19/12/20

12 1

Pros

ody-

syn

tax

inte

rfac

ein

th

eex

pres

sion

of fo

cus

in C

atal

an a

nd

Spa

nis

hof

focu

s in

Cat

alan

an

d S

pan

ish

Mar

iade

l Mar

Van

rell,

mar

ia.v

anre

ll@u

am.e

sU

niv

ersi

dad

Au

tón

oma

de M

adri

d

Sem

inar

iode

Lin

güís

tica

Teó

rica

, Gru

po d

e In

vest

igac

ión

‘Lin

güís

tica

y C

ien

cia

Cog

nit

iva’

Mié

rcol

es, 1

9 de

dic

iem

bre

de 2

012

Rou

teM

ap

Intr

oduc

tion

Pr

osod

y, w

ord

orde

r, an

d fo

cus

in C

atal

anan

d Sp

anis

h

Wor

d or

der

and

focu

sin

Cat

alan

and

Span

ish

Pr

osod

yan

d fo

cus

in C

atal

anan

d Sp

anis

h

Effe

ctof

Len

gth

of t

heco

nstit

uent

s an

d Em

bede

ddne

son

Wor

d or

der

G

oals

M

etho

dolo

gy

R

esul

ts

D

iscu

ssio

nan

d co

nclu

sion

s

Pros

ody,

wor

dor

der

and

focu

s in

Cat

alan

Fe

wst

udie

sde

vote

dto

the

inte

ract

ion

betw

een

pros

ody

and

wor

dor

der

in fo

cus.

T

here

is a

cle

ar d

ivis

ion

betw

een:

Sy

ntac

ticap

proa

ches

stud

yof

syn

tact

icm

echa

nism

sas

focu

s m

arke

rs(fr

ontin

gor

cle

fting

–Sol

à 19

90 –

, dis

loca

tion

(Val

lduv

í19

91) o

r p-

mov

emen

t(D

omín

guez

200

2).

Pr

osod

icap

proa

ches

foca

l acc

ents

sha

pe, u

seof

diff

eren

tpr

osod

icpa

ram

eter

s(E

steb

as-V

ilapl

ana

2000

, Pri

eto

in p

ress

, Bo

rràs

et

al. m

s., V

anre

llet

al.

ms.

).

Wor

d or

der

and

focu

s in

Cat

alan

1

Can

onic

al o

rder

: SV

O o

r VO

S (S

olà

1992

, Val

lduv

í199

3, R

osse

lló

2002

, Her

nanz

2002

, Lóp

ez 2

003)

.

It

is as

sum

edth

atin

tona

tiona

lpro

min

ence

falls

on

clau

se-fi

nal

posit

ion

(Nuc

lear

Str

ess

Rul

e, C

hom

sky

& H

alle

196

8) a

nd t

hat

prom

inen

cesh

iftis

nota

nav

aila

ble

stra

tegy

(Val

lduv

í199

1).

A

ltern

ativ

esy

ntac

ticm

echa

nism

s:

Dis

loca

tion

of th

eno

nfoc

alm

ater

ial o

f a s

ente

nce

(Val

lduv

í199

1):

(1

)Fi

care

m e

l gan

ivet a

l cal

aix

‘We

will

put t

hekn

ifein

the

draw

er’.

()

gp

(2

)*F

icare

m e

l gan

iveta

l cal

aix

‘We

will

put t

hekn

ifein

the

draw

er’.

(3

)H

i fica

rem

el g

anive

t, al

cal

aix.

P-

mov

emen

t(D

omín

guez

200

2):

(4

) F

icarà

el P

ep a

l cal

aix

el g

anive

t ‘W

ew

illpu

t the

knife

in t

hedr

awer

’.

19/12/20

12 2

Wor

d or

der

and

focu

s in

Cat

alan

2

Oth

erpo

ssib

le m

echa

nism

sar

efo

cus

fron

ting

as in

(5) o

r cl

eftin

g(6

) alth

ough

they

are

mai

nly

rest

rict

edto

a c

ontr

astiv

em

eani

ng(Q

uer

2002

; Sol

à 19

90, 2

002;

Val

lduv

í199

1, 2

002)

:

(5

) Un

MER

CED

ESs’h

a co

mpr

at e

l Jor

di‘Jo

rdi h

as b

ough

ta

Mer

cede

s’.

(6

) -C

lefts

: be

+ X

+ q

ue +

V

Sou V

OSA

LTRE

Squ

e ho

sab

eu‘It

is y

ouw

hokn

ows

it’.

Pd

lft

[V

] +

b +

X-P

seud

o-cl

efts

: [..

.V...

] +

be +

XEl

s qu

e ho

sab

eu s

ou VO

SALT

RES

‘The

one

s w

hokn

ow it

, it

is y

ou’.

-Inve

rted

pseu

do-c

lefts

: X +

be

+ [..

.V...

]

VOSA

LTRE

Sso

u el

s qu

e ho

sab

eu ‘Y

ouar

eth

eon

es w

hokn

ow it

’.

Pros

ody

and

focu

s in

Cat

alan

T

he c

ontr

astiv

efo

cal a

ccen

ts (

CF)

are

char

acte

rize

dby

a ri

sing

tona

l mov

emen

t(L

+H*)

(se

e(8

)), w

here

asbr

oad

focu

s (B

F) is

ch

arac

teri

zed

bya

low

tona

l acc

ent

(L*)

alig

ned

with

the

nucl

ear

sylla

ble

as in

(7).

(7

) Vol

en m

elm

elad

a ‘T

hey

wan

tm

arm

alad

e’.

(8

) MEL

MEL

AD

Avo

len.

T

here

is n

o cl

ear

dist

inct

ion

betw

een

CF

and

info

rmat

ion

focu

s (IF

) bo

thbe

ing

char

acte

rize

dby

a ri

sing

acce

nt (

L+H

*)

focu

s (IF

), bo

thbe

ing

char

acte

rize

dby

a ri

sing

acce

nt (

L+H

*)

(Bor

ràs-

Com

eset

al.

ms.

).

(8) M

ELM

ELA

DA

vole

n.

(9) V

olen

mel

mel

ada.

Exa

mpl

esar

eta

ken

from

Prie

to(in

pre

ss).

Pros

ody,

wor

dor

der

and

focu

s in

Spa

nis

h

Dur

ing

the

past

ten

yea

rsa

cons

ider

able

am

ount

of

rese

arch

has

been

devo

ted

to t

heph

onol

ogy-

synt

axin

terf

ace

inte

rfac

e.

W

ork

done

from

two

diffe

rent

pers

pect

ives

:

Synt

actic

pers

pect

ive

the

vari

atio

nin

wor

dor

der

is fo

cus-

indu

ced

(Cos

ta 2

001;

Gut

iérr

ez-B

ravo

2002

, 200

5, 2

006;

D

omín

guez

200

4; S

amek

-Lod

ovic

i200

1, 2

005)

.

Pr

osod

icpe

rspe

ctiv

epr

osod

iccu

es r

elat

edto

the

mar

ker

of

focu

s (d

e-la

-Mot

a19

95; S

osa

1999

; Fac

e20

01, 2

002;

Hua

lde

2002

, 200

5; G

abri

el 2

006,

200

7; V

anre

llet

al.

ms.

).

Wor

d or

der

and

focu

s in

Spa

nis

h 1

C

anon

ical

ord

er:

SVO

or V

SO (S

uñer

1982

, Gro

os&

Bo

k-Be

nem

a19

86, H

erna

nz&

Bru

cart

198

7, F

erná

ndez

-So

rian

o19

93, D

emon

te19

94,

Zub

izar

reta

1998

).,

,)

Sp

anis

his

als

osu

bjec

tto

the

NSR

. Fo

caliz

edel

emen

ts

mus

toc

cupy

the

righ

tmos

tpo

sitio

n.

P-

mov

emen

t: m

ovem

ento

f the

nonf

ocal

mat

eria

l to

a no

nca

noni

calp

ositi

on(Z

ubiz

arre

ta19

98):

non-

cano

nica

lpos

ition

(Zub

izar

reta

1998

):

(10)

Los

alu

mno

sse

enf

rent

aron

con

la p

olicí

a‘T

he s

tude

nts

conf

ront

edw

ithth

epo

lice’

.

(11)

Se

enfre

ntar

onco

n la

pol

icía

los

alum

nos.

19/12/20

12 3

Wor

d or

der

and

focu

s in

Spa

nis

h 2

O

ther

stra

tegi

essu

chas

cle

fting

, foc

us fr

ontin

gor

focu

s m

arke

dpr

osod

ical

lyin

situ

are

char

acte

rist

icof

CF

(Zub

izar

reta

1998

, 199

9; M

oren

o C

abre

ra 1

999)

.

How

ever

, in

Gab

riel

(20

07) n

eith

erfo

cus

in s

itu, c

lefti

ngor

focu

s fr

ontin

gar

ere

stra

ined

to a

con

tras

tive

inte

rpre

tatio

n.

T

hepo

sitio

nof

the

subj

ect

depe

nds

onw

heth

erth

eob

ject

iscl

itic

orno

t(G

abri

el20

07):

Tr

ansi

tive

verb

+fu

llno

min

alD

Pob

ject

:pre

verb

alsu

bjec

t.

Tran

sitiv

eve

rb+

pron

omin

alob

ject

:pos

tver

bals

ubje

ct.

“T

he m

echa

nism

sof

syn

tact

icfo

cus

mar

king

is g

over

ned

byst

rict

rule

sto

a le

sser

degr

eeth

ansu

gges

ted

in m

uch

of t

helit

erat

ure”

(G

abri

el 2

010:

189

).

Pros

ody

and

focu

s in

Spa

nis

h

As

in C

atal

an, i

n C

astil

ian

Span

ish

CF

is c

hara

cter

ized

bya

L+H

* ac

cent

and

BF

bya

L* a

ccen

t. The

reex

ists

no c

lear

in

tona

tiona

ldiff

eren

cebe

twee

nC

F an

d IF

(Es

teba

s-in

tona

tiona

ldiff

eren

cebe

twee

nC

F an

d IF

(Es

teba

s-V

ilapl

ana

& P

riet

o20

09).

O

ther

pros

odic

para

met

ers

such

as p

itch

heig

ht, d

urat

ion

and

post

foca

lcom

pres

sion

are

impo

rtan

t to

dis

tingu

ish

CF

(de-

la-M

ota

1995

; Sos

a 19

99; F

ace

2001

, 20

01; H

uald

e(

2002

, 200

5; V

anre

llet

al.

ms.

).

Effe

ctof

Len

gth

of t

he

con

stit

uen

tsan

d E

mbe

dedd

nes

son

Wor

d O

rder

Fa

ctor

ssu

chas

the

leng

htof

the

cons

titue

nts

orth

ele

xica

l na

ture

of t

heve

rbca

n fa

vor

post

verb

al s

ubje

cts

(Her

nanz

and

Br

ucar

t19

87, F

erná

ndez

-Sor

iano

199

3, Z

ubiz

arre

ta 1

998

for

Span

ish;

Jone

s 19

88 fo

rSa

rdin

ian)

:Sp

anis

h; Jo

nes

1988

for

Sard

inia

n):

(1

2) M

aría

ha

tele

fone

ado

/ Ha

tele

fone

ado

Mar

ía ‘M

aria

has

te

leph

oned

’.

(13)

?La

pro

piet

aria

del

coc

he ro

bado

aye

r en

plen

o ce

ntro

de

Barc

elon

a ha

tele

fone

ado

/ Ha

tele

fone

ado

la p

ropi

etar

ia d

el c

oche

roba

do a

yer

en

plen

o ce

ntro

de

Barc

elon

a ‘T

he o

wne

rof

the

car

stol

enin

the

cent

re

of B

arce

lona

yes

terd

ayha

s te

leph

oned

’

(14)

Sun

tvèn

nito

stre

s òm

ines

‘Thr

eem

enca

me’

In

Ital

ian,

VO

S or

der

is v

ery

mar

gina

l unl

ess

the

obje

ctis

a

cliti

cor

the

subj

ect

is p

roso

dica

llyhe

avie

rth

anth

eob

ject

(Zub

izar

reta

1999

).

(15)

Ildi

scor

so, l’

ha le

ttoG

iann

i‘G

iann

irea

dth

esp

eech

’

(16)

Ha

letto

ildi

scor

soso

lo G

iann

i

Goa

ls

To in

vest

igat

e:

The

syn

tact

ican

d ph

onol

ogic

alst

rate

gies

of fo

cus-

mar

king

as w

ella

s th

ein

terp

lay

betw

een

them

.Ba

sed

on p

revi

ous

rese

arch

...

H1:

BF ≠

IF, C

F as

for

pros

odic

and

synt

actic

mar

king

.

H2:

IF ≠

CF

as fo

r sy

ntac

ticm

arki

ng.

H

3: C

AT ≠

SP

as fo

r sy

ntac

ticm

arki

ngof

IF.

T

he e

ffect

of L

engt

hof

the

cons

titue

nts

and

Embe

dedd

nes

on t

hepo

sitio

nof

the

S an

d th

eO

2.

H4:

Len

gth

will

affe

ctth

epo

sitio

nof

the

S.

T

he o

ccur

renc

eof

pos

tver

bal S

(or

derV

OS)

:

H5:

Pos

tver

bal s

ubje

ctw

illbe

mar

gina

l in

Cat

alan

(as

itis

in It

alia

n) a

nd

depe

nden

t on

the

real

izat

ion

of t

heO

.

19/12/20

12 4

Met

hod

olog

y 1

Ta

sk: a

pro

duct

ion

test

des

igne

dto

elic

itBF

, IF

and

CF

sent

ence

sby

mea

nsof

que

stio

n-an

swer

pair

sba

sed

on s

hort

pict

ure

stor

ies

(Gab

riel

201

0).

¿Q

uéha

pas

ado?

[Q

ue M

aría

met

ióel

coc

heco

n di

ficul

tad]

F ‘T

hat

Mar

ia p

ut t

heca

r (in

toth

ega

rage

) w

ithdi

fficu

lty’(B

F).

car

(into

the

gara

ge)

with

diffi

culty

(BF)

.

¿Cóm

om

etió

el c

oche

Mar

ía?

Mar

ía m

etió

el c

oche

[con

difi

culta

d]F

‘How

did

Mar

ia p

ut t

heca

r (in

tode

gar

age)

?’(IF

).

Mar

ía m

etió

el c

oche

sin p

robl

emas

, ¿no

? N

o, M

aría

met

ióel

coc

he[C

ON

D

IFIC

ULT

AD

]F ‘M

aria

put

the

car

(into

the

gara

ge)

with

out

prob

lem

s’ (

CF)

.

Pa

rtic

ipan

ts: 1

0 M

ajor

can

Cat

alan

spe

aker

s, 10

Mad

rid

Span

ish

spea

kers

.

Spea

kers

ana

lyze

d: 7

CAT

(m

dnag

e= 3

4) a

nd 4

SPA

(m

dnag

e= 2

2).

Sp

eake

rs a

naly

zed:

7 C

AT (

mdn

age

34)

and

4 S

PA (

mdn

age

22)

.

CAT

: N=1

658

(BF=

169,

CF=

664,

IF=8

25).

SP

A: N

=101

4 (B

F=97

CF=

458,

IF=4

59).

Fa

ctor

s: Fo

cuse

dco

nstit

uent

(S, V

, O1

or O

2); L

engt

hof

the

cons

titue

nts

(1

to 2

PW

s) a

nd E

mbe

dded

ness

(O2:

arg

umen

t or

adju

nct)

.

Met

hod

olog

y2

Ma

dri

dP

alm

aA

lga

ida

Llu

cma

jor

Ses

Sali

nes

STO

RY

2a

(sh

orts

, O

2 a

dju

nct

): B

lan

can

ieve

s tr

ajo

la

s m

an

zan

as

con

fa

tig

a.

Des

pu

és s

e la

s ll

evó

sin

per

mis

o.

1. ¿

Qué

ha

pas

ado

? ‘W

hat

hap

pe

ne

d?’

2. ¿

Qué

traj

o B

lan

can

ieve

s co

n fa

tig

a? ‘W

hat

did

Sh

ow

Wh

ite

bri

ng

wit

h ti

red

ne

ss?’

3. ¿

Qui

én

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

co

n fa

tig

a? ‘W

ho

bro

ugh

t th

e a

pp

les

wit

h ti

red

ne

ss?’

4. B

lan

can

ieve

s tr

ajo

co

n fa

tig

a la

s n

aran

jas,

¿n

o?

‘Sh

ow

Wh

ite

bro

ugh

t th

e o

ran

ge

s w

ith

tire

dn

ess

, rig

ht?

’

5. ¿

Có

mo

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

Bla

nca

nie

ves?

‘Ho

w d

id S

ho

w W

hit

e b

rin

g th

e a

pp

les?

’

6. T

rajo

las

man

zan

as c

on

fati

ga

Cap

eru

cita

, ¿n

o?

‘Lit

tle

Red

Rid

ing

Hoo

d b

roug

ht t

he

ap

ple

s, r

igh

t?’

7. ¿

Qué

hiz

o B

lan

can

ieve

s co

n fa

tig

a? ‘W

hat

did

Sh

ow

Wh

ite

do

wit

h ti

red

ne

ss?’

8. B

lan

can

ieve

s tr

ajo

las

man

zan

as c

on

vit

alid

ad, ¿

no

? ‘S

ho

w W

hit

e b

roug

ht t

he

ap

ple

s w

ith

vit

alit

y, r

igh

t?’

9. ¿

Qué

hiz

o B

lan

can

ieve

s co

n la

s m

anza

nas

? ‘W

hat

did

Sn

ow

Wh

ite

do

wit

h th

e a

pp

les?

’

10. B

lan

can

ieve

s se

lle

vó la

s m

anza

nas

co

n fa

tig

a, ¿

no

? ‘S

no

w W

hit

e to

ok

the

ap

ple

s aw

ay w

ith

tire

dn

ess

, rig

ht?

’

11. L

as m

anza

nas

, las

traj

o c

on

fati

ga

Cap

eruc

ita,

¿no

? ‘L

ittl

e R

ed

Rid

ing

Ho

od

bro

ugh

t th

e a

pp

les

wit

h ti

red

ne

ss, r

igh

t?’

2a2:

Bla

nca

nie

ves

tra

jo l

as

ma

nza

na

s co

n f

ati

ga

. D

esp

ués

se

las

llev

ó si

n p

erm

iso .

1. ¿

Qué

ha

pas

ado

? ‘W

hat

hap

pe

ne

d?’

2. ¿

Qué

hiz

o B

lan

can

ieve

s si

n p

erm

iso

? ‘W

hat

did

Sn

ow

Wh

ite

do

wit

ho

ut p

erm

issi

on

?’

3. ¿

Qui

én

se

lle

vó la

s m

anza

nas

sin

pe

rmis

o?

‘Wh

o to

ok

the

ap

ple

s aw

ay w

ith

out

pe

rmis

sio

n?’

4. ¿

Có

mo

se

lle

vó B

lan

can

ieve

s la

s m

anza

nas

? ‘H

ow

did

Sn

ow

Wh

ite

tak

e th

e a

pp

les

away

?’

5. S

e ll

evó

las

man

zan

as s

in p

erm

iso

Ce

nic

ien

ta, ¿

no

? ‘C

ind

ere

lla

too

k th

e a

pp

les

away

wit

ho

ut p

erm

issi

on

, rig

ht?

’

6. ¿

Que

se

lle

vó B

lan

can

ieve

s si

n p

erm

iso

? ‘W

hat

did

Sn

ow

Wh

ite

tak

e a

way

wit

ho

ut p

erm

issi

on

?’

7. B

lan

can

ieve

s se

lle

vó s

in p

erm

iso

las

gal

leta

s, ¿

verd

ad?

‘Sn

ow

Wh

ite

too

k th

e c

oo

kie

s aw

ay w

ith

out

pe

rmis

sio

n, r

igh

t?’

8. B

lan

can

ieve

s se

lle

vó la

s m

anza

nas

sin

pro

ble

mas

, ¿ve

rdad

? ‘S

no

w W

hit

e to

ok

the

ap

ple

s aw

ay w

ith

out

pro

ble

ms,

rig

ht?

’

9. ¿

Qué

hiz

o B

lan

can

ieve

s co

n la

s m

anza

nas

? ‘W

hat

did

Sn

ow

Wh

ite

do

wit

h th

e a

pp

les?

’

10. B

lan

can

ieve

s tr

ajo

las

man

zan

as s

in p

erm

iso

, ¿ve

rdad

? ‘S

no

w W

hit

e b

roug

ht t

he

ap

ple

s w

ith

out

pe

rmis

sio

n r

igh

t?’

11. L

as m

anza

nas

, se

las

lle

vósi

n p

erm

iso

Ce

nic

ien

ta, ¿

no

? ‘C

ind

erel

lato

okth

eap

ple

saw

ayw

itho

utp

erm

issi

on, r

ight

?’

STO

RY

1ST

OR

Y 2

STO

RY

3

Sho

rts,

O2

adju

nct

Mar

ía m

eti

ó e

l co

che

co

n

dif

icul

tad

. De

spué

s, lo

sac

ó s

in

pro

ble

mas

.

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

con

fati

ga.

Des

pué

s,

se la

s ll

evó

sin

per

mis

o.

El m

arin

ero

esc

rib

ió la

car

ta e

n

el b

alcó

n. D

esp

ués,

se

la ll

evó

sin

pe

rmis

o.

Sho

rts,

O2

arg

ume

nt

Mar

ía tr

ajo

el c

och

e a

su

veci

no

. De

spué

s, s

e lo

lle

vó a

su

pri

ma.

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

a lo

s e

nan

ito

s. P

ero

d

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó a

l p

rínc

ipe.

El m

arin

ero

en

vió

la c

arta

a s

u d

ama.

Per

òd

esp

ués,

se

la d

io

al v

iejo

.

Lon

g s

ubje

ct O

2 M

aría

Alv

are

do

me

tió

el c

och

e

La m

adra

stra

de

Bla

nca

nie

ves

El m

arin

ero

de

Gib

ralt

ar

Lon

g s

ubje

ct, O

2 ad

jun

ct

Mar

ía A

lvar

ed

o m

eti

ó e

l co

che

co

n d

ific

ulta

d. L

ueg

o, lo

sac

ó

sin

pro

ble

mas

.

La m

adra

stra

de

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

con

fati

ga.

D

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó s

in

per

mis

o.

El m

arin

ero

de

Gib

ralt

ar

esc

rib

ió la

car

ta e

n e

l bal

cón

. D

esp

ués,

se

la ll

evó

sin

p

erm

iso.

Lon

g s

ubje

ct, O

2 ar

gum

en

t

Mar

ía A

lvar

ed

o tr

ajo

el c

och

e a

su

ve

cin

o. D

esp

ués,

se

lo ll

evó

a

su p

rim

a.

La m

adra

stra

de

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

a lo

s e

nan

ito

s. D

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó

al p

rínc

ipe.

El m

arin

ero

de

Gib

ralt

ar e

nvió

la

car

ta a

su

dam

a. P

ero

d

esp

ués,

se

la d

io a

l vie

jo.

Lon

g O

1, O

2 ad

jun

ct

Mar

ía m

eti

ó e

l co

che

de

se

gun

da

man

o co

n d

ific

ulta

d.

De

spué

s, lo

sac

ó s

in

pro

ble

mas

.

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

de

car

ame

lo c

on

fa

tig

a. D

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó s

in

per

mis

o.

El m

arin

ero

escr

ibió

la c

arta

de

amo

r e

n e

l bal

cón

. De

spué

s, s

e

la ll

evó

sin

per

mis

o.

Lon

g O

1, O

2 M

aría

traj

o e

l co

che

de

d

i

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s d

l

l

E

l mar

iner

o en

vió

la c

arta

de

d P

dé

Lo

ng

O1,

O2

arg

ume

nt

seg

und

a m

ano

a s

u ve

cin

o.

De

spué

s, s

e lo

lle

vó a

su

pri

ma.

man

zan

as d

e c

aram

elo

a lo

s e

nan

ito

s. D

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó

al p

rínc

ipe.

amo

r a

su d

ama.

Per

o d

esp

ués,

se

la d

io a

l vie

jo.

Lon

g O

2, O

2 ad

jun

ct

Mar

ía m

eti

ó e

l co

che

co

n

dif

icul

tad

es p

or la

alt

ura.

D

esp

ués,

lo s

acó

sin

pro

ble

mas

d

e es

pac

io.

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

co

n fa

tig

a m

uscu

lar.

D

esp

ués,

se

las

lle

vó s

in

pe

rmis

o d

e la

co

cin

era

.

El m

arin

ero

esc

rib

ió la

car

ta e

n

el b

alcó

n d

e s

u ca

sa. D

esp

ués,

se

la ll

evó

sin

per

mis

o d

el

cap

itán

.

Lon

g O

2, O

2 ad

jun

ct

Mar

ía tr

ajo

el c

och

e a

su

veci

no

d

e Á

vila

. De

spué

s, s

e lo

llev

ó a

su p

rim

a d

e A

lco

rcón

.

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

o la

s m

anza

nas

a lo

s e

nan

ito

s d

e s

u ja

rdín

. De

spué

s, s

e la

s ll

evó

al

prí

ncip

e d

e V

iana

.

El m

arin

ero

en

vió

la c

arta

a s

u d

ama

de

agua

. Per

o d

esp

ués,

se

la d

io a

l vie

jo d

e la

mon

tañ

a.

19/12/20

12 5

HIS

TOR

IA 2

a

Bla

nca

nie

ves

traj

ola

s m

anza

nas

con

fati

ga

Des

pués

se la

s lle

vósi

n p

erm

iso.

Eje

mpl

o: ¿

Qui

én tr

ajo

las

man

zana

s co

n fa

tiga?

19/12/20

12 6

¡Mu

y bi

en! É

sta

es u

na

posi

ble

resp

ues

ta. D

e h

ech

o, n

o ex

iste

un

a re

spu

esta

ún

ica.

Com

o ve

s, n

o es

un

a ta

rea

mu

y co

mpl

icad

a. ¿

Con

tin

uam

os?

Rec

orda

tori

ode

la p

rim

era

part

ede

la

his

tori

a 2a

...

19/12/20

12 7

Met

hod

olog

y 5

A

naly

sis:

No,

l’hi

va

dur

na M

aria

, an

es c

otxe

de

sego

na m

à, an

es s

eu v

eïna

t ‘N

o, it

was

Mar

ia

who

brou

ght

the

seco

nd h

and

car

to h

erne

ighb

our’

.

Met

hod

olog

y 6

A

M m

odel

(Aut

oseg

men

talM

etri

calf

ram

ewor

k), T

oBI

(Ton

es a

nd B

reak

Indi

ces)

(Pie

rreh

umbe

rt19

80,

Pier

rehu

mbe

rt&

Bec

kman

1988

):Pi

erre

hum

bert

& B

eckm

an19

88):

A

pplic

atio

nto

Cat

alan

(Pri

eto

et a

l. 20

09) a

nd t

oSp

anis

h(E

steb

as-V

ilapl

ana

& P

riet

o 20

09).

N

ucle

ar c

onfig

urat

ions

used

:

L* L

%L+

(¡)H

* L%

L* !H

%L+

H*

H-

Res

ult

s: p

roso

dy, f

ocu

s, a

nd

wor

dor

der

19/12/20

12 8

Bro

ad fo

cus,

gra

phs

80

SPANISH

120

CATALAN

3040506070

L* L

%

406080100

L* L

%

01020

Neu

tral

ord

e rO

ther

L* L

%L*

!H%

Oth

er

020

Neu

tral

ord

erO

ther

L* L

%L*

!H%

Oth

er

Bro

ad fo

cus,

exa

mpl

es

Cat

alan

(Tha

t) th

esa

ilor

PAST

.3Sg

wri

teth

ele

tter

in th

eb

alco

ny.

‘(Tha

t) th

esa

ilor

wro

teth

ele

tter

in th

eb

alco

ny’.

Neu

tral

Wor

d O

rder

Si

h

L* L

%

Span

ish

Neu

tral

Wor

d O

rder

(Tha

t) M

aria

has

put

the

car

(int

oth

eg

arag

e) w

ith

dif

ficu

lty.

Info

rmat

ion

focu

s, g

raph

s

120

SPANISH

250

CATALAN

406080100

L* L

%

L* L

%

100

150

200

L* L

%L*

!H%

020

Cle

fting

Fron

ting

In s

ituLD

/RD

Pmov

Neu

tral

or

der

Oth

er

L* L

%L*

!H%

L+!H

* L-

L+H

* H

-L+

H*

L-O

ther

050

Cle

fting

Fron

ting

In s

ituLD

/RD

Pmov

Neu

tral

or

der

Oth

e r

L* L

%L*

!H%

L+!H

* L-

L+H

* H

-L+

H*

L-O

ther

Info

rmat

ion

focu

s, e

xam

ples

: C

atal

an

Cat

alan

RD

/LD

Ca

tala

n

Fti

No,

Sno

w.W

hite

, to

the

dw

arve

s, C

L.A

C C

L.D

AT

PAST

.3.S

g b

ring

the

app

les.

‘Sno

w W

hite

bro

ught

the

app

les

to th

ed

war

ves’

.

L* L

%

Fron

ting

The

cand

yap

ple

sPA

ST.3

.SG

bri

ng, S

now

.Whi

te, t

o th

ed

war

ves.

‘Sno

w W

hite

bro

ught

the

cand

yap

ple

sto

the

dw

arve

s’.

L* !H

-

19/12/20

12 9

Info

rmat

ion

focu

s, e

xam

ples

: S

pan

ish

Span

ish

Neu

tral

Ord

er

Span

ish

Snow

.Whi

te, C

L.D

AT

PAST

.3.S

g b

ring

som

eap

ple

sto

the

pri

nce.

‘Sno

w W

hite

bro

ught

the

app

les

to th

ep

rinc

e’.

L* L

%

Pmov

CL.

DA

T PA

ST.3

.Sg

bri

ngth

eap

ple

sto

.the

pri

nce

the

step

mot

her

of S

now

Whi

te.

‘The

step

mot

her

of S

now

Whi

teb

roug

htth

eap

ple

sto

the

pri

nce’

.L*

L%

Con

tras

tive

focu

s, g

raph

s

140

160

SPANISH

140

160

CATALAN

L+(

)H*

L%

406080100

120

140

L+(¡

)H*

L%

L+H

* H

-

406080100

120

140 L+

(¡)H

* L%

L* L

%

020

Cle

fting

Fron

ting

In s

ituLD

/RD

Pmov

Neu

tral

or

der

Oth

er

L* L

%L*

!H%

L+!H

* L-

L+H

* H

-L+

H*

L-O

ther

020

Cle

fting

Fron

ting

In s

ituLD

/RD

Pmov

Neu

tral

or

der

Oth

e r

L* L

%L*

!H%

L+!H

* L-

L+H

* H

-L+

H*

L-O

ther

Con

tras

tive

focu

s, e

xam

ples

: C

atal

an

Cat

alan

LD/R

D

Cat

alan

No,

Sno

w.W

hite

, wit

hout

per

mis

sion

, CL.

LOC

PA

ST.3

.Sg

sel

lTH

EA

PP

LES.

‘No,

Sno

w W

hite

bro

ught

TH

EA

PP

LES

wit

hout

per

mis

sion

’.

L* L

%

Cle

fting

No,

itw

asT

HE

CA

Rth

atPA

ST.3

.Sg

take

out(

of th

eg

arag

e) M

aria

wit

hout

pro

ble

ms

of s

pac

e‘N

o, it

was

TH

EC

AR

wha

tMar

ia ta

keou

t(of

the

gar

age)

wit

hout

pro

ble

ms

of s

pac

e’.

L+(¡

)H*

L%

Con

tras

tive

focu

s, e

xam

ples

: S

pan

ish

Span

ish

Cle

fting

Cle

fting

Span

ish

No,

itw

asth

esa

ilor

from

Gib

ralt

arw

hoPA

ST.S

gg

ive

the

lett

erto

the

old

man

.‘N

o, it

was

the

sail

orfr

omG

ibra

ltar

who

gav

e th

ele

tter

to th

eol

dm

an’.

L+H

* H

-

Fron

ting

No,

the

lett

erPA

ST.3

.Sg

wri

teth

esa

ilor

in th

eb

alko

nyof

his

hous

e.‘N

o, th

esa

ilor

wro

teth

ele

tter

in th

eb

alko

nyof

his

hous

e’.

L+(¡

)H*

L-

19/12/20

12 10

Su

mm

ary

1

Broa

dfo

cus:

It

is c

hara

cter

ized

byne

utra

l wor

dor

der

and

low

into

natio

nal

patt

erns

in b

oth

lang

uage

spa

tter

nsin

bot

hla

ngua

ges.

In

form

atio

nfo

cus:

Pr

efer

ence

for

LD/R

D a

nd fr

ontin

gin

Cat

alan

; Sp

anis

hsp

eake

rs p

rodu

cene

utra

l wor

dor

der

and

pmov

. Bo

thla

ngua

ges

mos

tlyus

efa

lling

cont

ours

.

C

ontr

astiv

efo

cus:

LD

/RD

> c

lefti

ng>

fron

ting

for

Cat

alan

; cle

fting

> fr

ontin

g>

focu

s in

situ

for

Span

ish.

As

for

into

natio

n, b

oth

risi

ngor

em

phat

icfa

lling

cont

ours

are

used

.

Res

ult

s: E

ffect

of L

engt

han

d E

mbe

dedd

nes

son

Wor

d O

rder

Effe

ctof

Len

gth

and

Em

bede

ddn

ess

onW

ord

Ord

er

Leng

than

d fo

cuse

dS

at

the

righ

ted

geof

the

sent

ence

:

Em

bede

ddne

ssan

d fr

ontin

gof

C2:

sent

ence

:

0510152025

shor

t

long

051015202530354045

argu

men

t

adju

nct

IFC

FIF

CF

Cat

alan

Span

ish

IFC

FIF

CF

Cat

alan

Span

ish

Su

mm

ary

2

Ef

fect

of L

engt

hon

ly in

Spa

nish

info

rmat

ion

focu

s: m

ore

f

bjt

t th

iht

titi

f th

case

s of

sub

ject

sat

the

righ

t-m

ost

posi

tion

of t

hese

nten

ces

whe

nit

is p

roso

dica

llyhe

avie

rth

anth

eob

ject

s.

U

nexp

ecte

def

fect

of E

mbe

dedd

nes

only

in S

pani

sh:

argu

men

ts a

refr

onte

dm

ore

freq

uent

lyth

anad

junc

ts.

19/12/20

12 11

Res

ult

s: O

ccu

rren

ceof

po

stve

rbal

S (o

rder

VO

S)

Occ

urr

ence

of p

ostv

erba

l S (o

rder

VO

S)

In

form

atio

nfo

cus

in C

atal

anan

d Sp

anis

h

Cat

alan

: ten

denc

yto

the

post

verb

al p

lace

men

tof

the

focu

sed

subj

ect

onl y

whe

nth

eob

ject

isre

aliz

edas

a c

litic

(as

in A

rgen

tinia

nSp

anis

hor

yj

(g

pIta

lian)

.

Span

ish:

VO

S is

nots

olel

yre

stra

ined

toth

ere

aliz

atio

nof

the

obje

cts.

25303540

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fting

Fron

ting

05101520

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alan

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ish

LD/R

D

Pmov

Dis

cuss

ion

and

con

clu

sion

s 1

A

s fo

r th

esy

ntac

tican

d ph

onol

ogic

alst

rate

gies

of fo

cus-

mar

king

in C

atal

an a

nd S

pani

shas

wel

las

the

inte

rpla

ybe

twee

nth

em:

H1:

BF ≠

IF, C

F as

for

pros

odic

and

synt

actic

mar

king

BF

is c

hara

cter

ized

byne

utra

l wor

dor

der

whi

leot

her

stra

tegi

esar

eus

edin

IF a

nd C

F.

BF a

nd IF

sha

reth

efa

lling

into

natio

nalp

atte

rn.

H2:

IF

≠ C

F as

for

synt

actic

mar

king

W

hat

dist

ingu

ishe

sIF

from

CF

is in

tona

tion:

pre

fere

nce

for

falli

ngco

ntou

rs

Wha

tdi

stin

guis

hes

IF fr

omC

F is

into

natio

n: p

refe

renc

efo

r fa

lling

cont

ours

for

IF, r

isin

gan

d em

phat

icfa

lling

cont

ours

for

CF

(Effo

rtC

ode:

G

usse

nhov

en20

02).

Dis

cuss

ion

and

con

clu

sion

s 2

H3:

CAT

≠ S

P as

for

synt

actic

mar

king

of IF

and

CF

C

AT e

xhib

its a

mor

eex

tens

ive

use

of t

hese

nten

tiall

eft

peri

pher

y(a

co

ntra

stiv

ein

terp

reta

tion

of t

hefo

cuse

dco

nstit

uent

is n

otne

cess

ary

in

rder

t b

e fr

nted

) SP

add

st

the

rf l

ana

esf

r hi

chc

ntra

st

orde

rto

be

fron

ted)

. SP

adds

to t

hegr

oup

of la

ngua

ges

for

whi

chco

ntra

st

repr

esen

tsan

esse

ntia

lreq

uire

men

tfo

r fo

cus

fron

ting

(Riz

zi19

97,

Fras

care

lli20

00, B

elle

tti 2

004,

for

Italia

n; M

otap

anya

ne19

98, A

lboi

u20

02,

for

Rom

ania

n; Q

uer

2002

for

Cen

tral

Cat

alan

).

O

ther

Italo

rom

ance

lang

uage

ssu

chas

Sar

dini

anor

Sic

ilian

perm

itfo

cus

fron

ting

in IF

(C

rusc

hina

2011

):

Sard

inia

n: C

ustu

libru

appo

less

u‘I

read

this

book

’ (Jo

nes

1988

).S

l A

f‘I

h f

’ (R

hlf

1969

)

Sici

lian:

A fr

evia

ju‘I

have

a fe

ver’

(R

ohlfs

1969

).

Ty

polo

gica

lim

plic

atio

ns: W

hydo

Rom

ance

lang

uage

sdi

ffer

as t

o th

epl

acem

ent

of t

hefo

cus

and

the

poss

ible

spe

cial

mea

ning

sas

soci

ated

with

it?

19/12/20

12 12

Dis

cuss

ion

and

con

clu

sion

s 3

R

egar

ding

the

effe

ctof

Leng

thof

the

cons

titue

nts

and

Embe

dedd

nes

onth

ew

ord

orde

rEm

bede

ddne

son

the

wor

dor

der.

H4:

Leng

htw

illaf

fect

the

posi

tion

ofth

eS

T

here

isan

effe

ctof

Leng

thon

wor

dor

der

only

for

Span

ish

IFan

dan

unex

pect

edef

fect

ofEm

bede

ddne

ssfo

rSp

anis

hto

o.

Two

PWs

are

not

suffi

cien

tto

disp

lay

Leng

thef

fect

s

Mor

eda

tash

ould

bean

alyz

ed.

W

ithre

spec

tto

the

occu

rren

ceof

post

verb

alS

(VO

Sor

der)

:H5:

Post

verb

alsu

bjec

tw

illbe

mar

gina

lin

Cat

alan

and

depe

nden

ton

the

real

izat

inof

the

O

T

here

aliz

atio

nof

the

obje

ctas

acl

itic

isob

ligat

ory

inC

atal

anbu

tno

tin

Span

ish

soth

atth

eS

can

bein

post

verb

allo

catio

n.

Furt

her

rese

arch

Fo

cus

fron

ting

in (

Bale

aric

) Cat

alan

H

owca

n w

eac

coun

tfor

the

synt

actic

and

inte

rpre

tativ

epr

oper

ties

of

FF in

the

sela

ngua

ges?

gg

W

hatd

eter

min

es t

hatF

F is

so

com

mon

in s

ome

lang

uage

san

din

ot

hers

itis

so

rare

?

How

is N

ucle

ar S

tres

sR

ule

assi

gned

? Whi

chis

the

role

of p

itch

acce

nt c

hoic

ein

the

mea

ning

asso

ciat

edto

the

diffe

rent

type

sof

FF?

Ea

rly

acqu

isiti

onof

focu

s m

arki

ng

Man

yth

anks

to...

A

ll of

you

for

your

atte

ntio

n.

To

Olg

a Fe

rnán

dez-

Sori

ano

for

help

with

the

desi

gnof

the

expe

rim

ent

and

the

inte

rpre

tatio

nof

the

data

.p

T

hepa

rtic

ipan

ts:

C

atal

an (M

allo

rca)

: Mag

dale

na C

apel

là, F

ranc

ina

Cre

spí,

Fran

cesc

Fel

ipe,

Esp

eran

ça M

ateu

, Ja

ume

Mon

real

, Tom

eu P

uigs

erve

r, M

ar R

icor

d.

Span

ish

(Mad

rid)

: M

aría

Álv

arez

, Mar

gari

ta Je

róni

mo,

Silv

ia S

erra

no a

ndBe

atri

z Tej

ero.

A

lba

Cha

cón,

the

rear

eno

tm

any

narr

ator

slik

ehe

r!

C

it

hG

bi

l f h

l

ithth

thd

l

Cri

stop

hG

abri

el fo

r he

lp w

ithth

em

etho

dolo

gy.

Si

lvio

Cru

schi

nafo

r th

em

ater

ial a

bout

focu

s fr

ontin

gin

Sar

dini

anan

d Si

cilia

n.

A

nna

Bart

ra, L

aia

May

ol, a

nd G

rEP

and

SIN

TEC

OM

gro

ups

for

very

help

ful

com

men

tson

a fi

rst

vers

ion

of t

his

pres

enta

tion.

Ref

eren

ces

A

lboi

u, G

abri

ela

(200

2). T

he

Feat

ures

of M

ovem

ent i

n Ro

man

ian

. Buc

hare

st, R

oman

ia: U

nive

rsity

of B

ucha

rest

Pres

s.

Bo

rràs

-Com

es, J

oan,

Mar

ia d

el M

ar V

anre

ll&

Pila

r Pr

ieto

. The

role

of p

itch

rang

ein

est

ablis

hing

into

natio

nalc

ontr

asts

. Man

uscr

ipt.

Be

llett

i, A

dria

na. 2

004.

Asp

ects

of t

he lo

w IP

are

a. In

Th

e St

ruct

ure

of IP

and

CP.

Th

e Ca

rtogr

aphy

of S

ynta

ctic

Stru

ctur

es, V

ol. 2

, Lu

igi R

izzi

(Ed.

), 16

–51.

Oxf

ord/

New

Yor

k: O

xfor

d U

nive

rsity

Pres

s.

C

osta

, Joa

o. 2

001.

Mar

ked

vers

us u

nmar

ked

inve

rsio

nan

dop

timal

ityth

eory

. In

Subj

ect

Inve

rsio

nan

dth

eT

heor

yof

Uni

vers

al G

ram

mar

, AA

fke

C. H

ulk

& A

jean

-Yve

sPo

llock

(eds

.), 9

1-10

6. O

xfor

d: O

UP.

C

rusc

hina

, Silv

io. 2

011.

Foc

aliz

atio

nan

dW

ord

Ord

erin

Old

Italo

-Rom

ance

. Cat

alan

Jour

nalo

f Lin

guis

tics

10, 9

2-13

5.

de

la M

ota,

Car

me.

199

5. L

a re

pres

enta

ción

gram

atic

al d

e la

info

rmac

ión

nuev

aen

el d

iscu

rso.

Ph.

D. d

isse

rtat

ion,

Uni

vers

itat

Aut

ònom

a de

Bar

celo

na.

D

emon

te, V

iole

ta. 1

994.

Teo

ría

Sint

áctic

a: d

e la

s es

truc

tura

sa

la r

ecci

ón. M

adri

d: S

ínte

sis.

D

omín

guez

, Lau

ra. 2

002.

Ana

lyzi

ngU

nam

bigu

ous

Nar

row

Focu

s in

Cat

alan

. In

Tan

ia Io

nin,

Hee

jeon

gK

o&

And

rew

Nev

ins

(eds

.), T

hePr

ocee

ding

sof

the

Seco

ndH

umit

Con

fere

nce,

17-

34.

Mas

sach

uset

tsIn

stitu

teof

Tec

hnol

ogy

Wor

king

Pape

rs in

Lin

guis

tics

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D

omín

guez

, Lau

ra. T

heEf

fect

sof

Pho

nolo

gica

lCue

s in

on

the

Synt

axof

Foc

us C

onst

ruct

ions

in S

pani

sh. I

n: B

OK

-BEN

NEM

A, R

eine

ke; H

OLL

EBR

AN

DSE

, Bar

t; K

AM

PER

S-M

AN

HE,

Br

igitt

e; S

LEEM

AN

, Pet

ra. R

oman

ceLa

ngua

ges

and

Ling

uist

icT

heor

y20

02. A

mst

erda

m: B

enja

min

s, 2

004.

Es

teba

s, E

va, P

riet

o, P

ilar.

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9. L

a no

taci

ónpr

osód

ica

en e

spañ

ol. U

na r

evis

ión

del S

p_To

BI. E

stud

ios

de F

onét

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Expe

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I, 26

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Es

teba

s-V

ilapl

ana,

Eva

. 200

0. T

heus

ean

dre

alis

atio

nof

acc

entu

al fo

cus

in C

entr

al C

atal

an w

itha

com

pari

son

to E

nglis

h. P

h.D

. dis

sert

atio

n, U

nive

rsity

Col

lege

Lond

on.

Fa

ce, T

imot

hy L

. 200

1. F

ocus

and

earl

ype

akal

ignm

ent

in S

pani

shin

tona

tion.

Pro

bus

13, 2

23-4

6.

Fa

ce, T

imot

hy L

. 200

2. L

ocal

into

natio

nalm

arki

ngof

Spa

nish

cont

rast

ive

focu

s. P

robu

s14

,71-

92.

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rnán

dez

–Sor

iano

, Olg

a. 1

993.

Sob

re e

l ord

en d

e pa

labr

as e

n es

paño

l. D

icen

da. C

uade

rnos

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logí

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ispá

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, 11,

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.

Fr

asca

relli

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Th

e Sy

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nolo

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us a

nd T

opic

Cons

truct

ions

in It

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ordr

echt

, Th

e N

ethe

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Acc

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Subj

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pani

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ompa

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Clo

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Arg

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Port

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DO

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Pros

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Fok

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Span

nung

sfel

dvo

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ta V

irtu

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e Es

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utié

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ocus

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AM

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19/12/20

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sé Ig

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ngua

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TSH

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Car

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AM

PS, J

oaqu

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oman

cePh

onol

ogy

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mst

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