El Ecologista 69

8/2/2019 El Ecologista 69

1/68

,

JuiusaflhUhgfhktfvfghgWdgd ehod kdctrdb4Cukb`hr`s `c @sphh

Hkkfg`ct`s ls nrhv`sK`cft g`b khrecU`kdcdk`r `b khlefd kbfltfkdXuf`erh g`b Khpfthbfsld Nbdehb

@C@UNH CPKB@HU@sp`kfhb


2/68

attp?//`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn/èrd

vfv``bèrdM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Gurhct` tr`s s`lhchs, g`b 6 hb ;= g` oubfd... r`kdrr`r lds tdgd b @erd g` ldgd r`vfcgfkhtfvd y gfv`rtfgd...

W` hcflhs h p`ghb`hr, khlfchr d r`lhr ucds kuhctds ghs g`j`cgf`cgd `b@KDBDNF[LD [DKFHB, bh bukah kdctrh `b KHLEFD KBFLWFKD y ehod bh bdsdjh g`

KDC[PLFU L@CD[ ]HUH ZFZFU L@ODU4

... Khctherfh, Khstfbbh y B`c, @usihb A`rrh, Bh Ufdoh, Chvhrrh, Hrhnc y Khthbucyh...kuhctds ghs t` hpht`k` phrtfkfphr4

lfrh bhs ruths y b prdnrhlh y gcds kuhcgd t` vf`c`s

phs`ds, rd, phfsho`s, hktds r`vfcgfkhtfvds y `sths `c puèbds y kfughg`s

`c kdlphh g` bhs p`rsdchs g` khgh bunhr y

lukah n`ct` lhoh kdc bh qu` kdlphrtfr tdgd `std...

H]CWHW@!

]dr uc @erd sfc cukb`hr`s?

8; g` oubfd, Nhrdh (Eurnds)

5> g` oubfd, Hsk (Whrrhndch)

ZFZ@ @B @EUD !


3/68

CGFK@ y KDC[PBWH g` HUWKPBD[]u`g`s det`c`r uc cgfk` t`ltfkd y kdcsubthr bds hrtkubds

g` cl`rds htrhshgds `c www.`kdbdnfsths chkkfdc.drn/r`vfsth@gfkfc gfnfthb kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn/èddi

c :6 v`rhcd 5=88

[@KKFDC@[ JFOH[

0 @gftdrfhb

: @c Hkkfc87 Fct`rchkfdchb;; Kdcsuld? Bd qu` s gh lf`gd:; Bferds:7 @b W`cg`r`t`

8:

5: 51

;1 70

:= 0=

@C@UNH CPKB@HU8: @b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh-Ghffkaf

Pc suk`sd flprdeheb` qu` ah dkurrfgd, pdr Jrhckfskd Khstòc

5= Bh `c`rnh cukb`hr g`spus g` Juiusaflh[u kr`gfefbfghg s` thlehb`h, pdr Lhrk`b Kdg`rka

5; Cukb`hr`s y krfsfs `c`rntfkhBds r`hktdr`s cd sdpdrthc uc jhbbd `bktrfkd prdbdcnhgd,

pdr ]`grd ]rf`td

5: Wdgd `st ehod kdctrdb (d cd)[dc krèb`s bds xp`rtds cukb`hr`s4, pdr Wdd A`rccg`z

51Hkkfg`ct`s cukb`hr`sPc pr`dkuphct` afstdrfhb g` sfcf`strds, pdr Khrbds Kdrdlfchs

;= @j`ktds g` bh rhgfhktfvfghgGhds g` bhs rhgfhkfdc`s fdcfzhct`s, pdr Lhrfdbh Dbkfch

@C@UNH CPKB@HU @C @[]HH

;: Cukb`hr`s `c @sphh? pr`s`ct`s y sfc juturdCd sdc c`k`shrfhs phrh `b sulfcfstrd `bktrfkd, pdrOhvf`r Ndczb`z

;1 ]bhc`s g` `l`rn`ckfhLukahs k`ctrhb`s s` pusf`rdc `c lhrkah sfc `bbds,

pdr Jrhckfskd KhstòcyBhgfsbhd Lhrtc`z

7= Nhrdh, pdr Khrbds Hbdcsd78 Hsk y Zhcg`bbs, pdr Lfqu`b Bbdp75 Hblhrhz, pdr Jrhckfskd Khstòc7; Kdjr`ct`s, pdr Khrbds Hrrfehs77 Wrfbbd, pdr Lhrfhcd Hbehb

70 Hrlhl`ctd cukb`hr c Hcghbukh,pdr @kdbdnfsths c Hkkfc g` Hcghbukh

7: Lfc`rh g` urhcfd `c [hbhlhckh, pdr J`bfp` Vust`7> Fcsthbhkfdc`s cukb`hr`s c g`slhct`bhlf`ctd

]rdeb`lhs trhs `b kf`rr`, pdr Jrhckfskd Khstòc

@C@UNH76 Hfr` hkdcgfkfdchgd y kbflh urehcd

pdrJrhckfskd [hbhlhckh

0= C`nhkfdcfsths, r jrhkthrfds fckdcs`ku`ct`s@b gfjkfb r`td g` r`kdcdk`r `b khlefd kbfltfkd, pdr Jrhckfskd A`rhs

07 @b k`cft g`b khrec[u pfkd g` `xtrhkkfc `st prxfld, pdr Khrbds Hrrfehs

0> ]bhc`s `c`rntfkds hbt`rchtfvds]rdpu`sths g`b kdbdnfsld sdkfhb, pdr Bhgfsbhd Lhrtc`z

:= Bh qufèrh g`b khpfthbfsld nbdehb 5===-5=;=@b t`sthl`ctd pdbtfkd g` Uhlc J`rccg`z Gurc,

pdr Bufs Ndczb`z U`y`s

Cl`rd`sp`kfhb


4/68

7

@GFWH?@KDBDNF[WH[@CHKKFC

@XPF]DG@U@GHKKFC?ds Z. Ehrkfh, Khrbds Kdrdlfchs,Ods Bufs Nhrkh, Vhyd A`rr`rd,Lhrfdbh Dbkfch, ]hkd [`nurh

]UDGPKKFC, GF[@DVLHXP@WHKFC?@kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc

KDBHEDUHC@C@[W@CL@UD?Lhrfhcd Hbehb, Khrbds Hbdcsd,

Khrbds Hrrfehs, JrhckfskdKhstòc, Lhrk`b Kdg`rka,

KdcsulÀhsthLdrfr, KhrbdsKdrdlfchs, @kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc` Hcghbukh, Ohvf`r Ndczb`z, BufsNdczb`z U`y`s, Jrhckfskd A`rhs,Wdd A`rccg`z, Lhrfdbh Dbkfch,Lfqu`b Bbdp, Bhgfsbhd Lhrtc`z,`grd ]rf`td , Jrhckfskd [hbhlhckh,

J`bfp` Vust`.

HGLFCF[WUHKFC?d`bfh Khrr`rhs, Hbòhcgrh A`rr`rd,

@sp`rhczh Bp`z g` Prhbg`.

]DUWHGH?Lhcfj`sthkfc kdctrh bh `c`rnhcukb`hr y `c hpdyd hb puèbd

hpdcs. Lhgrfg, 5= g` lhrzd g`

5=88.JDWD? @KDBDNF[WH[@CHKKFC.

FL]UFL@?Flpr`sds y U`vfsths, [.H.

GF[WUFEPKFC@C@[]HH?KD@GF[ W`b. 6; :1= =; :=

]PEBFKFGHG?]hkd [`nurh 68 16: 61 =0

Zhb`ctc Bhgr rd :=> 5;1 5:>@sp`rhczh Bp`z? 68 0;8 5> ;6

K/Lhrqus g` B`nhcs 8551==7 Lhgrfg

uebfkfghgM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

[P[KUF]KFDC@[VU@GHKKFC?Lhrqus g` B`nhcs 85

51==7 LhgrfgW b. 680;85>;6 Jhx? 680;85:88

r`vfsthM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drnwww.`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

F[[C 80>0-5>85G`p. B`nhb? _-88:6-86>6

lpr`sh `c php`b 8==% r`kfkbhgdstkdcsuld y ebhcqu`hgd sfc kbdrd

ds e`c`kfds g` bh v`cth g` sth

vfsth s` g`stfchc ct`nrhl`ct` hdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc, drnhcfzhkfcsfc cfld g` bukrd g`kbhrhgh g`

Ptfbfghg ]ebfkh (8;-:-6>)

c :6 - v`rhcd 5=88

th r`vfsth s lf`lerd g` HUK@(Hsdkfhkfc g` U`vfsthsKubturhb`s @sphdbhs) y g` JFUK(J`g`rhkfc

Fe`rdhl`rfkhch g` U`vfsths Kubturhb`s)

r`vfsth `st ehod uch bfk`ckfh U`kdcdkflf`ctd-Cd`rkfhb-Kdlphrtfr ehod bh lfslh bfk`ckfh ;.= @sphh g`tfv` Kdlldcs. ]hrh v`r uch kdpfh g` `sth bfk`ckfh, vfsft`//kr`htfv`kdlldcs.drn/bfk`cs`s/ey-ck-sh/;.=/`s/

Hcghbukh? ]hrqu` [hc O`rcfld, s/c, 78=80 [`vfbbhW`b./Jhx? 6076=;617 hcghbukfhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Hrhnc? K/ Bh Wdrr` c 8, ehod, 0===5 _hrhndzhW`b? :568;6:=6, :568;6:1= hrhndcM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Hsturf`s? K/ [hc Fnchkfd 1 ehod, ;;5=0 QfxcW`b? 610;;>:81 hsturfhsM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Khchrfhs? K/ @usèfd Chvhrrd 8:, ;0==; Bhs ]hblhs g` Nrhc KhchrfhW`b? 651;:55;; - 655;807>0 khchrfhsM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Khctherfh? Hphrthgd c 5, ;6=1= [hcthcg`rW`b? 67557=58> khctherfhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Khstfbbh y B`c? Hphrthgd c 0;;, 7>=1= ZhbbhgdbfgW`b? 61;58=6>= khstfbbhyb`dcM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Khstfbbh-Bh Lhckah? Hphrthgd c 5=, 70=1= Wdb`gdW`b? :=115;88= khstfbbhbhlhckahM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Khthbucyh? Khc Ehst - ]hss`fn. Jherh f ]ufn 5>7, =1=;8 Ehrk`bdchW`b? ::;1001;1 khthbucyhM`kdbdnfst`s`chkkfd.drn

Kùth?K/ Fshe`b Kherhb c 5, tfkd, 08==8 KùthkùthM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Kdlucfghg g` Lhgrfg?K/ Lhrqus g` B`nhcs 85, 51==7 LhgrfgW`b? 680;85;16 Jhx? 680;85:88 kdlucfghgg`lhgrfgM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

@usihb A`rrfh?K/ ]`bdth 0, 71==0 Efbehd W`b? 677>6=886ùsihba`rrfhMìdbdnfsthilhrtxhc.drn K/[hc Hnustc 57, ;8==8 ]hlpbdch.

W`b. 6715565:5. chjhrrdhMìdbdnfsthilhrtxhc.drn@xtr`lhgurh? K/ g` bh Ldr`rh 5, =:1== LrfghW`b? 65>0>>078, :55851:68, :5586;1=> `xtr`lhgurhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Bh Ufdoh? Hphrthgd c ;:;, 5:=1= BdnrddW`b? 678570887- :8:;1>80: bhrfdohM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

L`bfbbh? K/ Kdbdlefh 8>, 05==5 L`bfbbhW`b? :;=861;1= l`bfbbhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

Chvhrrh? K/ [hc Lhrkfhb 50, ;80== Wug`bhW`b? :5::>6868 chvhrrhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn

]hs Zhb`ckf? K/ Whehrkh 85 ctr`sdb, =;=85 HbhkhctW`b? 6:05005>= phfsvhb`ckfhM`kdbdnfst`s`chkkfd.drn

U`nfc Lurkfhch? K/ Ods Nhrkh Lhrtc`z 5, ;===0 LurkfhW`b? 6:15180;5 - :5610=:01 lurkfhM`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn


5/68

0@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

]dg`lds hrcds

g` bds `xp`rtds4

@b g`shstr` g` Juiusaflh pdc` g` jdrlh grhltfkh sder` b thp`t` uc gèht`cukb`hr qu` aheh p`rgfgd kf`rth ju`rzh c bh sdkf`ghg. @c bds btflds hdsphr`kh qu` b gfskursd g` bh fcku`stfdcheb` s`nurfghg g` bhs k`ctrhb`s cu-kb`hr`s `c bds phs`s ls rfkds y kdc ls pdg`r t`kcdbnfkd aheh v`cfgd

khbhcgd c lukads s`ktdr`s sdkfhb`s. Bh trhn`gfh qu` ah vfvfgd b puèbd ohpdcsah rdtd `sth eureuoh g` fbusfc.

Bhs g`kbhrhkfdc`s g` bds `xp`rtds prdcukb`hr`s, qu` ju`rdc lhydrfthrfhs `c bdsl`gfds gurhct` bds prfl`rds ghs g` bh krfsfs cukb`hr g` Juiusaflh, phshrdc g`hs`nurhr qu` cd `xfsth cfcnc rf`snd h r`p`tfr ahsth `b khcshckfd qu` ahy qu`

hk`pthr qu` cd ahy cfcnuch hktfvfghg sfc rf`snd.

@b rf`snd g` uc suk`sd `s `b prdguktd g` bh prdehefbfghg `stflhgh g`b lfsld pdrbds kdst`s qu` hkhrr`hrh sf suk`gf`s`. Hc c b khsd g` qu` bh prdehefbfghg g` uchkkfg`ct` cukb`hr nrhv` s`h ehoh, `c bh l`gfgh qu` bds ghds `c `b khsd g` qu`s` prdguzkh sdc hbtsflds bds ghds g`b hkkfg`ct` g` Ka`rcefb s` vhbdrhc `c hbl`cds ;5=.=== lfbbdc`s g` ùrds, sfc kdcthefbfzhr `b `cdrl` sujrflf`ctd aulhcd,`b rf`snd r`subthct` `s luy hbtd, fchsulfeb` ` fchk`ptheb` `c uch sdkf`ghg qu` s`pr`dkup` pdr bhs p`rsdchs.

[fc lehrnd, bds `xp`rtds kdctfchc fcsfstf`cgd c bh c`k`sfghg g` hsulfr rf`sndssf qu`r`lds gfspdc`r g` c`rnh. Fncdrhc stds xp`rtds qu` g` jdrlh r`kf`ct` s`

ahc puebfkhgd g`sg` gfj`r`ct`s leftds (jucghkfdc`s ucfv`rsfthrfhs, jucghkfdc`spdbtfkhs d ldvflf`ctd kdbdnfsth, pdr o`lpbd) prdpu`sths y stugfds qu` lu`s-trhc qu` `s pdsfeb` shtfsjhk`r uchs c`k`sfghg`s `c`rntfkhs kdlphtfeb`s kdc bd qu`cu`strd pbhc`th pu`g` ghr, sfc cukb`hr`s.

Bd lhbd `s qu` bds pdbtfkds y bhs fcstftukfdc`s gfk`c qu` sbd tdlhrc g`kfsfdc`sehshghs `c bds fcjdrl`s tkcfkds g` bds `xp`rtds. [` r``r`c h `stds lfslds qu`lfcutd h lfcutd fehc c`nhcgd y g`kbhrhcgd flpdsfeb` hqu`bbd qu` suk`gh ucdsfcsthct`s g`spus, kuhcgd cd bd ahkhc fckbusd g`spus g` qu` auef`s` suk`gf-gd4

W c`lds uc prdeb`lh g` xp`rtds. Bds xp`rtds c `kdcdlh qu` cd vf`rdc v`cfrbh krfsfs hktuhb kdctfchc hs`sdrhcgd phrh r`sdbv`rbh h ehs` g` r`kdrt`s sdkfhb`s.Bds `xp`rtds qu` s`hbhehc bh flpdsfefbfghg g` qu` suk`gf`rh bd qu` suk`gf `cOhpc, prdl`t`c qu` ohls phshr `c @sphh.

[f h bh v`z qu` kr`k` b kdcdkflf`ctd kf`ctkd sder` bds prdeb`lhs s` hndthc lsbds ef`c`s g` bh chturhb`zh, s` g`t`rfdrhc bds `kdsfst`lhs qu` cds sdstf`c`c, bhsg`sfnuhbghg`s `kdclfkhs kr`k`c, bds ehckds y `lpr`shs s` r`kup`rhc h kdsthg` bds shbhrfds, bhs p`csfdc`s d bds s`rvfkfds pebfkdscd s`r qu` `b prdeb`lh`s dtrd4

Cd c`k`sfthlds sbd `xp`rtds fcg`p`cgf`ct`s g` bds fct`r`s`s g` bds l`rkhgds,c`k`sfthlds thlefc uch lfrhgh pdbtfkh, c b pb`cd s`ctfgd g` bh phbherh, sder` bhr`hbfghg. Pch cu`vh lfrhgh qu` prfdrfk` h bhs p`rsdchs, su ef`c`sthr y su pdsfefbfghg

g` vfvfr `c uc l`gfd shcd, hct`s qu` bh det`ckfc g` e`c`kfds phrh ucds pdkds.@s` `s `b nrhc prdeb`lh sdkfdhlef`cthb hb qu` t`c`lds qu` r`spdcg`r.


6/68

@cH

kkfc

: @kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

U`thzds g` s`lebhczhHk`pthr bh lu`rt` `s vfvfr bh vfgh. ]hrhldrfr kdld ah lu`rtd Uhlc, ahy quàhe`r vfvfgd hct`s. Gfncfghg. Bfe`rthg. Uhefh. Bukah. @s-p`rhczh. Kddp`rhkfc. W`sc y `sju`rzd.

Kdlucfghg. Hldr? Wdgds sdc sfccfldsg` vfgh. Wdghs sdc prktfkhs g` Uhlc. Kucths v`k`s a`lds dgd d b`gd hUhlc pdc`rb` j`kah g` cfquftd h ucheureuoh chckf`rh d, kdc ls hbtds vu`bds, hbkhpfthbfsld4, kucths uch vhbdrhkfc sp`-rhczhgdrh g`b g`v`cfr g` bds ldvflf`ctdssdkfhb`s d hctfsfst`lh, kdld b` nusthehg`kfr4 Kdc `bbd Uhlc cds ah `sthgd kdc-thnfhcgd g` su hpu`sth pdr bh vfgh. @b khpfthbfsld s bh lu`rt` vfdbhgdrh g`bd vfthb. Bds ldvflf`ctds sdkfhb`s qu`r`ldss`r bh bukah pdr bh vfgh, bh sp`rhczh c g`-vdbv`r h bh lu`rt` h su shcd bunhr, hb ldtdrg`b khlefd `c `b stufr g` bh `xfst`ckfh. Ldvflf`ctds sdkfhb`s v`rsuskhpfthbfs-ld `s bh gfj`r`ckfh `ctr` `b ef`c vfvfr yef`c ldrfr, y bh lhbh vfgh. Xu` bh lu`rt` vfdbhgdrh, bh lhbh lu`r-t`, cd kdcthlfc` bh vfgh! Bh lu`rt` `cjdrlh g`b c`dbfe`rhbfsld kdkfgh y n`cd-kfgh. Bh lu`rt` gfsjrhzhgh g` phtrfhrkhgd.Bh lu`rt` g` bhs jhbshs fcg`p`cg`ckfhs ypurfslds flpdsfeb`s. Bh lu`rt` qu` trh``b tdthbfthrfsld. Bh lhbh lu`rt` g` Erus`-bhs y ^hbb-[tr``t, g` bhs edlehs qu` kh`csder` uc pbhc`th g` l`trpdbfs c krfsfs. Zfvfr kdld Uhlc `s ahk`r kr`k`r bhvfgh, hucqu` cds vhyh bh shbug `c `bbd.Zfvfr `s fct`rr`bhkfdchr bd gfv`rsd qu`bukah kdctrh bh lu`rt` vfdbhgdrh, kdctrhbh DWHC, kdctrh bh P@, kdctrh `b JdcgdLdc`thrfd Fct`rchkfdchb, kdctrh `b fcgfvf-guhbfsld stpfgd... Uhlc cds ah `cs`hgd h lukads hgfhbdnhr `c hshleb`h, h prflhr bds prd-k`sds y bds nrupds aulhcds, sfc dbvfghrbhs fg`hs y bh hkkfc9 h kdcstrufr pdg`rkdlphrtfgd, `lhckfphtdrfd. H kr`hr uclucgd gdcg` qu`phc lukads lucgds.

Kuhcgd Uhlc s` r`tfr g`b prfl`r pbh-cd g`b tòfgd g` r`g`s g` vfgh kdc aèrhsg` cu`strh gfv`rsfghg, s` qu`g jr`nhcgdpbhtds, ahkf`cgd turcds g` ehrrh, p`nhcgdkhrt`b`s, y kdkfchcgd b`ctòhs d p`std. Dg`s`ctrhhcgd bh kdlpbòfghg g`b pdg`rh sus kdlphs hb hrdlh g` uch thzh g` t.V, kbhrd, `skrfef`cgd lhphs phrh trhcsjdr-lhr bh r`hbfghg. Hs, cd sdbd cds bhczh susfg`hs kdld jhrds c bh cfèbh, sfcd qu` cdspr`h g` su kda`r`ckfh vfvh.

Bh vfgh ahefth `ctr` blft`s. Zfvfr `s

v`r, kdld b cds `cs`h, bds blft`s g`b

kr`kflf`ctd y bh hkulubhkfc. Whlefc

bds blft`s g`b pdg`r dpr`sdr. V hk`pthr bds

blft`s kdb`ktfvhl`ct` fcgfvfguhbl ct`

`s s`r ls bfer`s, ls gfnchs.

Zfvfr `s k`bèrhr bh vfgh kdc bh vfgh? kdc

Hch9 kdc `sh jhlfbfh g bh qu , bd qu ls

she`lds, s qu s quf`r lukad9 y kdc sh

dtrh jhlfbfh fckdlpb`th, gfv`rsh, fckdcjdrl ,

rè`bg` flp`rj`kth g` bh qu` jdrlh phrt`,

bds ldvflf`ctds sdkfhb`s. V k`bèrhkfdc`s ah

ahefgd y aher lukahs. Pchs phushgfths hb-

r`g`gdr g uch l`sh g lhg`rh, dtrhs kdc

uch phth g ohlc y, bhs ls, `c Ehrqufbbd,

Bh Grhndch, Bh Lhbdkh, [hc Ebhs, Bhvhpfs y,

`b 8: g oubfd, `c ]`b`nrfch. ]drqu vfvfr kdc

s`ckfbbh hb`nrh thlefc s g`shhr hb pdg`r.

V Uhlc `s hb`nrh.

Bh vfgh sdbd s vfgh kuhcgd s bfer , p`rd

bfer` `c fct`rg`p`cg`ckfh, cd `c fbusdrfh

fcg`p`cg`ckfh. Bh vfgh rhefdsh qu cd s`

kdcjdrlh. Zfgh `s sfccfld g `vdbukfc,

g khlefd sfc c, g trhcsfthr pdr `b phkfs-

ld, bh hutdcdlh y `b j`lfcfsld. G ahk`r

khlfcd pdr `b urehcfsld, bh diuphkfc d bh

hctfnbdehbfzhkfc. Ahsth hlhbnhlhr tdgd

`bbd c uch su`rt g kdbdnfsld sdkfhb qu`

h lukahs cds nusth bbhlhr kdrrhldcfsld.

V vfgh `s rf`snd y kdlprdlfsd. @s gòhr

bh s`nurfghg juckfdchrfhb pdr bh r`g, fckf`rth

h rhtds, g bds vckubds c uch sdkf`ghg pr`-

khrfh. @s bb`vhr `b gfskursd phkfsth thlefc

hqu, h cu`strd phrtfkubhr kdcstfktd vhskd. @s

cd ldv`rs kuhcgd bd qu tdkh s lhct`c`r

bh pdsfkfc. @s s`r fcsdedrcheb hct b ldcd-

kubtfvd hnrdtxfkd g`b p`cshlf`ctd cfkd.

V hadrh qu` su vfgh ah bb`nhgd hb chb,

Uhlc cds ah a`kad sus btflds r`nhbds?

uc bferd-eroubh `c bh cdka` qu` cds hk`-

kah9 `b g` pdg`r ldstrhrb` cu`strd hldr

hct`s g` qu` b yh cd bd pugf`rh r`kfefr9 y

sder` tdgd, b g` cs`hrcds kld bb`vhr

bh vfgh ahsth bh lu`rt`.

A`lds p`rgfgd hNusd, ctrhheb`

kdlph`rdhctfcukb`hr

@kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc g @xtr`lhgurh

Nusd, kdld tdgds b` kdcdkhc, cdsgò `b 51 g` lhrzd, kuhcgd s`kulpbhc ;5 hds g` ucd g` bdshkkfg`ct`s lhs nrhv`s g` bh afstdrfhcukb`hr, `b g` g` War`` Lfb` Fsbhcg(Ahrrfseurn, @@ PP). Bòds qu`gh kuhcgd Nusd `l-p`z su bukah kdc bh kr`hkfc g`bnrupd kdbdnfsth E`r`zu y kdctfcubukahcgd sf`lpr` pdr su Z`rh g`bhblh. Hlheh su tf`rrh y bh trhehohehkdld hnrfkubtdr qu` `rh, p`rd pdr`ckflh g` tdgd `rh hctfcukb`hr. G`sthkhg d lfbfthct` kdctrh bhk`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Hblhrhz, cd ahehkdck`ctrhkfc d hktd `c `b qu` cd`stuvf`rh y sf`lpr` hb`rth kdc `bl`gfgdr g` rhgfhktfvfghg, sf`lpr`gfspu`std h shbfr kdrrf`cgd kuhcgdb` hvfsehlds g` hbnuch sdsp`kah. Nusd, cd t` dbvfghlds y s`nuf-r`lds tu bukah kdlph`rd, ahsthk`rrhr Hblhrhz, ahsth k`rrhr bh btflhcukb`hr.

Uhlc J`rccg`z Gurc, cds gò `b 8= g`

lhyd g` 5=88.


7/68

@cHk

kfc

>@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

HBLHUH_ F-FFAhefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

;= il? 0=.===

>0 il? 7;=.===80= il? 8.61 lfbbdc`s

;== il? 5=.5 lfbbdc`s

KDJU@CW@[Ahefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

;= il? 7=.===

>0 il? 5.00=.===80= il? 0.1 lfbbdc`s

;== il? 8:.:5 lfbbdc`s

NHUDH

;= il? >=.===

>0 il? 5.85=.===80= il? 7.05 lfbbdc`s

;== il? 8:.7; lfbbdc`s

Ahefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

WUFBBDAhefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

;= il? 5=.===

>0 il? 0==.===80= il? >.8 lfbbdc`s

;== il? 81.18 lfbbdc`s

H[K F-FFAhefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

;= il? :=.===

>0 il? 8.===.===80= il? >.=: lfbbdc`s

;== il? 8:.17 lfbbdc`s

ZHCG@BB[ FFAhefthct`s `c uc rhgfd g`?

;= il? 55=.===

>0 il? 6==.===80= il? :.>1 lfbbdc`s

;== il? 8:.=> lfbbdc`s

55=.=== p`rsdchs vfv`c h l`cds g` ;=ifbl`trds g` bh cukb`hr g` Zhcg`bbs

Bh `vhkuhkfc trhs `b hkkfg`ct` cukb`hr g`Juiusaflh Ghffkaf ah hj`kthgd h ls g`8>5.=== p`rsdchs qu` vfvhc h l`cds g`;= ifbl`trds g` bh k`ctrhb. [f uc hkkfg`ct`sflfbhr tuvf`rh bunhr c Zhcg`bbs, bh cfkhk`ctrhb cukb`hr g`b phs qu` s` `cku`ctrh`c bh kdsth, bh kfjrh g` pdebhkfc vhkuhghrdcghrh bhs 55=.=== p`rsdchs. @b ghtd ah sfgd hpdrthgd pdr bh r`vfsthChtur y bh Pcfv`rsfghg g` Kdbulefh (@@PP), qu` ahc khbkubhgd bh pdebhkfc `ctdrcd h bhs k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s dp`rhtfvhs`c tdgd `b lucgd, bb`nhcgd h bh kdc-kbusfc g` qu` `xfst`c 58 k`ctrhb`s qu`sup`rhc b lfbbc g` p`rsdchs c uc rhgfdg` ;= ifbl`trds, g` bbhs s`fs sup`rhc bdstr`s lfbbdc`s. @ckhe`zh bh bfsth bh k`ctrhb cukb`hrphqufsthc g` Ihcupp `c Ihrhkaf kdc1,5 lfbbdc`s g` p`rsdchs h l`cds g` ;=ifbl`trds, s`nufgh pdr bhs cukb`hr`s g`

Whfwhc Iudsa`cn, kdc 0,0 lfbbdc`s, y Kafc[ahc, kdc 7,> lfbbdc`s g` p`rsdchs.

[f `b rhgfd s` hlpbh h >0 ifbl`trdsg`sthkhc bhs cukb`hr`s kafchs g` Nuhcn-gdcn y Bfcnhd, kdc k`rkh g` 51 lfbbdc`sg` ahefthct`s hb fckbufr `c gfkad rhgfd bhkfughg g` Adcn Idcn9 trs `bbhs `stc bh`sthgducfg`cs` Fcgfhc ]dfct, k`rkh g`Cu`vh Vdri kdc 8>,; lfbbdc`s y bh fcgfhChrdrh kdc 8: lfbbdc`s. @c cu`strd phs, Kdjr`ct`s (Zhb`ckfh)y [hcth Lhrh g` Nhrdh (Eurnds) sdcbhs qu` `stc `c zdchs ls g`cshl`ct`pdebhghs, kdc 5,00 y 5,85 lfbbdc`s g`p`rsdchs `c uc rhgfd g` >0 ifbl`trds.

Lurhb c l`ldrfh g` Nbhgys

K`ctrhbcukb`hr

Uhgfd;= il

>0 il 80= il ;== il

HBLHUH_ 0=.=== =,7; 8,61 5=,5

H[K :=.=== 8 >,=: 8:,17

KDJU@CW@[ 7=.=== 5,00 0,1 8:,:5

NHUDH >=.=== 5,85 7,05 8:,7;

WUFBBD 5=.=== =,0 >,8 81,18ZHCG@BB[ 5 5=.=== =,6 :,>1 8:,=>

Nbhgys g`b @sthb?cd dbvfghlds

@b ; g` oucfd g` 86>6 gurhct` bh Odr-chgh Fct`rchkfdchb kdctrh bh @c`rnhCukb`hr, kdcvdkhgh trhs `b hkkfg`ct`

g` Ahrrfseurn, ju` hs`sfchgh Nbhgysg`b @sthb J`rr`d `c Wug`bh (Ch-vhrrh), gurhct` uch lhcfj`sthkfchctfcukb`hr. @b hs`sfcd, `b nuhrgfh kfvfb OdsLhrtc`z [hbhs, ju` ouznhgd `b 87

g` gfkf`ler` g` 8618`c ]hlpbdch `c

uc prdk`sd bb`-cd g` frr`nu-bhrfghg`s, ykdcg`chgd hsbd uc hd y

l`gfd g` kr-k`b, qu` cd bb`-n h kulpbfr, khsf bh

lfslh p`ch qu` bh g`uc kdbdnfsth g` Lhbbdrkh

(uc hd g` krk`b), kuyd cfkd g`bftdju` kdbdkhr uch phckhrth g` prdt`sthkdctrh bh lu`rt` g` Nbhgys. Nbhgys g`b @sthb t`ch 5; hdskuhcgd bh lhthrdc. Zfvh `c `b ehrrfdg` @nufh c Gdcdstfh, rh prdnrhlh-gdrh g` fcjdrltfkh `c uch p`qu`h`lpr`sh y kdlphnfcheh su trhehod

kdc sus stugfds g` Xulfkhs. Nbhgys `rh lfbfthct` `kdbdnfsth.]`rt`c`kh hb Nrupd @kdbdnfsth g`@nfh y h bds Kdlfts Hctfcukb`hr`s g`@usihgf. ]hrtfkfp `c bh drnhcfzhkfcg` cul`rdshs hktfvfghg`s `kdbdnfs-ths, kdld lhrkahs kfkbfsths y lhcf-j`sthkfdc`s kdctrh bh k`ctrhb cukb`hrg` B`ldcfz. Nbhgys lhrka h Wug`bh b ; g` oucfdh bh bbhlhgh g` bds Kdlfts Hctfcukb`h-r`s phrh phrtfkfphr `c bh Odrchgh Fct`r-chkfdchb kdctrh bh @c`rnh Cukb`hr. BhNuhrgfh Kfvfb frrulpf vfdb`cthl`ct``c `b ]hs`d g`b ]rhgd, gdcg` s` k`b`-erheh phkkhl`ct` `b hktd hctfcu-kb`hr, qu` stheh hutdrfzhgd. @c uch s`cthgh pdst`rfdr, ju` ndb-p`hgh pdr `b nuhrgfh kfvfb Ods Lhrt-c`z [hbhs kdc su hrlh, uc jusfb _->=,sdchcgd uc gfsphrd h r`subths g`b kuhbkhy t`cgfgh `c bh khbzhgh. Nbhgys bb`n lu`rth hb k`ctrd ads-pfthbhrfd. Bh prdt`sth kdctrh su hs`-sfchtd ju` uccfl` y n`c`rhb, kdclhcfj`sthkfdc`s y au`bnhs `c tdgd@usihgf y `c dtrhs zdchs g`b @sthgd.Nrhkfhs h su shkrfkfd y hb g` dtrdslukads, ju` pdsfeb` phrhbfzhr bds gdsnrupds cukb`hr`s g` B`ldcfz.


8/68

@cH

kkfc

1 @kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Zfvfr ef`c, sfc cukb`hr`sG`spus g` 80 hds sfc ldvfbfzhkfdc`shctfcukb`hr`s `c `b ]hs Zhb`ckf, bh pbh-thjdrlh Whcqu`l Kdjr`cts (K`rr`ldsKdjr`ct`s) kdcsfnuf `st` hd r`tdlhrbh bukah y drnhcfzhr gfv`rshs hktfvfghg`squ` kublfchrdc kdc bh kdcvdkhtdrfh gùch lhrkah b 8; g` lhrzd g`sg` Ohbhck`h bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Kdjr`ct`s, `c bhqu` phrtfkfphrdc k`rkh g` 7== p`rsdchs.Bh khsuhbfghg qufsd qu` kdfckfgf`rh kdc`b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh, hkh`kfgd thcsbd gds ghs. @b 6 g` herfb, s` prdguod bh qu` prdeh-eb`l`ct` s`h bh lhydr lhcfj`sthkfc hc-

tfcukb`hr bb`vhgh h khed c b ]hs Zhb`ckf?lfb`s g` p`rsdchs bb`nhghs g` gfv`rshskdlhrkhs bb`chrdc bhs khbb`s g` Zhb`ckfhphrh r`fvfcgfkhr Zfvfr ef`c, sfc cukb`hr`s,`xfnfr `b kf`rr` fcl`gfhtd g` bh k`ctrhbg` Kdjr`ct`s y ldstrhr su sdbfghrfghgkdc `b puèbd ohpdcs9 bh lhcfj`sthkfcchbfz hct` bh G`b`nhkfc g`b Ndef`rcd,gdcg` s` nuhrg uc lfcutd g` sfb`ckfdpdr bhs vktflhs g` Ohpc y pdr `b r`stdg` vktflhs g` bds hkkfg`ct`s cukb`hr`s,`sp`kfhbl`ct` bds lfb`s g` p`rsdchs qu`lurf`rdc kdld kdcs`ku`ckfh g` bh khts-trdj` g` Ka`rcefb.

Cd hb HWK

Ls g` 50= p`rsdchs lhrkahrdc b ;=g` herfb c uc hlef`ct` j`stfvd kdcvd-khgds pdr bh ]bhthjdrlh kdctrh `b K`-l`ct`rfd Cukb`hr `c Ku`ckh. Bh lhr-kah s` g`shrrdbbd g`sg` bh PrehcfzhkfcKhshbdcnh h bh pbhzh lhydr g` Zfbbhr g`Khhs. Gurhct` b trhy`ktd s` kdr`hrdcjrhs`s kdld cd hb HWK y Ku`ckh gfk`cd hb k`l`ct`rfd cukb`hr. Bh sdrpr`sh g` bds lhcfj`sthct`sju` kdlprdehr qu` bh ]bhzh Lhydr`stheh vhkh, h p`shr g` qu` `b Hyuc-thlf`ctd sdbfkft h bh [ueg`b`nhkfcqu` bh lhrkah cd ctrhrh c b puèbdgèfgd h bh pr`s`ckfh g` uc l`rkhgf-bbd. ]hrh Lhrh Hcgrs, pdrthvdz g` bh]bhthjdrlh, `st` a`kad ah g`ldstrh-gd qu` bhs kdrthpfshs g`b Hyucthlf`c-td tuvf`rdc kdld cfkd deo`tfvd qu``b l`csho` g` bh pbhthjdrlh cd bb`nhrhh bds v`kfcds ` fct`cthr lhct`c`r bhlhcfpubhkfc fcjdrlhtfvh g`b Hbkhbg`y bh [`kr`thrfh ahkfh sus v`kfcds, quàhc lhcfj`sthgd c vhrfhs dkhsfdc`ss`ctfrs` kdhkkfdchgds. Pch v`z `c bh pbhzh, s` b`y uclhcfjf`std h khrnd g` Ods Ohvf`rZfbbh, v`kfcd g` Zfbbhr g` Khhs, qu`vhbdr luy pdsftfvhl`ct` b cl`rdg` hsfst`ct`s ghghs bhs kdcgfkfdc`shtldsjrfkhs. Hs lfsld g`kbhr qu`hpr`kfhlds lukad bh pdsturh g`cul`rdsds v`kfcds g` Zfbbhr g` Khhsqu` cd s` r`sfnchc h qu` dtrds g`-kfghc pdr `bbds. ]hrh t`rlfchr qufsdgòhr luy kbhrd qu` l`gfhct` `sthlhrkah s` g`lu`strh (uch v`z ls)qu` hqu cd `xfst` kdcs`csd sdkfhb,bh pdebhkfc g` bh Kdlhrkh `st lh-ydrfthrfhl`ct` `c kdctrh.

Lhcfj`sthkfc pdr `b kf`rr` g` NhrdhKf`ctds g` p`rsdchs s` lhcf`sthc, uchv`z ls, phrh p`gfr `b kf`rr` g` bh cukb`hrg` [hcth Lhrh g` Nhrdh. Hprdv`kahrdc,hg`ls, phrh sdbfghrfzhrs` kdc `b puèbdohpdcs hct` bds gfjkfb`s ldl`ctds qu``stc vfvf`cgd. @b 6 g` herfb, ehod bds b`lhs Nhrdhkf`rr` yhy WdgMs kdc Ohpc, eurnhb`s`s yeurnhb`shs, hs kdld p`rsdchs v`cfghs g`dtrhs prdvfckfhs y g`b prdpfd `ctdrcd g`

Zhbb` g` Wdehbfch, r`ft`rhrdc su `xfn`ckfhg` kf`rr` fcl`gfhtd g` Nhrdh, n`l`bh g`Juiusaflh, hb Ndef`rcd sphdb.

@c ucds ghs c bds qu` bds rf`snds g` bh`c`rnh htlfkh s` ahc pu`std g` r`bf`v`y `c bds qu` s` kulpb` `b 50 hcfv`rshrfdg` Ka`rcefb, shbfr h bh khbb` pfgf`cgd `bkf`rr` g` bh k`ctrhb ls hctfnuh g`b @sthgd`sphdb, hs kdld g` tdghs bhs g`ls, `such c`k`sfghg y uch debfnhkfc.

JDWD?@KDBDNF[WH[@CH

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EPUND[

JDWD?@KDBDNF[W@[@C

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CGD

Z_XP@_


9/68

@cHk

kfc


W`rr`ldtd `c Bdrkh

@b gdbdr n`c`rhgd pdr `b t`rr`ldtdsujrfgd `c Bdrkh (Lurkfh) qu` prdvd-k cu`v` lu`rt`s, gh khsf `b 5=%g` bds fcluèb`s y gò sfc adnhr hlfb`s g` p`rsdchs, s` auef`rh vfstdhul`cthgd ju`rt`l`ct` sf bh `bktrf-kh Fe`rgrdbh auef`rh kdcstrufgd uchk`ctrhb cukb`hr `c bh kdsth g` nufbhs,Kdp`, prdvfckfh g` Lurkfh.

Khe` pr`nucthrs` sf `c bunhr g`bds 5== ifbl`trds qu` s`phrhc Bdrkhg` bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr ls k`rkhch,Kdjr`ct`s, auef`rhc sfgd 5= il? bhgfsthckfh h bh qu` s` `ckdctrhrh bhk`ctrhb prdy`kthgh pdr Fe`rgrdbh `cnufbhs.

Bh k`ctrhb chbl`ct` ju` g`skhrth-gh c 86>7 hct` bh ju`rt` kdct`sthkfchctfcukb`hr g` v`kfcds y `kdbdnfsths.@b bunhr gdcg` s` aheh pbhc`hgdkdcstrufr bh cukb`hr `s ucd g` bdsphrho`s chturhb`s ls flpdrthct`sg`b L`gft`rrc`d. Hucqu` hadrh s``cku`ctrh g` cu`vd hl`chzhgd, `sthv`z pdr bh kdcstrukkfc g` g`k`chsg` lfb`s g` vfvf`cghs `c `b kdlpbòdg`cdlfchgd Lhrfch g` KD]@. Pch v`z ls, bh r`hbfghg cds lu`s-trh qu` pr`g`kfr tdgds bds jhktdr`s sprktfkhl`ct` flpdsfeb` y `b lhphg` pdsfeb`s rf`snds ahk` v`r bh nrhcvubc`rhefbfghg qu` tf`c`c bhs k`ctrh-b`s cukb`hr`s.

Fct`cthc `cjrfhr`b ckb`d prdcukb`hr

g`b Ndef`rcd

Bfqufghgdr`sg` @kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc fc-t`cthc cjrfhr b ckb`d prdcukb`hr g`b Nd-ef`rcd, rdkfhcgd kdc hnuh bh jhkahgh g`bLfcfst`rfd g` L`gfd Hlef`ct` c Lhgrfg,lf`ctrhs g`spb`nheh uch phckhrth kdc bb`lh @cjrf`lds hb Ndef`rcd cukb`hr. Kdc `sth hkkfc @kdbdnfsths c Hkkfcqufsd ahk`r bb`nhr hb Ndef`rcd bd qu` kdc-sfg`rh su btflh dpdrtucfghg g` pdc`r cprktfkh `b prdnrhlh kdc `b qu` suef hbpdg`r, qu` fckbuh uc pbhc g` kf`rr` g` bhsk`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s. ]`rd phrh `bbd tf`c`qu` ahk`r tr`s kdshs `c bd qu` b` qu`ghg` b`nfsbhturh? k`rrhr Nhrdh, gfs`hr ucpbhc g` kf`rr` cukb`hr qu` chbfk` c 5=5=,y phrhbfzhr `b prdk`sd g` `b`kkfc g`b k`-l`ct`rfd cukb`hr (HWK) ahsth cd t`c`r `s`pbhc g` kf`rr` cukb`hr. @sths pdbtfkhs s` gè`c `clhrkhr `cuc urn`ct` gèht` c`rntfkd sder` kdldhvhczhr ahkfh uc sfst`lh khrhkt`rfzhgdpdr tr`s `strhtrht`nfhs? bh r`gukkfc g`bkdcsuld, bh prdgukkfc ehshgh `c `c`r-nhs r`cdvheb`s y bh s`nurfghg. Bhs cukb`h-r`s sderhc g`sg` bhs tr`s p`rsp`ktfvhs. Bh r`gukkfc g`b kdcsuld `s fl-pr`skfcgfeb` `c uc lhrkd g` kr`kf`ct``skhs`z g` bhs ju`ct`s g` `c`rnh esfkhsg`b sfnbd QQ? `b p`trb`d y `b nhs, p`rdthlefc `b urhcfd.

]hrh hjrdcthr bh trhcsfkfc ahkfh bhs r`cdvh-eb`s, bh sftuhkfc sphdbh `s fclòdrheb`,yh qu` hktuhbl`ct` ahy sder`khphkfghgg` prdgukkfc bktrfkh c @sphh, kdldpruèh qu` `c bds btflds hds cu`strd@sthgd ah sfgd `xpdrthgdr c`td g` `b`k-trfkfghg, v`cgf`cgd h Lhrru`kds, ]drtunhby Jrhckfh.

JDWD?@KDBDNF[WH[@C

HKKFC

FBP[WUHKFC?LFNP@B

EUF@ZH


10/68

@cH

kkfc

8= @kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Ka rcefb50hcfv rs

hrfd?50ghsg`hkkf

c

5hb5:g`herfbg`5=

88

CPKB@HU@[CD,HWKC

D,NHUDHKF@UU@VH

t c ldsucpbhcsfc

cukb hrs3www.

kdbdnfsths chkkfdc

.drn

[` euskhc bfqufghgdr`s@kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc g` Au`bvh r`hbfz`c bh kfughg uch esqu`gh g` `lpr`sh-rfds y pdbtfkds kdcs`ku`ct`s, phrtfghrfdsg`b c`ndkfd cukb`hr, phrh trhehohr kdldbfqufghgdr`s`c bhs hrrf`snhghs thr`hs g`

kdctrdb y g`slhct`bhlf`ctd g` bh k`ctrhbcukb`hr g` Juiusaflh qu` prdeheb`l`c-t` gur`c lukads hds. Bh esqu`gh, hucqu` phr`zkh flpdsf-eb`, cd gfd r`subthgds.

jrfkh cd cukb`hr

Bh drnhcfzhkfc tfc`r-j`h @kdDkhcds(@kdbdnh y Kddp`-rhkfc)ah p`gfgd hb]r`sfg`ct` g`b Ndef`r-cd g` Khchrfhs qu` bfg`r` uchg`kbhrhkfc fcstftukfdchb qu`pdsfkfdc` hb Hrkafpfbhnd kdldt`rrftdrfd bfer` g` sth c`rnh. Cd xfst`c jrdct`rhs phrh bhs kh-tstrdj`s cukb`hr`s. ]dr jdrtuch, jrfkhah `sthgd hb lhrn`c g`b g`shrrdbbdg` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr, h `xk`pkfc g`[ugjrfkh. [fc `lehrnd, ahy hlefkfdsds pbh-c`s phrh cukb`hrfzhr jrfkh, c sp`kfhbLhrru`kds y kdckr`thl`ct` [fgf Edub-erh, h l`cds g` ;== il g`b hrkafpf-bhnd, `lpuohgds pdr `b pdt`ctsfldbdeeycukb`hr jrhcks. @b g`shrrdbbd hjrfkhcd gè`rh `sthrhb lhrn`c g` uch `c`rnh thc sulh-l`ct` p`bfnrdsh y t`kcdbnfkh. Bhhpu`sth tf`c` qu` s`r pdr bhs `c`rnhsr`cdvheb`s, s`ckfbbhs y bflpfhs. G`sg` Khchrfhs, hrkafpfbhnd qu`n`dnrkhl`ct` `st `c gfkad kdc-tfc`ct`, s` gè`rh trhehohr pdrqu`cd s` g`shrrdbb` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr y,hg`ls, prdpfkfhr uc hpdyd rl` yg`kfgfgd phrh qu` bds phs`s g`b Cdrt`hpdy`c bh flpbhcthkfc g` `c`rnhsbflpfhs. [fc gugh, trhs bh khtstrdj` `c Oh-pc, `b g`shrrdbbd cukb`hr s` jr`chr`c bds phs`s g`b Cdrt` y, sfc gughthlefc, `b bdeeycukb`hr hpdsthrpdr st` kdctfc`ct` phrh flpbhcthr hbbbd qu` `c bds phs`s rfkdscd quf`r`c,kdld sf`lpr` ah phshgd.

Ldvfbfzhkfdc`s hctfcukb`hr`sBds buktudsds hkdct`kflf`ctds g` Ohpcg`lu`strhc qu` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr `s uchhl`chzh fckdlphtfeb` kdc bh s`nurfghgaulhch. [u lhct`cflf`ctd sbd s` kdl-

pr`cg` sf s` tf`c`c c ku`cthbds jdrlfgh-

eb`s e`c`-kfds kd-clfkdsg` bh fc-

gustrfh cukb`hr,`c g`trfl`ctd

g` bds g`r`kads g`bh fcl`csh lhydrh

g` bh sdkf`ghg. ]dr tdgd `bbd, bh sdkf`ghg

kfvfb `sphdbh, r`pr`s`cthgh pdr uc nrhccl`rd g` drnhcfzhkfdc`s y ctfghg`s, ahdrnhcfzhgd kdck`ctrhkfdc`s y lhcfj`sth-kfdc`s c tdgd b phs phrh xpr`shr bh c`-k`sfghg urn`ct` g` hehcgdchr bh c`rnhcukb`hr, prdpdcf`cgd uc kf`rr` fcl`gfhtdg` bh k`ctrhb g` [hcth Lhrh g` Nhrdh, bhls hctfnuh g`b phrqu` cukb`hr `sphdb,y uc khb`cghrfd phrh `b g`slhct`bhlf`ctdg` bhs g`ls k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s qu` s`kf`rc`c sder` b t`rrftdrfd sphdb. @b lhydr cl`rd g` hkkfdc`s tuvf`rdcbunhr b 8> g` lhrzd, kdld r`spu`sth fcl`-gfhth hb hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh, hs kdldg` sdbfghrfghg kdc b puèbd g` Ohpc y b 50hcfv`rshrfd g`b hkkfg`ct` g` Ka`rcefb.

]u`ct`g`]f`grhg`_hrhndzh.

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11/68

@cHk

kfc


@KDBDNF[WH[@CHKKFC

@B@CHVNDVDVBH

K@CWUHBCPKB@HU

K@L@CW@UFDCPKB@HU

V@B

@b`ch y Ndyd

@st` klfk g` Ufch ]fkkdbd, ku`cth bhshv`cturhs g` Jbfp y Cn`, gds a`rlhcdsqu` vfsfthc uch k`ctrhbcukb`hr g`skuerf`cgdbds p`bfnrds qu` s`

dkubthc y su kdc`xfckdc bh fcgustrfh lfbfthr.Ju` r`hbfzhgd phrh bhr`g jrhck`sh [drtfr gucukbhfr` `c kdbhed-rhkfc kdc Hgeust`rsJrhck` (Khssùrs g`pue). ]dst`rfdrl`c`ju` trhgukfgd y gfstrfeufgd`c fcnbs pdr b [`rvfkfd Lucgfhb sder`@c`rnh Cukb`hr (^F[@) y `b CFU[. V had-rh ah sfgd trhgukfgd hb khst`bbhcd pdr@kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc qu` bd gfstrfeuy`

g` jdrlh nrhtufth su v`rsfc gfnfthb.

`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn/hrtfkb`1=0=.atlb

8= jhbs`ghg`s sder` bh `c`rnh cukb`hrGhcf`b Bp`z Lhrfouc `s n`bdnd y lf`lerd g` @kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc

H rhz g`b fct`ctd g` prdbdcnhr bh vfgh tfbg` bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Nhrdh, `b JdrdCukb`hr gfjucgf pdr tdgds bds p`rfgfkdsg`b phs uc g`kbdnd `c g`j`csh g` bh

`c`rnh cukb`hr (`c hpdyd g` Nhrdh),qu` kdct`ch bh lhydr kdck`ctrhkfc g``leust`s pdr ucfghg g` sup`rkf` qu` s`pu`gh r`kdrghr. Z`hlds bhs 8= p`rbhs y sudebfnhgh rpbfkh.

8= rhzdc`s phrh s`r cukb`hr

8. Bhs k`ctrhb`s nhrhctfzhc `b sulfcfstrd

`bktrfkd. @stc gfspdcfeb`s bhs 57 adrhs, bds

;:0 ghs hb hd.

G` bds 1 r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s `sphdb`s, 7ahc `sthgd r`kf`ct`l`ct` `c r`khrnh dkdc hv`rhs. [u cubh st`xfefbfghg debfnh hphrhr phrqu`s bfkds qu` pdgrhc n`c`rhr`b`ktrfkfghg bflpfh.

5. U`guk`c bh g`p`cg`ckfh g`b `xt`rfdr. @b

hehst`kflf`ctd g` kdleustfeb` `c @sphh

s` kdcsfg`rh g` khrkt`r chkfdchb.

Wdgd b kdleustfeb cukb hr c @sphh gè`s`r flpdrthgd9 `sthlds h l`rk`g g`b hbzhg`b pr`kfd g`b urhcfd y khr`k`lds g` fcsthbh-kfdc`s phrh su `crfqu`kflf`ctd `c P5;0.

;. Cd `lft`c nhs`s g` `j`ktd fcv`rchg`rd y

hyughc h kulpbfr Ifdtd. Bh `c`rnh cukb`hr

`s bflpfh, `s bh cfkh khphz g` prdgukfrnrhcg`s khctfghg`s g` b`ktrfkfghg sfc kdc-

thlfchr bh htlsj`rh.

@s kf`rtd qu` bh sfc cukb`hr cd `lft`KD5, p`rd tdgds bds g`ls prdk`sds g`b kf-kbd g`b kdleustfeb` cukb`hr, s? xtrhkkfcg`b lfc`rhb, kdck`ctrhkfc, trhcspdrt`,`crfqu`kflf`ctd, jherfkhkfc g`b kdleus-tfeb`, n`stfc g` bds r`sfguds cukb`hr`s...@b prdtdkdbd g` Ifdtd cd kdct`lpbh bh`c`rnh cukb`hr kdld fcstrul`ctd g`lftfnhkfc g`b khb`cthlf`ctd nbdehb.

7. [dc s`nurhs.

G`spus g` bh trhn`gfh g` Juiusaflh `suc shrkhsld qu` `b bdeey cukb`hr sfnhlhct`cf`cgd `sh flpdsturh? bh kdckht`-chkfc g` hkkfg`ct`s, `rrdr`s y jhbbds `c `bl`gfd sfnbd g` afstdrfh cukb`hr, vfg`ckfhqu` s` trhth g` uch t`kcdbdnh fcs`nurh yqu` cd ah shefgd n`stfdchr kdcvfck`ct`-l`ct` b rf`snd.

0. [dc kdlp`tftfvhs.

[bd kdc suev`ckfdc`s `ckuef`rths ydkubthcgd kdst`s bhs k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s`ctrhc `c kdlp`t`ckfh kdc dtrds n`c`-rhgdr`s g` `b`ktrfkfghg. A`lds `sthgdphnhcgd `c bh jhkturh `bktrfkh `b kdst`g` n`stfc g` bds r`sfguds rhgfhktfvds9 bhkdcstrukkfc g` uch k`ctrhb cukb`hr sfc

suesfgfds sththb`s s fcvfheb`. Bds kdst`shlef`cthb`s cd `stc fct`rchbfzhgds y sftf`c`c prgfghs s` sdkfhbfzhc vh thrfjhs.

;. [dc ju`ct`s ehshghs `c bh t`kcdbdnh

ls puct`rh.

@s uch t`kcdbdnh qu` ah n`c`rhgd rf`s-nds phrh bds kuhb`s cd t`ch r`spu`sth yqu` gf`r` bh r`sdbukfc g` uc prdeb`lhkhpfthb, kdld s b g` sus r`sfguds g` hbthhktfvfghg, h bhs n`c`rhkfdc`s juturhs. Bdsrf`snds qu` vhc hsdkfhgds sdc flpr`g`kf-eb`s fchsulfeb`s.

7. N`c`rhc lpb`d.

Bhs ;=.=== p`rsdchs g`b s`ktdr cukb`hr`sphdb phbfg`k`c kdc bh r`hbfghg g` bds880.=== `lpb`ds g`b s`ktdr `c`rnhs r`-

cdvheb`s (g` bbds >=.=== gfr`ktds) s`nc`b `stugfd g`b FGH@ ` F[WH[. Kdc `b kf`rr`phubhtfcd y `skhbdchgd g` bhs k`ctrhb`s`sphdbhs s` pdgrh r`hbfzhr sfc trhulhs bhr`kdcv`rsfc bhedrhb g` stds trhehohgdr`sg`ctrd g`b lpb`d v`rg`.

1. @b prdeb`lh g` bds r`sfguds tf`c` sdbukfc.

@xfst` uch sdbukfc tkcfkh phrh `b hblhk`ch-

lf`ctd t`lpdrhb, bh rùtfbfzhkfc g` bds kdl-

eustfeb`s nhsthgds y su gfspdsfkfc chb.

Cfcnuch g` bhs tr`s hrlhkfdc`s `s kf`rth?`b hblhk`chlf`ctd t`lpdrhb `c pfskfchs

`s uch g` bhs khushs g` bh kdcthlfchkfcrhgfhktfvh g` bh r`nfc g` Juiusaflh, bdsr`hktdr`s r`prdguktdr`s sdc p`bfnrdsds` fcvfheb`s, y `b hblhk`chlf`ctd g`cf-tfvd `c r`pdsftdrfds `s uch afpdt`kh phrhlukahs gkhghs.

6. Bds lhydr`s phs`s g`b lucgd hpu`sthc

pdr bh `c`rnh cukb`hr.

Bds ls g` 7== r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s prdgu-k`c sdbd b 8>% g` bh b`ktrfkfghg lucgfhb.Bh trhn`gfh g` Juiusaflh ah prdvdkhgd`b k`s` `c `b prdpsftd g` prdbdcnhr bh

vfgh dp`rhtfvh g` lukahs k`ctrhb`s y bhldrhtdrfh g` pbhc`s cukb`hr`s g` vhrfdsphs`s. Bh c`rnh cukb`hr hphr`k` h bh buzg` bh dpfcfc pebfkh kdld prdeb`lh, cdkdld sdbukfc.

8=. [dc hesdbuthl`ct` c`k`shrfhs.

@c hesdbutd? pdgrhlds pr`skfcgfr g`bh `b`ktrfkfghg g` drfn`c cukb`hrkdc hbt`rchtfvhs g` `c`rnhs r`-cdvheb`s (`bfkh, sdbhr y efdlhsh,prfckfphbl`ct`), hadrrd y kf`c-kfh `c`rntfkhs. @c @sphh, g` bds8=;.=== L^ fcsthbhgds, bh pucthg` `b`ktrfkfghg `b hd phshgd ju`g` 77.=== L^? ahy `xk`sd g` pd-t`ckfh `bktrfkh fcsthbhgh y bd qu`sderh s sder` tdgd bh cukb`hr.

K`l`ct`rfd cukb`hr

Ahk` ;= hds, `b ldvflf`ctd hctfcu-kb`hr hb`lc puebfk uc cu`vh afstdrfhg` Hstrfx, kdcj`kkfd-chgh h phrtfr g` vf`-ths drfnfchb`s g` dtrhsafstdrf`ths g` Hstrfx`b Nhbd kr`hghs pdr bds

n`cfhb`s U`c Ndskfc-cy (nufc) y Hbe`rtPg`rzd (gfeuod). @c 861=, bds Kd-lfts Hctfcukb`hr`sg` @usihb A`rrfh`gfthc uch hghpth-kfc y r`kf`ct`l`ct` ehshgd `c `st`hphr`k` uch cu`vh v`rsfc Hstrx y `bk`l`ct`rfd cukb`hr c sth dkhsfc phrhg`cuckfhr `b thbc g` Hqufb`s g` bhsk`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s? sus r`sfguds.

`kdbdnfsths`chkkfdc.drn/hrtfkb`>:==.atlb

FBP[WUHKFCG@IHBZ@BBFGD


12/68


13/68

@cHk

kfc

8;@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

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Gèhod g` bh skhbh /Cfv`b =[ F C [ F N C F J F K H K F C ] H U H B H [ @ N P U F G H G

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www.cdgd0=.drn/tfctdg`v`rhcd

Dkubthkfc g` ghtdsrhgfhktfvds

]dkds ghs g`spus g`b fcfkfd g` bhhb`rth cukb`hr g` Juiusaflh, bh r`-vfsth Chtur`bbhl bh ht`ckfc sderùc ghtd pdkd kdcdkfgd? qu` bh rh-gfhkfc `lftfgh h bh htlsj`rh pdr bhk`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Juiusaflh `sthehsf`cgd ldcftdrfzhgh, p`rd cd gfjuc-gfgh pebfkhl`ct`, pdr bh hlpbfhr`g g` g`t`ktdr`s kdctrdbhgds pdr bh

Kdlfsfc ]r`phrhtdrfh g`b Wrhthgdg` ]rdafefkfc Kdlpb`th g`

@cshyds Cukb`hr`s (KWEWD).@st` sfst`lh fct`rchkfdchb g`vfnfbhckfh ku`cth kdc 1= sth-kfdc`s g` l`gfgh y 8: bhedrh-

tdrfds, phrh g`t`kthr phrtkubhsrhgfhktfvhs `c bh htlsj`rh qu`

r`v`b`c sf uc phs ah r`hbfzhgd uc`cshyd cukb`hr. [u k`ctrd g` ghtds`c Zf`ch r`kfe` bh fcjdrlhkfc g`tdghs bhs sthkfdc`s y bds gfstrfeuy`h bds @sthgds lf`lerds thctd `c

erutd kdld hchbfzhgds.@sth r`g st thlefc pr`phrhghphrh b s`nuflf`ctd g` uc hkkf-

g`ct` cukb`hr y hs bd afzd g`sg` qu`kdl`cz bh hb`rth cukb`hr `c Ohpc.[fc lehrnd, bds ghtds kdlpb`tds g`s`nuflf`ctd g` bh cue` rhgfhktfvh cOhpc, kdc hbnuchs `xk`pkfdc`s, cds` ahc a`kad pebfkds pdrqu` bh KWE-WD cd bd tf`c` p`rlftfgd. @sth jhbth g`trhcsphr`ckfh ah flpubshgd h bh DCNKUFFUHG (Kdlfsfc g` Fcv`stfnhkfc yg` Fcjdrlhkfc Fcg`p`cgf`ct`s sder`bh Uhgfhktfvfghg) h bhczhr uch khlph-h phrh `xfnfr h bds @sthgds qu` gò`cg` kdcskhr `sds ghtds y bds pdcnhcfcl`gfhthl`ct` h gfspdsfkfc g`bpebfkd sfc r`hbfzhr uch s`b`kkfcpr`vfh.

www.krffrhg.drn

@skhbh Fct`rchkfdchb g` [uk`sds Cukb`hr`sBh skhbh FC@[ (Fct`rchtfdchb Cukb`hr @v`ct[khb`), ju` fctrdgukfgh pdr bh Hn`ckfh Fc-t`rchkfdchb g` bh @c`rnh Htlfkh `c 866=phrh sthcghrfzhr bh l`gfkfc y nhrhctfzhrbh kdlucfkhkfc `c khsd g` hkkfg`ct`cukb`hr.

Bh `skhbh lfg` bds hkkfg`ct`s g`b ucdhb sf`t`? s` kdcsfg`rhc fckfg`ct`s ahsth`b cfv`b ; y hkkfg`ct`s g`sg` `b 7 ahsth`b >. Khgh pdsfkfc lubtfpbfkh pdr gf`zbh nrhv`ghg r`sp`ktd g` bh hct`rfdr. ]hrh`bhedrhrbh s` tf`c`c `c ku`cth krft`rfdsg` kdcthlfchkfc hlef`cthb, bds rf`sndsphrh bh shbug aulhch y b rhgfd g` hkkfcg` bh rhgfhktfvfghg uch v`z bfe`rhgh.

@c st` s`ctfgd, s` kbhsfkh kdld cfv`b> h uc hkkfg`ct` kdc uch bfe`rhkfc nrhv`g` lht`rfhb`s rhgfhktfvds kdc hlpbfds`j`ktds sder` bh shbug y b l`gfd hlef`ct`qu` r`qu`rfrh g` kdctrhl`gfghs g` jdrlhprdbdcnhgh. H l`gfgh qu` s` vh g`sk`c-gf`cgd `c fct`csfghg, bds cfv`b`s lfg`chsp`ktds ls bdkhbfzhgds g` pdsfeb`s`j`ktds hgv`rsds kdld c b khsd g`b cfv`b;, qu` g`c` bds rf`snds g` bh sfnuf`ct`lhc`rh? `xpdsfkfc gf`z v`k`s sup`rfdrhb blft` hcuhb kdc j`ktds cd b`thb`s c bhshbug.

Ka`rcefb y Juiusaflh ahc sfgd khbf-khgds kdld hkkfg`ct`s g` cfv`b >. @c `bkhsd g` bh k`ctrhb ohpdc`sh `b Ndef`rcdg`b phs thrg `c ghrb` uch vhbdrhkfc hbhkkfg`ct`, y bh prfl`rh qu` b` gfd ju` g`cfv`b 7. @std prdvdk bh prdt`sth jrhck`sh,kuyds `xp`rtds `b`vhrdc `b cfv`b g` p`bf-nrdsfghg h :. Ghs ls thrg`, `b Ndef`rcdohpdcs `b`v bd dkurrfgd `c Juiusaflhhb cfv`b 0. Pc l`s g`spus g`b hkkfg`ct`,Ohpc hul`ct `b cfv`b h >.

@c cu`strd phs `b Kdcsòd g` [`nurf-ghg Cukb`hr flpbhct `b FC@[ h phrtfr g`b8 g` dktuer` g` 866=, sf`cgd g`sg` `s`ldl`ctd su usd debfnhgd phrh kbhsfkhrtdgds bds suk`sds dkurrfgds c bhs k`ctrh-b`s cukb`hr`s.

@o`lpbds?

Cfv`b >Ka`rcefb, Pkrhcfh 861:jJuiusaflh, Ohpc 5=88j

Cfv`b :Iysatyl y Lhyhi, Uusfh 860>j

Cfv`b 0Kahbi Ufv`r, Khchg 8605j^fcgskhb`, Nrhc Er`thh 860>jBuk`cs, [ufzh 86:6.j

War`` Lfb` Fsbhcg, @@ PP 86>6jCfv`b 7

[`bbh`bg, NE 0 hkkfg`ct`s 8600->6jFghad Jhbbs, @@ PP 86:8j

K`ctrhb cukb`hr Cfv`b 8 Cfv`b 5

HBLHUH_ F 8

HBLHUH_ FF 8

H[K F ; 8

H[K FF 7

KDJU@CW@[ 5

NHUDH 7

WUFBBD 8

ZHCG@BB[ FF 8 8

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Wdthb 58 5

[uk`sds g` c`rd 5==8 h lhyd 5=88.@bhedrhgd pdr @kdbdnfsths `c Hkkfc. Ju`ct`? K[C

*K`rrhgh `b ;= g` herfb g` 5==:

Ohsbdvsi Edaucfk`, Ka`kdsbdvhqufhj86>>

[hfct Bhur`ct g`s @hux, Jrhckfh 861=jEu`cds Hfr`s, Hrn`ctfch 861;jWdlsi->, Uusfh 866;jWdihflurh, Ohpc 8666j

Cfv`b ;

Zhcg`bbs F, Whrrhndch 8616j]his, Aucnrh 5==;j]bhcth Wadrp g` [`bbh`bg, NE 5==0.j

Cfv`b 5Wrfbbd, Nuhghbhohrh 8665jZhcg`bbs FF, Whrrhndch 5==7jHtukah, Hrn`ctfch 5==0jKhghrhka`, Jrhckfh 866;jJdrslhri, [u`kfh 5==:jHsk F, Whrrhndch 5==1j

Cfv`b 8@c bds btflds 8= hds (5==8-5=8=) s`

ahc cdtfkhgd hb K[C 87 suk`sds g` cfv`b8. @st` hd 5=88 ahsth lhyd ahc t`cfgdbunhr kuhtrd, tdgds `bbds `c Whrrhndch?

Hsk F, 51 herfbjZhcg`bbs FF, 58 jèr`rdjHsk F, 58 `c`rdjHsk FF, 58 `c`rdj

Cfv`b =Bhs cukb`hr`s `sphdbhs g` 5==8 h 5=8=ahc sujrfgd uch l`gfh g` :7 suk`sds hbhd g` st` cfv`b.

FBP[WUHKFC?]HKD

KFPUHCH


14/68

Fct`rchk

fdchb

@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Jrhckfh flpubsh bhlhydr pbhcth cukb`hrg`b lucgd `c Fcgfh

[f s` bb`nh h kdcstrufr, bh pbhcthg` Ohfthpur, `c Fcgfh, s`r `blhydr kdlpbòd cukb`hr g`blucgd. Kdcsthr g` chgh l`-cds qu` : r`hktdr`s @]U g`8.:0= L^, sulhcgd uc tdthbg` 6.6== L^. @b prdy`ktd `sjrutd g` uc hku`rgd `ctr` bdsNdef`rcds g` Jrhckfh ` Fcgfh,kdc chckfhkfc g` bds ehckdsfct`rchkfdchb`s A[EK y EC]]hrfehs y ah kdl`czhgd pdrbh kdcstrukkfc g` gds g` bdsr`hktdr`s prdy`kthgds.

Bh l`nhpbhcth hj`kthr hkfckd pdebhkfdc`s, y h uch uchkfjrh qu` vhrh, s`nc bhs ju`c-t`s, ctr` :.=== y 7=.=== p`rsd-chs qu` g`p`cg`c g` bh p`skhy bh hnrfkubturh, fckbuy`cgd hbl`cds h 8.=== jhlfbfhs qu``stc sf`cgd xprdpfhghs p`s`h su dpdsfkfc lhydrfthrfh hs`r g`spbhzhghs. Whlefc ahyuc nrhc t`ldr hb flphktd qu`t`cgr bh k`ctrhb c b hnuh y bhp`skh hs kdld c bh kdl`rkfh-bfzhkfc g` bds prdguktds bdkh-b`s. @sth dpdsfkfc ah g`rfvhgd`c lhcfj`sthkfdc`s qu` s` ahcshbghgd kdc kf`ctds g` g`t`cf-gds y uch vktflh ldrthb.

@b Ndef`rcd ah sfgd hkush-gd g` hktuhr sfc bh sukf`ct`trhcsphr`ckfh, g` hk`pthr ucfcjdrl` g` flphktd hlef`cthbpdkd rfnurdsd y g` hktuhr kdcg`spr`kfd pdr bds g`r`kads au-lhcds. H std ahy qu` sulhr brf`snd sslfkd g` bh r`nfc, kdclhs g` 6= t`rr`ldtds c bds b-tflds 5= hds, bb`nhcgd h r`nfs-

trhrs` ucd g` :,5 nrhgds. ]`s`h bh hb`rth lucgfhb kdctrh bh`c`rnh cukb`hr gfsphrhgh pdr`b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh y hbbbhlhlf`ctd g` 0= hkhglfkdsy hktfvfsths phrh fcsthurhr uchldrhtdrfh cukb`hr `c Fcgfh, `bNdef`rcd kdctfch hpdyhcgdbh `xphcsfc g` `sth `c`rnhfcsdst`cfeb` y p`bfnrdsh.

@c cu`strd phs, bh khlph-h g` dpdsfkfc h bh l`nh-pbhcth g` Ohfthpur s` st k`c-trhcgd `c pr`sfdchr hb ehckdfct`rchkfdchb A[EK y h ucdg` sus prdpf`thrfds, `b Ehckdg` [hcthcg`r, phrh qu` cd bhchckf`c.

Junh g` sde`refh

@b 8; g` lhrzd g` 5=88, pdkdg`spus g`b tsuchlf y bh hb`rthcukb`hr `c Ohpc, tuvd nrhcgfjusfc `c bh wè `b hrtkubdây F hl cdt wdrrf`g hedutOhphcs cukb`hr r`hktdrs (]drqu cd `stdy pr`dkuphgd pdrbds r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s g` Oh-pc) skrftd c uc ebdn pdr Od-s`j Dàl`c, fcn`cf`rd g`b LFW

y gdktdrhgd`c n`stfc g`rf`snds. Dà-l`c, adrrdrf-zhgd pdrqu`bh n`ct` cdtf`c` bh l`cdrkdlpr`csfc g`bh jsfkh cukb`hr,gheh uc bhrnd y gf-gktfkd r`phsd h bht`kcdbdnh g` jfsfccukb`hr, h bh `strukturhg` uc r`hktdr cukb`hr EÛy h bh bdsdjh y prktfkh g`bh G`j`csh `c ]rdjucgfghgkdld `strht`nfh phrh pr`v`-cfr qu` phs` bd qu` phs`, cdpu`gh dkurrfr chgh r`hbl`ct`nrhv` `c uc r`hktdr cukb`hr.

Dàl` k`rtfjfkheh, `c uctdcd g`s`cjhghgd y hbnd kdc-g`sk`cgf`ct`, qu` Cd ahy ycd aher bfe`rhkfdc`s sfncf-khtfvhs g` rhgfdhktfvfghg yBh k`ctrhb `st hs`nurhgh yhs p`rlhc`k`r , hs qu` pd-ghlds `sthr trhcqufbds y cdahk`r khsd g` hbhrlfsths ` fc-gdkul`cthgds. @b hrtkubd jutrhgukfgd rpfghl`ct` h cu`-v` fgfdlhs, r`kfef`cgd lfbbd-c`s g` vfsfths y gfstrfeugd `ckhst`bbhcd `c ebdns g` kf`ckfhy t`kcdbdnh. Kdld she`lds,bh sftuhkfc `c Juiusaflh cdlòdr y b hrtkubd g` Dàl`cju` rpfghl`ct` r`tfrhgd g` suuefkhkfc drfnfchb djr`kf`cgduc `cbhk` h bh cu`vh v`rsfc`c `b ebdn g` bds `stugfhct`sg`b G`phrthl`ctd g` @c`rnhCukb`hr ` Fcn`cf`rh g`b LFW.[` r`tfr `b ttubd g` hrtkubdy s` r`vfs `c prdjucgfghg `bt`xtd, hkbhrhcgd qu` Dàl`p`rt`c`kh hb LFW p`rd qu`

cd `rh uc kf`ctjfkd cukb`hr?Bh junh g` sde`refh ahehqu`ghgd kdctrdbhgh.

U`j`r`cgul`c K`rg`h `Fthbfh

@b 61% g` bds vd-thct`s g`b r`j`rc-gul k`bèrhgd `cK`rg`h, `b phshgd80g` lhyd, sdc kdctrhrfds

h bh kdcstrukkfc g` k`trhb`scukb`hr`s c sth r`nfc thbfh-ch. Bh kdcsubth pdpubhr pr`-k`g` h dtrh h cfv`b chkfdchb

qu` s` k`bèrhr`c Fthbfh `ctr` `b 85 y `b8; g` oucfd. Hucqu` c b khsdshrgd, bh phrtfkfphkfc ah sfgdlub hbth, bh kdcsubth c tdgd b@sthgd gè` sup`rhr uch phrtf-kfphkfc lcflh g`b 0=%. Fthbfh, l`gfhct` uc r`j`rc-gul k`bèrhgd c 861> r`cuc-kf h bh `c`rnh cukb`hr. ]`rd`b hktuhb ndef`rcd g` [fbvfdE`rbuskdcf hspfrh h r`tdlhr `busd g` bh c`rnh cukb`hr.

ww w. j`rlfhldfbcukb`hr .ft

[ufzh ls k`rkh g`k`rrhr sus cukb`hr`s

@b Kdcsòd J`g`rhb g`b Ndef`r-cd sufzd k`bèrhgd `b 50 g`lhyd, tdl bh g`kfsfc g` r`-kdl`cghr hb ]hrbhl`ctd qu`b`nfsb` phrh b hehcgdcd g` bh`c`rnh cukb`hr c s` phs. Bhg`kfsfc g`b Kdcsòd, `stheb`-k` `b hehcgdcd g` tdgds bdsprdy`ktds g` cu`vds r`hktdr`s

cukb`hr`s y `b kf`rr` `skhbd-chgd g` bds kfckd qu`

juckfdchc `c bhhktuhbfghg y qu`

hpdrthc `b ;6%g` bh `b`ktrfkf-ghg qu` kdc-sul` `b phs.V tdgd `bbd, sfck d l p r d l ` -t`r bh nhrhcth

g` sulfcfstrd g``b`ktrfkfghg g`b phs. @b

Kdcsòd hrl, hg`ls, qu``st` prdk`sd `s tkcfkhl`ct`pdsfeb` y `kdclfkhl`ct`sdst`cfeb`.

FBP[WUHKFC?LHUWFC

LHCWQD


15/68

Fct`rchkfdchb


[r`c y Hcc` c uch jdtd tdlhgh c 5==1 c Hhraus (Gfchlhrkh).

Afstdrfh g`b[db sdcrf`ct`, sledbd g` bh bukah hctfcukb`hr

@b [db sdcrf`ct` s`kr` `c herfb g`

86>0, gfs`hgdpdr Hcc` Bucg y

[r`c Bfse`rn, qu`pdr `ctdck`s t`chc

58 hds y `sthehc `cbh drnhcfzhkfc DDH

(Drnhcfzhkfc g` Fcjdr-lhkfc g` bh @c`rnh Cu-

kb`hr), qu` drnhcfz bh khl-phh hctfcukb`hr ghc`sh. @b bdndtfpd st kdlpu`stdpdr uch khrh sdcrf`ct` g`b sdbrdg`hgd g` bh jrhs` @c`r-nh cukb`hr4 Cd nrhkfhs. Bhfct`ckfc g` `st` gfs`d, thbkdld gfod Hcc` Bucg, `rh bhg` kr`hr uc bdndtfpd hlfnh-eb`, g` l`cthbfghg hef`rth,qu` `xpr`s` kdc `gukhkfcuc cd, nrhkfhs kdld r`spu`s-th. @b bdndtfpd prdlu`v` bhkdlucfkhkfc pdr b gfbdnd. Bh prfl`rh hphrfkfc p-ebfkh g`b [db sdcrf`ct`ju` `b 8g` lhyd g` 86>0 `c Hhraus,bh 5 kfughg ls flpdrthct`g` Gfchlhrkh. @b bdndtfpd s`pdpubhrfz g` fcl`gfhtd. Hg`-ls, nrupds hctfcukb`hr`s g`dtrds phs`s bd hsulf`rdc `csus r`sp`ktfvds fgfdlhs. Kdcthb xftd, qu` `c pdkds l`s`ss` trhguod g`b ghcs h lsg` 70 fgfdlhs y s` kdcvfrtfrpfghl`ct` c b sledbd g`bldvflf`ctd hctfcukb`hr c blucgd ct`rd.

DDH ah r`nfstrhgd bh v`cthg` 5= lfbbdc`s g` kahphs y p`-nhtfchs, c vhrfds fgfdlhs, kdcpr`kfds g` v`cth luy ehodsphrh khlphhs hctfcukb`hr`s.@b [db sdcrf`ct`s` kdcvfrtf g``st` ldgd, c uch a`rrhlf`c-th flpdrthct` y g`sk`ctrhbfzh-gh phrh bh r`kdnfgh g` jdcgds. @c 86>:, bh DDH fcskrfef `bbdnd `c `b U`nfstrd g` Lhrkhsphrh hs`nurhr su fct`nrfghg `fcg`p`cg`ckfh r`s`rvhcgd suusd hb ldvflf`ctd hctfcukb`hrlucgfhb y p`rlftf`cgd tdlhrhkkfdc`s `c khsd g` usd fcg`-efgd, heusd y hbt`rhkfc g`bbdndtfpd gèfgd h fct`r`s`s kd-l`rkfhb`s, khlphhs prd`c`r-nh cukb`hr y usds phrtfgfsthsg` jdrlhkfdc`s pdbtfkhs.

@c 86>1, bds fcnr`sds pdrbhs v`cths g`b bdndtfpd s` ush-rdc phrh kr`hr y chckfhr, bhDCN hctfcukb`hr fct`rchkfdchb^F[@ ([`rvfkfd Lucgfhb g` Fc-jdrlhkfc sder` bh @c`rnh). @b 87 g` lhyd g`861=, `b[db sdcrf`ct` `c ùsi`rh kd-rdc bh kuler` g`b @v`r`stbb`vhgd pdr bh @xp`gfkfc Zhs-kh kdld uc hktd ls g` bhkhlphh kdctrh bh cukb`hr g`B`lcfz. @c 5===, `b Lus`d Chkfdchbg` Gfchlhrkh fckbuy `c suskdb`kkfdc`s `b gfeuod drfnfchby uch kdb`kkfc g` kahphs. G`blfsld ldgd, flpdrthct`slus`ds g` E`rbc, lst`rghly Bdcgr`s tf`c`c kdb`kkfdc`sg`b [db sdcrf`ct`.

Bh prfl`rh k`ctrhb c k`rrhr-s` `s bh g` E`zchu F `c 5=86,s`nufgh g` E`zchu FF y Lu`-abè`rn `c 5=55. H kdctfcuh-kfc s` k`rrhr, `c 5=56, bh g`Nd`sn`c y B`festhgt `c 5=;7.[` trhth kbhrhl`ct` g` uc kh-b`cghrfd fcsukf`ct`, pu`stdqu` s` kdck`g` uch vfgh g`-lhsfhgd bhrnh h bhs k`ctrhb`s,p`rd `s uc khlefd rhgfkhb `cuc phs qu` hpdstheh kbhrh-l`ct` pdr bh `c`rnh cukb`hrg`sg` c`s g` bds hds :=.

Hb`lhcfh cd cukb`hr

@c Hb`lhcfh s` ahc prdgukfgdnrhcg`s ldvfbfzhkfdc`s g`s-g` `b gh 85 g` lhrzd, oustdg`spus g`b t`rr`ldtd y `bhkkfg`ct` g` Ohpc. @s thc cd-theb` bh kdckf`ckfh `kdbnfkhy hctfcukb`hr g` bh sdkf`ghghb`lhch qu` bhs vhkfbhkfdc`sg` su khckfbb`r, Hcn`bh L`ri`b,b` kdsthrdc b bhcg`r g` Ehg`c-

ûtt`ce`rn, kuyd phrtfgd nd-e`rcheh g`sg` bds hds 0=, y`s pdsfeb` qu` b` ku`st`c bhpr`sfg`ckfh g` bh U`pebfkh. Hcn`bh L`ri`b pbhct` bhhcubhkfc g` bh b`y qu` bflf-theh bh vfgh g` bds r`hktdr`scukb`hr`s, phkthgh pdr BdsZ`rg`s y `b []G, y qu` flpbf-kheh `b kf`rr` g` bhs 8> k`c-trhb`s hb`lhchs trhs ;5 hdsg` vfgh dp`rhtfvh. @b hcuckfdg` bh pr`sfg`cth L`ri`b g`b

kf`rr` t`lpdrhb g` bds > r`hk-tdr`s ls hctfnuds cd ah sfgdsujfkf`ct` phrh r`kup`rhr supdpubhrfghg.

Lhcfj`sthkfc b 5: g` lhrzd c Kdbdcfh (Hb`lhcfh)


16/68

8: @kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Pc suk`sd flprdeheb` p`rd qu` ah suk`gfgd

@b hkkfg`ct` g`Juiusaflh-GhffkafJrhckfskd Khstòc

Hc sfc kdcdk`r `b chb g` `sth trnfkh afstdrfh, sdc lukahs bhs b`kkfdc`s qu`s` pu`g`c `xtrh`r g` bd dkurrfgd `c bh k`ctrhb g` Juiusaflh? bh prfdrfghg qu`gfd bh `lpr`sh `xpbdthgdrh g` bh k`ctrhb h sus e`c`kfds `kdclfkds, jr`ct` h bhs`nurfghg9 bh cubh kr`gfefbfghg g` k`ct`chr`s g` `xp`rtds cukb`hr`s9 bh fc`xfst`ckfh

g` bh s`nurfghg hesdbuth, hbnd qu` r`subth grhltfkd kdc uch t`kcdbdnh thcp`bfnrdsh kdld bh cukb`hr

Jrhckfskd Khstòc, Gdktdr c Jsfkhs

y pdrthvdz g` @kdbdnfsths c Hkkfc

`c @c`rnh Cukb`hr

@b 88 g` lhrzd g` 5=88 tuvd bunhr`c Ohpc uc t`rr`ldtd g` cfv`b6 `c bh `skhbh g` Ufkat`r hb qu`sfnuf uc tsuchlf kdc dbhs g`ls g` 8= l g` hbturh. @stds gds

suk`sds ju`rdc g`t`rlfchct`s phrh qu`dkurrf`rh `b hkkfg`ct` cukb`hr g` Juiusaf-lh-Ghffkaf y phrh qu` s` vf`rhc hj`kthghsdtrhs k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s. Pc tdthb g` 85r`hktdr`s, g` bds 07 qu` pds`` Ohpc, su-

jrf`rdc ghds g` gfj`r`ct` kdcsfg`rhkfc.@s kbhrd qu` bds ls hj`kthgds ju`rdcbds s`fs r`hktdr`s g` Juiusaflh-Ghffkaf,p`rd bds kuhtrd r`hktdr`s g` bh k`ctrhb g`Juiusaflh-Ghfcf thlefc sujrf`rdc ghdsflpdrthct`s bds suk`sds hkh`kfgds `c bdsr`hktdr`s 8, 5 y 7 ju`rdc khbfkhgds kdldcfv`b ; c bh skhbh fct`rchkfdchb FC@[ Y8\g` suk`sds cukb`hr`s. Wrhs bd suk`gfgd, ucd s` pr`nucthr

kld uc phs thc sslfkhl`ct` hktfvdkdld Ohpc ah dpthgd pdr `b usd lhsfvdg` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr y s` ah htr`vfgd hkdcstrufr 07 r`hktdr`s `c su t`rrftdrfd,

lukads g` `bbds hb bhgd g`b lhr. Wdgdsbds r`hktdr`s g` Juiusaflh-Ghffkaf sdcg` hnuh `c èubbfkfc, bd qu` sfncfkh qu`s` p`rlft` a`rvfr `b hnuh `c bh vhsfoh g`br`hktdr. ]dr kf`rtd, qu` `b r`hktdr cl`rd8 `s fgctfkd hb g` bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g`Nhrdh (Eurnds), lf`ctrhs qu` `b cl`rd; s luy sflfbhr hb g` Kdjr`ct`s (Zhb`ckfh).Bhs k`ctrhb`s g` hnuh `c èubbfkfc tf`cùchs khrhkt`rstfkhs qu` bhs ahk`c `sp`-kfhbl`ct` vubc`rheb`s h suk`sds `xt`rcds,kdld `b qu` cds dkuph. @c `bbhs `b vhpdrrhgfhktfvd g`b kfrkuftd prflhrfd shb` g` bhkdct`ckfc prflhrfh y g`b gfkfd g`b r`hk-tdr phrh bb`nhr h bhs turefchs gdcg` prdguk``b`ktrfkfghg. Hg`ls, bhs ehrrhs g` kdctrdb,v`rghg`rds jr`cds g` bh k`ctrhb, s` fcs`rthcg`sg` bh phrt` g` hehod g` bh vhsfoh, pdr bdqu` `s flpr`skfcgfeb` qu` `b hkkfdchgdrcùltfkd juckfdc`, pu`std qu` bhs ehrrhscd pu`g`c kh`r sdbhs pdr nrhv`ghg.

@b hkkfg`ct` `c bds r`hktdr s

@c `b ldl`ctd g`b t`rr`ldtd, bds r`hktd-r`s cl`rd 8, 5 y ; g` Juiusaflh-Ghffkaf`sthehc `c juckfdchlf`ctd, `b 7 `c r`-khrnh, y bds 0 y : `c lhct`cflf`ctd. [`gh hg`ls bh kfrkucsthckfh g` qu` `c `s`lfsld `lpbhzhlf`ctd ahy gds r`hktdr`sls `c kdcstrukkfc. G` ahe`r `sthgdbds s`fs r`hktdr`s `c juckfdchlf`ctd, `bhkkfg`ct` pdgrh ahe`r sfgd lukad lsnrhv`. Gurhct` tdgh bh krfsfs ah sfgd `sp`-kfhbl`ct` pr`dkuphct` `b r`hktdr cl`rd; pu`std qu` `stheh khrnhgd kdc LDQ,xfgds lfxtds g` urhcfd y pbutdcfd, bd qu`kdcvf`rt` hb kdct`cfgd g` `st` ckb`d `clukad ls rhgfdtxfkd qu` bds g`b r`stdg` bds r`hktdr`s. Gurhct` `b t`rr`ldtd, kuhcgd bds s`c-sdr`s g`t`kthrdc `b t`lebdr, bds r`hktdr`sphrhrdc hutdltfkhl`ct` l`gfhct` bhfcs`rkfc g` bhs ehrrhs g` kdctrdb. [fc`lehrnd, `b tsuchlf qu` sfnuf hb sfsldg`strdz bds `gfkfds huxfbfhr`s. @b kfrkuftdprflhrfd g` r`jrfn`rhkfc qu`g fcs`rvfeb`,pu`std qu` sus tue`rhs r`kdrr`c `stds

`gfkfds huxfbfhr`s. ]`rd thlefc qu`ghrdcg`strdzhgds bds sfst`lhs g` l`rn`ckfh g`hbfl`cthkfc y g` r`jrfn`rhkfc. @c `sthskfrkucsthckfhs, cd aheh jdrlh g` `xtrh`r`b khbdr g` bds r`hktdr`s 8, 5, ;.

@b khbdr g`b ckb`d g` bds r`hktdr`s `sluy hbtd pdr bh rhgfhktfvfghg g`b kdleustf-eb`. @s, pdr thctd, flpr`skfcgfeb` cjrfhrbdspdr kuhbquf`r l`gfd phrh qu` `b ckb`dcd s` jucgh y `b kdleustfeb` cukb`hr cdhkhe` pdr shbfr hb xt`rfdr. ]dr bbd s` tdlhbh g`kfsfc g` rdkfhr nrhcg`s khctfghg`s g`hnuh g`b lhr sder` bds r`hktdr`s uchs 5=

adrhs g`spus g`b t`rr`ldtd. G`lhsfhgdthrg` pdrqu` bds r`hktdr`s yh sujrhc jusfcphrkfhb. Bh g`kfsfc g` cjrfhr bds r`hktdr`skdc hnuh shbhgh `qufvhbh h kdcg`chr h

8


17/68

8>@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

lu`rt` bh k`ctrhb, pdr sd bds r`spdcsheb`sg` W@]KD (Wdifd @b`ktrfk ]dw`r Kdl-phcy), prdpf`thrfh g` bh k`ctrhb, thrghrdcthctd `c tdlhr `sth g`kfsfc. [fc gugh `bhkkfg`ct` s` aherh kdctrdbhgd ls jkfb-l`ct` sf s` auef`rh hktuhgd hct`s.

Bh jusfc g`b ckb`d `s uc suk`sd luynrhv` pdrqu` s` rdlp` bh fct`nrfghg g`bhs ehrrhs g` kdleustfeb`, kdc bd qu` bhr`hkkfc cukb`hr pdgrh vdbv`r h lp`zhr.[f dkurr` `std, bh t`lp`rhturh g`b ckb`dhul`cthr fcg`cfghl`ct` y s` pu`g`cp`rjdrhr uch trhs dtrh tdghs bhs ehrr`rhsqu` bd s`phrhc g` bh efdsj`rh, kdc bd qu`bh kdcthlfchkfc pu`g` shbfr hb xt`rfdr, bdqu` s`rh nrhvsfld. @std ju` bd qu` dkurrf`c `b hkkfg`ct` g` Ka`rcefb (Pkrhcfh)`b 5: g` herfb g` 861:, `c qu` `cdrl`skhctfghg`s g` kdleustfeb` nhsthgd, kdcsusthckfhs rhgfhktfvhs gurhct` kf`ctds g`lfb`s g` hds, `skhphrdc h bh htlsj`rh. ]dr bh jhbth g` r`jrfn`rhkfc, bh t`lp`rh-turh g` bds r`hktdr`s g` Juiusaflh sfnufhul`cthcgd ahsth ls g` 5.=== nrhgds. @bhnuh g`b ckb`d s` kdcvfrtf `c afgrn`cdy dxn cd pdr bhs hbths t`lp`rhturhs g` bhsvhfchs g` bds `b`l`ctds kdleustfeb`s. @bsfst`lh g` v`ct`d g` bh k`ctrhb g`t`kt stdsnhs`s y bds vhku h bh phrt` g` hrrfeh g` bds`gfkfds g` bds r`hktdr`s. V ju` hbb gdcg`s` prdguo`rdc bhs tr`s `xpbdsfdc`s qu` bhc-zhrdc lht`rfhb`s ahsth ucds 8== l`trds g`hbturh. @std hnrhv bh sftuhkfc y jhvdr`kfbds `skhp`s g` rhgfhktfvfghg hb l`gfd.

Xu`gheh bh gugh g`b `sthgd g` bhskdct`ckfdc`s prflhrfhs g` bds r`hktdr`s.Ahy kuhtrd ehrr`rhs qu` s`phrhc `b kdl-eustfeb` cukb`hr g` bh efdsj`rh. G` g`ctrdhju`rh sdc bhs vhfchs g` bds `b`l`ctdskdleustfeb`s, bh vhsfoh g`b r`hktdr, bh kdc-t`ckfc prflhrfh, g` adrlfnc, y `b `gfkfdg`b r`hktdr, thlefc g` adrlfnc. Bhs`xpbdsfdc`s ahehc g`strufgd bh btflh

ehrr`rh `c bds tr`s khsds y bhsvhfchs `sth-ehc thlefc phrkfhbl`ct` jucgfghs. [dbdqu`gheh kdchr `c bh fct`nrfghg g` bhskdct`ckfdc`s, pdrqu` bhs vhsfohs ahehcgòhgd `skhphr yh susthckfhs rhgfhktfvhs.Gurhct` `b hkkfg`ct` y bds `pfsdgfds qu`b` sfnu`c, s` prdguk` uch junh rhgfhktf-vh lhsfvh g` susthckfhs bfn`rhs kdld `bydgd-8;8 (qu` tf`c` 1 ghs g` tf`lpd g`s`lfg`sfct`nrhkfc), k`sfd-8;> (p`rfdgdg` s`lfg`sfct`nrhkfc g` ;= hds),d b trftfd (8; hds). ]`rd bh sftuhkfc`lp`drhrh lukad sf s` `skhphrhkdleustfeb` nhsthgd, qu` kdctf`c`susthckfhs kdld `b pbutdcfd qu`sdc rhgfhktfvhs gurhct` g`k`chs g`lfb`s g` hds. Bh kdct`ckfc g`b r`hktdr cl`rd 5s` kdlpdrt g` jdrlh gfj`r`ct` hb r`std ys` rdlpf, pdr bd qu` s` g`t`kt pbutdcfd`c bhs k`rkhchs g` bh k`ctrhb. Hjdrtuchgh-l`ct` `sth kdcthlfchkfc p`shgh s` prd-guk` g` jdrlh bdkhb, `c bhs fcl`gfhkfdc`sg`b r`kfctd g` bh k`ctrhb. G` tdghs jdrlhs,bh rhgfhktfvfghg qu` s` `skhph `c jdrlhg` trftfd, ydgd y k`sfd hbkhczh hprdxflh-ghl`ct` `b 5=% g` bh qu` `skhp `c `bhkkfg`ct` g` Ka`rcefb. @c stds ldl`ctds s` r`kdcdk` qu` bdstr`s r`hktdr`s `stc phrkfhb d tdthbl`ct`jucgfgds y hc cd s` ahc `cjrfhgd, pdrbd qu` bh sftuhkfc cd `st kdctrdbhgh cflukad l`cds.

Bds cu`vds t`rr`ldtds y bhs pdsfeb`scu`vhs `xpbdsfdc`s n`c`rhghs pdr `b afgr-n`cd pu`g`c g`strdzhr bhs kdct`ckfdc`s yjhvdr`k`r lhydr`s `skhp`s rhgfhktfvds. Hp`shr g` qu` tdgds bds `xp`rtds, fckbufgh bhprdpfh W@]KD, trhs `b hkkfg`ct` hrlhehcqu` bds r`hktdr`s fehc h `sthr ehod kdctrdb`c ucds ghs, bh `lpr`sh yh r`kdcdk` quàhsth bh prflhv`rh g` 5=85 cd `sthrc `c`sth sftuhkfc.

]fskfchs kdc kdleustfeb` nhsthgd

Pc prdeb`lh hgfkfdchb bd kdcstftuy`rdc bhspfskfchs g` kdleustfeb` nhsthgd. @sths s`sfthc `c bh phrt` g` hrrfeh g` bds `gfkfdsg` bds r`hktdr`s, phrh qu` r`subt` jkfb shkhrbds `b`l`ctds kdleustfeb`s g` bh vhsfohl`gfhct` uc pu`ct` nrh y g`pdsfthrbds`c bh pfskfch.

@b kdleustfeb` nhsthgd gè` `sthr ku-ef`rtd p`rlhc`ct`l`ct` kdc hnuh phrh

5

:

0

7

;

8.JDWD? @KDBDNF[WH[@CHKKFC5.Kdct`ckfc s`kucghrfh. @gfkfd g`br`hktdr, uc kued g` adrlfnc cd `sthckd,

g` 7; l g` bhgd.

;. Kdct`ckfc prflhrfh. ]hr`g`s g` hk`rd yadrlfnc g` 5 l g` `sp`sdr.

7. Zhsfoh? r`kfpf`ct` g` hk`rd qu` kdctf`c`hnuh rhgfhktfvh y bhs ehrrhs g` kdleustfeb`

0.@b r`hktdr st s`lf`ct`rrhgd:.Kdleustfeb` nhsthgd, c uch pfskfch.>.Zfsth hr`h g` bh k`ctrhb g` Juiusaflh 6ghs g`spus g`b t`rr`ldtd.

@squ`lh g` uc r`hktdr g` Juiusaflh

>


18/68


s`r r`jrfn`rhgd y phrh qu` bh khph g` hnuhsfrvh g` ebfcgho` jr`ct` h bh rhgfhktfvfghg.Pch tdc`bhgh g` kdleustfeb` `lft` chghl`cds qu` 8 L^ g` khbdr kuhcgd s shkh-gh g`b r`hktdr. Wrhs b tsuchlf y pdr b jhbbdg` bh hbfl`cthkfc `bktrfkh, s` `vhpdr`b hnuh g` bds r`hktdr`s ; y 7, gòhcgd hbg`skuef`rtd prdguktds luy rhgfhktfvds. @s-tds s` khbf`cthc y s` pdgrhc ahe`r bb`nhgdh jucgfr, pdr bd qu` ju` c`k`shrfd v`rt`rhnuh g` lhr kdcsthct`l`ct`. ]dr dtrhphrt`, hb qu`ghr g`scugds stds prdguktds,s` `lftf lukah rhgfhktfvfghg hb l`gfd. Bd suk`gfgd kdc bhs pfskfchs g` Juius-aflh lu`strh uc rf`snd `xtrh g` bhs k`c-trhb`s cukb`hr`s? lukahs s` ahc kdcv`rtfgd`c v`rghg`rds g`psftds g` kdleustfeb`nhsthgd qu` `c khsd g` hkkfg`ct` pdgrhgfsp`rshrs` pdr b l`gfd. ]dr thctd, cd sbdaued qu` pr`dkuphrs` pdr bds r`hktdr`s,

sfcd pdr lhct`c`r bb`chs g` hnuh bhs pfs-kfchs g` kdleustfeb`.

]dr sf `std ju`rh pdkd, hb l`s g`b hk-kfg`ct` s` g`sv`b bh `xfst`ckfh g` uchpfskfch kdlc phrh tdgds bds r`hktdr`s,bd qu` fctrdgukh uc rf`snd cu`vd.

Bhs kdcs`ku`ckfhs rhgfdbnfkhs

Kdld s` ah gfkad, ahsth hadrh bhs `lf-sfdc`s rhgfhktfvhs tdthb`s sdc hprdxflh-ghl`ct` `b 5=% g` bd qu` s` `lftf `cKa`rcefb. [` ah kdcthlfchgd `b hnuh, bhb`ka` y bds hbfl`ctds h ls g` 7= il g`

bh k`ctrhb. Bh cue` rhgfhktfvh ah bb`nhgdh Wdifd, gdcg` s` ahc r`nfstrhgd 1 v`k`sbhs gdsfs cdrlhb`s y ah kdcthlfchgd 0g`purhgdrhs g` hnuh. Bh kfughg g` Wdifd

`s fc`vhkuheb`, pu`std qu` tf`c` ;7 lfbbd-c`s g` ahefthct`s. Hg`ls s` ah g`t`kthgdpbutdcfd `c bds hbr`g`gdr`s g` bh k`ctrhb y`strdckfd h gfsthckfhs g` ucds 7= il.

Bh zdch g` xkbusfc fcfkfhbl`ct` bb`nh 5= il `c tdrcd h bh k`ctrhb. Hg`ls, s`r`kdl`cg h bh n`ct` qu` cd shbf`rh g`khsh ahsth uc rhgfd g` ;= il. @b p`chkadrhgfhktfvd, flpubshgd pdr bds vf`ctds g`bcdrd`st` prdctd bb`n ls hbb g` bds 7=il, bd qu` debfn h bhs hutdrfghg`s h `vh-kuhr hbnuchs pdebhkfdc`s kdld Bftht`, g`>.=== ahefthct`s. @sths `vhkuhkfdc`s s`prdguo`rdc uc l`s g`spus g`b hkkfg`ct`,pdr bd qu` `sths p`rsdchs ahc r`kfefgdgdsfs pdr `ckflh g` bd p`rlftfgd. Xufz`c 8= d 5= hds s` pu`gh hpr`kfhr uchul`ctd g` kck`r`s, g`jdrlhkfdc`skdcncfths y dtrhs `cj`rl`ghg`s `ctr` bhsp`rsdchs hj`kthghs.

Hb rf`snd g` jusfc kdlpb`th g` bdsr`hktdr`s 5 y ;, hb p`bfnrd g` g`skdctrdbg` bh r`hkkfc cukb`hr, h bh cue` rhgfhktfvhqu` hj`kth h lfb`s g` p`rsdchs, ahy qu`sulhr bds v`rtfgds g` hnuh kdcthlfchgh hbdkhcd. [` trhth g`b v`rtfgd vdbucthrfd gùchs 88.0== tdc`bhghs g` hnuh rhgfhktfvhy g`b v`rtfgd hkkfg`cthb g` hnuh hbthl`ct`rhgfhktfvh qu` gur ls g` 71 adrhs, h

rhzc g` ucds >.=== bftrds h bh adrh prd-k`g`ct`s g`b r`hktdr cl`rd 5. @b v`rtfgdvdbucthrfd prdk`gh g`b `cjrfhlf`ctd g`bds r`hktdr`s y `stheh kdcthlfchgd sder`tdgd pdr rhgfdcukb`fgds bfn`rds kdldydgd, qu` `lftfr rhgfhktfvfghg gurhctùcds 8:= ghs, y g` k`sfd, qu` s`r rhgfd-txfkd gurhct` ucds 85= hds.

@b v`rtfgd g` `sths 88.0== tdc`bhghs s`prdguod phrh ahefbfthr `sphkfd phrh bquf-gds hc ls rhgfhktfvds. Bh junh hkkfg`c-thb, lukad ls nrhv`, s` fct`ct kdctrdbhrl`gfhct` bh fcy`kkfc g` adrlfnc, sfcxftd, y pdst`rfdrl`ct` kdc bh fcy`kkfcg` pdbl`trds hesdre`ct`s, thlefc sfckdcs`nufrbd. Jfchbl`ct` s` kdctrdb l`-gfhct` uc kdlpu`std g` sfbfkhtd sgfkd.Bh kdcthlfchkfc rhgfhktfvh g` `sth hnuh`s nfnhct`skh, thctd qu` p`rlhc`kf`cgduchs pdkhs adrhs `c sus prdxflfghg`s s`r`kfe` uch gdsfs ldrthb. Cd `stheh kbhrhsu prdk`g`ckfh, p`rd tdgd fcgfkh qu` ahgèfgd `sthr `c kdcthktd kdc `b ckb`dd kdc `b kdleustfeb` nhsthgd. [f `sthhnuh ah hrrhstrhgd kdcsfnd kdlpu`stdsprdk`g`ct`s g`b kdleustfeb` nhsthgd, bhrhgfhktfvfghg pdgrh p`rsfstfr gurhct` lfb`sg` hds.

[f ef`c bh prdk`g`ckfh y bh khush g` bhjunh hkkfg`cthb sdc g`skdcdkfghs, b v`rtfgdvdbucthrfd g` uchs 88.0== tdc`bhghs khe`hkahkhrbd h bh jhbth g` pr`vfsfc g` bh `l-pr`sh W@]KD, qu` r`jrfn`r bds r`hktdr`skdc hnuh g` lhr sfc ahe`r ahefbfthgd su-kf`ct` sphkfd phrh hblhk`chrbh. @sth hnuhgè`rh ahe`r sfgd trhthgh kdld uc r`sfgudrhgfhktfvd y hblhk`chgh kdld thb.

Bds v`rtfgds hkkfg`cthb y vdbucthrfd g`hnuh rhgfhktfvh kdcstftuy`c gds a`kadsluy nrhv`s qu` fctrdguk`c uch cu`vh vh-rfheb` c b qu` yh s `b s`nucgd hkkfg`ct`cukb`hr ls nrhv` g` tdgds bds tf`lpds.Bh kdcthlfchkfc hj`kthr h bds `kdsfst`-lhs lhrfcds y `s luy gfjkfb `vhbuhr sus`j`ktds pu`std qu` cd xfst`c pr`k`g`ct`sg` st` tfpd g` v`rtfgds rhgfhktfvds hb lhr.]`rd `s kbhrd qu` bhs susthckfhs rhgfhktfvhs

t`cgrc uc cdrl` flphktd c bds kdsfs-t`lhs lhrfcds ahsth qu` `b hnuh s` gfbuyhsukf`ct`l`ct` phrh qu` bds cfv`b`s g`rhgfhktfvfghg s`hc hglfsfeb`s.

Bh `xt`csfc g` bh kdcthlfchkfc g`-p`cg`r g` bh gfstrfeukfc g` kdrrf`ct`slhrfchs c bh zdch y vh h hj`kthr h nrhcg`s`xt`csfdc`s g`b jdcgd lhrfcd, prdeheb`-l`ct` h kf`ctds g` ifbl`trds kuhgrhgds.

]dgrh phshr `c @sphh4

@c @sphh cd ahy tsuchlfs, p`rd `s pdsfeb` kdct`lpbhr dtrhs hl`chzhs qu`hj`kt`c h bds `gfkfds huxfbfhr`s g` bhs k`ctrhb`s, thb`s kdld ht`cthgds, kadqu`sg` hvfdc`s d khlfdc`s, tdrchgds d rdturhs g` pr`shs hnuhs hrrfeh. Kdld s` ah gfkad, bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Nhrdh (Eurnds) s luy sflfbhr hb r`hktdrcl`rd 8 g` Juiusaflh, p`rd kdc lukads ls prdeb`lhs g` s`nurfghg. ]dr thctdbd ls rhzdcheb` s`rh prdk`g`r hb kf`rr` fcl`gfhtd g` bh k`ctrhb y cd prdbdcnhrsu vfgh ahsth 5=8;. Bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Kdjr`ct`s `s, hb fnuhb qu` bh g` Nhrdh,g` hnuh `c èubbfkfc, bd qu` bhs ahk` `sp`kfhbl`ct` vubc`rheb`s hct` suk`sds`xt`rcds. Kdld s` ah gfkad, `c `st` tfpd g` k`ctrhb`s uc prdeb`lh qu` hj`kt`bds `gfkfds `xt`rfdr`s y rdlph `shs tue`rhs ghrh bunhr h uc hkkfg`ct` sflfbhr hbsujrfgd pdr bds r`hktdr`s ohpdc`s`s.

Bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Hblhrhz F y FF (Kk`r`s) tf`c` uc sfst`lh g` r`jrfn`rhkfcehshgd c bh phrt` xt`rch g`b `lehbs` g` Hrrdkhlpd, qu` thlpdkd st bfk`ckfhgdphrh t`c`r r`sfst`ckfh h s`slds. [f s` prdguo`rh uc t`rr`ldtd u dtrd suk`sd qu`rdlpf`rh `b `lehbs`, bh k`ctrhb thlpdkd t`cgrh nhrhctfzhgh bh khphkfghg phrh`vhkuhr `b khbdr r`sfguhb g`b r`hktdr. Bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Hsk F y FF (Whrrhndch)`st sftuhgh sder` uch zdch g` hrkfbbhs `xphcsfvhs qu` bb`nhc h g`spbhzhrs` ucds8= kl hb hd, g`p`cgf`cgd g` bhs bbuvfhs. @sth sftuhkfc debfnh h uch kdcsthct`vfnfbhckfh. V bh k`ctrhb cukb`hr g` Wrfbbd (Nuhghbhohrh) `st sftuhgh cd bòds g` @skdp`t`,gdcg` s` prdguod uc t`rr`ldtd g` nrhgd 7,5 `c 5==>. Hucqu` `b t`rr`ldtd ju` gèhoh fct`csfghg, ahy qu` t`c`r `c ku`cth qu` bds sfslbdnds cd `sp`rhehc qu` s`prdguo`rh `c bh zdch g` Bh Hbkhrrfh, qu` cd s` kdcsfg`rheh sslfkhl`ct` hktfvh Y5\.

8


19/68


H `std ahy qu` hhgfr `b a`kad g` qu`bds p`k`s s` g`spbhzhrc `xt`cgf`cgd bhrhgfhktfvfghg lukad ls hbb g` bh zdchg`b v`rtfgd. Whlefc sdc `skhsds bds `stu-gfds g`b j`ktd g` bh rhgfhktfvfghg sder` bdss`r`s vfvds cd aulhcds, `c phrtfkubhr, sd-er` bds p`k`s y bhs hbnhs. ]`rd s s` kdcdk`bh nrhc khphkfghg g` luthr g` bds p`k`s,pdr bd qu` `s s`nurd qu` bh jhuch y stdrhlhrfchs s` v`rc nrhv`l`ct` hj`kthghs.

Bds l`khcfslds g` gfjusfc g` bhkdcthlfchkfc `c `b lhr sdc luy pdkdkdcdkfgds y g`p`cg`c g`sg` bu`nd g` bhskdrrf`ct`s, p`rd thlefc g` bds ldvflf`c-tds g` bh jhuch lhrfch. ]`rd hg`ls ahyqu` t`c`r c ku`cth b j`ktd g` bh hkulu-bhkfc g` bh kdcthlfchkfc `c bhs khg`chstrkhs. @b kdcdkfgd hghnfd g` qu` `b p`znrhcg` s` kdl` hb kafkd, gè`rh b``rs`ls ef`c kdld qu` b p`z nrhcg` s` kdl`lukads p`k`s kafkds, khgh ucd kdc suhpdrthkfc rhgfhktfvh, g` thb jdrlh qu` bdsfcgfvfguds qu` s` sfthc `c bhs pdsfkfdc`sls hbths g` bhs khg`chs trkhs sdc bdsqu` ls rhgfhktfvfghg hkulubhc. V, cd ahyqu` dbvfghrbd, b sbhec chb g` bh khg`ch`s `b s`r aulhcd.

Bh kdcthlfchkfc g`b dkhcd y g` bdsehckds p`squ`rds g` bh zdch fctrdgukùch cu`vh vhrfheb` `c `b hkkfg`ct` g`Juiusaflh. [` g`skdcdk` kub s`r `bhbkhck` y bds `j`ktds g` `stds v`rtfgds,hucqu` phr`k` kbhrd qu` flp`gfr `b kdc-suld g`b p`skhgd prdk`g`ct` g` Ohpcg` jdrlh cdrlhb, jdrzhcgd uch v`gh g`bh p`skh `c bh zdch pdr tf`lpd fcg`cfgd.Bh khtstrdj` `s gdeb`. ]dr uc bhgd hj`kthh bh `kdcdlh p`squ`rh ohpdc`sh y, pdrdtrd, fcstfcn` uc ghd hc g`skdcdkfgd hbds `kdsfst`lhs lhrfcds.

Bhs r`hkkfdc`s hct` b hkkfg`ct`

@c tdgd `b lucgd s` ah r`hef`rtd `b g`-eht` cukb`hr, p`rd bds r`subthgds vhrfhrcbnfkhl`ct` g` ucds phs`s h dtrds. @sp`-kfhb l`ckfc l`r`k`c bhs r`hkkfdc`s g`bds `xp`rtds `c cu`strd phs qu` s` hpr`-

surhrdc h qufthr flpdrthckfh hb hkkfg`ct`y hb skhp` rhgfhktfvd `c bds prfl`rds ghsY;\. Hsflfsld kdcvf`c` bbhlhr bh ht`ckfcsder` `b kbhldrdsd sfb`ckfd g` cu`strds pd-btfkds qu` pdkds ghs hct`s g`b hkkfg`ct`hbhehehc bh c`rnh cukb`hr y ldgfkhehcbh B`y g` @kdcdlh [dst`cfeb` phrh `vfthrpdc`r uch j`kah g` khgukfghg g` 7= hdsh bhs k`ctrhb`s. KfP pr`s`ct uch `clf`c-gh, hpdyhgh pdr ]] y ][D@, qu` suprflh`st` blft`. @sth hktftug kdctrhsth kdc pdsfkfdc`skdld bh hustrfhkh, qu` k`rr sus r`hktdr`s

pdr r`j`rcgul c 86>1, xfnf`cgd pru`-ehs g` s`nurfghg h bds 87; r`hktdr`s qu`juckfdchc `c @urdph. Hsflfsld, Fthbfh y[ufzh hehcgdchrdc sus prdy`ktds cukb`h-

Cdths

8 FC@[ (@skhbh Fct`rchkfdchb g` [uk`sdsCukb`hr`s, pdr sus sfnbhs `c fcnbs). Lsfcjdrlhkfc? pn. 8; g` `sth lfslh r`vfsth.

5 ]hrh ls fcjdrlhkfc sder` bhs gfstfcthsfcsthbhkfdc`s cukb`hr`s `sphdbhs, v`r

hrtkubds `sp`kkds `c `sth lfslh r`vfsth.; Z`r hrtkubd g` Wdd A`rccg`z `c pn. 5:g` `sth lfslh r`vfsth.

7 Z r hrtkubd sder` pbhc`s g` `l`rn`ckfh `cpn. ;1 g` `sth lfslh r`vfsth.

r`s y `st` btfld phs cd `xkbuy` `b kf`rr`g` sus 0 r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s qu` prdguk`c`b ;6% g` bh `b`ktrfkfghg. Bh Khckfbb`rhb`lhch, Hcn`bh L`ri`b, tuvd uch hktftugguefthtfvh bd qu` b` kdst b bhcg`r Ehg`c- utt`ce`rn gdcg` aheh nhchgd bh KGPg`sg` bds hds 0=. @b hcuckfd g` phrhbf-zhkfc g` bds > r`hktdr`s ls hctfnuds g`bds 8> qu` juckfdchc `c Hb`lhcfh cd ahsfgd sukf`ct` phrh r`sthurhr bh kdchczhg` bh pdebhkfc `c `b ò`kutfvd g` L`ri`by `s pdsfeb` qu` `stds suk`sds b` ku`st`cbh pr`sfg`ckfh.

Pch khrhkt`rstfkh g` kld s` ahchjrdcthgd stds suk`sds ah sfgd b s`kr`tfs-ld kdc qu` Ohpc ckhr b hkkfg`ct`. Bhfcjdrlhkfc s` gheh thrg` y bflfthgh. @sthhktftug hul`ct bh fcgfnchkfc kr`hgh pdr`b hkkfg`ct` y ah jdrthb`kfgd hb ldvflf`c-td hctfcukb`hr ohpdcs. Bh pruèh `s qu`s` ahc prdgukfgd cul`rdshs ldvfbfzhkfd-c`s `c Wdifd. Bd ls prdeheb` `s qu` bhs`csfefbfghg kdctrh bh `c`rnh cukb`hr kfvfbs` `qufphr` h bh qu` yh s` tf`c` kdctrh bhfcgustrfh cukb`hr lfbfthr `c `s` phs.

Kdckbusfdc`s

Wrhs `b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh s` `stcr`vfshcgd bhs fcsthbhkfdc`s cukb`hr`s `ctdgd `b lucgd. @c phrtfkubhr ahy qu`kdlprdehr bh vubc`rhefbfghg hct` tdgd tfpdg` suk`sds `xt`rcds, cd sdbd t`rr`ldtds?tdrchgds, hthqu`s t`rrdrfsths Hg`ls, g`kdlprdehr bh sfslfkfghg `c bds `lpbhzh-lf`ctds cukb`hr`s ucd pdr ucd, ahy thl-efc qu` ahk`rbd kdc bhs fcsthbhkfdc`s qu`pugf`rhc hj`kthrb`s. Hs lfsld ahy qu`r`vfshr bds pbhc`s g` `l`rn`ckfh cukb`hr.@c Ohpc ah sfgd c`k`shrfd `vhkuhr h bhpdebhkfc ls hbb g` 7= il. [fc lehrnd`c @sphh sdbd `st pr`vfsth bh `vhkuhkfc`c uc rhgfd g` 8= il Y7\. Bds r`spdcsheb`s g` bh fcgustrfh cukb`hrvf`c`c g`kbhrhcgd qu` hpr`cg`rc bhsb`kkfdc`s g`b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh, bdqu` p`rlftfr hul`cthr c bh s`nurfghg g`bhs fcsthbhkfdc`s cukb`hr`s. [fc `lehrnd,

bds hkkfg`ct`s cukb`hr`s, hucqu` flprd-eheb`s, sdc thc khthstrkds qu` bd lòdrs`rh pr`skfcgfr g` sth p`bfnrdsh ju`ct` g``c`rnh.

@b hkkfg`ct` g` Juiusaflh `st lds-trhcgd rf`snds cu`vds g` bh `c`rnh cu-kb`hr. Bhs cue` rhgfhktfvh g` Ka`rcdefb s`g`spbhz pdr eu`ch phrt` g`b lucgd, `cnrhc l`gfgh gèfgd h bhs kdrrf`ct`s g`hfr`, p`rd thlefc gèfgd hb vu`bd g` bhshv`s lfnrhtdrfhs kdcthlfchghs. @c Juius-aflh s` vh h hpr`cg`r, phnhcgd uc hbtdpr`kfd, kld s` gfjucg` bh rhgfhktfvfghg `c

`b l`gfd lhrfcd, hucqu` yh s` she` qu`bds `j`ktds sdc y s`rc v`rghg`rhl`ct`khthstrkds, sup`rhcgd bds t`ldr`s g`lukads `xp`rtds. @b prdeb`lh `s qu`

lukahs k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s `c `b lucgd`stc k`rkh g` bh kdsth y `b `pfsdgfd g`kdcthlfchkfc lhrtflh hhg` uch hj`k-kfc cu`vh h bds `j`ktds g` bds hkkfg`ct`scukb`hr`s. V cd vhb` g`kfr qu` `stds suk`sds sdcluy flprdeheb`s y qu` kdrr`lds rf`sndslhydr`s c cu`strhs vfghs. @s kf`rtd qu` btrkd lhth ls n`ct` qu` bds hkkfg`ct`scukb`hr`s, p`rd `b rf`snd g` kfrkubhr `c uchutdlvfb `s hsulfgd pdr quf`c bd ahk`.[fc `lehrnd, `b rf`snd cukb`hr s` flpdc`h bh pdebhkfc h l`cugd gurhct` lukahsn`c`rhkfdc`s sflpb`l`ct` phrh qu` bdprdpf`thrfds g` bh fcgustrfh cukb`hr det`c-nhc e`c`kfds, lf`ctrhs qu` ahy hbt`rch-tfvhs ls s`nurhs, ehrhths y sdst`cfeb`s h`st` tfpd g` `c`rnh.

8.@xpbdsfc c ucd g` bds r`hktdr`s g`Juiusaflh .

5.Bh p`skh c bh zdch st sf`cgd r`strfcnfgh.;. Bds kdctrdb`s rhgfdbnfkds s` ahcn`c`rhbfzhgd.

5

;


20/68

5= @kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Cukb`hr]dw rfch]dst-Juiusaflh^drbg

50V@HU[HJW@UWA@KA@UCDEVBHKKFG@CW

Lykb` [kac`fg`rHctdcyJrdnnhtt[t v Wadlhs

WA@^DUBGCPKB@HUFCGP[WUV[WHWP[ U@]DUW5=8=5=88

Lykb`[kac fg`rKdcsubtfcn

@b hkkfg`ct` g` Ohpc `s uc ju`rt` r`vsphrh bh kr`gfefbfghg g` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr

Bh `c`rnh cukb`hrg`spus g` JuiusaflhLhrk`b Kdg`rka

Hct`s g` Juiusaflh, bh fcgustrfh cukb`hr yh `stheh c g`kbfv`. Ahy hktuhbl`ct``c b lucgd sf`t` r`hktdr`s l`cds qu` ahk` uch gkhgh y cd s` kdcstruy`c thctdskdld bds qu` s` pr`v qu` kf`rr`c `c ucds hds. @c 5==1, pdr prfl`rh v`z, cds` fchunur cf uc sdbd r`hktdr. Hg`ls, bh cukb`hr vh p`rgf`cgd kudth `c `b lfx`c`rntfkd? `c 5=8= bh pdt`ckfh fcsthbhgh g` bh `bfkh, sdbhr y efdlhsh sulhghs,sup`rhrdc bh pdt`ckfh fcsthbhgh cukb`hr. Kfcku`cth hds g`spus g` su bhczhlf`ctd,

y ls g`spus g` Juiusaflh, s` kdcsthth qu` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr cf `s heucghct`cf ehrhth y, hg`ls, `b p`bfnrd rhgfhktfvd qu` r`pr`s`cth cd `s hsulfeb`.

Lhrk`b Kdg`rka, gdktdr fcn`cf`rd pdr b

LFW, lf`lerd g`b Kdcs`bb Hss`ssdr p`r hb

G`s`cvdbuphl`ct [dst`cfeb` g` bh

N`c`rhbftht g` Khthbucyh Y5\

Khsf gds l`s`s g`spus g`b kd-lf`czd g` bh krfsfs cukb`hr `c bhkdsth `st` g` Ohpc, bh sftuhkfc`c bh pbhcth cukb`hr g` Juiusaflh-Ghffkaf st bòds g` sthr kdctrdbh-

gh, y bh `lpr`sh prdpf`thrfh g` bh k`ctrhb,W@]KD, `stflh qu` pu`g` thrghr tdghvhucds cu`v` l`s`s `c kdcs`nufr bh phrhgh`c jrd g` bds r`hktdr`s hv`rfhgds9 uc phsdpr`vfd ` flpr`skfcgfeb` phrh g`t`c`r bhs

`lfsfdc`s rhgfhktfvhs hb `xt`rfdr. Kuhcgdkdcsfnhc cjrfhr g`b tdgd bds r`hktdr`s (sd-er` b pbhzd stflhgd tf`c`c lukahs gughsbds `xp`rtds), cd aherc a`kad ls qu``lp`zhr uc bhedrfdsd y p`bfnrdsd prdk`sdg` `xtrhkkfc g`b kdleustfeb` jucgfgd`c bds ckb`ds g` vhrfds r`hktdr`s, y g`bhs `cdrl`s khctfghg`s g` kdleustfeb`frrhgfhgd y phrkfhbl`ct` ghhgd qu` `sthblhk`chgd `c bhs pfskfchs hgyhk`ct`s hbds s`fs r`hktdr`s g` Juiusaflh. Wdgd bbdkdld phsd pr`vfd hb g`slhct`bhlf`ctd y

g`skdcthlfchkfc g` bhs fcsthbhkfdc`s qu`kublfchr uc prdk`sd qu` s` `xt`cg`rgurhct` gkhghs, qu` kdsthr lfb`s g`lfbbdc`s g` gbhr`s, y qu` s`nurhl`ct`hkhehr pdr r`qu`rfr bh chkfdchbfzhkfcg` W@]KD.

@b hkkfg`ct` ah sfgd g`kbhrhgd g` Cfv`b> `c bh `skhbh FC@[, h bh phr kdc `b qu`dkurrf `c Ka`rcefb ahk` v`fctfkfckdhds, y hc kuhcgd bh fcgustrfh cukb`hr

sfnu` fcsfstf`cgd `c qu` s` trhth g` gdshkkfg`ct`s cd kdlphrheb`s, bh r`hbfghg `squ` Juiusaflh t`cgr kdc tdgh s`nurfghguchs kdcs`ku`ckfhs `kdclfkhs lukadls g`vhsthgdrhs g` bhs qu` tuvd Ka`r-cefb phrh b juturd g` bh fcgustrfh cukb`hr.[`nc bds hchbfsths chckf`rds g` bh Pcfcg` Ehckds [ufzds (PE[), `b hkkfg`ct`g` Juiusaflh `s `b ls nrhv` qu` ahdkurrfgd cuckh phrh bh kr`gfefbfghg g` bh`c`rnh cukb`hr, yh qu` h gfj`r`ckfh g`bd qu` dkurrf `c Ka`rcefb, y qu` hj`kth uc cfkd r`hktdr c uc sthgd tdthbfthrfd

sfc kubturh g` s`nurfghg, `c Juiusaflhahy kuhtrd r`hktdr`s qu` bb`vhc s`lh-chs g`skdctrdbhgds, pdcf`cgd `c gughqu` fckbusd uch g` bhs `kdcdlhs ls

hvhczhghs pu`gh nhrhctfzhr bh s`nurfghgcukb`hr. Cds `ckdctrhlds pu`s `c ucpuctd g` fcst`xfc qu` vh h g`t`rlfchr `bjuturd g` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr phrh lukahsgkhghs, p`rd cd pdg`lds dbvfghr qu`fckbusd hct`s g` Juiusaflh bh fcgustrfhcukb`hr `stheh yh `c g`kbfv`.

@b `sthgd g` bh fcgustrfh cukb`hrhct`s g` Juiusaflh

[`nc b btfld fcjdrl` drbgwhtka sder`bh Fcgustrfh Cukb`hr Lucgfhb 5=8=-5=88Y8\, h prfckfpfds g` herfb g` 5=88 `c `blucgd s` kdcthefbfzhehc 7;> r`hktdr`sdp`rhtfvds, sf`t` l`cds qu` `b lxfldafstrfkd g` 777 r`hktdr`s hbkhczhgd `c5==5. @c stds btflds hds, s` kdc`kthrdc50 cu`vds r`hktdr`s h bh r`g y s` g`skd-c`kthrdc ;5, fckbuy`cgd bds s`fs r`hktdr`sg` Juiusaflh qu` yh cd vdbv`rc h juc-kfdchr. @sths kfjrhs prdeheb`l`ct` hkhe`csf`cgd fckbusd p`dr`s sf kdld phr`k` bdssf`t` r`hktdr`s hb`lhc`s prdvfsfdchbl`ct`g`shktfvhgds g`spus g` Juiusaflh hkh-ehc pdr s`r g`cftfvhl`ct` kbhusurhgds.Bh pdt`ckfh cukb`hr cdlfchb lucgfhb `sg` ucds ;>= N^` y trhgfkfdchbl`ctàheh s`nufgd uch t`cg`ckfh bfn`rhl`ct`hb hbzh pdr bhs lòdrhs g` pdt`ckfh y pdrbh sustftukfc g` vfòds r`hktdr`s pdr dtrdsls ldg`rcds y pdt`ct`s, p`rd g`sg`5==> thlefc s` ah `sthefbfzhgd.

Bh prdgukkfc tdthb g` `b`ktrfkfghgg` drfn`c cukb`hr, pdr dtrh phrt`, bb`vhtr`s hds g`sk`cgf`cgd, r`pr`s`cthcgdhktuhbl`ct` `b 8;% g`b tdthb lucgfhb,uc 7% l`cds g` bd qu` r`pr`s`ctheh`c 5==:. Bh lfthg g` bds ;= phs`s quùtfbfzhc `c`rnh cukb`hr s` `cku`ctrhc `cbh Pcfc @urdp`h y r`pr`s`cthc khsf bhlfthg g` bh prdgukkfc lucgfhb. Jrhckfhn`c`rh bh lfthg g` bh prdgukkfc cukb`hrùrdp`h, y s`fs phs`s? @@ PP, Jrhckfh,Ohpc, Uusfh, Kdr`h g`b [ur y Hb`lhcfh,supdc`c khsf `b >0% g` bh prdgukkfc`bktrfkh cukb`hr lucgfhb. @b g`sk`csd g`bh prdgukkfc `bktrfkh cukb`hr pdr t`rk`r

hd kdcs`kutfvd s` gè` h prdeb`lhs tk-cfkds `c bhs stdths cukb`hr`s g` bds phs`sls cukb`hrfzhgds y s` hk`ctuhr `c hdssuk`sfvds pdr `b kf`rr` g` r`hktdr`s `cOhpc y prdeheb`l`ct` `c Hb`lhcfh. @spdsfeb` qu` b pfkd g` prdgukkfc lucgfhbcukb`hr s` ahyh ghgd `c `b hd 5==:,kdld phr`k` qu` bd ju`rh thlefc g` bhprdgukkfc g` p`trb`d kdcv`ckfdchb. @c bh hktuhbfghg s` `stc kdcstruy`cgdcu`vds r`hktdr`s `c kh-tdrk` phs`s, tdgds `bbdskdc r`trhsds y sder`kds-

t`s cdtheb`s. H gh gàdy, bh Hn`ckfh Fct`rch-kfdchb g` bh @c`rnh Ht-lfkh (FH@H) kdcthefbfzh

Wdrr`sg`r`jrfn`r

hkfcgùchcukb`hr


21/68


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@ghg (`c hds)

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@ghg 3 7= hds

@ghg 7= hds

:7 r`hktdr`s `c kdcstrukkfc, gdk` g` bdskuhb`s bb`vhc ls g` v`fct` hds `c `st``sthgd y ;0 cd tf`c`c j`kah pr`vfsth g`chbfzhkfc. @b >0% g` bds r`hktdr`s `ckdcstrukkfc p`rt`c`k`c h kuhtrd phs`s?Kafch, Fcgfh, Uusfh y Kdr`h g`b [ur. Hb ah-e`rs` r`gukfgd susthckfhbl`ct` bhs cu`vhskdcstrukkfdc`s, bh ghg g` bds r`hktdr`s cdp`rhkfc sfnu` hul`cthcgd, hbkhczhcgd`c `st` ldl`ctd bds 5: hds, y hct` bhsfck`rtfguler`s y gfkubthg`s `kdclfkhsqu` pr`s`cthc bhs cu`vhs kdcstrukkfdc`s,bhs lpr`shs bktrfkhs hednhc pdr prdbdc-nhr bh vfgh tfb g` sus k`ctrhb`s ls hbb g`bds 7= hds fcfkfhbl`ct` pr`vfstds.

Kdld pu`g` des`rvhrs` `c bh nurh 8,sbd 85 r`hktdr`s ahc sup`rhgd bh ehrr`rhg` bds 7= hds, p`rd kdld fbustrh bh pfr-lfg` g` `ghg, `st` cl`rd kr`k`r sfncf-khtfvhl`ct` `c bds prxflds hds, sf s`n`c`rhbfzh bh pdbtfkh g` prdbdnhr bh vfgh g`bds r`hktdr`s ls hbb g` bds 7= hds. [fc`lehrnd, ht`cgf`cgd h qu` bh xp`rf`ckfhg` r`hktdr`s juckfdchcgd ls g` ;= hds`s tdghvh bflfthgh, y h qu` bh `ghg l`gfhg` bds 8;= r`hktdr`s yh kbhusurhgds ah sfgdg` 55 hds, phr`k` g`lhsfhgd dptflfsthsupdc`r qu` bh vfgh l`gfh g`b phrqu`hktuhb vhyh h gdebhr d fckbusd trfpbfkhr`sth kfjrh. [updcf`cgd uch vfgh l`gfh g`7= hds, phrh lhct`c`r `b phrqu` hktuhbgè`rhc `ctrhr `c prdgukkfc 81 cu`vdsr`hktdr`s hct`s g` 5=80, y 868 r`hktdr`s`c bds sfnuf`ct`s gf`z hds, h rhzc g` uccu`vd r`hktdr khgh v`fct` ghs.

@sths kfjrhs p`rlft`c hrlhr, kdc pdkdlhrn`c phrh `b `rrdr, qu` `b cl`rd g`r`hktdr`s `c juckfdchlf`ctd g`sk`cg`r`c bds prxflds hds, h l`cds qu` s``xtf`cghc sfst`ltfkhl`ct` bhs bfk`ckfhsls hbb g` bds 7= hds, hbnd qu` g`spusg` Juiusaflh vh h r`subthr ehsthct` lsgfjkfb. @b g`s`cbhk` g`b hkkfg`ct` ohpdcsahr qu` s` tdl`c l`gfghs qu` flpbf-qu`c cu`vhs fcv`rsfdc`s `c lòdrhs g`s`nurfghg y dtrhs qu` fckr`l`cthrc bdskdst`s g` `xpbdthkfc y lhct`cflf`ctd,

bd kuhb, hhgfgd h dtrds jhktdr`s, pu`g`g`shkdcsòhr bh `xt`csfc g` bh vfgh tfbg` lukahs k`ctrhb`s hktuhb`s. Fckbusd supdcf`cgd qu` tdghs bhs xt`c-sfdc`s g` vfgh yh kdck`gfghs bb`nhc h kul-pbfr bds := hds, qu` tdghs bhs kdcstrukkfd-c`s fcfkfhghs s` t`rlfchc, y lhct`cf`cgduch vfgh l`gfh g` 7= hds phrh `b r`stdg` r`hktdr`s, hct`s g` l`gfhgds g` sfnbd`b g`kbfv` cukb`hr s`rh luy prdcuckfhgd,kdld pu`g` v`rs` `c bh nurh 5.

Juiusaflh jr`ch

`b U`chkflf`ctd Cukb`hrHc kuhcgd b thc khkhr`hgd r`chkflf`ctdsf`lpr` ju` pdkd ls qu` uch khlphhl`gftfkh drnhcfzhgh pdr `b bdeeycukb`hr,

bh krfsfs cukb`hr g` Juiusaflh ah r`pr`s`c-thgd uc s`rfd r`vs phrh bhs fct`ckfdc`shcuckfhghs pdr lukads phs`s g` r`kdc-sfg`rhr su usd g` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr. @c `b khsd g` Kafch, `b prfckfphb hk-tdr `c `st` r`chkflf`ctd, r`subth gfjkfbp`cshr `c uch r`gukkfc g` bds pbhc`shprdehgds, hucqu` s `s prdeheb` qu`s` pdcnhc `c ku`stfc kfjrhs lukad lshlefkfdshs qu` btflhl`ct` s` ahehcpu`std c kfrkubhkfc y qu` hadrh sujrfrcuch g`shk`b`rhkfc. Bds pbhc`s g` Kafch

phrh 5=5= ahc stuktuhgd `ctr` bds 7= ybds 85= N^`, kdc 5> N^` hktuhbl`ct``c kdcstrukkfc. G`spus g` Juiusaflh,`b prfl`r lfcfstrd ^`c Ofhehd ah hcuc-kfhgd qu` susp`cg`lds t`lpdrhbl`ct`bh hprdehkfc g` cu`vds prdy`ktds, fc-kbuy`cgd hqu`bbds qu` s` `cku`ctrhc `c`thphs pr`bflfchr`s g` g`shrrdbbd. ]rfl`rdgè`lds ct`cg`r lòdr bh flpdrthckfh ybh urn`ckfh g` bh s`nurfghg cukb`hr y ahk`rg` `bbh bh prfckfphb prfdrfghg. @c Fcgfh, s` ahc g`s`ckhg`chgd prd-t`sths pebfkhs `c khsf tdgds bds bunhr`s `c

bds qu` `stc pr`vfsths cu`vhs kdcstruk-kfdc`s y hbnucds des`rvhgdr`s kr``c qu`g`spus g`b g`shstr` ohpdcs b` s`r luygfjkfb h kuhbquf`r phrtfgd v`cg`r h bh pd-

ebhkfc bh `c`rnh cukb`hr. @c Fcgdc`sfh,dtrd phs thlefc xpu`std h t`rr`ldtds ytsuchlfs, `b lfcfstrd g` L`gfd Hlef`ctàh lhcfj`sthgd qu` cd `stc pr`phrhgdsphrh kdcstrufr r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s y qu` `csu bunhr ahy qu` prdldv`r bhs c`rnhs r`-cdvheb`s y bh n`c`rhkfc g`sk`ctrhbfzhgh.

@c `b prdpfd Ohpc, 87 g` sus 07 r`hk-tdr`s ahc gòhgd g` juckfdchr kdld kdc-s`ku`ckfh g`b g`shstr` g` Juiusaflh y `bNdef`rcd ah lhcfj`sthgd qu` uch v`z `stkdctrdbhgd `b hkkfg`ct` aher qu` r`vfshr

tdgh su pdbtfkh `c`rntfkh. W@]KD, `cnrhv`s gfkubthg`s kdclfkhs, ah phrhgdbh kdcstrukkfc g` uch k`ctrhb cukb`hr y ahsusp`cgfgd sus pbhc`s g` kdcstrukkfc g`dtrds tr`s r`hktdr`s, kdc hktuhkfdc`s sflfbh-r`s pdr phrt` g` dtrhs `bktrfkhs ohpdc`shs.@c Lhbhsfh, Whfbhcgfh, Whfwc y Zf`tchl,bds r`sp`ktfvds ndef`rcds `stc h bh `sp`rhg` kld s` g`shrrdbbhc bds hkdct`kflf`c-tds ohpdc`s`s phrh tdlhr g`kfsfdc`s c ucs`ctfgd u dtrd. @c @urdph, `b Kdlfshrfd g` bh @c`rnh,`b hb`lc Ncta`r D`ttfcn`r, ah bb`nhgd

h hrlhr qu` a`lds g` pbhct`hrcds sf`c @urdph pdg`lds kuerfr cu`strhs c`-k`sfghg`s `c`rntfkhs juturhs sfc `c`rnhcukb`hr, p`rd pdr `b ldl`ctd `b Kdc-

Ju`ct`? ^drbg Cukb`hr Fcgustry

[thtus U`pdrt 5=8=-5=88Y8\

Ju`ct`? ^drbg Cukb`hr Fcgustry[thtus U`pdrt 5=8=-5=88Y8\

JFNPUH5? ]UDV@KKFCG@B]HUXP@G@U@HKWDU@[AH[WHL@GFHGD[G@[FNBD

JFNPUH8? @GHGG@BD[7;> U@HKWDU@[@CJPCKFDCHLF@CWD


22/68


sòd @urdp`d s` ah bflfthgd h ahk`r ucbbhlhlf`ctd h r`vfshr tdghs bhs k`ctrhb`scukb`hr`s ùrdp`hs sder` bh ehs` g` uchspruèhs g`str`ss g`rfvhghs g` bd hkdc-t`kfgd `c Ohpc. @sths pruèhs d hcbfsfsahc g` s`r sup`rvfshgds pdr bhs hn`ckfhs`sththb`s g` s`nurfghg cukb`hr y s` `sp`rhqu` g` `bbhs s` g`guzkhc uc kdcouctd g`l`gfghs phrh fckr`l`cthr bh s`nurfghg.Bds prdpf`thrfds g` bhs k`ctrhb`s tf`c`cahsth `b 80 g` s`ptf`ler` phrh pr`s`cthrsus hcbfsfs y prdpu`sths, y bds r`subthgdsnbdehb`s, kdc bhs l`gfghs kdckr`ths hhgdpthr, qu` pdgrhc fckbufr `b kf`rr`g`cftfvd g` bhs k`ctrhb`s qu` cd pu`ghckulpbfr bds cu`vds r`qufsftds, s` ahrcpebfkds h chb`s g` 5=88.

@c Jrhckfh, `b pr`sfg`ct` [hridzy ahg`skhrthgd qu` s` pu`gh pbhct`hr bh c`k`-sfghg g` pr`skfcgfr g` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr,p`rd pdr prfl`rh v`z `b bg`r g` ucd g`bds prfckfphb`s phrtfgds pdbtfkds jrhck`s`s,bh sdkfhbfsth Lhrtfc` Huery, s` ah g`kbhrh-gd p`rsdchbl`ct` h jhvdr g` hehcgdchrprdnr`sfvhl`ct` bh `c`rnh cukb`hr, y `bphrtfgd v`rg` jrhcks ah r`kbhlhgd ucr`j`rcgul chkfdchb. Juiusaflh ah prd-

vdkhgd uch kdcsfg`rheb` fck`rtfguler`chckf`rh h bh `bktrfkh chkfdchb @GJ,qu` s` ah vfstd debfnhgh h susp`cg`r bhpr`s`cthkfc g` sus pbhc`s g` juturd h bh`sp`rh g` bd qu` g`t`rlfc` bh Hn`ckfh g`bh [`nurfghg Cukb`hr jrhck`sh r`sp`ktdh pdsfeb`s `xfn`ckfhs g` s`nurfghg `c suphrqu` cukb`hr. ]dr dtrd bhgd, `b g`shstr`g` Juiusaflh phr`k` ahe`r fckbfchgdbh ehbhczh h jhvdr g` Hr`vh `c bh bukahqu` lhctf`c` kdc @GJ pdr `b kdctrdb g`bh `strht`nfh cukb`hr jrhck`sh `c `b khl-pd fct`rchkfdchb. Hr`vh hrnul`cth qu`su hpu`sth pdr r`hktdr`s tfpd @]U, ls

khrds p`rd sder` `b php`b ls s`nurds,ah g`ldstrhgd s`r bh hg`kuhgh jr`ct` hbhs pr`t`csfdc`s g` @GJ g` hbfhrs` kdcKafch `c bh prdldkfc g` r`hktdr`s ls`kdclfkds g` s`nucgh n`c`rhkfc phrhl`rkhgds `l`rn`ct`s. @c Hb`lhcfh, bh khckfbb`rh L`ri`b khl-ef herupthl`ct` sus pbhc`s gòhcgd `csusp`csd bh prdbdcnhkfc g` bh vfgh tfbg` sus r`hktdr`s y lhcg k`rrhr gurhct`tr`s l`s`s sf`t` r`hktdr`s qu` juckfdchehcg`sg` hct`s g` 861=. Hbnuchs vdk`s `c `bNdef`rcd y `c bhs `bktrfkhs ahc hrlhgdqu` `stds r`hktdr`s cd s` r`hktfvhrc ydtrds ahc hv`cturhgd uc kf`rr` prdnrh-lhgd g` tdgds bds g`ls r`hktdr`s `c `bpbhzd g` 8= hds. Bds hkdct`kflf`ctds g`Juiusaflh ahc lhrkhgd prdjucghl`ct`bh sftuhkfc pdbtfkh `c Hb`lhcfh ahsth `bpuctd g` bb`vhr h bh khe`zh g`b Ndef`rcdhb ]hrtfgd Z`rg` `c ucd g` bds bhcglsrfkds y pdebhgds.

@c Fthbfh, `b prfl`r lfcfstrd [fbvfd E`r-buskdcf aheh a`kad ehcg`rh g`b r`bhczh-lf`ctd cukb`hr hcuckfhcgd bh r`vdkhkfcg`b r`j`rcgul qu` bb`v h su hehcgdcdg`spus g` Ka`rcefb, p`rd s` ah vfstddebfnhgd h khlefhr sus pbhc`s b`nfsbhtfvds yh pdspdc`r uc r`j`rcgul pr`vfstd phrh `bprxfld l`s g` oucfd, hb kdcsththr qu` tr`skuhrths phrt`s g` bh pdebhkfc s kdctrhrfh hkhlefhr bh pdbtfkh cukb`hr fthbfhch. @c U`f-cd Pcfgd, gdcg` ls hvhczhgds `sthehcbds pbhc`s phrh sustftufr sus vfòds r`hktdr`scukb`hr`s, b ndef`rcd s`nurhl`ct` s` v`hdebfnhgd h ldgfkhr sus pbhc`s qu` phsh-ehc pdr r`ldg`bhr `b rnfl`c r`nubhtdrfderftcfkd phrh jhvdr`k`r bhs kdcstrukkfdc`scukb`hr`s, hc h kdsth g` gdebhr bds pr`kfdsg` bh `b`ktrfkfghg `c 5=5=. @c @@ PP, hc kuhcgd ahy uc kdcs`c-

sd `ctr` g`lkrhths y r`puebfkhcds phrhjhvdr`k`r `b hrrhcqu` g` bhs cu`vhs kdcs-trukkfdc`s, s`fs hds g`spus g` hprdehgduc flpdrthct` khtbdnd g` hyughs, qu`fckbuy` nhrhcths `sththb`s phrh `b 1=% g`bh fcv`rsfc, cfcnuch `lpr`sh ah tdlhgdbh g`kfsfc g` kdcstrufr, y uch g` bhs qu`ls k`rkhch `stheh h ahk`rbd ah hcuckfh-gd qu` g`spus g` Juiusaflh hehcgdch`b prdy`ktd pdrqu` su prfckfphb sdkfd `rhbh `lpr`sh ohpdc`sh Wdsafeh qu` yh cd`st fct`r`shgh. @c sulh, kdld yh afkf`rhc War`` Lfb`Fsbhcg y Ka`rcefb `c su ldl`ctd, `br`ku`rgd y bh kdcsththkfc g` bds p`bfnrdsy bhs kdcs`ku`ckfhs qu` tf`c` uc hkkfg`ct`cukb`hr nrhv` pdc` g` cu`vd h bh fcgustrfhcukb`hr `c uc er`t` y g`lu`strh qu` `bphktd g` Jhustd qu` cds prdpdc`, c`rnhehrhth y heucghct` h khlefd g` uc rf`sndrhgfhktfvd hsulfeb`, `s uch trhlph. Kfc-ku`cth hds g`spus g` su bhczhlf`ctd,bh `c`rnh cukb`hr cf `s heucghct` cf `sehrhth y, hg`ls, b p`bfnrd rhgfhktfvd qu`r`pr`s`cth cd `s hsulfeb`. ]dr tdgd `bbd,gè`lds ahk`rb` khsd hb Kdlfshrfd @urd-p`d g` bh @c`rnh y pbhct`hrcds uc juturdsfc cukb`hr`s, cd yh sbd pdrqu` lukadshs bd pr`rhlds sfcd pdrqu` cd cds vh hqu`ghr dtrd r`l`gfd.

Cdths y r`j`r`ckfhs

8 Wa` drbg Cukb`hr Fcgustry [thtus U`pdrt5=8=-5=88, Cukb`hr ]dw`r fc h ]dst-Juiusaflh^drbg, `skrftd pdr Lykb` [ka`cfg`r, HctdcyJrdnnhtt y [t`v` Wadlhs, y puebfkhgd pdr

drbgwhtka Fcstftut`. Gfspdcfeb` cattp?//www.wdrbgwhtka.drn/`cg-cukb`hr.

5 Whlefc s hutdr g` KDG@UKA, Lhrk`b yHBLFUDC, Crfh. @b @spòfsld Cukb`hr? ]dr qubh `c`rnh cukb`hr cd `s bh sdbukfc sfcd phrt` g`b

prdeb`lh. Bds Bferds g`b Bfck`, 5==1

8. Kafch s b phs kdc ls k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`s c kdcstrukkfc,hucqu` s` st r`pbhct`hcgd bds pbhc`s trhs b hkkfg`ct` c Ohpc.

5. Bh sdkf`ghg g` Fcgfh st pbhct`hcgd uch ju`rt` dpdsfkfc hlukads g` bds prdy`ktds g` k`ctrhb`s htlfkhs g`b Ndef`rcd.

;.Ncta`r D`ttfcn`r, Kdlfshrfd g` @c`rnh, pbhct`h sf pr`skfcgfr g`bh c`rnh cukb`hr c @urdph.

8

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23/68

5;@kdbdnfsth, c :6, v`rhcd 5=88

Bds r`hktdr`s rhrh v`z `stc pr`phrhgdsphrh uc jhbbd `bktrfkd prdbdcnhgd

Cukb`hr`sy krfsfs `c`rntfkh]`grd ]rf`td

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]`grd ]rf`td s vfk`pr`sfg`ct` g` bh

Hsdkfhkfc phrh b @stugfd g` bds

U`kursds @c`rntfkds (H@U@C) y kd`gftdr

g` www.krfsfs`c`rn`tfkh.drn

Bh nu`rrh `s uc hsuctd g`lhsfhgd fl-pdrthct` phrh s`r gòhgh h bds n`c`rhb`s.

N`drn`s Kb`l`ck`hu (8178-8656)

Bh pdbtfkh `s g`lhsfhgd flpdrthct`kdld phrh gòrs`bh h bds pdbtfkds

Idcrhg Hg`chu`r (81>:-86:>)

Bh `c`rnh cukb`hr `s g`lhsfhgd flpdr-thct` kdld phrh gòrs`bh h bds `xp`r-

tds cukb`hr`s]`grd ]rf`td (860=- )

@b r`kf`ct` hkkfg`ct` cukb`hr `cJuiusaflh ah pu`std hb g`sku-ef`rtd uc nfnhct`skd prdeb`lh qu`bds `xp`rtds cukb`hr`s sf`lpràhehc dkubthgd d c`nhgd qu`

pugf`rh suk`g`r. Bhs k`ctrhb`s cukb`hr`skdcv`ckfdchb`s `xfn`c, fckbusd `c bdsldl`ctds g` bd qu` bbhlhc phrhgh `c

jrd, uc sulfcfstrd heb` y nhrhctfzhgd g`btfpd g` `c`rnh qu` prdguk`c, `std `s, uc

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bh g` uc hkkfg`ct` nrhv` kdc uc kdrt` g``b`ktrfkfghg prdbdcnhgd.

@c `j`ktd, bh Nuh r`nubhtdrfh phrh bhr`vfsfc g` bh s`nurfghg g` gfs`d g` bhs fcs-thbhkfdc`s kdc r`hktdr`s cukb`hr`s kdc hnuhbfn`rh Y8\, `stheb`kh, `c bh cl`rd 5>g` `bbhs, qu` s` gfs`hrc g` thb jdrlh,qu` s` pu`gh hs`nurhr `b kf`rr` s`nurd ybh r`jrfn`rhkfc hg`kuhgh g`b r`hktdr `ckhsd g` fct`rrupkfc g` kdrth gurhkfc g`bstufgd `bktrfkd.

Pch cdth g` `sth kbusubh hhg`, phrhls fcrf, qu` cd sdc c`k`shrfhs kdcsf-

g`rhkfdc`s phrtfkubhr`s kdctrh kdrt`s g`stufgd g` bhrnh gurhkfc, pdrqu` s` pu`g``sp`rhr `c thb`s khsds bh r`phrhkfc g` bhsbc`hs g` trhcslfsfc d g` bds n`c`rhgdr`s

g` `l`rn`ckfh g` kdrrf`ct` hbt`rch. V s`qu`ghrdc thc trhcqufbds.

@stds `xp`rtdsqu` gfthrdc y puebfkhrdc`sths cdrlhs thc rfgkubhs, g` bds qu` cds` she` s` ahyhc a`kad tdghvh b ahrhifrf,`s g` bds qu` cd vhlds h pdg`r hrcdscuckh ohls.

Uf`snd g` qu`ghrsfc sulfcfstrd bktrfkd

@bbds shehc p`rj`kthl`ct`, g`sg` ahk`gkhghs, qu` hucqu` lukahs fcsthbhkfdc`skbhv`s tf`c`

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