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METODOS ELECTRICOS I

ING. EN GEOCIENCIAS

CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

GCM 1020

2-2-4EQUIPO: “SALEM”

GONZALEZ MENDEZ DIANA LAURAHERNANDEZ ANIMAS NADIA KARINA

HERNANDEZ PEREZ LUISA FERNANDALUIS GUADALUPE BLANCA ESTELA

MARTINEZ GOMEZ SARA ALICIA

AZQUEZ PEREZ MELISSA

4!2" B 1!:00-1#:00 L-M-$-%

ING. MIGUEL MARTINEZ FLORES

PERIODO AGOSTO-DICIEMBRE

ELECTRICIDAD TERRESTRE

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S& '()('&) *+&, ,,*&/, &'*+'(, &)&+/3(, &) / T&++/ &) //*5,6&+/ 7(+ 7+('&,(, &(68,'(, )/*9+/&,. U)( 3& &(, &,* &) /

/*5,6&+/ (*+( &,* 3&)*+( 3& / T&++/; <9&)3( 7/+/&( / /,97&+='&. E *&+'&+(; >9& *+/,/3/ '/+/ &'*+'/ &)*+& / /*5,6&+/ / T&++/; <9& &) ?&+*'/. L/ &&'*+'3/3 /*(,6+'/; &@'&7*( />9&/ >9& ,& /,('/ '() '/+/,3&)*+( 3& 9)/ )9& ('/,()/ & +&7/(; &, & +&,9*/3( 3& /()/'5) 3& / /*5,6&+/ 7(+ / +/3/'5) ,(/+ / 7/+*+ 3&(?&)*( 3& )9&, 3& ()&, '()39'3/, 7(+ /+&/, /*(,6+'/,. L/,/+&/, /*(,6+'/, ,& 7+(39'&) 7(+ / /*+/''5) +/?*/'()/ 3& S( / L9)/ ,(+& / /*5,6&+/ 3& / T&++/ véase G+/?*/'5) ; / 9/

>9& /, /+&/, ('&)'/,; ,9&) //) / 3/+(. L/ ()/'5) ; 7(+'(),9&)*&; / '()39'*?3/3 &'*+'/ 3& / /*5,6&+/ '&+'/)/ / /,97&+='& 3& / T&++/ &, //; 7&+( '+&'& '() +/73& / /9&)*/+ //*9+/. E)*+& (, 40 (, 400 7(+ &)'/ 3& / T&++/; / ()(,6&+/'(),**9& 9)/ '/7/ &,6+'/ '/, 7&+6&'*/&)*& '()39'*(+/. L/ '/7/+&<&/ /, ,&/&, 3& +/3( 3& '&+*/, ()*93&, 3& ()3/; / ,& (+)&)&) / T&++/ ( &9&) / / T&++/ 3&,3& & &,7/'(. L/ ()/'5) 3& //*5,6&+/ ?/+8/ 9'(; )( ,5( '() / /*9+/ ,)( */) '() / (+/3& 38/ / /**93.

Corrientes de la tierra 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

Carga en la superfcie terrestre L/ ,97&+='& 3& / T&++/ *&)& '/+/ &'*+'/ )&/*?/. A9)>9& /'()39'*?3/3 3& /+& '&+'/ 3& / T&++/ &, 7&>9&/; & /+& )( &, 9)

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/,/)*& 7&+6&'*( / '/+/ )&/*?/ ,& '(),9+8/ '() +/73& , )( ,&+&79,&+/ 3& /9)/ 6(+/.

C9/)3( ,& /) +&//3( &3'()&, '() 9&) *&7(; ,& / (,&+?/3(>9& 9) <9( 3& &&'*+'3/3 7(,*?/ ,& 9&?& /'/ //( 3&,3& //*5,6&+/ /'/ / T&++/. L/ '/9,/ &, / '/+/ )&/*?/ 3& / T&++/; >9&/*+/& ()&, 7(,*?(, 3& / /*5,6&+/.

L/ &&'*+'3/3 &) / T&++/ 79&3& /)6&,*/+,& 3& 3?&+,/, 6(+/, >9&)(, 79&3&) 7/+&'&+ 9 '(9)&, / >9& /, ?&(, +&9/+&)*&; 7&+(;)(, &(, 7+&9)*/3(; J'5( ,& 7+(39'&) P/+/ +&,(?&+ &,/ '9&,*5)&)'()/+&(, &&7(, 3& &,*/, /)6&,*/'()&,:

 

TORMENTAS ELÉCTRICAS¿Cuándo se or!a una tor!enta el"ctrica#

L/ *(+&)*/ &'*+'/ *&)& 9/+ '9/)3( & /+& '/&)*& ,& &&?/ /+/) ?&('3/3  ,& &)'9&)*+/ '() /+& 6+8( / *&7&+/*9+/ 7(+ 3&/( 3&79)*( 3& +('8(; ( >9& &+/ & '/(+ /*&)*& 7+(39'& / *(+&)*/. L(,+/(, ,& &)&+/) '9/)3( 3&,3& )9&, /*/, ,& 3&,7+&)3&) 7/+*8'9/,&/3/, '() 3&,*)( / / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&; &+/)3( energ$a 7(+ /&@,*&)'/ 3& 3,*)*/, '/+/, &) /, 7/+*8'9/,.

C9/)3( ,& 7+(39'& 9)/ *(+&)*/ &'*+'/; siempre ,& &)&+/) +/(,; */); &) &)&+/; 9?/, 69&+*&, +6//, 3& ?&)*(, /,*/ / ?&'&,

+/)( *(+)/3(,. U)/ *(+&)*/&'*+'/ )3&7&)3&)*& ,&3&)()/ 9)/ '9/; >9& 39+//,*/ 9)/ (+/. U) +97( 3&'9/, ,& 3&)()/ ,7&+ '9/.M&)*+/, >9& /, '9/,)3?39/&, 9&+&) ,& 6(+/))9&?/,; 9)/ ,7&+ '9/ 79&3&39+/+ (+/, &)&+/+ 9)/ '&+*/

'/)*3/3 3& *(+)/3(,.

S() )&'&,/+(, '9/*+( 6/'*(+&,7/+/ >9& ,& 6(+& 9)/ '(++&)*&&'*+'/; ,*(, ,():

Elevación: 7/+/ >9& /, )9&, ,& 6(+&); & /+& &3( 3&& ,9+;&)6+/+,& '()3&),/+,&. L/ &&?/'5) &, & &'/),( >9& /'& >9& &

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/+& ,9/; &@,*&) 9'/, /)&+/, 7/+/ >9& &,*( ,9'&3/. C9/)3( &,( '/&)*/ / *&++/ / *&++/ '/&)*/ & /+& ,(+& ,*/; &,& /+& ,&

&&?/ 9) /+& , 6+8( ('97/ ,9 9/+. C9/)3( 9)/ /,/ 3& /+& '3(,& )'(+7(+/ / 9)/ /,/ 3& /+& 6+8(; & /+& '3( , ?/)( ,& &&?/ ,& '(('/ 7(+ &)'/ 3& /+& 6+8(. U) 6+&)*& 6+8( /,'&)3&)*& /'& ('()*+/+(: ,& 3&,/ 7(+ 3&/( 3& / /,/ 3& /+& '3( ( (/ /

&&?/+,&.

A &33/ >9& & /+& '3(/,'&)3&; ,& ?/ &)6+/)3( &)*()'&, 3&,'&)3&: ,*& &, 9)7+('&,( //3( '()?&''5). L/,'(++&)*&, 3& '()?&''5) 3,7&+,/)

/ &)&+8/ *&+/ '/(+; &) &,*&'/,( & /+& '/&)*/3(. E *+)(*')'( 7/+/ 9)/ *(+&)*/ &'*+'/

'(7&/ &, sistema convectivo de mesoescala.

Humedad: ,*& &, 9) )+&3&)*& &,&)'/ &) *(3(, (, ,,*&/,'*'(,. E /+& /,'&)3&)*& )( 6(+/+ )9&, , &, ,&'(. L/, )9&,'99()(, &,*) '/+/3/, 3& 9&3/3 &) 6(+/ 3& ?/7(+ 3& /9/.S& 6(+/) / &33/ >9& & /+& '3( ,& &&?/ 9&( ,& &)6+8/ /,*/&/+ / 79)*( 3& '()3&),/'5). E 79)*( 3& '()3&),/'5) &, /*&7&+/*9+/ / / '9/ 9)/ )9& ,& ,/*9+/ )( 79&3& +&*&)&+ ,9&3/3 & ?/7(+ 3& /9/ '(&)/ / '()3&),/+,& &) 6(+/ 3&9?/. L/, *(+&)*/, &'*+'/, ,() , '(9)&, &) '/, '3(,7(+>9& & 79)*( 3& '()3&),/'5) &, /*( /, )9&, 79&3&) '/+/+ ,9&3/3 /)*&, 3& &/+ / 79)*( 3& ,/*9+/'5) &+/+ & *(++&)*& 3&9?/.

 T(3(, (, *7(, 3& *(+&)*/, &'*+'/, +/(, +&7/(, 7+(?&)&)7+)'7/&)*& 3& )9&, //3/, C99()(, >9& '+&'&) /'//++/ 3&,/++(/) '9+&, /*8,/, >9& 7/+&'&) 9)>9&,.

 Aire inestable: & /+& &3( /,'&)3&)*& )( ,&7+& &)&+/*(+&)*/, &'*+'/,. E /+& 3&& ,&+ )&,*/&. S & /+& &, &,*/&; &/+& /,'&)3&)*& ,& &)6+8/ , >9& & /+& / ,9 /+&3&3(+ ?9&?& /3&,'&)3&+; ,& &?*/ /,8 / *(+&)*/ &'*+'/. L/, /,/, 3& /+&)&,*/& /,'&)3&) ,& &)6+8/) 7&+( ,& /)*&)&) , '/&)*&, >9& &/+& / ,9 /+&3&3(+ ; 7(+ ( */)*(; '()*)/) &&?)3(,&. E &'/),(3& *+/,6()3( &, & '/(+ &+/3( 7(+ / '()3&),/'5) &) 9)/ )9&.D&3( / &,*(; / /,/ 3& /+& /,'&)3&)*& ,& /)*&)& , '3/ >9&& /+& / ,9 /+&3&3(+ '()*)/ &&?)3(,&. E /+& >9& /,'&)3& 6(+/

F(*(+/68/ '(+*&,8/ 3& D/)&P(+*&+S&+?'( M&*&(+(5'( N/'()/

3& / NOAA A3),*+/'5) N/'()/O'&)'/ A*(,6+'/.

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9)/ '(++&)*& /,'&)3&)*&; &)*+/, >9& & /+& >9& 3&,'&)3& 6(+/ 9)/'(++&)*& 3&,'&)3&)*&.

No debe haber topes a aproximadamente 3.000 m (10.000 pies): 9) *(7& &, / 7/+*& ,97&+(+ 3& 9)/ )9& 3& '()?&''5); &)3()3& & /+& ,& &,*//. S )( / *(7&, / /+&3&3(+ 3& ".000 ; &/+& )&,*/& '()*)/ &&?)3(,& &,*( 7&+*& >9& ,& 3&,/++(&)*(+&)*/, &'*+'/,. E) &,*& &,'&)/+( 3& 9)/ /,/ 3& /+& '3(/,'&)3&)*&; /, *(+&)*/, &'*+'/, ,& 6(+/) &) / /,/ 3& /+& 6+8(;)&,*/& &3( >9& / 3&/( 3& ,*/. C() 9) 6+&)*& 6+8(/,'&)3&)*&; /, *(+&)*/, &'*+'/, ,& 6(+/) / ( /+( 3& / 8)&/6+()*/ 9,*( &) 6+&)*& 3& ,*/.

E,*(, '9/*+( )+&3&)*&, ,& '()/) 7/+/ 6(+/+ 9)/ *(+&)*/. U)/'(++&)*& /,'&)3&)*& /'& >9& ,& 3&,/++(&) )9&, /*8,/,. C9/)3('(&)/ / '/&+ 9?/; / '(++&)*& 3&,'&)3&)*& 3&,/++(/ 6(+/+6//, 3& ?&)*( '&+'/ 3& / *&++/. F)/&)*&; / '(++&)*& /,'&)3&)*&,& +(7& / *(+&)*/ ,& *&+)/. L/ 69&+/ 3& / '(++&)*& /,'&)3&)*& 3&,'&)3&)*& 3&*&+)/ / 69&+/ 3& / *(+&)*/.

L(, +/(, ('9++&) 3&)*+( 3& /, )9&, 3& *(+&)*/ /,8 '(( */)69&+/ 3& ,*/,; )( )&'&,/+/&)*& 7/'*/) &) / *&++/. E,*&3/+// 9&,*+/ (, 36&+&)*&, *7(, 3& +/(, '(( /,8 */) &(?&)*( 3& /+& 3& / '/+/ &'*+'/ 3& / *&++/ / / )9&; ?'&?&+,/.

U)/ ?& >9& &,*/ )9& ,& 6(+5; '(&)/) (, 7+('&,(, 3& “'/+/3(”>9& '(),,*& &) / /'99/'5) 3& '/+/, 3&)*+( 3& / )9&. E,*( ,&7+(39'& 7(+ & (?&)*( '(>9& 3& /, 7/+*8'9/, 3&)*+( 3& / )9&.L(, '+,*/&, 3& &( >9& '()*&)& & C99()(, ,9&) (,+/)(, &) &,*/ //); /,8; / &)'()*+/+,&; '(,()/) &+/)&&'*+()&,; >9&3/)3( (, '+,*/&, 3& &( '() '/+/ 7(,*?/ (,+/)(, '() '/+/ )&/*?/. L9&( 3& '(>9&; (, 3(, &&&)*(,'()*)/) ,9 (?&)*(; /'99)3(,& &) / 7/+*& ,97&+(+ & )6&+(+'/+/, 7(,*?/, )&/*?/, +&,7&'*?/&)*&.

L/ &+/'5) 3& &,*/ '/+/ /'99/3/ &) / )9& ('9++& &) 9)/ ,&+& 3&&*/7/, >9& *&+)/) '() / &)&+/'5) 3& +/(. P+&+(; 9)/ '(++&)*&3& /+& ()/3( 9)3/ / / )9& 3&,'&)3& 3& &,*/ /'&+')3(,& / ,9&(.C9/)3( &,*/ '(++&)*& ('// 9)/ '(9)/ 3& '/+/, 7(,*?/,'()&'*/3/ / ,9&( */) 3& '/+/ 7(,*?/ >9& 79&3& ,&+ 3&,3& 9)+( / 9) &3='( ( /,*/ 9)/ 7&+,()/ //, ,& '()&'*/); ,& 7+(39'&

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9) <9( 3& '(++&)*& &'*+'/ 3&,3& / /,& )&/*?/ 3& C99()(,/'/ & ,9&( 7(,*?(.

C9/)3( &,*) '()&'*/3(, ,9&( )9& / '/+/ )&/*?/ ?// /'/ &,9&( ,& 7+(39'& & +/( 3& 9?,&; %ue &a desde el suelo'acia la nu(e) Este ra*o llega a&elocidades de +,,),,,),,,-il.!etros por 'ora)

Las ra/ones para lastor!entas0 con llu&ia o secas0en esta "poca del a1o es lainesta(ilidad de la at!.sera)

**7:3&=)'().3&*(+&)*/-&&'*+'/@"*(93)' **7:.*&)*&+&,/.&,*&++/6(+/)-*(+&)*/,-

&&'*+'/,0!""0!440.* **7:*(+&)*/,79'.(,7(*.@20011?3&(-3&-+/(,.*

**7:.7/)&*,&&3.'(&,+&/*&3/+*'&+/(,-(+&)-3&-9)/-*(+&)*/-&&'*+'/

  ¿2OR 34É LAS N45ES 2ROD4CEN ELECTRICIDAD#

E) 7+)'7(; ,& ,/&>9& /, 7/+*&,

,97&+(+&, 3& /,)9&, 3& *(+&)*/7(,&&) '/+/7(,*?/; &)*+/,>9& &) /, 7/+*&,'&)*+/&,7+&3()/) /,

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)&/*?/,. A9)/, ?&'&,; 9) 7&>9&( '&)*+( '/+/3( 7(,*?/&)*&/7/+&'& &) / 9?/; &) / 7/+*& )6&+(+ 3& / )9&. L/ +&5) 3& @/

)*&),3/3 3& '/7( &'*+'( ,& // &)*+& /, 3(, ()/, 7+)'7/&, 3&3,*)*/ 7(/+3/3.

L/, *&(+8/, >9& )*&)*/) &@7'/+ / &&'*+='/'5) 3& /, *(+&)*/,79&3&) 3?3+,& &) 3(, +97(,; ,&) >9& 7/+/ ,9 *&,, +&>9&+/) /7+&,&)'/ 3& '+,*/*(, 3& &( 7+&'7*/'5) ( )(. L/ /(+ 7/+*& 3&(, &*&(+5((, (7)/) >9& / 7+&+/ '/,& 3& 75*&,, &, / '(++&'*/;79&,*( >9& /, 3&,'/+/, )( ,& (,&+?/); &) &)&+/; /,*/ >9& /,)9&, )( /'/)/) 9) 3&,/++(( /,*/)*& )(*/&; '() &( &) /, '/7/,

,97&+(+&,.

E) &@7&+&)*(, 3& /(+/*(+( ,& / 3&(,*+/3( '/+/&)*& & 7/7&>9& 3&,&7&/) /, 7/+*8'9/, 3& &( &) / &&'*+='/'5) 3& /,)9&,. S& / '(7+(/3( >9& '9/)3( ,& '()&/) ,(9'()&, 393/,3& /9/; ,& (+)/) +/)3&, 36&+&)'/, 3& 7(*&)'/ &'*+'( &)*+& &/9/ & &(. M&)*+/, & &( /3>9&+& '/+/ &'*+'/ )&/*?/ &/9/ +&*&)& '/+/ 7(,*?/.

S& '+&& >9& / 6(+/'5) 3& (, '&)*+(, 3& '/+/ &) /, )9&, 3&

*(+&)*/ *&)& 9/+ '9/)3( & +/)( +&'(& , /9/ 8>93/ 3& />9& 79&3& ,&+ '()&/3/ / ),*/)*&. U)/ ?& >9& ,& )'/ /,(3='/'5); 7/+*& 3& /9/ >9& )( 7/,/ )&3/*/&)*& / &,*/3(,53( &, /++/,*+/3/ 7(+ / '(++&)*& ?&+*'/ 3& /+&. L/, 7&>9&/,(**/, 3& /9/; &?/3/, /'/ /++/; '(),**9&) / 7(+'5) 3& '/+/7(,*?/ >9& '(+()/ / )9&; &)*+/, >9& /, 7/+*8'9/, 3& &( ,+/)3&, '/&) /'/ /*9+/, &)(+&,.

 T/) ,& / 3&(,*+/3( >9& / +97*9+/ 3& 9)/ (*/ 3& /9/ &) 9)/

69&+*& '(++&)*& ?&+*'/ 3& /+& 7+(39'& 9)/ ,&7/+/'5) 3& '/+/,&'*+'/,. E) &,*& 7+('&,( /, +/)3&, 7/+*8'9/, 3& /9/ '(),&+?/) &,)( 7(,*?(; &)*+/, >9& & /+& /3>9&+& ,)( )&/*?(. E,*/,&7/+/'5) '()39'& / 9)/ 7(/+3/3 (79&,*/ / / >9& &,* /,('/3/ '()(, 7+)'7/&, '&)*+(, 3& '/+/ 3& /, *(+&)*/,; 7&+( &@7'/7&+6&'*/&)*& & 7&>9&( )'&( 7(,*?( '&+'/)( / / /,& 3& / )9&.

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C9/)3( ,& 6(+/) )9&, 3&),/, &) 9)/ *(+&)*/; 3&3( / (,(?&)*(, 3& +/)3&, /,/, 3& /+& 3& /9/; &) & )*&+(+ 3& /

)9& ,& '+&/) ()/, '() '/+/, 7(,*?/, '/+/, )&/*?/,. E)*+&&,*/, ()/, &@,*&) +/)3&, 36&+&)'/, 3& 7(*&)'/; / 9/ >9& &)*+&/ )9& / ,97&+='& 3& / T&++/ &) ('/,()&, &,*/, 36&+&)'/3/,7(*&)'/ 79&3&) &/+ / (, 100 ()&, 3& ?(*(,. D&3( / &( ,&7+(39'&) 3&,'/+/, &'*+'/, / /, >9& //(, +/(,; >9& ?/)/'(7//3(, 3& &+/'5) 3& &)&+8/ &) 6(+/ 9)(,/ &) 6(+/ 3&,()3( & *+9&)(. H/ +/(, >9& ,& 6(+/) 7(+ 3&,'/+/, &)*+& ()/,3& 9)/ ,/ )9&; '() '/+/, 3& 3,*)*( ,)(; &)*+& 3(, )9&, (&)*+& / )9& / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&.

  ELECTRICIDAD TERRESTRE6 RA7OS)

L/ (+/)/'5) 9)3/ 3& / ,/93 9'/ / M@'( '(( & 7+&+ 9/+&) 9&+*&, '/9,/3/, 7(+ +/(,; /+&3&3(+ 3& 220 3&'&,(, ,&'()*//) '/3/ /( 7(+ &,*/ '/9,/.

A9)>9& 7/+&'/ )'+&8&; ,(+&??& & 0 3& /, 7&+,()/, >9& +&'&)/ 3&,'/+/ 3& 9) +/(. E "0 ( +&'& 3& 9) *&6()(; 3&)*+( 3& ,9,'/,/,. D& (, ,(+&??&)*&,; & !0 >9&3/ '() /9)/ ,&'9&/:7+(&/, 7,'(5'(,; '(( &3( / /, 9'&, / /+& +&7+(&/, =,(5'(,; '(( '/*/+/*/,; 7+(&/, 3& /93'5);>9&/39+/, &) / 7&; 7+33/, 3& &(+/.

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¿C.!o se or!a un ra*o# ¿3u" ocurre en el cielo durante unator!enta el"ctrica#

E) 9)/ )9& 3& *(+&)*/ /, 7/+*8'9/, 3& +/)(; 3& '+,*/&, 3& &( (*/, ,(+& &)6+/3/, '('/) &)*+& ,8 7(+ / /''5) 3& '(++&)*&, 3&/+&; '+&/)3( '/+/, &'*+'/, 7(,*?/, )&/*?/,. E,*/, ,/,'(++&)*&, 3&7(,*/) /, '/+/, )&/*?/, &) / 7/+*& // 3& / )9&>9& 3&,79, ,() /*+/83/, 7(+ /, '/+/, 3& / ,97&+='& 3& / *&++/;'+&/)3( 3& &,*/ /)&+/ 9) '/7( &'*+'(. C9/)3( & )?& 3& &)&+8/&,* &) ,9 @(; ('9++& / 3&,'/+/ >9& 79&3& &/+ '&+'/ 3& (, 2 C ( >9& &>9?/& / ! ?&'&, / *&7&+/*9+/ 3& ,(.

C9/)3( (, +/(, 3& 6(+/) 9,'/) ,&7+& / ?8/ , 6' /'/ &,9&( '(( ,() (, +(&,; /, /9/, 3& /, &,/, (, (&*(,&&?/3(, 79)*/93(, &)&+/) '/+/, 7(,*?/, >9& ,& &&?/) /'/ /*(+&)*/; &,*/, 98/, 7(,*?/, /*+/&) 6/'*/) & '()*/'*( &'*+'('() /, )9&,.

¿3u" son * para %u" sir&e un pararra*os#

A7/+/*( 7/+/ 7+(*&&+ 9) &3='( 3& (, +/(, >9&'(),,*& &) 9)/ ( , /++/, &*'/, *&+)/3/,

&) 79)*/ 9)3/, 7(+ 9) &@*+&( '() / *&++/ 7(+&3( 3& '()39'*(+&, &*'(, ,& '(('/?&+*'/&)*& &) ( /*( 3& (, &3='(, 7/+/ /*+/&+(, +/(, 6/'*/+&, 9) 7/,( 3+&'*( / / *&++/ ,)>9& 3/&) & &3='(. U) 7/+/++/(, &,* &'(,*87'/&)*& 3& '(+&. U) 7/+/++/(, 79&3& '9++

9) +/3( 3& 9)(, !0 / 100 .

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Tipos de ra*os !ás conocidos)

R/( ,*+&/

E +/( >9& ,& (,&+?/ , '()&)*& &, & +/( streak . E,*( )( &,, >9& & *+/( 3& +&*(+)(; / 7/+*& ?,& 3& *+/( 3& +/(. L//(+8/ 3& (, *+/(, ,& 7+(39'&) 3&)*+( 3& 9)/ )9&; 7(+ ( >9& )(?&(, / /(+8/ 3& (, *+/(, )3?39/&, 3& +&*(+)( 39+/)*& 9)/*(+&)*/.

R/( 3& )9& / *&++/

E, & , '()('3( & ,&9)3( *7( , '(). D& *(3(, (, *7(, 3&+/(,; &,*& +&7+&,&)*/ / /(+ /&)// 7/+/ / ?3/ / 7+(7&3/3;79&,*( >9& 7/'*/ '()*+/ / *&++/. E +/( )9& / *&++/ &, 9)/3&,'/+/ &)*+& 9)/ )9& '99()9, / *&++/. C(&)/ '() 9)*+/( )'/ >9& ,& 9&?& 3&,3& / )9& /'/ //(.

R/( 7&+/

E R/( 7&+/ &, 9) *7( 3& +/( 3& )9& / *&++/ >9& 7/+&'& +(7&+ &)9)/ '/3&)/ 3& ,&''()&, '(+*/,; +/)*&,; >9& 39+/) , >9& 9)/3&,'/+/ /*9/. E, +&/*?/&)*& +/+(. S& /) 7+(79&,*( ?/+/,*&(+8/, 7/+/ &@7'/+( 9)/ &, >9& & (,&+?/3(+ ?& 7(+'()&, 3& =)/3& '/)/ 3& +&7/(; >9& &,*/, 7/+*&, 7/+&'&) &,7&'/&)*&+/)*&,. O*+/ &, >9&; &) & +/( '(+35); & /)'( 3& '/)/ ?/+8/ '((& '/)/ 3& +&7/( ,& &)6+8/ ,& 3&,?/)&'&; /, ,&''()&, ,/7/, ,& &)6+8/) , &)*/&)*& 7&+/)&'&) /) ?,&,;7/+&'&)3( 9)/ cadena de perlas  +/+/&)*& ,& &&?/) &) & '&(&,7/+'&)3( 9)/ 9 / ( /+( 3& +/(

R/( Staccato

R/( Staccato &, 9) +/( 3& )9& / *&++/; '() 9) *+/( 3& '(+*/39+/'5) >9& /7/+&'& '(( 9) )'( </, 9 +/)*& / &)93(*&)& +/='/'()&, '(),3&+/&,.

R/( 69+'/3(

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R/( 69+'/3( &, 9) )(+&; )( 9,( 6(+/; 7/+/ +/(, 3& )9& / *&++/>9& &@&) / +/='/'5) 3& ,9 +9*/.

R/( 3& *&++/ / )9&

E +/( *&++/ / )9& &, 9)/ 3&,'/+/ &)*+& / *&++/ 9)/ )9&'99()9,; >9& &, )'/3( 7(+ 9) *+/( )'/ /,'&)3&)*& &,9'( , +/+( >9& & +/( )9& / *&++/. E,*& *7( 3& +/( ,& 6(+/'9/)3( ()&, '/+/3(, )&/*?/&)*&; ,& &&?/) 3&,3& & ,9&( ,&&)'9&)*+/) '() ()&, '/+/3(, 7(,*?/&)*& &) 9)/ )9&'99()9,. E)*()'&, & +/( ?9&?& / *&++/ '(( *+/(.

R/( 3& )9& / )9&

E,*& *7( 3& +/(, 79&3&) 7+(39'+,& &)*+& /, ()/, 3& )9& >9& )(&,*) &) '()*/'*( '() & ,9&(. C9/)3( ('9++& &)*+& 3(, )9&,,&7/+/3/, &, //3( rayo inter-nube  '9/)3( ,& 7+(39'& &)*+& ()/,3& 36&+&)*& 7(*&)'/ &'*+'(; 3&)*+( 3& 9)/ ,(/ )9&; ,& 3&)()/rayo intra-nube. E +/( I)*+/ -)9& &, & *7( >9& ('9++& '() ,6+&'9&)'/. E@,*& 9) 6&)5&)( &) / )/*9+/&/ 9 7('( '()('3(; / '9/ ,& &/ 3/3( & )(+& 3& '&)*&/; (/, 3& 9 ( (/, 3& 69&(. V,*/, ,()&,6&+/, 9)(,/, */) +/)*&, '(( /, 7/+/, <9(+&,'&)*&,. E*//( 3& /, &,6&+/, ?/+8/ 3& /9)(, '&)*8&*+(, / ?/+(, &*+(, 3&

3&*+(. P9&3&) *(/+ '9/>9&+ '((+/'5); /9)>9& & ?(&*/ &?&+3& ,() 9 +/+(,. E 6&)5&)( *(/ '9&+7( &) '()3'()&,&,7&'/&, ,9 /*&+//'5) &, ),*/)*)&/. A9)/, ?&'&, 7/+&'&>9& & 3&,*&( &, '()*)9( ; (*+/,; )*&+*&)*&. L/, '&)*&/, 79&3&)?//+ 7/+/&/&)*& / ( /+( 3& 9) '()39'*(+; '&+'/ 3& 9)/ ,9,*/)'//,/)*&; ( &) & ,&)( ,( 3& /+&. E 6&)5&)( 79&3& 39+/+ 3& 9)(,'9/)*(, ,&9)3(, / ?/+(, )9*(,. A9)/, '&)*&/, ,& 3&,?/)&'&)7('( / 7('( (*+/, 3&,/7/+&'&) /+97*/&)*& ; &) ('/,()&,;&@7(*/).

Ra*os en erupciones &olcánicas)

E) 9)/ &+97'5) ?(')'/; /, +('/, '&)/, >9& ,/&) 3&,7&33/, &)/ )9& >9& &@79,/ & ?(') ,(); &) *&(+8/; &'*+'/&)*& )&9*+/,. S)&/+(; ,/&) */) '/&)*&, 3&,3& /3&)*+( 3& / T&++/ >9& )( '/3/7/+*8'9/ &, )&9*+/: 9'/, &,*) '/+/3/, 7(,*?/ ( )&/*?/&)*&;

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?/+/, ,& ?/) '/+/)3( &) & '/)( / &33/ >9& '('/) &)*+& ,8 ,&7+(39'& &,**'/.

A(+/; 7/+/ >9& /7/+&'/) +/(, ,& )&'&,*/ >9& &,/, 7/+*8'9/, ,&,&7/+&) >9& /, 7(,*?/, ,& ?//) /'/ 9) /3(; /, )&/*?/, /'/(*+(. E,*( ,& 7+(39'& 3& 6(+/ , ( &)(, )/*9+/; / >9& / &33/>9& ,& 9&?&); ,& '+&/ 9) '/7( &&'*+(/)*'(. C9/)3( /36&+&)'/ 3& '/+/ ,& /'& 9 +/)3&; (, &&'*+()&, <9&) ,&7+(39'&) (, +/(,.

D& *(3(, (3(,; / 9/ >9& '() & +&,*( 3& (, +/(,; (, &'/),(,&@/'*(, >9& 7+(39'&) / ,&7/+/'5) 3& /, '/+/, *(3/?8/ ,() 3&/*3(,

7(+ (, '&)*8='(,; /,8 >9& / &@7'/'5) )( &,* *(3/?8/ 100 '/+/. L(>9& ,8 &,* '/+(; &,>9& /, &+97'()&,?(')'/, ,8 79&3&)7+(39'+ +/(,.

 

Reco!endaciones para protegernos de los ra*os)

• N( 7/+/+,& /( 9) +(.• N 7/+/+,& &) &,7/'(, /&+*(,

 / >9& , 9,*&3 &, & (&*( , /*( ( &,* '&+'/ 3& /9)( 79&3&'()?&+*+,& &) 9) /)'( 7&+6&'*(.

Sitios seguros para protegernos de los ra*os)

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WD&)*+( 3& 9)/ '/,/

WD&)*+( 3& 9) '('&: / >9& / '(++&)*& &'*+'/ ?// 7(+ / '/++('&+8//,*/ &/+ / *&++/ 7(+ (, )&9*'(, (/3(, 7(+ / 9?/ >9&/3&, ,9&&) &,*/+ +&6(+/(, '() (, 3& /'&+(; ( >9& 6/'*/ >9& &+/( <9/ / *&++/ ,) 7&+(.

8ulgurita

E +/( >9& '/& / ,9&( 7+(39'& / 699+*/ 3& /*8) 699+; +&7/(;)(+& >9& ,& & 3/ &) )&+/(8/ / /, +('/, '9/ ,97&+='& / ,3(69)33/ 7(+ +/(, */) / (, /9&+(, '/+/'*&+8,*'(, >9& ,& 6(+/)&) /, +('/, / '/9,/ 3& ,( /&)*&. C9/)3( (7&/) +/(, ,(+& /,,97&+='&, 3&,)93/, 3& /, +('/,; & /9&)*( +&7&)*)( 3& *&7&+/*9+/79&3& 7+(39'+ '&+*( +/3( 3& 69,5); &,7&'/&)*& '9/)3( /, +('/,,() ,&'/, / &&'*+'3/3 )( '+'9/ '() 6/'3/3.

  L/ 699+*/; +('/ 69)33/; &, / /+'/ >9& 3&/ & +/( / '/&+,(+& & ,9&(.

**7:.'&)'/7(79/+.'('&)'/+/(,-*+9&)(,--+&/7/(,

**7,:&,.7&3/.(+R/(

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**7:.&(&)&,7/)(.'(7/+*&,-7/+/++/(,-,*/14X1

**7,:.(9*9&.'(/*'?Y90ONTEKDI**7,:.(9*9&.'(/*'?Y6T'3/-BE1E

**7,:.6/&+/&+.'(20110#7(+->9&-,/&)-+/(,-&)-/,-&+97'()&,-?('/)'/,

 

CORRIENTES TEL4RICAS

P/+/ '(7+&)3&+ >9 &, / corriente tel9rica / >9& ,/&+ 7+&+(>9& )9&,*+( 7/)&*/ *&)& 9) ca!po !agn"tico >9& ,& &@*&)3& 3&,3&& )'&( /,*/ & &,7/'( &@*&+(+; 3()3& ,& ?/ /*&)9/)3(.

E,*& '/7( *&)& &6&'*(, electro!agn"ticos >9& ,() (, >9& '+&/)/ !agnetosera; 9)/ &,7&'& 3& '/7/ /)*'/ >9& )(, 7+(*&&3& &iento solar; 9) <9( 3& 7/+*8'9/, 3& /*/ energ$a >9& )(, &)?8/)9&,*+( & S(.

E,*& ca!po !agn"tico  / !agnetosera ,() 7(+*/)*&, &) &

9)3( )( ,5( 7(+ 7+(*&&+)(, 3& (, &6&'*(, 3/)(, 3& ?&)*( ,(/+;,)( 7(+>9& 3()/) 9'(, /,7&'*(, 3& / ?3/ 3& 7/)&*/. P(+&&7( 9'(, /)/&, 9*/) &,*& '/7( 7/+/ 9/+,& &) ,9,?/&,. N(,(*+(, */) ( /'&(,; '() /, +9/,; >9& 9*/) &,*&/)&*,(.

E *+)( tel9rico 7+(?&)& 3& /*8) tellūs; >9& ,)='/ T&++/. L/,'(++&)*&, *&+'/, ,() 6&)5&)(, (,&+?/3(, &) / T&++/; / '(+*&/ & /)*(.

 U)/ corriente tel9rica &, 9)/ '(++&)*& &'*+'/ >9& ,& 9&?& /(*&++/ ( / *+/?, 3& oc"ano. T&)&) 9)/ 9 // 6+&'9&)'/; '(++&)9 '&+'/ 3& / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&. S() )39'3/, 7(+ ?/+/'()&,)/*9+/&, &) & ca!po !agn"tico terrestre; &) )*&+/''5) '()& &iento solar  / !agnet.sera.

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E,*) +&/'()/3/, '() / /'*?3/3 3& /, tor!entas el"ctricas; />9& / /'99/'5) 3& '/+/, &'*+'/, &) / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&

'()?&+*& / 9)/ 9?/ &) 9)/ *(+&)*/ &'*+'/.

L/, '(++&)*&, *&+'/, <9&) &) /, '/7/, ,97&+='/&, 3& / *&++/. E7(*&)'/ &'*+'( &) / ,97&+='& 3& / T&++/ 79&3& ,&+ &33( &)36&+&)*&, 79)*(,; ( >9& )(, 7&+*& '/'9/+ /, /)*93&, /,3+&''()&, 3& /, '(++&)*&, *&+'/, 3&,3& /8 / / '()39'*/)'/ 3&/ T&++/ .E,*/, '(++&)*&, ,& ,/& >9& *&)&) '/+/'*&+8,*'/, 39+)/ &) &>9& / 3+&''5) &)&+/ 3& <9( &, /'/ & ,(.L/, '(++&)*&, *&+'/,,& (?&+) &)*+& '/3/ */3 3& (( *&++&,*+& &) *(3( (&)*(. L/,'(++&)*&, *&+'/, ,& 9&?&) /'/ & &'9/3(+ 3& 38/ /'/ (,

7((, 3& )('&.

JT&)&) /9)/ 9*3/3 &,*/, corrientes tel9ricas S+?&) 7/+/&@7(+/+ / &,*+9'*9+/ 3&/( 3& / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&; &) 9,'/ 3&)&+/&,; 7&*+5&( ( 7(+ &@7(+/+.

 T/) ,& 79&3& '/7*9+/+ /( 3& &,/ '(++&)*& &'*+'/ >9&*+/),*&); >9& /9)>9& &, 8)/; 7&+*& / '+&/'5) 3& (ater$asterrestres ( & /7+(?&'/&)*( 3& / electricidad terrestre. E) &,( 1 ,& 9,// &,*(, ,,*&/, 7/+/ (, tel"graos.

E,*(, 6&)5&)(, *&++&,*+&, 79&3&) /6&'*/+)(, 3& 36&+&)*&, 6(+/,: /,(+&@7(,'5) / /, &)&+8/, *&+'/, 7+(?('/ 9) &@'&,( &)&+*'( &)& ,&+ 9/)(; & '9/ &, &+/3( 3& 9'/, /)&+/,. G&)&+/&)*&; /7&+/'*?3/3 & )&+?(,,( ,() /, , '(++&)*&, 7(+ & '()*+/+(;/, 7&+,()/, *+/)>9/,; >9& )( &@*&+(+/) ( 3&,'/+/) ,9 *&),5);,9&&) ?&+,& /6&'*/3/, 7(+ 3(&)'/, )*&+)/, , ( &)(, +/?&,;,&) / )*&),3/3 3& / &)&+8/ >9& ,(7(+*/).

E 6&) ,9 &,* /,/3( &) &,*/, &)&+8/, / &3')/ (+&)*/ ,) (,/&+ 9'( 3& &,*( *&)& &) &) '9&)*/ &,*(, 79)*(, 3& &)&+8/.

B(+/68/

**7,:,*&,.((&.'(,*&/+,7*(&'(++&)*&-*&9+'/

**7:&,7/'('&)'/.'(/,-'(++&)*&,-*&9+'/,--(,-79)*(,-*&9+'(,

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**7:'/+(&?&)*(.(,7(*.@20100>9&-,()-/,-'(++&)*&,-*&9+'/,.*

  8EN:MENOS 34E OC4RREN EN LA IONOS8ERA

L/ ()(,6&+/ &, 9)/ '/7/ /*(,6+'/ /*/; 3(*/3/ 3& 9)/ +/)'()39'*?3/3 &'*+'/ +/'/, / (, &&'*+()&, &+/3(, &) / )*&),/()/'5) 7+(39'3/ 7(+ / +/3/'5) ,(/+; ,'/&)*& &) /, 7(+'()&,9*+/?(&*/ 3& +/(, @ 3& ,9 &,7&'*+(; &) &)(+ &33/ 7(+ /,7/+*8'9/, '/+/3/, &)&+/3/, 7(+ & ,( 9)*( / (, +/(, '5,'(,. P(+( */)*( &, 9)/ '/7/ '()39'*(+/ 3& &&'*+'3/3; / >9& 7&+*& >9& ,&*+/),*/) ()3/, / ,&/ 3& +/3( ( *&&?,5).

Q9& ,& &@*&)3&) 3&,3& 9)/ /*9+/ 3& '/, 0 ,(+& / ,97&+='&*&++&,*+& /,*/ #40 ( ,. A &,*/, 3,*/)'/,; & /+& &,* &)+/+&'3(&) &@*+&(; 7+&,&)*/ 9)/ 3&),3/3 '&+'/)/ / / 3& /, 3& 9) *9( 3&?/'8(. C9/)3( /, 7/+*8'9/, 3& / /*5,6&+/ &@7&+&)*/) 9)/()/'5) 7(+ +/3/'5) 9*+/?(&*/; *&)3&) / 7&+/)&'&+ ()/3/,

3&3( / /, 8)/, '(,()&, >9& ,& 7+(39'&) &)*+& (, ()&,.L/ ()(,6&+/ &&+'& 9)/ +/) )<9&)'/ ,(+& / 7+(7//'5) 3& /,,&/&, 3& +/3(. U)/ 7/+*& 3& / &)&+8/ +/3/3/ 7(+ 9) *+/),,(+/'/ / ()(,6&+/ &, /,(+3/ 7(+ & /+& ()/3( (*+/ &, +&6+/'*/3/;( 3&,?/3/; 3& )9&?( /'/ / ,97&+='& 3& / T&++/. E,*& *( &6&'*(7&+*& / +&'&7'5) 3& ,&/&, 3& +/3( / 3,*/)'/, 9'(, /(+&,3& ( >9& ,&+8/ 7(,& '() ()3/, >9& ?//) 7(+ / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&.

S) &/+(; &,*/, ()3/, +&6+/'*/3/, /'/)/) & ,9&( ,5( /3&*&+)/3/, 3,*/)'/, 3&=)3/, 3& *+/),,(+ / 3,*/)'/ 3&7&)3&3& )9( 3& +&6+/''5) 3& / /*9+/. A,8; 9)/ ,&/ 3& +/3( 79&3& )(,&+ 3&*&'*/& / 100 3& / 69&)*&; 7&+( ,8 / !00 . E,*& 6&)5&)(,& '()('& '(( ,7. E) (*+/, ()/,; /, ,&/&, *&++&,*+&, /,+&6+/'*/3/, 7(+ / ()(,6&+/ 79&3&) /'/)/+ & +&'&7*(+ & )*&+6&++ 9)/'() (*+/ 7+(39'&)3( & 6&)5&)( //3( 6/3).

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L/ 7(+*/)'/ 3& / +&6+/''5) &) / ()(,6&+/ 3&'+&'& '() &)'+&&)*( 3& / 6+&'9&)'/ 3& /, ()3/, 7/+/ 6+&'9&)'/, 9 /*/, &,

'/, )&@,*&)*&. P(+ ( */)*(; / *+/),,5) / /+/ 3,*/)'/ 3& ()3/,3& +/3( 3& /*/ 6+&'9&)'/ ,& */ / / 8)&/ 3& (+()*&. E,*& &, &'/,( 3& / *&&?,5) 3& / +/3( 3& 6+&'9&)'/ (39/3/ FM; 3()3&/, *+/),,()&, 3& /+/ 3,*/)'/ ,5( 79&3&) 7+(39'+,& &) 8)&/+&'*/; '(( &)*+& / *&++/ 9) ,/**& 3& *&&'(9)'/'()&, / ,&/,& 79&3& &)?/+ &)*()'&, 3&,3& & ,/**& /,*/ /) 79)*( &/)( &)*&++/.

L/ ()(,6&+/ ,9&& 3?3+,& &) 3(, '/7/, 7+)'7/&,: / )6&+(+;3&,)/3/ '(( '/7/ E / ?&'&, //3/ '/7/ 3& H&/?,3& ( 3&

K&))&-H&/?,3& >9& ,& ,*/ &)*+& 0 112 ,(+& / ,97&+='&*&++&,*+& >9& +&<&/ /, ()3/, 3& +/3( 3& // 6+&'9&)'/ /,97&+(+; F ( 3& A77&*(); >9& +&<&/ ()3/, 3& +/3( '() 6+&'9&)'/,/(+&,. E,*/ */ ,& 3?3& /3&, &) 9)/ '/7/ F1; >9& &7&/ /9)(, 10 ,(+& / *&++/ / '/7/ F2; >9& ,9+& / 9)(, "00 3& /,97&+='&. L/ '/7/ F ,& &&?/ 39+/)*& / )('&; 7(+ */)*( '//) ,9,'/+/'*&+8,*'/, 3& +&<&@5).

Capas de la ionosera * acilidades para lasco!unicaciones por radio)

L/ ()(,6&+/ ,& 3?3& &) 3(, '/7/, 7+)'7/&,: / )*&+(+ 3&,)/3/'(( '/7/ E ( '/7/ 3& K&)&-H&/?,3&; >9& ,& ,*/ &)*+& 0 112

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,(+& / ,97&+='& *&++&,*+&; +&<&/ /, ()3/, 3& +/3( 3& //6+&'9&)'/ / ,97&+(+; / '/7/ F ( 3& A77&*() >9& +&<&/ ()3/, 3&

+/3( '() 6+&'9&)'/, /(+&,. E,*/ '/7/ F ,& 3?3& &) F1 F2 39+/)*& / )('& '//) ,9, ' '/+/'*&+8,*'/, 3& +&<&@5).

C9/)3( / 6+&'9&)'/ 3& 9)/ ()3/ >9& ,/& 3& / /)*&)/ &,*'(7+&)33/ &)*+& 20 "0 MH; /, ()3/, ,& +&<&/) &) /, '/7/,()/3/, 3& / ()(,6&+/; ?(?&)3( / / T&++/. E,*/ ()3/ )( ,&*+/),*& &) 8)&/ +&'*/ '(( , ,& +&<&/+/ &) 9) &,7&( ,)( >9& ,96+&9)/ '9+?/*9+/ //3/ ()3/ +&<&/3/; >9& / &/+ / / T&++/ ,& +&<&/3& )9&?(; 3/)3( ,/*(,; /'/ /, '/7/, /*/, 3& / /*5,6&+/;

?(?)3(,& / +&<&/+ /,8 ,9'&,?/&)*& /,*/ 3&,?/)&'&+,& / ()3/;3&,79, 3& /'/)/+ +/)3&, 3,*/)'/,.

C9/)3( 9)/ ()3/ 3& +/3( 7&)&*+/ &) / ()(,6&+/ ,9 '/7( &'*+'(/,('/3( 7+& / (, &&'*+()&, &+/3(, &) / ()/'5) 7+(39'3/7(+ / +/3/'5) ,(/+; 9) (?&)*( 3& (,'/'5) >9& &, /'& ?(?&+ /+/3/+ '(( )9&?(, &,(+&,; 7+('&,( &) & '9/ 7(3&(, (,&+?/+ 3(,6&)5&)(, 3,*)*(, ; 9)( 3& '/( 3& ?&('3/3 3& 6+&)*& 3& ()3/>9& 7+(39'& / +&6+/''5) 3& ,( (*+( 3& '/( 3& 7(/+/'5) 3&

/ ()3/ +&&*3/; 3&3( &,*& 9*( / / )<9&)'/ 3& '/7(/)*'( *&++&,*+& ,(+& (, (+*/&, /6&'*/3(, 7(+ (, 7+('&,(, 3&/,(+'5)-+&&,5) 3& / ()3/ 3& +/3(

¿Cuál es la !e;or 'ora para las co!unicaciones delarga distancia#

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A ?/+/+ / '/)*3/3 3& 9 ,(/+ &) / ()(,6&+/ &)*+& & 38/ / )('&;

?/+/+ / ()/'5) 3& (, +/(, 9*+/?(&*/,; ,& /*&+/ / '(7(,'5)5)'/ '() '/+/, 7(,*?/, )&/*?/,; ?/+/)3( &)*+& & 38/ / )('& &)*+& & ?&+/)( & )?&+)(. P(+ / )('& ,& (+)/ & 3&,3(/&)*(3& / '/7/ F; 9 ()/3/; &) / '9/ ,& +&<&/) /, ()3/, &+*/)/,&7&/3/, 7/+/ /, '(9)'/'()&, / +/)3&, 3,*/)'/,. P(+ */)*(;7(3&(, 3&'+ >9& &, 7(+ / )('& '9/)3( / 7+(7//'5) &, &(+ 7/+//, '(9)'/'()&,. ESTUDIOS NAUTICOS COSTA; F(+&)*&+/.

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5anda de M>/ ?, !etros de longitud de onda

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E) (, 7&+(3(, 3& // /'*?3/3 ,(/+ &, 9*/& )'/&)*& &) /,(+/, 3& &3(38/ &) *+/&'*(, )(+*&-,9+ ,(( &) /**93&, &3/, ( &)

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ELECTRICIDAD 2ROD4CIDA 2OR FOLCANES)

¿2or %u" se producen# N( / 9)/ /=+/'5) '()'9&)*& /+&,7&'*(; 7&+( ,8 ?/+/, *&(+8/,. 

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E,( 7+(39'& & &,7&'*'9( >9& ,& / ?,*( &) & ?('),/)3, E/6//[9; &) & / +'/ &) /+( 7/,/3( /(+/ &)& C/9'(; /9)>9& )( ,&7+& ,& 7+(39'& 9)/ *(+&)*/ ,9'/.

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4.2 CAUSAS DEL POTENCIAL ESPONTANEO Y USOS DEL MÉTODO

El método del Potencial espontáneo se basa en medir entre dos puntos del

terreno, cual es la diferencia de potencial eléctrica generada de forma natural en el

subsuelo. El origen de estos campos eléctricos naturales (potenciales

espontáneos) está asociado a diferentes fenómenos como por ejemplo a las

variaciones de las propiedades del terreno (cambios de humedad, de su qumica,

etc.), la presencia de cuerpos metálicos, actividad biológica de la materia orgánica,

etc.. !in embargo de todo el conjunto de potenciales espontáneos, el que nos

interesa es el denominado Potencial electrocinético (Electro"inetic potential o

!treaming potential) dado que su génesis está ligada al paso de un fluido a través

de un medio poroso. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este método se reduce

simplemente a detectar en nuestro registro de campo, las variaciones espaciales

del potencial electrocinético.

¿Cómo se origina?

El potencial espontaneo se origina por casusa de#

$. Potencial de electro filtración, por el lodo en un medio poroso.

%. Potencial de membrana, en caso de arcillas o margas.

&. Potencial de difusión, debido a la e'istencia de diferentes concentraciones de

electrolito en el terreno.

. Potencial electroqumico# la e'istencia de menas metálicas en el subsuelo.

tra fuente que origina el potencial espontaneo el *potencial que flu+e* (o

potencial electro cinético) que se presenta del flujo del lquido cargado de

minerales disueltas (agua subterránea) con un medio poroso + fisuras del terreno.

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El potencial electro cinético o eta, es el potencial cae a través de la parte móvil de

la doble capa que es responsable de los fenómenos electro cinéticos como la

electroforesis (movimiento de partculas en un campo eléctrico a través de unasolución estacionaria). El potencial eta se mide por mediciones de electroforesis.

El potencial eta refleja la diferencia de potencial entre el plano de corte + la fase

gruesa. -a distancia entre la superficie + el plano de corte no puede precisarse

rigurosamente.

El potencial eta es como +a se dijo una medida para determinar la carga del

coloide. Para coloides en fuentes de agua natural con un p de / a 0, el potencial

eta se encuentra entre los 1$ + 1&2 milis volts3 cuanto más negativo sea el

n4mero, tanto ma+ores será la carga de la partcula. 5 medida que disminu+e el

potencial eta, las partculas pueden apro'imarse cada ve más aumentando laposibilidad de una colisión.

El fenómeno del potencial espontaneo esta asociado a corrientes naturales que

son provocadas por diferentes fenómenos, en articular a la interacción geoqumica

con minerales metálicos, a los gradientes de temperatura e'istentes + a la

filtración del agua en el suelo.

$. !. 67eofsica8

El potencial eléctrico natural (estático) de la 9ierra. -os potenciales espontáneos

son causados generalmente por la separación de la carga en la arcilla u otros

minerales, por la presencia de una interfase semipermeable que impide la difusión

de los iones a través del espacio poroso de las rocas, o por el flujo natural de un

fluido conductor (agua salada) a través de las rocas. -as variaciones del !P

pueden ser medidas en el campo + en los poos para determinar las variaciones

de la concentración iónica de los fluidos intersticiales de las rocas.

• El Potencial Espontáneo (!P) tiene tres orgenes# θ Potencial de :ifusión (o

de contacto de lquidos) θ Potencial de -utitas θ Potencial Electrocinético

(orginado por el paso de un electrolito a través de un medio poroso).

El método eléctrico de prospección se basa en el estudio de campos de potencialeléctrico, tanto en lo referente a los naturalmente e'istentes en la cortea terrestre,como a los artificialmente provocados en la misma. ;ediante estas mediciones se

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puede determinar la situación en el subsuelo de criaderos minerales oreconocer estructuras geológicas.

El potencial espontáneo es un fenómeno natural que e'iste en el poo cuandodosfluidos de diferentes salinidades se ponen en contacto. Este se manifiesta comouna diferencia de potencial o voltaje en los contactos entre las formacionespermeables + las lutitas. -a corriente o fuera electromotri generada se denominaefecto o potencial electroqumico. -a penetración del filtrado de lodo dentro de laformación puede causar también un potencial denominado potencialelectrocinético, que por lo general tiene un valor  mu+ bajo + puede sergeneralmente despreciado.-a curva de potencial espontáneo es un registro de la diferencia depotencialeléctrico entre dos electrodos, uno móvil, en el poo + otro fijo, en lasuperficie. -a curva se registra como la defle'ión desde una lnea base

arbitrariamente fijada por el ingeniero a cargo de la operación, hacia la iquierda ohacia la derecha, originada por la diferencia entre la salinidad del filtrado de lodo +la salinidad del agua.

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C9/)3( ,& 7+(39'& / P(/+/'5) E&'*+5)'/ &) & /*&+/; &) (,

37((, ,& 7+(39'& / '()'&)*+/'5) 3& (, &&'*+()&, &) & /3( 3&)'&( , '&+'/)( / &@*+&( 7(,*?( 3& '/7(. E,*( 7'/ 9)/3,*(+,5) 3& /++&( &&'*+5)'(; &) / >9& & *(( /'*/ '(( 9)37(( *&7(+/ )39'3(. E,*& &6&'*(; >9& ('9++& &) *(3(, (, /*&+/&,&, 7&>9&( *&7(+/.

8EN:MENO DE LA 2OLARIACI:N

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7(+ 9) (&*( '/+/3( ( '9/)3( ,& '(('/ 9) (( '/+/3( &) 9)/7/+&3.

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L(, 3&'*+'(, 79&3&) '(),3&+/+,& 6(+/3(, 7(+ 3(, *7(, 3&('9/,: 7(/+&, )( 7(/+&,.

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U)/ ('9/ &, polar '9/)3( & '&)*+( 3& ,,*&/ 3& &&'*+()&,'/+/ )&/*?/ )( '()'3& '() & 3& )'&(, 7(,*?(,. L/, ('9/,

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M/'+(,'57'/&)*&; &) 9) 3&'*+'( ,& 7+(39'& & 6&)5&)('()9/3( 3& /)&/&)*( & )39''5); ,&7/+)3(,& &+/&)*& &'&)*+( 3& /, '/+/, 7(,*?/, 3& *(3( & 3&'*+'( '() +&,7&'*( /'&)*+( 3& /, '/+/, )&/*?/,. E 3&'*+'( &) ,9 '()9)*( 7&+/)&'&&'*+'/&)*& )&9*+( 7&+( ,& polari/a; &, 3&'+; ,& /'99/ '/+/7(,*?/ / 9) /3( )&/*?/ &) & (*+(.

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E *(3( 3& / 7(/+/'5) )39'3/ /7'/3( / 7+&+/ ?& & =) 3& /3'/3/ 140 / ,3( 9*/3( 6+&'9&)*&&)*& &) / ,>9&3/ 3&

3&75,*(, 3& ,969+(, 3,&)/3(,. D9+/)*& / 3'/3/ 1#0 ,& ?(?5 &*(3( , &7&/3( 3& *(3/, /, *')'/, &(68,'/, ,97&+='/&, &)/ &@7(+/'5) )&+/.

P(/+/'5) )39'3/; &, &)&+/3/ &3/)*& '(++&)*& '()*)/ >9&7&+*& / '()6&''5) =)/ 3& 3(, 7&+=&, ( 7,&93( ,&''()&, 3&+&,,*?3/3 3& '/+/3/3 M +&,7&'*?/&)*&. />9&/ 3()3& ,&+&,*+/) &3'()&, &) & 3()( 3& / 6+&'9&)'/; 7+(39'*( 3& //7'/'5) 3& '(++&)*& “/*&+)/”; >9& 7&+*& '()6&''()/+ *+&, 7&+=&,( 7,&93( ,&''()&,; 3& / +&,,*?3/3; 3& &6&'*( 3& 7(+'&)*/& 3&

6+&'9&)'/ PFE 3& 6/'*(+ &*'( MF; +&,7&'*?/&)*&.E) (, *(, *&7(, &,*/ *')'/ &(&'*+'/ / /?/)/3(,)='/*?/&)*&. S& /,/ &) 9)/ '()=9+/'5) 3& *7( D7((-D7((&)&+/)3( (3/3/3&, 2D "D.

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'/'/*/, / ?/+(, )?&&, “)” 3& 7+(69)33/3.E 3,7(,*?( D7((-D7(( 7(,&& / '/+/'*&+8,*'/ 3& 7+&,&)*/+ 9)/ +/)7(3&+ +&,(9*?( /)*& / 7+&,&)'/ 3& '/(, &(5'(, /*&+/&, &) &,9,9&(; */)*( &,*+9'*9+/&,; 6//,; 3/'/,/,; 6+/'*9+/,; '((*(5'/, ,&3&)*/+/, 7(+ &&7(; 7/&('/9'&,.

L(, +&,9*/3(, ,& ?9&'/) &) 7,&93( 7&+=&, >9& 9&,*+/) /3,*+9'5) 3& /, +&,,*?3/3&, /7/+&)*&, &3/)*& '9+?/, 3&,(+&,,*?3/3. E,*/, 7,&93(,&''()&, 3/) 9)/ 7+&+/ 3&/ 3& /&@,*&)'/ 3& “/)(/8/,” 9)/ &,*/'5) 3& ,9 7(,'5)

7+(69)33/3. P&+( 7/+/ (*&)&+ 9)/ 3,*+9'5) &(&'*+'/ +&/+&7+&,&)*/*?/ 3& *&++&)( (, 3/*(, 3&&) ,&+ )?&+*3(,. P/+/ (+/+&,*( ,& /7'/) 3,*)*(, '53(, 3& )?&+,5) >9& 7&+*&) (*&)&+*((+/68/, 2D 3& ,9,9&(. E 7&+= +&,9*/)*& 2D 9&,*+/+&,,*?3/3&, 7+(69)33/3&, ?&+3/3&+/, &) 2D; >9& 7(,*&+(+&)*&7(+ ( &)&+/ ,& '(++&/'()/) '() / )6(+/'5) &(5'/ 3,7()&.

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L/, 7+(69)33/3&, 3& 7&)&*+/'5) &,*) 3+&'*/&)*& +&/'()/3/, '()/ '()=9+/'5) &(*+'/ 3&7&)3&) 3& / +&,,*?3/3 3& &3(. A

&33/ >9& /, /&+*9+/, ,() , +/)3&,; ,& +&>9&+& , 7(*&)'/7/+/ *&)&+ ,&/&, 3&)*+( 3& (, +/)(, 3& +&,(9'5) 3& ),*+9&)*(. T&)&)3( &) '9&)*/ &,*(, 7/+&*+(, ,& &7&/) &>97(,9*&&'*+53'(, / /*&+8/ 7/+/ 7+(69)33/3&, 3& /9)/, 3&'&)/, 3&&*+(, /,*/ (, 100 200 &)&+/3(+&, 7/+/ (, '/,(, 3&)?&,*/'()&, / 7+(69)33/3&, 3& 2.000 2.!00 .

A '()*)9/'5) ,& 7+&,&)*/) /9)(, &&7(, 3& /, +='/, >9& ,&(*&)&).

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Más detalles acerca del !"todo de la polari/aci.n inducida

A9)/, +('/, 3&75,*(, )&+/&, )( &@&) 9) 7(*&)'/ 7+(7(.S(( / 3&/+ 7/,/+ 9)/ '(++&)*& 7(+ /, +('/, / *+/?, 3& 9) 7/+ 3&&&'*+(3(, 3& '(++&)*& ,& &)&+/ 9)/ 7(/+/'5) )39'3/ &) &(,; 9)7+('&,( '(7/+/& / / '/+/ 3& 9) /'99/3(+. D&,79, 3& /)*&++97'5) 3& / '(++&)*& & 7(*&)'/ &)&+/3( ,& 79&3& &3+ 9)'&+*( )*&+?/( 3& *&7( *(3/?8/; &)*+/, >9& ,& 3,)9&&)*/&)*&. S& 79&3& 3&(,*+/+ & ?(*/& )39'3( 3&)3( /36&+&)'/ 3& 7(*&)'/ &)*+& 3(, &&'*+(3(, '(('/3(, &) / ,97&+='&9) )*&+?/( 3& *&7( 3&=)3( 3&,79, 3& / )*&++97'5) 3& /'(++&)*&.

C9/)3( 9)/ '(++&)*& 7/,/ 7(+ /*&+/ *&++&,*+&; >9& )( &?/ )&+/&,&*'(, / '/)*3/3 3& / '(++&)*& ,& +&/'()/ '() & 7(*&)'/ ,((7(+ / +&,,*&)'/ 5'/ 3& /, 6(+/'()&, +('(,/, 7&)&*+/3/,. S /,6(+/'()&, /&+/) )&+/&, &*'/, /, '(++&)*&, 7+(?('/) 9))*&+'/( 3& ()&,; >9& ('9++& &) / ,97&+='& 3& '()*/'*( &)*+& (,)&+/&, (, &&'*+(*(, 3,9&*(, &) (, <93(,; >9& &)/) (,

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&,7/'(, 3& 7(+(, ,*9/3(, &)*+& (, +/)(,. T/ )*&+'/(&&'*+(>98'( &)&+/ 9) ?(*/& (79&,*( / <9( 3& '(++&)*&; >9& 7/,/

7(+ & /*&+/. U) ?(*/& /3'()/ &, )&'&,/+( 7/+/ ,97&+/+ &,*//++&+/ '+&/3/ 7(+ & )*&+'/( &&'*+(>98'(. E,*& ?(*/& /3'()/)&'&,/+( 7/+/ 3&/+ 7/,/+ / '(++&)*& 7(+ / /++&+/ ,& 3&)()/ ,(+&?(*/&. A /7//+ / '(++&)*& )*+(39'3/ &) & ,9,9&( (, ?(*/&,&&'*+(>98'(, ,& 3,&)/) 7/9/*)/&)*&. L(, ?(*/&,3&,)*&+)3(,& 7/9/*)/&)*& ,& 79&3&) &3+ 9) '&+*( )*&+?/( 3&*&7( 3&,79, 3& /&+ /7//3( / '(++&)*& )*+(39'3/ &) &,9,9&(. L/ +/5) &)*+& / /7*93 3& ,(+& ?(*/& &,*/&'3()&3/*/&)*& 3&,79, 3& / )*&++97'5) 3& / '(++&)*& / /7*93

3& ,(+& ?(*/& &,*/&'3( +&?&&)*& /)*&, 3& / )*&++97'5) 3& /'(++&)*& &, 9)/ &33/ 7/+/ / '()'&)*+/'5) 3& (, )&+/&,&*'(, &) /, 6(+/'()&, +('(,/,; >9& /) ,3( 7&)&*+/3/, 7(+ /'(++&)*&.

I)*+(39'&)3( 9)/ '(++&)*& /*&+)/ &) & ,9,9&(; & ,(+& ?(*/&(,&+?/3( &) / ,97&+='& &*'/ ,& 3,)9+ '() / 6+&'9&)'//9&)*)3(,&; 79&, >9& & '+&'&)*( 3& ?(*/& (79&,*( /,*/ ,9?/(+ =)/ +&>9&+& 9) )*&+?/( 3& *&7( , /+( &) '(7/+/'5)'() & 7&+(3( 3& *&7( >9& 3&(+/) (, '/(, 3& 3+&''5) 3& /

'(++&)*& /7'/3/. C() / 6+&'9&)'/ 3& / '(++&)*& /*&+)/)'+&&)*)3(,& & ,(+& ?(*/& /'/)/ 9) ?/(+ @( >9&+&7+&,&)*/ 9)/ 7+(7(+'5) 3,)9)3(,& 3& / /7*93 3& /'(++&)*& /*&+)/. L/ +/5) 3& 7(*&)'/ 3& / 7(/+/'5) /*&+)/)39'3/ / 3(, 3,*)*/, 6+&'9&)'/, &,* +&/'()/3/ '() /'()'&)*+/'5) 3& (, )&+/&, &*'(, ,*9/3(, / ( /+( 3& '(++3(3& / '(++&)*&. L( ,( ?/& 7/+/ / +/5) &)*+& / '(++&)*& /*&+)/ / '(++&)*& 3+&'*/.

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+&,,*?3/3 +R('/, '() ,969+(, '()'&)*+/3(, \ 10

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R('/, '() *+//, 3& 9)/)&+//'5) '() ,969+(,

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L/, *')'/, &7&/3/, &) & *&++&)( 7/+/ &3+ / 7(/+/'5) )39'3/

,&&/) &) 9'(, /,7&'*(, / /, &7&/3/, 7/+/ /, &3'()&, 3& /+&,,*?3/3. L/ '(++&)*& ,& )*+(39'& &) & ,9,9&( '() 3(,&&'*+(3(,. P/+/ / *+/),,5) 3& / '(++&)*& &) & ,9,9&( ,& &7&/)*+/),,(+&,.

E 7(*&)'/ ,& 3& &)*+& 3(, (*+(, &&'*+(3(, 3&,79, 3& /&+)*&++973( / '(++&)*&. G&)&+/&)*& ,& /)*&)& / '()=9+/'5) 3&(, &&'*+(3(, 9)6(+& ,(( ,& ?/+8/ / 7(,'5) 3& / '()=9+/'5)/*&+/&)*& / ( /+( 3& 9) 7&+=. E,*/ *')'/ &, 9 &) /3&'9/3/7/+/ & +&'()('&)*( 3& +&/, *(3/?8/ )( '()('3/,.L/ '(++&)*&

)*+(39'3/ &) & ,9,9&( 79&3& ,&+ 3& 6(+/ 3& 79,(,; &)&+/&)*&6(+/3(, '(( ()3/, '9/3+*'/, ( 3& 6(+/ 3& '(++&)*&, /*&+)/, 3&6+&'9&)'/, 9 //, 1H ( &)(,.

L(, 3/*(, 7+(?&)&)*&, 3& /, '(++&)*&, /*&+)/, 3& 6+&'9&)'/, 9//, 9,9/&)*& ,& '(7/+/) / 9)/ ?/+&3/3 3& 6+&'9&)'/,. D(,*')'/, 3& )*+(39'+ (, 79,(, 3& '(++&)*& &) & ,9,9&( ,& &7&/)'()&)*&.

U)/ *')'/ '(),,*& &) 9)/ ,(/ )*&++97'5) +&7&)*)/ 3& / '(++&)*&

3+&'*/ 7/,/)3( 7(+ & ,9,9&( &) &3'()&, ,9,&'9&)*&, 3& /,'/+/'*&+8,*'/, 3& 3,)9'5) 3& ?(*/&. L/ '(++&)*& 7/,/ 7(+ &,9,9&( 9) )*&+?/( 3& *&7( 3& 1 / ! ). /)*&, 3& )*&++97+/. L/39+/'5) 3& 79,( 3&& ,&+ +&,*+/3/ 7+&',/&)*&. E ?(*/&*+/),*(+( ,& +&,*+/ &) )*&+?/(, 7('( &,7/'/3(, 3&,79, 3& /)*&++97'5) 3& / '(++&)*& ( ,& ( +&,*+/ '()*)9/&)*&. C()&)*&,& 3& & +&/ ,*9/3( 3&/( 3& / '9+?/ ?(*/&-*&7( /,*/ &

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*&7( 7/+/ >9& & ?(*/& )( ,& 79&3& +&,*+/+ , 7/+/ 3&*&+)/+ &,(+& ?(*/& &)&+/3( 39+/)*& & '(++3( 3& / '(++&)*&.

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E,*(, &>97(, 7&+*&) &3+ +&,,*?3/3 &'*+'/ &) & ,9,9&( /

36&+&)*&, 7+(69)33/3&,