The cutural inluence of architectura models s a two-waypress, and e find a good llusaton of ths n the Casasde Brasleros bult in Oporto and thoughout he north of

Portuga n the ninetenh cenuy. These were the housesof former Portuguese mmigants to Brazil who retedrich to their homeland. These mansons no matter how

nave or over-decorated were the hes of the Baoque

manos that had been introduced from Portuga to Brazil

three centures before. In this case the rad ton was broughtback t Europe rich wth accultuations as a result of

meetngs and miscegenaons wth other cultures n Braz.

COCLUSIO: A O-WAY FLUECE

The marks of the Poruguese presence are felt to hs day many parts of the world n relgon myth tadton a

guage and achtectue. Of these nluences the bulding actves of the Portuguese had he geatest pact.Ths accouns for the persstent inuence of Portuguese

desgns and budng techniques n puar architecture Inmany pats of the word Portuguese buldings wer he frst

durabe homes of the common folk Asde om temples,palaces and arstocratic resdences, n man y places no bult

TIXI POUGUESE ADONAL STLEMS 33

remans have been dentfied prevous to the Portuguese

presence Knowedge ad experence n the buldgtades acqured om the Potuguese nealy fve centues

ago by oca bulders hae en passed down fom generaton to generaton Ths has often corresponded wth the

preseraton of buidng pototypes that embody today's

veacular archtecture.

Mateal reaiies and specifcity of ocal culture led n eachPotuguese colonal settlement to a symboss of a unquecharacter Loca ecoogcal condtons n their broadest

sense ere responsible for trasformatons n the bult

envonment h hrough the adaptng of Portuguese

modes t la materas and clma and the adoptng ofal typologies forms, ad models of reference. The

composite models thus eaborated were often accepted asnew types of veacular achitectue and came to replacepreviously establshed mels. These models were n tcaied to other places where they became archetypes n the

creaton of new forms Such new veacular foms ee toa large etent the result of stmulant contacts wh ohercutures and values of reference. The tansformatons th


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4 DS

Portuguese brought in this ield re urther eident in thecontinued use o Portuguese words in the building des inmn lces where Portuguese settlement ended centuriesgo nd where Portuguese is no longer soken.

All these things e strong reminders o the enetion 9Portuguese cultue ound the world The Portuguese werethe irst Weste societ most oles o Aic Asi orSouth Americ cme into conct with These contctswere the irst meengs tween Euroen nd Aicn orAsin concets nd led to geat culturl chnge on bothsides

deense nd emoriums o commerce the lid the oundwork or cultural trnser nd the smbiosis o eoles ndciiliztions New concets o sce nd rchitecture wereintroduced through them. he new nctionl meningsssocited with these concets crried n imlicit newcosmolog

Colonil settlements were ehicles or the nsmission oPotuguese culture nd ciiliztion Besides being oles o

he architecture nd urbn sces built b the Portugueseoerses re robbl the clerest eidence o the imortntrole the oges o the iteenth nd sixteenth centuriesled in the meeting nd crossertiliztion o the cultureso the Est nd the West. ht exrience o crucilimornce or both sieties ws in the West n essentilcomonent o the Euroean Renissnce

REFERENCE NOTES I woud ke to expess my tanks to PofAugusto P Brando Ana Figueido, IsabelG. Lucas Margarida Valla, NUno Ludoviceand Paula Ramos who dedcated muc tmeto the study o hs subject and organzed theFst Congress of he usitanan BultPatmony i the Wold, i Mac 98. Ae ave-mied coleagues wee mostgeneous i tei help

G LeebveLNaance L'Hstorgraphe Moderne (aris:Flai 9) p 53.2. M.T. Ci "A 'Cidade Idea doRenascimento e as Cidades Pouguesas daInda, Garc Orta -Revsta da Junta Mse Geogrca e d nvetgao Ultrar Nmero escal (956), pp 319

328.3 PF Santos Forco de C nBral Colonl (Combra Gica deComba 968) p 9 4. C "A Cdade Ideal

p. 324.

5 Santos Forco de C p 406 Secetea de Esado d Cultua deMambque lIh de Mambque (Maputond) p 6

7 Ibd p 6.8 Ib p. 589 MJ.M. Rigues Olnda e Recife Uto de Polarde no Urnsmo

Colonal Portugu (sboa 99) p 10 EV. de Olvera and F. Gahano CaaEgusa do Porto e Sobrado do Rece

(Rece Pl Editoia S/A 986) p22 . Ibd p 24


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0 S V O . , 9 9 0 . 7

V CHARACT RISTICS OF RADIIO AL

RBA FORM IN OTHA CHIA

PU MIAO

his paper aims at gving tangible meaning to the onept of traditioal Chinese urban form

to begin to dispel the vaguns that has hampered eorts by Chiese (ad other) arhitet

and urban designers to dra lessons from Chinese urba traditio t desrib the forma

strutures of the pre-industrial ities of Southeast China inludi ng Najing Suhou Hahou

and Shanghai as examples ad i t formulates seven harateristi of Chiese traditional ities:

the inuene of an orthogonal model the abne of the "uare the revalene of the alled

residential street the deinition of to ity enters the establishmet of the aal system the

domina ne of lo buildin gs and evenly distributed small ope spaes ad the use of toer ad

topography to generate ton identity.

Sine the ities of Southeast China represented the nal stage in the deveopmet of

urban areas in preindustrial China the paper an laim to be a geera study of traditioa

Chinese urban form he determinatio of seve harateristis as ot based o ay

property of the number seven; the author imagines that additioal formal harateristis ith

similar value and signiiane) may be disovered by other authors The harateristi have

been deined in ontrast to features of the Europea medieva ad Reaissae ity beau

most arhitets and urban designers are aquainted ith this system ter preting eah

haratristi the paper explores its soial eonomi and ultural impliatios The paper

onludes by noting ve traditional Chinese values embodied in the formal harateristis.

Pu i a hnese Archect amd panner curreny reide in SanFrancsco aoa, US

e e ed o te Cultual evolution in 1978 Chies

ites d ub desiges have esumed debate on thepossibiliy o boowig om Chinas built heitage todesig te eviomet o toda Howeve the use o hetem "adiioal om in hese discussions emains vagueEven ough eveyone involved sms to specic images o old Ciese villge o cit in his o he mind ew

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