erovnulerovnul- ---ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ... · meore msoflio omi, sadac saqarTvelodan 700 aTasamde meomari gaiwvies, romelTa naxevari Sin aRar dabrunebula. omis periodSi saqarTveloSi

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SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

HganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti

istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnologiis departamenti

…

daviT ecadeiSvili

erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

XX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSiXX saukunis II naxevarSi

(istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad)

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwio universitetis

asocirebuli profesori o. gogoliSvili

BbaTumi – 2012

2

Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:Sinaarsi:

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

0.1. Temis aqtualoba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

0.2. miznebi da amocanebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11

0.3. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizacia -----13

0.4. wyaroebis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14

0.5. istoriografia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli:Tavi pirveli: erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTanganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveebTan -------- 22222222

$ 1. sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi 1921-1923 wlebSi,

aneqsia, pirveli ajanyebebi svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi -------------------------22

$ 2. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. gadamwyveti brZola dakarguli

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27

$ 3. politikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi 1930-ian wlebSi. represiebi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdeg ------------------------------ 30

Tavi meore: Tavi meore: Tavi meore: Tavi meore: erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZineba ---------------------------------------- 33333333

$ 1. saerTaSoriso viTareba meore msoflio omis Semdeg ----------------------- 33

$ 2. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSi ----------------------- 35

2.1. tragediis winapirobebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

2.2. sazogadoebriv-politikuri mimarTulebebi 1956 wlis martis

movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli) ------------------------------------------------- 39

2.3. 1956 wlis martis movlenebis qronologia ----------------------------------------- 43

2.4. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi ---------------------------------------------- 55

Tavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnulTavi mesame: erovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveZraoba saqarTveloSi XX loSi XX loSi XX loSi XX

saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ saukunis 60 _ 80808080----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58585858

$ 1. pirveli disidenturi dajgufebebi ----------------------------------------------------- 58

$ 2. zviad gamsaxurdias da merab kostavas jgufebi ------------------------------- 69

$ 3. 1978 wlis 14 aprili. brZola deda-enis SenarCunebisaTvis -------------- 76

Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: Tavi meoTxe: sabsabsabsabWoTWoTWoTWoTa kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da a kavSiris erozia da erovnul_erovnul_erovnul_erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobamoZraobamoZraobamoZraoba 1980198019801980----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81818181

$ 1. qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis

saqmeSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81

$ 2.qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis gadasarCenad 85

$ 3. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi-- 88

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$ 4. 1989 wlis 9 aprili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 107

$ 5. pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi da erovnul–

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjveba ---------------------- 130

$ 6. 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgena ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133

daskvna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura ---------------------------------------------------- 140

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SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos faqtobrivi

aneqsia ganaxorciela. axalma xelisuflebam pirvelive dReebidan gamo-

amJRavna Tavisi policiuri saxe. qveyanaSi daiwyo sastiki represiebis

gatareba. istoriulad mravalWirgadatanil qarTvelebsac ki aocebdaT

is arnaxuli Zarcva-gleja da egzekuciebi, romelsac, viTomda adgi-

lobrivi xelisuflebis TxovniT, qveyanaSi darCenili saokupacio jaris

warmomadgenlebi axorcielebdnen. qarTuli mosaxleoba arasodes

Serigebia qveynis aneqsias da diqtatoruli reJimis damyarebas. 1924 wlis

ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, inteligenciis saukeTeso nawili gulSi

iklavda tkivils da Tavisi ganwyobis SeniRbuli saxiT gamomJRavnebas

cdilobda. bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebulma eniT auwerelma Zal-

adobam da represiebma 12000 adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, romelTa umr-

avlesoba eris saukuTeso Svilebs warmoadgendnen. amasobaSi moaxlovda

meore msoflio omi, sadac saqarTvelodan 700 aTasamde meomari gaiwvies,

romelTa naxevari Sin aRar dabrunebula. omis periodSi saqarTveloSi

moqmedebda aralegaluri organizacia, romelic Tvlida, rom gareSe

Zalis dauxmareblad saqarTvelo erovnul suverenitets ver aRidgenda.

es ukanaskneli Seecada arsebuli viTareba gamoeyenebina da ajanyebis

mowyoba daapira, magram sabWour uSiSroebas maTi ganzraxva ar

gamoparvia da organizatorebi sastikad daisajnen.

saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi

me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 1953 wels, stalinis

gardacvalebis Semdeg aSkarad gamoCnda ,,demokratiis” gamococxlebis

niSnebi, magram rusuli imperiisaTvis demokratia pirobiTi mcnebad

rCeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi erovnul sakiTxze ar vrceldeba, rac kidev

erTxel daadastura 1956 wlis 9 martis saSinelma sisxlisRvram. 9

martma saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axal

etaps daudo safuZveli. amis Semdegac saqarTveloSi antiimperiuli

erovnuli moZraoba ar Sewyvetila. cxadia, igi aralegalurad, iatakqve-

SeTSi xorcieldeboda da xan erT da xan meore adgils iCenda Tavs da

5

aralegaluri stambebis, antikomunisturi gamocemebis, proklamaciebis

Tu mcirericxovani organizaciebis Seqmnis saxiT.

mowinave qarTvel inteligencias sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis

manZilze erovnuli brZola ar Seuwyvetia. qveyanaSi gamefebuli

umkacresi teroris viTarebaSi, misi mTavari sazrunavi eris materialur-

kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCena da dacva gaxda. amasTan erTad, igi

mecnierul Tu mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi meTodurad aRvivebda erovnul

TviTSegnebas, nergavda erovnuli siamayis grZnobas, amaRlebda erovnul

suls, aviTarebda qarTul enas, literaturas, istorias... momdevno

xanaSi es xazi grZeldeboda da axal simaRleze adioda. axalgazrdobis

patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrda, masSi erovnuli siamayis grZnobis

ganmtkiceba, misi moraluri Tu sulieri gajansaReba, saZulveli

imperiuli reJimis mankierebaTa mxileba da mis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis

niadagis momzadeba Seadgenda XX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli int-

eligenciis mTavar sazrunavs.

disidentad iwodeba pirovneba, romelic uars ambobs da ar

iziarebs saxelmwifoSi gabatonebul ideologias. disidentoba

aRiarebda reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis gzas, misi ZiriTadi iaraRi iyo

sabWoTa xelisuflebis makomprometirebeli, antixalxuri xasiaTis

mamxilebeli masalebis Sekreba da sazRvargareT gadacema, razec maSin

xalisiT nadirobdnen dasavleTis sainformacio samsaxurebi ((((mWemWemWemWedluri dluri dluri dluri

1995:1995:1995:1995:22)22)22)22)....

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa aRiareba ar niSnavda

brZolas mxolod sityvis, presis, mitingis, informaciis mopovebisa da

gavrcelebisaTvis. Tu ufro realurad SevxedavT sakiTxs, es iyo

zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa aRiareba, rac TavisTavad dasavluri

cxovrebis wess gulisxmobda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi upirispirdeboda

marqsizm-leninizmis idealebs. amdenad, dasavleTisaTvis disidentebi

warmoadgendnen idealur mokavSires. meore mxriv, dasavleTis farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac sabWoTa satusaRos ubralo aRwerac ki

SokSi agdebda, aseT urCxulTan mebrZoli adamianebi heroikul-

romantikuri gmiris saburvelSi iyvnen gaxveulni (Zab(Zab(Zab(ZabiraZe iraZe iraZe iraZe 2007:2007:2007:2007:28)28)28)28)....

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disidentebi gamudmebul devnas ganicdidnen, magaram mainc

agrovebdnen informacias, avrcelebdnen antisabWour literaturas.

xSirad maT sazRvargareT aZevebdnen an TviTon midiodnen emigraciaSi,

Tumca es ,,bedniereba” ufro metad inteligenciis wreebidan gamosul,

ukve saxelmoxveWil disidentebs xvdebodaT wilad, sazogadoebisTvis

ucnob mowinaaRmdegeebs ki ,,Cumad” iWerdnen da xangrZlivi droiT

aTavsebdnen sapyrobileebsa da fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi.

sxvadasxva sabWoTa respublikebSi moRvawe disidentebs SesaZloa,

survili hqondaT dasavleTisTvis SeeCivlaT erovnuli siduxWirisa da

monobis Sesaxeb, magram ,,kapitalis samyaro” sul bolo dromde aSkarad

Tvals aridebda an ar cnobda erovnul problemebs da ZiriTadad

marqsistul-leninur moZRvrebaze aRmocenebul, socializmad wodebul

simaxinjes ebrZoda, romlis samxedro potenciali da militaristuli

gatacebebi didi safrTxis winaSe ayenebda danarCen qveynierebas da,

pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebul dasavleTs. amitom, dasavleTis

sainformacio samsaxurebma sabWoTa sistemas samarTlebrivi

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze susti wertili mounaxes da adamianTa uflebebis

sistematuri darRvevebis gamo gaumarTes brZola. sabWoTa disidentebis

moZraobac am mimarTulebiT warimarTa. isini eZebdnen, agrovebdnen da

gadascemdnen masalebs sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianTa uflebebis darRvevis

Sesaxeb. es saqmianoba, did xifaTTan, TvalTvalTan, konspiraciasTan,

mudmiv sifrTxilesTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

disidenturi moZraoba avtoritarul reJimTan dapirispirebis

mSvidobiani forma iyo. igi arsebuli reJimis demokratizacias

eswrafoda da miznad ar isaxavda sabWoTa wyobilebis ucilobel

damxobas.

disidentebs ar gaaCndaT raime Camoyalibebuli politikuri

programa, amitom, roca maTi dro dadga, sruliad umweoni aRmoCndnen,

mxolod Tavisi SiSveli avtoritetis amara darCnen.

disidentur moZraobas arc mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli erovnuli

xasiaTi hqonda da imperiis centrebSi igi martooden adamianTa

uflebebis darRvevebs amxelda, magram erovnul respublikebSi adamianTa

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uflebebs erovnuli uflebebic emateboda da Sesabamisad, moZraobasac

ufro myari safuZveli gaaCnda.

termini ,,disidenti”, anu ,,sxvagvarad moazrovne”, SedarebiT gvian

70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda da damkvidrda.

erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis

gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, misi ZiriTadi birTvi swored yofili

politpatimrebi iyvnen.

erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba cxaddeboda eris moZRvar

ilia WavWavaZis mier XIX s. 60_ian wlebSi wamowyebuli moZraobis

uSualo gagrZelebad (surgulaZe(surgulaZe(surgulaZe(surgulaZe 1990:1990:1990:1990:301301301301----302).302).302).302).

da mainc, vin iyvnen disidentebi? rogor aRiqvamdnen maT

saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi da bolos, rogor aRiqvamdnen isini

sakuTar Tavs?!

qarTuli disidenturi moZraoba, rogorc zogadi problematikiT,

aseve obieqturi pirobebis gamo, sabWoTaA kavSirSi arsebuli

disidenturi moZraobis nawils warmoadgenda, rac aramc da aramc ar

niSnavs imas, rom qarTveli disidentebis yuradRebis sagani ssrk-Si

arsebuli zogadi problemebi yofiliyos. ufro xSirad ZiriTadad

xdeboda qarTuli erovnuli problematikis ganzogadeba. sawyis etapze,

aucilebeli urTierTobis damyarebis Semdeg, isini ssrk-Si Semotanili

akrZaluli literarturis gavrcelebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, rac

konspiraciis aralegaluri muSaobis codnas moiTxovda. amas garkveuli,

Tundac bavSvuri gamocdileba ki maT 1956 wels dawyebuli aralegaluri

saqmianobidan ,,gaaCndaT”, Tumca disidentur moZraobas ori kaci – merab

kostava da zviad gamsaxurdia SemorCa, danarCenebma sxva gza da sxva

saSualebebi moZebnes sakuTari potencialis realizaciisTvis. Semdeg

gamoCnda TviTgamocemis Jurnali ,,oqros sawmisi”, romelic, marTalia,

Sinaarsobrivad ufro literaturuli iyo, vidre politikuri, magram

etapobrivi mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac masSi farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi qarTvel klasikosTa Txzulebebi

qveyndeboda, paralelurad ibeWdeboda Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTa

is nawarmoebebi, romlebic cenzuram ama Tu im mizezis gamo ar gauSva

(zogierTi maTgani SemdgomSi ityvis, rom ar icoda, zviad gamsaxurdia

8

TviTgamocemis JurnalSi Tu apirebda misi naSromis gamoqveynebas, magram

amas mniSvneloba aRar eqneba), naxevarsaukunovani intervalis Semdeg es

pirveli Tavisufali beWdviTi organo iyo. rogoric unda yofiliyo

Jurnalis Sinaarsi, xelisuflebas mainc ar SeeZlo am precedentis

daSveba, radgan didi gamWvirvaloba ar sWirdeboda imis mixvedras, rom,

Tu am faqts Surigdeboda, maleve gamovidoda iseTi Jurnali, romlis

Sinaarsic absolirturad miuRebeli aRmoCndeboda. principSi asec moxda

- ,,oqros sawmisi” ,,saqarTvelos moambem” Secvala, rasac logikuri

Sedegi – disidentebis represireba mohyva.

disidentTa moRvaweoba maTi represiebis gamo arc Tu ise didi xniT

iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erTgvari aforiaqebis da aqtivobis

sagani. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom erTia sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ama

Tu im movlenis, procesis mimarT da meore ufro mniSvnelovani – is

garemo, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri, romelSic es procesi

mimdinareobs, amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebriv –

politikuri situaciis gaazreba uSualod win, rom uswrebda

saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis dawyebas. miT umetes, Tu

gaviTavliswinebT, rom im periodSi dawyebulma sazogadoebrivi

cnobierebis formirebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra, rogorc 90-iani

wlebis movlenebi, aseve Cveni qveynis dRevandeli socialur-ekonomikuri

da politikuri mdgomareobac

disidenturi moZraoba saqarTveloSi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda.

pirvel etapze misi warmomadgenlebi rasac eyrdnobodnen, es iyo

simarTle, zneobrivi siwminde da zogierT maTgans misTvis arasodes

uRalatia. Tumca, SemdgomSi orientirebi Seicvala, xelisuflebam SeZlo

disidenturi moZraobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tavisi dinebiT

waeyvana da marTvadi gaexada.

niSandoblivia is faqti, rom qarTul disidentur moZraobaSi ar

Cabmula arcerTi didi mwerali, mecnieri Tu xelovani. inteligenciis

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi ganeridnen xelisuflebasTan

dapirispirebas. yovelive aman imoqmeda moZraobis xasiaTze, amitom igi

naklebad gawonasworebuli gaxda. qarTulma sazogadoebam ver

gaicnobiera disidenturi moZraobis SesaZlebloba.

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saqarTveloSi aqtiuri disidenturi moZraoba sul ramodenime

kacianma jgufma daiwyo, Tanac sakmaod mogvianebiT. sazogadoebam ver

daianaxa rom disidenturi moZraoba ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo droebiTi

movlena da adamianis uflebebis dacva ar iyo mcirericxovan moRvaweTa

axireba. igi farTod ar gaSlila saqarTveloSi, mas ar hqonia mZlavri

Senakadebi, romlebic gaaneitralebdnen da gaawonasworebdnen mis

dinebas. disidentTa mcirericxovani jgufi erT mxares idga,

sazogadoeba _ meore mxares. ZalTa aseTma ganlagebam cudi samsaxuri

gauwia TviT disidentur moZraobas. mis monawileebs Camouyaliba

sakuTari ganumeoreblobis kompleqsi, ramac Semdgom mTeli moZraobis

ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. es qarTuli sazogadoebis didi

Secdoma iyo, romlis Sedegebma mogvianebiT aSkarad iCina Tavi.

disidenturi moZraobis TvalsaCino lideris zviad gamsaxurdias

SefasebiT: ,,maTi (disidentebis _ d.e.) moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi uryevia

iseve, rogorc maTi gadawyvetileba sakuTari Tavis msxverplad gaRebisa

kacobriobis sakurTxevelze. amiT isini ufro Zveli epoqis moZRvrebsa

da wmindanebs gvanan, vidre me-19 saukunis gaorebul geniosebs. e. w.

disidenturi moZraoba dRevandel sabWoeTSi am didi adamianebis (jon

braunisa, martin luTer kingisa, albert Svaicerisa, ambrosi xelaiasi

da sxvaTa) kvals misdevs. disidentebma airCies pirveli mxare dilemisa,

magram ara erTnairi warmatebiTa da gabedulobiT. uTuod es aris

mizezi imisa, rom maT Sorisac aris doneebi msxverplis gaRebisa,

WeSmariti gzis arCevisa, am gzaze gambedaobisa Tu SorsmWvretelobisa.

igive gaxlavT mizezi maT Soris paeqrobisa da zogjer SuRlisa.

saxarebis formulis mixedviT rom vTqvaT, raoden viwroa gza

xsnisa da raoden farToa gza warwymedisa da gadagvarebisa. igive

gaxlavT mizezi sabWoTa kavSirSi disidentTa mcirericxovnobisa,

romelic xelze aqvT daxveuli WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis maradiul

mtrebs, romelnic niadag gahyvirian: ,,SexeT am erT muWa grovas,

gzaabneuli da xalxs mowyvetili adamianebisas! nuTu isini gamoxataven

mravalmilioniani masebis nebas? nuTu maT gaaCniaT ufleba ilaparakon

xalxis saxeliT? xalxisa, romelmac arc ki uwyis maTi arseboba, maTi

fiqrebi da mizan-zraxvani?”

10

diax, diax, megobrebo, bneleTis mociqulTa mravalricxovano

legionebo, istoriaSi mudam mcireni iyvnen umaRlesi sikeTisa da

WeSmaritebisaTvis Tavdadebulni, magram maTi sulieri Zala da

SemarTeba marad sZlevda mravalricxovanebis wyvdiads!” ((((gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia

1999:1999:1999:1999:16161616----17)17)17)17)

gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, naSromis mizania warmoaCinos meoce

saukunis meore naxevarSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

dRemde ucnobi mxareebi, Seiswavlos is vnebaTaRelva da peripetiebi,

romlebic Tan axlda am moZraobas, gaanalizos brZolisa da daumorCi-

leblobis is meTodebi da formebi, romelic am moZraobisaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli.

0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1. Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba.Temis aqtualoba. saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis istoriis Seswavla mudam aqtualuri iyo. sabWoTa

istoriografia am problemas Segnebulad uvlida gverds. isini am

moZraobas afasebdnen, rogorc antisazogadoebrivs da dasavleTis

specsamsaxurebis agenturuli saqmianobis Sedegs, qarTveli xalxis

erovnuli interesebis saziano movlenas. ase fasdeboda svaneTis 1921-1923

wlebis, xevsureTis 1922 wlis, 1924 wlis saxalxo ajanyebebi da

gamosvlebi. marTalia 20-iani wlebis Semdeg pirdapiri dapirispireba

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT saqarTveloSi aRar iyo, magram

aralegaluri erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rogorc

dasavleTSi emigrirebul qarTvel emigrantebs Soris, ise saqarTveloSi

darCenili patriotebis saqmianobaSi, mainc SeimCneoda da mas Tavisi

istoria aqvs.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gansakuTrebiT axali ZaliT

gaCaRda XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis Semdeg. marTalia, pirdapiri

brZolebi sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg ar yofila, magram qarTuli

inteligenciis erT jgufSi ukve momwifebuli iyo azri erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aralegaluri formebis saSualebiT

qarTuli erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaZlierebiT Seamzadon pirobebi

mZlavri erovnuli moZraobisaTvis. es damokidebleba aSkarad ikveTeba

qarTul literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, mecnierebaSi (saistorio mecniereba,

filosofia da a.S).

11

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi _ dekolonizacia, dasavleT

evropaSi 60-70-ian wlebSi demokratiuli sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba,

adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis fundamenturi principebis

realizacia, iwvevs sabWoTa kavSirSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis gaRrmavebas. iqmneba pirveli aralegaluri sazogadoebebi.

axalgazrdobis erT jgufSi gaZlierda nihilizmi (mag. z. gamsaxurdias, m.

kostavas da sxvaTa aralegaluri jgufebi). helsinkis procesebi naTlad

uCvenebs saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

aRmavlobas.

es procesebi udavod sainteresoa da misi Seswavla qarTuli

istoriografiis gadaudebeli amocanaa.

dRes es Tema metad aqtualuria. XX saukunis meore naxevris

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoria-Cveni samSoblos

sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis logikuri istoriuli procesia.

istoria ki erTiania – misi gagebaa saWiro da ara gasamarTleba. istoria

mudam politikaze maRla dgas. is eris koleqtiuri mexsierebaa da misi

arc erTi furcela ar unda daikargos, arc erTi movlena Sefasebis

gareSe ar unda darCes. dRes ki es procesebi metad sainteresoa, radgan

dRevandeli socialur-politikuri procesebis wanamZRvrebi uaxlesi ist-

oriis siRrmeebSia saZiebeli. amitom XX saukunis II naxevarSi

saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gamorCe-

ul mecnierul interess iwvevs.

0.20.20.20.2. . . . kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. winamdebare sakvalifikacio

naSromis mizania Tanamedrove istoriuli mecnierebis moTxovnaTa

Sesabamisad xelmisawvdomi dokumenturi masalebis obieqturi analizisa

da urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze axsnas erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis II naxevarSi, masSi dafiqsirebuli

radikaluri xasiaTis cvlilebebi, misi realizebis meTodebi da

saSualebebi. naCvenebia saqarTveloSi social-politikuri

urTierTobebis xasiaTi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, aseve qarTveli

xalxis kulturuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, gamokveTilia is

obieqturi faqtorebi, ramac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

aRmavloba ganapiroba. aseve miznad isaxavs warmoaCinos meoce saukunis

12

meore naxevarSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dRemde ucnobi

mxareebi, Seiswavlos is vnebaTaRelva da peripetiebi, romlebic Tan

axlda am moZraobas, gaanalizos brZolisa da daumorCileblobis is

meTodebi da formebi, romelic iyo damaxasiaTebeli am moZraobisaTvis.

Sefasebulia sabWoTa kavSiris adgili da roli XX saukunis 50-80-

iani wlebis msoflioSi, sabWoTa imperiaSi arsebuli seriozuli

ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis iersaxe da Taviseburebebi,

gamokveTilia msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis xasiaTi, ramac,

mniSvnelovnad uzrunvelyo msoflios erT-erTi zesaxelmwifos _

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena _

rasac isaxavda miznad erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.

13

0.3. 0.3. 0.3. 0.3. erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizaciaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis periodizacia

erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis

II naxevarSi SeiZleba daiyos periodebad: uwinares yovlisa,

periodizaciis kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT.... ra SeiZleba avirCioT

ZiriTad kriteriumad da erovnuli moZraobis procesis Sinagani etapebis

klasifikaciis sistemad? am sferoSi, vfiqrobT, ZiriTad orientirs

warmoadgens qarTuli erovnuli idea _ saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis idea. am ideis matarebeli

adamianebi Tu socialuri jgufebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos erovnuli

moZraobis subieqts. es subieqti, cxadia, iyo garkveuli erToba,

garkveuli erovnuli moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis mqone adamianTa

apolitikuri dasi. amasTan, es koleqtiuri da ierarqizebuli subieqti,

sabWoTa imperiaSi arsebuli krizisuli situaciebis perioduli

cvalebadobis kvalobaze, TviTonac icvleboda raodenobrivadac da

xarisxiTac, ganicdida evolucias. swored am evoluciis calkeuli

fazebis konteqstSia mizanSewonili erovnuli moZraobis etapobrivi

diferenciacia. maSasadame, erovnuli moZraobis subieqtis Sinagani

dinamika - ai, ra migvaCnia am uaRresad Rirebuli da progresuli

politikuri procesis periodizaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad, misi

imanenturi Tvisobriobisa da organizaciis formebis politologiuri

analizisaTvis mecnierul ~gasaRebad”.

XX saukunis II naxevris saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis pirveli

faza SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc disidentur-latenturi faza da

moeqces qronologiur CarCoebSi 50-iani wlebidan 1986 wlis CaTvliT. es

aris erovnuli moZraobis faqtobrivi genezisis, misi miznebisa da

orientaciebis formirebis sawyisi, Canasaxovani etapi. am etapze adgili

hqonda komunisturi diqtaturisa da marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis

sulieri batonobis viTarebaSi miZinebuli erovnuli TviTcnobierebis

aRdgenisaken miswrafebas, aseve dakarguli erovnuli

saxelmwifoebriobis restavraciis tendenciebis Camoyalibebas.

amdenad, erovnuli moZraobis disidentur-latenturi etapi misi

dabadebis, erovnuli ideis bavSvobisa da siWabukis xanaa. am etapze

14

moZraobis erTaderT subieqts warmoadgenen disidentebi _ erovnul-

patriotuli aralegaluri jgufebisa da organizaciebis qseli.

erovnuli moZraobis meore faza warmoadgens misi

institucionalizaciis, formalizaciis etaps da moicavs periods 1987-

1989ww. aprils Soris. es etapi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac mis

periodSi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis instituciuri

safuZvlebi, moxda ZiriTadi politikuri partiebisa da gaerTianebebis

organizaciuli struqturireba.

amave etapis meore mniSvnelovani momenti imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

TandaTanobiT, etapobrivad gamoikveTa erovnuli moZraobis masifikaciis

da am gziT misi subieqtis gafarToebis uaRresad pozitiuri tendencia.

daiwyo krebebis, Tavyrilobebis, manifestaciebisa da masobrivi

mitingebis organizaciis faza. ~mitinguri demokratiis” am etaps,

mmarTveli reJimis permanentul dezorganiazaciasTan erTad is

Rirebuleba hqonda, rom ganapirobebda erovnuli ideis masobriobas,

erovnuli moZraobis socialuri bazis gafarToebas da mis mier

kontrolirebadi saerTo-erovnuli sivrcis konsolidacias. am dros

erovnuli moZraobis liderebma SeZles eris farTo masebis darazmva

saerTo-erovnuli problemebis gadasaWrelad.

Semdgomi moklevadiani cikli erovnuli moZraobis istoriaSi aris

misi legalizaciis faza _ 1989 w. 9 aprili _ 1990w. 28 oqtomberi. am

etapze masze udidesi mastimulirebeli gavlena moaxdina 9 aprilis

tragediam, romelmac erTgvari wyalgamyofis roli Seasrula

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi.

erovnuli moZraobis Semdgomi etapi, romelic moicavs periods

1990w. 28 oqtombridan 1992w. 6 ianvramde, warmoadgens misi

legitimizaciis fazas. 1990w. 28 oqtombers gamarTuli pirveli

(saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg) pluralisturi saparlamento arCevnebi

erovnuli Zalebis sruli upiratesobiT dasrulda da ~mrgvali magidis”

blokma saparlamento mandatebis 62% miiRo (jojua(jojua(jojua(jojua 2003:6)2003:6)2003:6)2003:6)....

0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: w y a r o T m c o d n e o b a: naSromSi ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT

im saarqivo masalas, romelic daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi,

15

quTaisis centralur arqivSi da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis

mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba saarqivo sammarTveloSi.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iustriciis saministros mier

gamocemuli Jurnali ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, ,,saarqivo moambe”, romelSic saqarTelos iusticiis

saministros erovnul arqivSi daculi masalebis safuZvelze

mniSvnelovani statiebi ibeWdeba.

0.5. 0.5. 0.5. 0.5. i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a:i s t o r i o g r a f i a: saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

mopovebis Semdeg ganuzomlad gaizarda Cveni sazogadoebis interesi

uaxloesi warsulisadmi, rasac ramodenime faqti ganapirobebs. jer

erTi, komunisturi ideologiis marwuxebisagan gaTavisuflebam

SesaZlebeli gaxada uaxloesi warsulis obieqturi, miukerZoebeli

aRqma; meorec, ukanasknel wlebSi samecniero brunvaSi Semovida manamade

mkvlevarTaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli, mravali dokumenti da istoriuli

wyaro, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada axleburad gaveazrebina Cveni

uaxloesi istoria, dagvemsxvria wlobiT Camoyalibebuli stereotipebi,

Zireulad Segvecvala Cveni warmodgenebi istoriis mraval saWirboroto

sakiTxze.

erT ,,ferSi” istoriis srulyofilad aRqma SeuZlebelia. miT

umetes, es iTqmis uaRresad rTul, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse Cvens

uaxloes warsulze. Cvens istoriul memkvidreobaSi aris ara marto is,

risganac gadaWriT unda ganvTavisufldeT, aramed isic, ris gareSec

SeuZlebelia Cveni Semdgomi winsvla. swored, amitom, istoria unda

davinaxoT, ise, rogorc is aris sinamdvileSi da ara ise, rogoric Cven

gvinda rom iyos (bluaSvili(bluaSvili(bluaSvili(bluaSvili 2010:2010:2010:2010:371371371371----372)372)372)372)....

sakvlevi periodis Taobaze bevri daiwera. TiTqos movlenebis

Sefasebac arsebobs, magram, samwuxarod, bevri faqti jerac ucnobi da

Seuswavlelia. mTeli rigi dokumentebi, romelic xels Seuwyobda

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis srulyofil

warmoCenas, gabneulia, damaluli an saerTod, ganadgurebulia.

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs qarTuli disidenturi literaturac, Tu ar

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi givi maRularias romans ,,ukuqceva” – qarTuli

disidenturi mwerlobis erTaderT nimuSs. rostom CxeiZis ukanasknel

16

wlebSi gamocemul publikaciebs da zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab

kostavas TviTgamocemul Jurnalebsa da sxvadasxva proklamaciebs.

eWvi ar aris, momavalSi am xanmokle magram rTul periodze,

kvlavac mravali ram daiwereba, bevri faqti da movlena dazustdeba.

vfiqrobT, TanamedroveTa Sexedulebebi simarTlis dasadgenad saukeTeso

wyaro ar aris, magram usaTuod angariSgasawevi faqtoria. araa

gamoricxuli, rom am periodis faqtebisa da movlenebis avtorebiseuli

Sefaseba tendenciuri an araobieqturi iyos, magram drois mokle

distancia ar iZleva momxdaris ukeT Sefasebis saSualebas. radganac

sakiTxi exeba Cveni qveynis uaxloes warsuls da im pirebs, romlebic

jer kidev cocxlebi arian da met-naklebad didi Tu mcire wvlili

miuZRviT saqarTveloSi XX saukunis II naxevarSi mimdinare procesebSi,

ki erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis bolo etapze. TavisTavad

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba warmoadgenda metad Wrel da

azrobrivad erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul adamianTa kavSirs, romlebic

xSir SemTxvevaSi mtrul damokidebulebaSi iyvnen da yvelafers

akeTebdnen erTmaneTis diskreditaciisaTvis, saxelisa da Rirsebis

SelaxvisaTvis da gasanadgurebladac ki, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi mizans

aRwevda kidec.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis istoriis calkeul etapze, masSi moRvaweobdnen metad

Rirseuli da erisaTvis TvalsaCino adamianebi, romelTac didi wvlili

Seitanes erovnul moZraobaSi, mis warmatebiT damTavrebasa da

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebaSi, zogierTma Tavisi sicocxlis

fasadac ki (z. WavWavaZe, m. kostava). magram avtoritetebis gverdiT

arsebobda am moZraobas mitmasnili uamravi SemTxveviTi ,,moRvawe”,

romelTac am moZraobaSi yofna qveynisaTvis sasikeTo saqmisTvis ki ara

aramed mxolod piradi miznebis misaRwevad undodaT da maTTvis ,,qveyana

da qveynis saqme” yvelaze bolo adgilas idga.

sakvlevi Temis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania igor kveselavas naSromi:

,,gardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebrivgardaqmna (,,perestroika”) da sazogadoebriv----popopopolitikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi litikuri procesebi

saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi””””.... masSi gaSuqebulia gardaqmnis (,,perestroikis”) pirvel

wlebSi (1985-1988) saqarTveloSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikuri

17

movlenebi. naCvenebia xelisuflebis saqmianoba negatiuri movlenebis

dasaZlevad. naSromSi warmoCenelia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis pirveli nabijebi.

aseve mniSvnelovania igor kveselavas broSura ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi ,,disidenturi

moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’moZraoba saqarTveloSi’’, , , , romelSic avtors ganxiluli aqvs

saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis istoriis sakiTxebi, misi

istoriuli Taviseburebebi da ganviTarebis etapebi. mkvlevari

disidentur moZraobas ganixilavs rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis ganuyofel nawils.

1956 wlis 9 martis tragedias TbilisSi naSromi miuZRvna

kinoreJisorma givi vefxvaZem _ ,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT.”

masSi im periodis movlenebis amsaxvel unikalur fotomasalasTan

erTad Tavmoyrilia 9 martis tragediis monawile avtorTa sxvadsxva

dros Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi, mogonebebi da

memuarebi.

1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesia nnnn. . . .

naTaZnaTaZnaTaZnaTaZisisisis ““““sisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevisisxliani paraskevi””””,,,, romelic warmoadgens avtoris, rogorc

movlenis uSualo TviTmxilvelisa da monawilis mogonebebs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom am Canawerebis gakeTebiT avtors fasdaudebeli wvlili

miuZRvis Cveni qveynis uaxlesi istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

istoriuli movlenis Sesaswavlad, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es

ukanaskneli uamrav xarvezsa da urTierTgamomricxav faqts Seicavs,

aseve avtoriseuli midgoma movlenisadmi met-naklebad bundovani da

aradamajerebelia, rac misi sandoobis xarisxs erTi-orad aqveiTebs.

aqedan gamomdinare mkvlevrma naSromi Zalian frTxilad da mozomilad

unda gamoiyenos.

mravalmxrivi Sroma gaswaia 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebis

SeswavlisaTvis SoTa nozaZem. mis monografiaSi “1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9 1956 wlis tragikuli 9

martimartimartimarti”””” srulyofiladaa Seswavlili 1956 wlis martis avadsaxsenebel

dReebSi saqarTvelos xedaqalaqSi mimdinare movlenebi da am movlenaTa

tragikuli dasasruli.

1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur da

sazogadoebriv movlenebze avtoris dakvirvebebi da Sexedulebebi

18

gadmocemulia daviT mdaviT mdaviT mdaviT mWedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”. Wedluris naSromSi ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT”.

masSi mocemuli periodis qarTuli presisi masalebis momoxilvis

safuZvelze wignSi vrclad aris warmodgenili zviad gamsaxurdias

politikuri biografia.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TavlsaCino moRvawis zurab

WavWavaZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba gadmocemulia werilebis krebulSi

,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle”. wigniSi Tavmoyrilia mecnierebis, kulturis

TvalsaCino moRvaweebis, zurabis kolegebis, TanamebrZolebis is

werilebi, rac moRvawis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda.

CvenTvis saintereso periodis saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxveli

masala, pirobiTad ,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,,mrgvali magidis istoria” rom ewodeba, Tavmoyrilia

amave saxelwodebis krebulSi, romelSic sruladaa warmoCenili

,,mrgvali magidis” cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli drois amsaxveli,

qronologiurad dalagebuli dokumentacia. saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi

sabWos dadgenilebebi, saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis sagangebo konferenciis dadgenilebebi, sxvadasxva dros

erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweTa mier presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebi da

sxva masalebi.

igor kveselavasigor kveselavasigor kveselavasigor kveselavas naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis

istoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxiistoriis zogierTi sakiTxi”””” istoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli erovnuli

cnobierebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi orientaciis sakiTxebi,

daxasiaTebulia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ZiriTadi

etapebi da periodizaciis avtoriseuli sqema. wina planzea wamoweuli

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri

cxovrebis problemebi.

disidenturi moZraobis istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania

henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis henri kupraSvilis ,,,,,,,,erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrmoZrmoZrmoZraobis aobis aobis aobis

gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi.” naSromSi sainteresodaa ganxiluli

saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gnoseologiuri

aspeqtebi, , , , misi genezisi, rogorc moZraobis saTaveebis, ise sabWoTa

periodis peripetiebi.... gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erovnul-realisturi frTis

saqmianobis analizs.

19

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis zemoaRniSnul

periodze wigni ,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi,,9 aprilis sisxliani tragediebi” ” ” ” dawerili aqvs

avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils.avTandil sonRulaSvils. naSromSi ganxilulia 80-iani wlebis meore

naxevarSi e.w. gardaqmisa da sajaroobis fonze ,,sabWoTa imperiis”

daSlis procesi. naCvenebia erovnuli moZraobis siZneleebi da

saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgenis kanonzomiereba, rasac win uZRvoda

XX saukunis udidesi danaSauli _ 1989 wlis 9 aprilis sisxliani aqcia.

naSromSi adgili eTmoba qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri

dapirispirebis gamomwvev mizezebsa da amocanebs, cnobili mesame Zalis

rols adgils datrialebul tragediaSi.

aseve mniSvnelovania a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”, a. sonRulaSvilis ,,istoriuli narkvevebi”,

romelSic saarqivo dokumentebisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis

gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, gaSuqebulia saqarTvelos istoriis

ukanaskneli periodis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, gaanalizebulia erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.

1990 wels irakli gociriZisirakli gociriZisirakli gociriZisirakli gociriZis mier gamoqveynebul naSromSi

,,simarTlis kvaldakval” Tavmoyrilia qarTul da rusul presaSi

gamoqveynebuli Jurnalistis kerZo gamoZiebiT mopovebuli masala,

romelic 9 aprilis tragediasa da masTan dakavSirebul movlenebs exeba.

aRebuli periodisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis uCa bluaSvilis

,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988----1991 ww”.1991 ww”.1991 ww”.1991 ww”.

naSromSi qarTul periodul presaSi gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi da

analitikuri masalis mixedviT gadmocemulia saqarTveloSi 1988-1991

wlebSi mimdinare rTuli politikuri procesebis kritikuli analizi.

avtori naSromSi aRwerili dramatuli movlenebis TviTmxilveli da

monawilea, ris gamoc cxadia, igi dazRveuli ver iqneba subieqturi

aRqmisagan.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis Sesaswavlad

aseve mniSvnelovania: mayvalamayvalamayvalamayvala naTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvilinaTmelaZe, aleqsandre dauSvili

““““saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriasaqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria””””,,,, m. samsonaZem. samsonaZem. samsonaZem. samsonaZe ,,,,,,,,saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991 saqarTvelo 1921_1991

wlebSiwlebSiwlebSiwlebSi””””, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, oTar janeliZe, ,,,,,,,,saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoriasaqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria”;”;”;”;

20

gulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi borgulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi boris godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris is godunovidan boris

elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.elcinamde da v. putinamde”.

aseve, saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas

aRniSnul periods eZRvneba profesor giorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZisgiorgi mWedliZis sayuradRebo

naSromi ,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.,,istoria udistanciod”.

p r e s a: p r e s a: p r e s a: p r e s a: naSromze muSaobisas gamoviyeneT perioduli gamocemebi.

presa did rols asrulebda erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebasa da

mosaxleobis totalitarizmis winaaRmed sabrZolvelad darazmvaSi.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi samoRvaweo asparzze gamoCndnen sxvadasxva

mimdinareobebisa da politikuri Sexedulebebis partiebi da

organizaciebi. Yyvela maTgans Tavisi perioduli organo hqonda,

romelSic maTi politikuri mimarTulebebia mocemuli. sazogadoebriv

cxovrebas politikuri partiebis perioduli gamocmebi TavianTi

poziciebidan afasebdnen.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sxvadasxva momentebis

Sesaxeb statiebis siuxviT, sxvadasxva istoriuli movlenebis gaSuqeba-

ganxilva-SefasebiT da patriotuli suliskveTebiT iyo ganmsWvavluli

saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis mier gamocemuli gazeTi ,,,,,,,,saxalxo

ganaTleba”, romelic XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi gamodioda.

sxavadsava dros mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebeli statiebi

gamoqveynda saqarTveloSi gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebSi: “saqarTvelos

respublika”, “literaturuli saqarTverlo”, “saqarTvelo”, “komunisti”,

“axali 7 dRe”, “axali epoqa”, “rezonansi”, “axali Taoba”, Jurnali

,,mijna” “axali qarTuli gazeTi”, “droni”, “soflis cxovreba”, “asaval

dasavali”.

m e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b im e m u a r e b i: saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis XX saukunis meore naxevarSi istoriis warmosaCenad jerovani

mniSvneloba aqvs memuarebs, romelSic asaxulia aramarto avtoris

viwro ojaxuri da megobarTa wre, aramed, is sazogadoeba da socialuri

Tu politikuri movlenebi, romelTanac avtors uxdeboda urTierToba.

amitom, memuarebi xSirad Seicavs farTo sazogadoebrivi moZraobis

mniSvnelovan faqtebs. amave dros mogonebebi kritikul damokidebulebas

saWiroebs, radgan Tavisufali ar aris tendeciurobisagan.

21

1956 wlis 5-9 marts q. baTumSi gamarTuli cnobili saprotesto

mitingebis uSualo monawilis STabeWdilebebi da mosazrebebi

gadmocemulia iuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilisiuri bibileiSvilis mogonebebSi ,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.,,saqarTvelosaTvis”.

erovnuli moZraobis mravali sagulisxmo faqtia asaxuli vaxtang vaxtang vaxtang vaxtang

ZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis SuqZabiraZis memoarebSi ,,erovnuli moZraobis Suq----Crdilebi”Crdilebi”Crdilebi”Crdilebi”, romlis

avtoric erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis epicentrSi idga da

piradad ganicada im wlebSi mimdinare movlenaTa sixaruli da

mwuxareba. naSromSi saintereso masalaa mocemuli disidenturi

moZraobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi, misi TvalsaCino moRvaweebisa da

mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb. gadmocemulia avtoris Sexedulebebi,

Sefasebebi da daskvnebi maTTan dakavSirebiT.

saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis

SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis anatoli sobCakis

,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis sisxliani kvira”.... wignSi

detaluradaa aRweili 9 aprilis sisxliani movlenebi. gamoqveynebulia

ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis komisiisa da ssr kavSiris

saxalxo deputatTa pirveli yrilobis masalebi, saqarTvelos ssr

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, ssr kavSiris mTavari samxedro

prokuraturis, saqarTvelos ssr prokuraturis dokumentebi. mocemulia

9 aprilis movlenaTa Semswavleli komisiis muSaobis procesi da

komisiis mier momzadebuli daskvna.

9 aprilis movlenebis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT aseve

mniSvnelovania egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, egor ligaCovis ,,Tbilisis saqme”, romelic memuaris

Janris naSroms warmoadgens.

miuxedavad aseTi intesiuri kvlebisa, mkvlevar-istorikosTa mier

jer araa Seqmnili fundamenturi gamokvleva, romelSic mocemuli iqneba

erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi da misi sruli

mecnieruli analizi.

22

Tavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveli

erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaTaTaTaveebTanaveebTanaveebTanaveebTan

$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. sazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebriv----politikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTarebpolitikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi a saqarTveloSi

1921192119211921----1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi,1923 wlebSi, aneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebeaneqsia, pirveli ajanyebebi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSavbi svaneTsa da fSav----

xevsureTSixevsureTSixevsureTSixevsureTSi

ociani wlebis dasawyisi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

respublikisTvis metad mZime saSinao da saerTaSoriso viTarebiT

aRiniSna: azerbaijansa da somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba

aSkarad mianiSnebda saqarTvelos gasabWoebis gardauvalobas. am process

saTave daedo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals. daiwyo Tu ara saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli respublikis jaris ukan daxeva, mTavrobam Tbilisi

datova da quTaisisaken gaemgzavra. ori dRis Semdeg ki baTumSi Cavida

da iq ganagrZo Tavisi saqmianoba (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:3)3)3)3)....

sabWoTa xelisuflebis gavlenis sfero farTovdeboda. 4 marts

sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda afxazeTSi, 5 marts _ samaCablos

teritoriaze, 8 marts – q. zugdidSi, 10 marts _ q. quTaisSi, 11 da 13

marts senaksa da foTSi.

Jordanias mTavrobam sruli undobloba gamoucxada okupantebs,

1921 wlis 17 marts RamiT menSevikurma mTavrobam baTumi datova da

italiis gemiT stambolisken aiRo gezi. aqedan ki safrangeTs Seafara

Tavi da emigrantuli mTavrobis statusi miiRo ((((bendianbendianbendianbendianiSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:iSvili 1999:290)290)290)290)....

18 marts aWaraSic gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba da amrigad,

saqarTvelom dakarga damoukidebloba.

qveyanas saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komiteti.

mis xelSi gadavida respublikis uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo,

ganmkargulebeli da sakontrolo organoebis funqciebi.

saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis dadgenilebiT daTxovnil iqna

damfuZnebeli kreba, senati da menSevikuri mTavrobis xelisuflebis sxva

organoebi. Seiqmna afxazeTisa da aWaris revoluciuri komitetebi.

23

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias mxolod

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva rodi mohyva. 1921 wlis 16

marts, ruseT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelos CamoerTva da

TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida artaanis, arTvinisa da olTisis

olqebi _ 12115 kv.km. teritoria _ 164 aTasi mosaxliT. cota mogvianebiT,

Sereuli komisiebis gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos CamoarTves da

mezobel respublikebs somxeTsa da azerbaijans gadasces borCalos

mazris nawili (3812 kv. km.) da zaqaTalis olqi (3564 kv.km.). 1921

sabediswero wels saqarTvelom dakarga TiTqmis 20 aTasi kv. kilometri

teritoria.

qarTveli xalxi, bunebrivia, verc Tavisuflebis dakargvas Seurigda

da verc Tavis istoriuli teritoriebis gasxvisebas. Tavidanve daiwyo

brZola komunisturi reJimis dasamxobad da damoukideblobis aRsadgenad

((((bendianibendianibendianibendianiSvili Svili Svili Svili 1991991991999:9:9:9: 291)291)291)291)....

1922 wlis martSi Seiqmna amierkavksiis respublikebis federacia.

samokavSireo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da

somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi amierkavkasiis sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikebis federaciul kavSirSi gaerTiandnen

samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. amave dros

TiToeuli es respublika, xelSekrulebis mixedviT, inarCunebda e.w.

,,srul saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas da suverenitets” (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:

6)6)6)6)....

emigraciaSi myofi sqarTvelos mTavroba eZebs gzebs Zalauflebis

dabrunebisaTvis. misi iniciativiT sabWoeTis winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis

Seqmnis mizniT, gaimarTa molaparakeba saqarTvelos, somxeTis,

azerbaijanisa da daRestnis sazRvargareT myof mTavrobebs Soris. 1922

wlis 10 ivniss parizSi aRniSnuli qveynebis mTavrobaTa

warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb. amave wlis noemberSi kavkasiis

antisabWoTa Zalebis warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze airCies komisia,

romelsac daevala kavkasiaSi ajanyebis mowyoba da ucxoeTis

intervenciis momzadeba.

24

qarTulma politikurma partiebma _ social-demokratebma, erovnul-

demokratebma, social-federalistebma da social-revolucionerebma

scades sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva da sadao

sakiTxebis SeTanxmebis gziT gadawyveta. am mizniT 1921 wlis aprilis

dasawyisSi sagangebo delegacia gaugzavnes saqarTvelos revkoms, magram

sabWoTa xelisuflebam politikur partiebTan saerTo enis gamonaxvis

magier gaaZliera maTi devna da represiebi (beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:(beniZe 1991:8)8)8)8)....

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva imdenad

Tavzardamcemi iyo, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fena saprotesto

ganwyobam moicva.

axali reJimi Tavs muSaTa da glexTa xelisuflebad acxadebda,

magram mis realur dasayrdens saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio armia

warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis politikuri simpatia kvlavac

social-demokratiul partias ekuTvnoda. demokratiuli respublikis

damxobam muSaTa masebis erovnuli tragediis garda pirovnuli

ukmayofilebis wyaroc iyo. muSaTa gulistkivils mmarTvelobidan misi

interesebis gamomxatveli social-demokratiis Zaladobrivi Camocilebac

ganapirobebda.

glexoba Znelad egueboda kerZo sakuTrebis xelyofas, gaurboda

axal, mZime gadasaxadebs. sabWoTa wyobilebam mosaxleobis SeZlebuli

nawili Seurigebel mtrad gaixada misTvis qonebis CamorTmeviTa da

uflebebis SezRudviT.

faqtobrivad kanongareSe aRmoCnda qarTveli samRvdeloba da

marTlmadidebeli eklesia. marto 1921-1923 wlebSi daangries da gaauqmes

1500 moqmedi taZari. eklesia-monastrebis mamulebi da qoneba saxelmwifom

miisakuTra. aviwroebdnen, apatimrebdnen da abuCad igdebdnen religiis

msaxurT, uxeSad Seuracyofdnen erovnul tradiebs.

mkacr ideologiur wnexSi moeqca inteligencia, romlisagan reJimis

erTguleba da mis samsaxurSi morCilad Cadgoma moiTxoves. sazogadoebis

am fenam umal igrZno saqarTvelos avi perspeqtiva da winaaRmdegobis

formaTa Ziebas Seudga.

axali reJimi mosaxleobis damorCilebas represiebis meSveobiT

Seudga. saqarTvelos gasabWoebidan 1921 wlis bolomde, sul raRac 11

25

Tvis ganmavlobaSi, sagangeo komisiam 150-mde kaci daxvrita. masobrivi

xasiaTi miiRo usabuTo Cxrekebma, rekvizicebma, konfiskaciebma da

dapatimrebebma. saokupacio xelisuflebis amgvari moqmedeba kidev ufro

zrdida rejimis sawinaarmdego ganwyobilebas.

protestis mSvidobiani talRa pirvelad muSaTa wreebSi azvirTda.

Tbilisis fabrika-qarxnebis, rkinigzis depo-saxelsnoebisa da sxva

dawesebulebebis muSebi krebebze gamoxatavdnen undoblobas

bolSevikebisadmi, iRebdnen saprotesto rezoluciebs. 1921 wlis

oqtomberSi muSaTa delegaciam moTxovnebi saqarTvelos revoluciur

komitets warudgina memorandumis saxiT, romelsac 5000 xelmowera

erTvoda. muSebi moiTxovdnen saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenas, saqarTvelodan saokupacio jarebis gayvanas, politikuri

patimrebis ganTavisuflebas da sxva.

xelisuflebam muSebs ar mousmina, maTi wargzavnilebi daapatimra

da cixeSi Casva (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:157)157)157)157)....

1921 wlis maisidan Tavi iCina glexTa ukmayofilebam svaneTSi,

xevsureTSi, raWa_leCxumSi da a.S. romelic male bevrgan SeiaraRebul

gamosvlebSi gadaizarda.

es erovnuli moZraoba sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ,,politikur

banditizmad” moinaTla.

kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs saTaveSi edga

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos armiis oficeri, cxenosani diviziis pirveli

aseulis ufrosi qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili.

qaquca ColoyaSvilis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT qarTlsa da

kaxeTSi Seiqmna da moqmedebdnen SeiaraRebuli razmebi, romlebic

mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs,

sastikad uswordebodnen revkomsa da sagangebo komisiis muSakebs.

saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma moindoma sagangebo

RonisZiebebis gatareba. 1921 wlis 7 oqtombris dadgenilebiT

respublikis yvela kuTxeSi Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis

razmebi (,,Coni”), romlebsac daevalaT dauyovnebliv CaexSoT yovelgvari

antisabWoTa aqcia.

26

1921 wlis miwurulSi, ramdenime Tvis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis Semdeg,

Sinagamcemlebis xelSewyobiT CaaxSes svaneTis ajanyeba. aseTive bedi ewia

ajanyebebs guriasa da fSav-xevsureTSi.

svaneTis ajanyebis eqo gascda saqarTvelos farglebs da

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradgReba miipyro. saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis emirirebulma mTavrobam genuaSi mimdinare

konferencias sTxova, aeZulebinaT ruseTs xelisfleba, Seewyvita

samxedro moqmedebebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

1922 wlis gazafxulze menSevikebi da sxva politikuri partiebi did

imedebs amyarebdnen saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic

mimdinareobda q. genuaSi. Tavis mxriv sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi ambrosi xelaia genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias ugzavnis

memorandums. magram, uSedegod damTavrda yovelgvari cda sqarTvelos

saqmeebSi Careuliyo genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia. imis gamo, rom am

ukanasknels ar ecala, sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad misi mTeli

yuradReba mipyrobili iyo ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebisaken _

daebrunebina nedleuliTa da masalebiT umdidresi ruseTi saerTaSoriso

bazrisaTvis, amave dros daeTanxmebia igi mefisdroindeli valebis

ganaRdebaze (beniZe(beniZe(beniZe(beniZe 1991199119911991::::13)13)13)13)....

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1921_1923 wlebis saprotesto RonisZiebebi,

SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi stiqiur da epizodur xasiaTs

atarebdnen, ris gamoc sayovelTao SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi ver

gadaizarda.

27

$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba,1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba, gadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakargulgadamwyveti brZola dakarguli i i i

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisdamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis

qarTveli xalxis brZolas saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg

agulianebda da imeds matebda qarTuli politikuri emigracia.

emigrirebuli mTavroba da politikuri partiebis mesveulebi TavianTi

mimarTvebiTa da mowodebebiT amxnevebdnen ers. parizSi Camoyalibebuli

,,saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti” samSobloSi drodadro

fulsac gzavnida, romelic sabrZolo razmebis Seqmnasa da momzadebas

xmardeboda.

svaneT-fSav-xevsureTis stiqiuri da lokaluri amboxebebis

damarcxebis Semdeg paritetuli komiteti axal ajanyebas mTeli

saqarTvelos masStabiT gegmavda da mas rogorc samxedro, ise

politikuri kuTxiT amzadebda. politikuri mxare dasavleTis

saxelmwifoTa diplomatiuri da finansuri Tanadgomis mopovebas,

TurqeTis neitralitetisa da kavkasiis xalxebis mxardaWeris miRwevas

iTvaliswinibda. rac Seexeba samxedro mzadebas, mTeli saqarTvelo daiyo

samoqmedo raionebad. raionebSi dainiSnen samxedro meTaurebi da maTi

TanaSemweebi. sabrZolo erTeulebs Seadgendnen xuTeulebad, aTeulebad

da aseulebad dayofili mosaxleobis jgufebi. grovdeboda iaraRi da

tyvia-wamali, partizanuli razmebi gadiodnen savele wvrTnebs (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe

2020202009:09:09:09:159)159)159)159)....

1922 wlis dasawyisSi molaparakeba daiwyo menSevikebis, nacional-

demokratebis, federalistebis, eserebisa da sxivelebis partiebs Soris.

imave wlis agvistoSi aRniSnuli partiebis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen

,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis” _ ,,paritetuli komitetis”

Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

ajanyebis uSualo xelmZRvanelobisaTvis 1922 wlis gazafxulze

paritetul komitetTan Camoyalibda ,,samxedro centri.” misi gegmiT

saqarTveloSi unda mowyobiliyo sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba.

,,samxedro centris” gegma ver ganxorcielda mis Semadgenel

partiebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebebis gamo.

28

politpartiebs Soris dava ZiriTadad mimdinareobda rogorc

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis gzebisa da saSualebebis, ise

gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, demokratiuli respublikis momavali mTavrobis

Sesaxeb.

,,paritetuli komitetis” araerTi gzis cda Tavisi warmomadgenlebis,

emisrebis, aqtiuri Careva _ Suamdgomlobis saSualebiT ajanyebaSi

monawileobisaTvis miemxro azerbaijani da CrdiloeT kavkasia, uSedegod

damTavrda.

ajanyebaSi darwmunebuli politikuri partiebi Rebuloben

gadawyvetilebas – daiwyon igi sakuTari ZalebiT. gamosvlis dawyebis

savaraudo dRed 28 agvisto miiCnies. es ricxvi SemTxveviT ar iyo

SerCeuli. igi dakavSirebuli iyo religiur dResaswaulTan

,,mariamobasTan.” am dResaswauls, rogorc wesi, Tan axlda xalxis

masobrivi Tavyrilobani. ajanyebis mesveurni fiqrobdnen, rom

sadResaswaulod ganwyobili xalxis Tavyrilobebi gaadvilebda maT

Cabmas stiqiuri moZraobis ferxulSi. magram Semdeg moxda am TariRis

gadatana 29 agvistos.

ajanyeba mimdinareobda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSiT.,

ruseTis gaZevebisa da saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis lozungiT. mas

mxars uWerda mravalricxovani inteligencia mcire gamonaklisis

garda,…aseve mravalricxovani Tavad-aznauroba (125-130 aTasi anu

mosaxleobis xuTi procenti) ajanyebulTa mxareze iyo.

ajanyebis bedi ukuRma datrialda. 1924 wlis 4 seqtembers

saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis muSakebma miagnes ajanyebulTa Stabs

Sio mRvimis monasterSi da daapatimres (beniZe(beniZe(beniZe(beniZe 1991:1991:1991:1991:27)27)27)27)....

1924 wlis ajanyebisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis angariSsworebam

SeuzRudavi xasiaTi miiRo, rasac Sedegad auracxeli udanaSaulo

adamianis sisxlis Rvra mohyva.

samSoblos daxsnis keTilSobilurma ideam mravalTa sicocxle

Seiwira. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam sastikad iZia Suri da mebrZol

saqarTvelos masobrivi represiebiT gausworda. marto ajanyebis dReebSi,

oficialuri cnobiT, daxvrites 980 adamiani (araoficialuri monacemebiT

es ricxvi 4 aTass utoldeba). daxvretilTa Soris iyvnen saqarTvelos

29

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis wevri noe xomeriki, qalaq

Tbilisis yofili Tavi benia CxikviSvili, erovnuli gvardiis yofili

sardali valiko juReli, generlebi s. yaralaSvili, i. furcelaZe, n.

gardafxaZe da sxva araerTi mamuliSvili. WiaTuraSi satvirTo vagonebSi

Sehyares da tyviamfrqvevebiT dacxriles 95 kaci. sofel ruisSi

mTlianad amowyvites faniaSvilebis 24 suliani ojaxi da sxva amgvari.

(janeliZe 2009:160).

1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis damarcxebiT ZiriTadad damTavrda

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis meore

etapi.

1924-1925 wlebidan daiwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aSkara

SezRudva da male igi erTiani totalitaruli saxelmwifos

ganusazRvrel uflebebSi STainTqa.

1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo erovnuli

motiviT. ajanyeba qarTveli eris pasuxi iyo ucxo Zalis mier

saqarTvelos dapyrobaze da miznad isaxavda warTmeuli Tavisuflebis

dabrunebas, dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebas.

30

$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... politikuri politikuri politikuri politikuri viTarebviTarebviTarebviTareba saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930a saqarTveloSi 1930----ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,ian wlebSi,

represiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnulrepresiebi erovnul----ganmaTaviganmaTaviganmaTaviganmaTavisuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdegsuflebeli moRvaweebis winaRmdeg

sabWoTa sistemis, komunisturi xelisuflebis yvela miRwevasa Tu

damsaxurebas Crdils fens da afermkrTalebs umagaliTo represiebi,

romlebic mTeli qveynis masStabiT periodulad xorcieldeboda da

uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.

1934 wlis 1 dekembers leningradSi, smolnSi teroristma mokla s.m.

kirovi – i.b. stalinis uerTgulesi mxardamWeri da piradi megobari, es

mkleloba sabWoTa xeisuflebam kargad gamoiyena Tavisi politikuri

mowinaaRmdegeebis gasanadgureblad. ukve 1936 wels, moskovSi daiwyo

sajaro procesebi trockistul-zinovievuri opoziciis

warmomadgenlobis winaaRmdeg.

miuxedavad imisa, rom represiebi kremlidan imarTeboda, iq

ganisazRvreboda dasaxvret-dasapatimrebelTa raodenoba da zogierT

SemTxvevaSi vinaobac, magram arc adgilobrivi xelisufalT uSlida

vinme Tavgamodebas “gegmis” gadaWarbebisaTvis (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:162)162)162)162)....

ideurad yovelmxriv Semzadebuli saqarTvelos komunisturi

organizacia aqtiurad Caeba am saqmeSi. l. beria, Tavisi “Cekisturi”

gamocdilebiTa da SesaSuri energiiT axorcielebda “xalxis mtrebis”

aRmoCenisa da politikuri ganadgurebis nacad praqtikas.

moskovis procesebis dawyebisTanave, saqarTvelos samrewvelo

sawarmoebsa da SromiT organizaciebSi imarTeboda mitingebi, sadac

sastikad gmobdnen trockistul-zinovievuri opoziciis liderebis

antisabWoTa moqmedebebs.

l. berias iniciativiT saqarTvlos komunisturi partiis liderebi

da aqtivistebi, vinc sxvadasxva dros monawileobas iRebdnen stalinis

sawinaaRmdego fraqciebSi (`nacional-uklonistebi” da sxv.), iyvnen

trockistebi, emxrobodnen buxarins, partiul krebebsa da disputebze

partiis generaluri xazis garkveuli kritikiT gamodiodnen - `Sav

siebSi” Cairicxnen.

1937 wlis ivlisSi Sedga b. mdivnis, m. toroSeliZis, m. okujavas da

sxvaTa `jaSuSur-diversiuli-gamcemluri organizaciis” Ria procesi.

31

amas mohyva 1937 wlis seqtemberSi aWaris `kontrrevoluciur-

saajanyo centris” procesi. braldebulebs: z. lorTqifaniZes, g.

ramiSvils, S. maTikaSvils da sxvebs abralebdnen, rom maT surdaT

àWaris deda-samSoblosgan Camocileba, aWaraSi kapitalisturi wyobis

aRdgena.” am procesis Sedegad sxvebTan erTad daisaja qarTveli

mamuliSvili jemal qiqava, romelmac mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba

samuslimano saqarTvelos deda-samSoblosTan organulad dakavSirebis

saSviliSvilo saqmes moaxmara (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:145145145145----146).146).146).146).

represiebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fenas Seexo, magram mis

mTavar samiznes inteligencia warmoadgenda. politikuri represiebis

msxverpli gaxdnen saxelovani qarTveli mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili,

TvalsaCino poeti tician tabiZe, uniWieresi reJisori sandro axmeteli,

aRiarebuli musikosi da diriJori evgeni miqelaZe, cnobili swavlulebi

grigol wereTeli, vaxtang kotetiSvili da mravali sxva. protestis

niSnad saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris SenobaSi Tavi moikla poetma

paolo iaSvilma. fizikur ganadgurebas gadaurCnen, magram wamebis gza

gamoiares iseTma didma mecnierebma, rogorebic iyvnen ivane javaxiSvili,

Salva nucubiZe, simon yauxCiSvili, vukol beriZe, mixeil zandukeli da

sxvebi.

politikuri wmenda da represiebi Seexo wiTeli armiis qarTul

nawilebs: daapatimres diviziis meTauriebi Tuxareli da quTaTelaZe,

polkovniki gedevaniSvili da sxvebi.

represiebi ganicades avtonomiuri respublikebisa da olqis

xelmZRvanelebma, SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma: v.

lakobam, k. inalifam, d. jergeniam, s. filiam, i. jojievma, v. xubaevma, gr.

sanakoevma da bervma sxvam.

me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvis totalitarulma reJimma qveyanaSi

Seqmna imgvari fsiqologiuri klimati, rom sxvaTa usafuZvlo dasmena,

ciliswameba da misT. dasaZrax movlenad ki aRar aRiqmeboda, aramed

`socializmis sadarajoze” dgomad da mosawon da sapatio saqmed

miiCneoda.

politikuri represiebis Jams sazogadoebis erTma nawilma dakarga

adamianuri saxe, Caeflo uzneobisa da moraluri degrazaciis tyveobaSi.

32

erTmaneTs abezRebdnen angarebis, Suris, qonebis dauflebis surviliTa

Tu sxva mankieri sababiT. usamarTlod ganikiTxavdnen da zurgs

aqcevdnen SerisxulTa ojaxebs, gaurbodnen maTTan yovelgvar kavSirs.

msxverplis gamosarCleba uazro Tavganwirvas niSnavda.

sabednierod, mravalma im gausaZlisi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri

teroris pirobebSic SeinarCuna Rirseba da gamoavlina humanizmi

represirebulTa mimarT.

masobrivma represiebma mTlianad gaanadgura antistalinuri

opoziciis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, yela SesaZlo politikuri

oponenti, ganamtkica i. b. stalinis diqtatura.

33

Tavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meore

erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZinebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRorZineba

$ 1$ 1$ 1$ 1. . . . saersaersaersaerTaSoriso TaSoriso TaSoriso TaSoriso viTareba viTareba viTareba viTareba meore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdegmeore msoflio omis Semdeg

meore msoflio omis Sedegad saerTaSoriso asparezze mkveTrad

Seicvala ZalTa Tanafardoba sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod. sabWoTa

jarebi idgnen evropis bevr saxalxo demokratiis qveyanaSi. sabWoTa

kavSiris zewolis Sedegad socialisturi reJimebi Seiqmna poloneTSi,

CexoslovakiaSi, iugoslaviaSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ungreTsa da

albaneTSi.

kardinaluri cvlilebebi xdeboda aziis mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi.

1945 wlis seqtemberSi gamocxadda vietnamis demokratiuli respublika.

aseTive gzas daadga CrdiloeT korea, romelic iaponiis batonobisagan

gaaTavisufla sabWoTa armiam. 1948 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna koreis

saxalxo_demokratiuli respublika. 1949 wlis 1 oqtombers gamocxadda

CineTis saxalxo respublika, imave wlis 7 oqtombers ki Seiqmna

germaniis demokratiuli respublika.

amrigad, Camoyalibda msoflio socialisturi sistema, romelic

moicavda dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3-ze mets da teritoriis 26%-s.

msoflios am ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli banakis garda, qveynebis

jgufma, romlebSic Sediodnen: indoeTi, birma, indonezia, avRaneTi,

avstria, fineTi da sxva, romlebic ar SeuerTdnen aRniSnul or banaks

da Seqmnes e.w. neitraluri qveynebis banaki anu ,,mSvidobis zona”.

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi msoflios politikur rukaze

xorcieldeboda e.w. ,,civi omis” viTarebaSi. 1946 wlis 14 marts aSS-s

qalaq fultonSi warmoTqmul Tavis sityvaSi u. CerCilma pirvelad

gamoiyena gamoTqma ,,rkinis farda”, rac niSnavda msoflios gamoyofas

sabWoTa kavSirisagan, mis saerTaSoriso izolacias.

u. CerCilis gamosvlas fultonSi umalve mohyva i. stalinis

interviu, romelSic aRniSnuli sityva Sefasebul iqna rogorc mowodeba

34

omisaken sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. igi miCneulia ,,civi omis”

dasawyisad.

,,civi omi” niSnavda didi saxelmwifoebis sagareo politikis axali

kursis SemuSavebas. aSS-is sagareo politikuri programa 1947 wlis

maisSi Camoayaliba prezidentma h. trumenma da igi ,,trumenis doqtrinis”

saxeliTaa cnobili. aRniSnulma doqtrinam saTave daudo farTo

samxedro daxmarebas mTeli rigi qveynebisadmi, ris Sedegadac msoflios

sxvadasxva qveynebis teritoriebze iqmneboda amerikis samxedro bazebis

farTo qseli ((((naTmelanaTmelanaTmelanaTmelaZZZZeeee 2004: 2004: 2004: 2004: 257)257)257)257)....

1947 wels SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma, jorj

marSalma, evropas ekonomikis aRdgenis programa SesTavaza. marSalis

gegma iTavaliswinebda aseve daxmarebas sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi

evropeli ,,mokavSireebisaTvis”. sabWoTa kavSirma uaryo es daxmareba.

1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi orma amerikulma (aSS, kanada) da

aTma evropulma (briuselis paqtis wevri 5 qveyana, italia, dania,

isalandia, norvegia, portugalia) saxelmwifom Sekra ,,Crdilo

atlantikuri kavSiri” _ ,,nato”.

1955 wels, nato_Si germaniis federaciuli respublikis

gawevrianebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirma saswrafod Seqmna sakuTari

samxedro-politikuri organizacia _ ,,varSavis paqti” (1955 wlis 14

maisi), romelSic Sevidnen: poloneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia,

rumineTi, ungreTi, gdr da albaneTi.

,,nato”-s SeqmniT da ,,varSavis xelSekrulebis” gaformebiT

msoflioSi dasrulda bipolarizaciis procesi.

35

$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 mart. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSiis tragikuli movlenebi TbilisSi

2.1.2.1.2.1.2.1. tragediis winaptragediis winaptragediis winaptragediis winapirobebiirobebiirobebiirobebi

i. stalinis gardacvalebam 1953 wlis 5 marts gamoiwvia

avtoritaruli sistemis krizisi. xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca n.

xruSCovi (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:264)264)264)264)....

qveyanaSi aSkarad gamoCnda demokratiis gamococxlebis niSnebi,

magram ruseTis imperiisaTvis demokratia pirobiTi mcnebaa da yovel

SemTxvevaSi, erovnul sakiTxze igi ar vrceldeba, rac kidev erTxel

daadastura 1956 wlis 9 martis saSinelma sisxlisRvram. axalma liderma

cvlilebebis politika pirovnebis anu i. stalinis kultis mkacri

kritikiT daiwyo.

1956 wlis TebervalSi, moskovSi skkp XX yriloba Seikriba.

yrilobis daskvniT sxdomaze xruSCovma vrceli moxseneba waikiTxa

,,stalinis pirovnebis kultis Sesaxeb”. axali ,,beladi” Zvels 30-50-ian

wlebSi ssr kavSirSi ganxorcielebul masobriv represiebSi amxelda da

brals sdebda koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis ugulebelyofaSi,

xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebaSi da sxv. n. xruSCovi amtkicebda, rom

socializmma stalinis xelSi ,,deformacia” ganicada. TiTqos sabWoTa

qveynis winaSe mdgari social-ekonomikuri Tu sxva siZneleebi

ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis piradi TvisebebiT da ara sabWoTa

totalitarul-biurokratiuli sistemis uvargisobiT.

xruSCovis Sefaseba ar efuZneboda sakiTxis siRrmiseul analizs.

igi movlenis mxolod calmxrivi, zedapiruli axsna iyo. Sesabamisad,

kritikis maxvilic reJimis mankierebaTa daZlevis nacvlad, erTi

pirovnebis, _ stalinis winaaRmdeg miimarTa. stalinis kritika nagvianeb

angariSsworebas daemsgavsa da bevrgan antiqarTuli gamoxdomebiTac

Seivso ((((jjjjaneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:aneliZe 2009:186186186186----187187187187))))....

es kampania pirad da politikur faqtorebTan erTad, socialisturi

ekonomikis moaxloebul krizisis viTarebaSi gantevebis vacis Ziebis

aucileblobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. TavisTavad wamowyebuli kampania

pozitiurad da misasalmeblad CaiTvaleboda, magram misma avtorma igi

36

erTi mxriv gaugonari braldebiT da ciliswamebiT, meore mxriv ki

sakuTari personis Selamazebis mcdelobiT daamZima ((((samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15samsonaZe 2001:15))))....

farTodaa gavrcelebuli azri, rom stalinis pirovnebis kultis

kritika n. xruSCovma stalinisadmi piradi siZulvilis gamo daiwyo. es

ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo mosazrebaa. SeiZleba iyo pirovnuli

siZulvilic, magram politikaSi zogadad da, miT umetes, did

politikaSi piradi simpaTia-antipaTia mxolod meorexarisxovan rols

TamaSobs. ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori am Tu im politikuri

jgufis da qveynis interesia.

maS, ra amoZravebda xruSCovs?!

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg misi upirvelesi mizani poziciebis

gamagreba iyo. am mxriv, misTvisac da politbiuros danarCeni

wevrebisTvisac, yvelaze saxifaTo l. berias figura Canda da amitom

yvelam erTad, stalinis gardacvalebidan sul ramdenime TveSi, moiSora

igi. amiT pirveli etapi xelisuflebis SenarCunebisa dasrulda, magram n.

xruSCovi mTlad mSvidad ver iqneboda – vin-vin da man xom mSvenivrad

icoda, rom misi avtoriteti politbiuros SigniTac da qveyanaSic

gacilebiT dabali iyo, vidre politbiuros sxva wevrebisa, is xom erT-

erTi yvelaze uferuli figura iyo stalinis garemocvaSi. etyoba,

amitomac, erTmaneTisagan urTierTdazRvevis mizniT, yvelaze uxifaTod

danarCenebma is miiCnies ck-s mdivnis postze. amdenad, n. xruCovs rom

Tavi srulfasovan xelisuflad egrZno, aucileblad unda gadaeWra ori

problema – politikuri asparezidan unda moeSorebina stalinis Zveli

gvardia da meore – rogorme gaeRviva dasavleTis qveynebis mier

oficialurad gamoucxadebeli, magram faqtobrivad arsebuli

ekonomikuri blokada. am orive problemis mogvarebis saukeTeso

saSualeba iyo pirovnebis kultis kritika. advili misaxvedria, rom

stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritika TavisTavad vrceldeboda mis

yofil garemocvasa da TanamebrZolebze, romelTa ricxvsac, Tavisi

uferulobis gamo, xruSCovi arafriT miekuTvneboda sazogadoebis

TvalSi. es, erTi mxriv, saSualebas aZlevda Seelaxa maTi avtoriteti

rogorc partiis SigniT, aseve sazogadoebaSi da Semdeg umtkivneulod

Camoecilebina gzidan (asec moxda), xolo meore mxriv, es iyo ganacxadi

37

dasavleTisaTvis, rom sabWoebis axali xelisufleba, gmobs ra stalinis

pirovnebis kults, rac, faqtiurad, stalinis sagareo politikis

dagmobasac niSnavs, uars ambobs msoflioSi komunisturi revoluciisa

da ideologiis Zalismier eqsportze. ai, realuri mizezi stalinis

pirovnebis kultis kritikisa (laparakia mxolod kosmetikur da sakadro

cvlilebeze), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom l. berias daxvretiT

mTavrdeba politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebisa da partiis wmendis

stalinisturi meTodi, axali xelisufleba ufro lmobieri da

mimtevebelia da metoqeTa mxolod politikuri ganadgurebiT

kmayofildeba (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: (ZabiraZe 2007: 40)40)40)40)....

l. berias daxvretis Semdeg misi bedi bevrma kolegam gaiziara

rogorc centrSi, aseve respublikebSi. amitom garkveuli periodi es

organo TiTqmis paralizebuli iyo, ramac xelisufleba daarwmuna, rom

imperiis SenarCuneba am organos gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram aseve

aucilebelia misi garkveulwilad modernizeba. sazogadoebaSi unda

aRdgeniliyo am organosadmi stalinis periodSi arsebuli SiSi da

Zrwola. amasTanave suk-s unda moexdina yovelgvari informaciis

Segroveba da gadamuSaveba, rac informatorTa gacilebiT farTo qselis

Seqmnas saWiroebda, vidre sakuTari iniciativiT mezoblis dabezRebaa,

xolo Segrovili informaciis gadamuSaveba – specialists; Tundac

suliT xorcamde erTguli, orTodoqsi marqsisti da brZanebis usityvod

aRmsrulebeli, magram gauTvaliswinebeli pirovneba am saqmes ver

Seasrulebda. suk-Si iwyeba sakadro cvlilebebi, mohyavdaT ra Tqma unda

erTguli da Semowmebuli, magram sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arsebulidan

SerCeuli, SedarebiT ganaTlebuli da niWieri specialistebi.

1953 wlis Semdgom periodSi, sabWoeTis xelisuflebis saTaveSi e. w.

reformator-demokratebis mosvlis Semdeg, qveyanaSi iwyeba susti

mxareebis gamovlena, respublikebSi izrdeba erovnuli suliskveTeba,

romelic ama Tu im formiT kidevac iCens Tavs (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999aaaa::::5)5)5)5)....

socialisturi sistemis xalxebi ramdenadme daabnia komunisturi

propagandis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi danergili da naloliavebi miTis

erTbaSad da moulodnelad damxobam. magram qarTvelma axalgazrdobam

es faqti gansakuTrebiT mZimed ganicada.

38

pirovnebis kultis sawinaaRmdegod xelisufleba xazs usvamda

xelmZRvanelobis koleqtiuri principis mniSvnelobas, magram igi

rCeboda formalur moTxovnad.

amgvarad, sabWoTa imperiis centrSi politikuri mesveurebis mier

Seqmnilma politikurma da ideologiurma viTarebam moamzada pirobebi

1956 wlis 9 martis tragediisaTvis.

39

2.2. 2.2. 2.2. 2.2. sazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebrivsazogadoebriv----politikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebipolitikuri mimarTulebebi 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis 1956 wlis martis

movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)movlenebis dros (stalinuri, erovnuli)

pirovnebis kultis kritika skkp XX yrilobaze mimarTuli iyo ara

prosabWour sivrceSi diqtatoruli reJimis, aramed mxolod i. stalinis

pirovnebis winaaRmdeg, rasac didi reaqcia mohyva saqarTveloSi. i.

stalinis samSobloSi misi kritika miiCnies rwmenisa da idealis

xelyofad, qarTveli eris damcirebad da Seuracxyofad, radgan

stalinis saxeli erovnuli siamayis simbolod iyo aRqmuli.

pirovnebis kultis dagmobam, romelic daemTxva i. stalinis

gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavs, gamoiwvia Tbilisis, goris, quTaisisa da

sxva qalaqebis axalgazrdobis gamosvla_manifestacia. gansakuTrebiT

xalxmravali iyo TbilisSi stalinis monumentTan gamarTuli mitingi.

axalgazrdoba gamovida stalinis dasacavad, radgan misTvis Zneli iyo

erwmuna stalinisaTvis miwerili borotmoqmedebani xalxis interesebis

sazianod. stalinis kritika aRqmul iqna erovnuli Rirsebis damcirebad

(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:265265265265----266)266)266)266).... amitom, usazRvro iyo xalxis guliswyroma da

aRSfoTeba, rodesac 1956 wlis dasawyisSi gavrcelda xmebi stalinis

pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ,,daxuruli werilis” Sesaxeb.

Tbilisisa da saerTod, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba moicva ,,daxuruli

werilis” mimarT saprotesto ganwyobam. qarTveli sazogadoeba am

periodSi stalinis kritikas aRiqvamda erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis,

erovnul grZnobaTa Selaxvad. arc uamisoba iyo. adre pativsacemi

qarTveloba TiTqmis salanZRavad iqca. arc xruSCovi iyo

keTilganwyobili qarTvelebis mimarT ((((gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990gvasalia 1990:::: #10)#10)#10)#10)....

siZulvilis apogead SeiZleba miviCnioT is TariRi, roca xruSCovma

didi beladis mavzoleumidan gamotana da misi gvamis dawvis brZaneba

gasca. aseTma ugunurma gadawyvetilebam mTlianad gaacofa qarTveli

xalxi. saprotesto mitingebi daiwyo rostovSi, baqoSi, kievSi da sxva

qalaqebSic (qiria(qiria(qiria(qiria 2003:#0652003:#0652003:#0652003:#065))))....

1956 wlis martis dasawyisSi, TbilisSi revoluciuri situacia

Seiqmna. movlenebi TiTqmis stiqiurad viTardeboda, magram hqonda erTi

sistemuri organizacia. yvelaze metad aqtiurobda Tbilisis

40

universitetis istoriis fakultetis studentoba. aseve, saqarTvelos

zooveterinaruli da sasoflo_sameurneo institutebis, saqarTvelos

politeqnikuri institutis studentebi ((((janeliZe janeliZe janeliZe janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009: ####42424242))))....

stalinis xsovnisadmi pativis migeba misi gardacvalebisTanave

daiwyo. 1954 wlis martSi stalinis sikvdilis dReebSi, ZeglTan

sanapiroze xalxi midioda da yvavilebi mihqondaT (cot-cota manamdec

mihqondaT, mas Semdeg, rac misi mxilebis kampania daiwo). es svla arc

winaswar dagegmili yofila vinmes mier da arc cnobili. igi stiqiuri

iyo da misi erTaderTi motivi iyo protesti (naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991(naTaZe 1991:::: 7777)))).... misulni

yvavilebis dawyobis Semdeg erTxans dgebodnen baRSi Zeglis win. da,

amgvarad, im eqvsi dRis manZilze aq dRisiT TiTqmis ganuwyveteli

usityvo mitingi iyo _ pirveli araoficialuri da mTavrobis kursis

sawinaaRmdego mitingi sabWoTa kavSirSi mas Semdeg, rac stalinuri

reJimi damyarda.

momdevno 1955 wels ZeglTan xalxi Seudareblad meti iyo da utyvi

mitingic Seudareblad ufro didic. igi monawileTa da aramonawileTa

mier ukve savsebiT gacnobierebuli iyo, rogorc mitingi da arsebuli

viTarebisadmi, rogorc aseTisadmi, protestisa da winaaRmdegobis forma.

bolo erTi wlis manZilze stalinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampania

ufro farToc gaxda da ufro TvalSi sacemad usamarTloc im mxriv,

rom stalinis pirovnebis maginebeli xelisufalni arc mis Seqmnil

imperiaze fiqrobdnen xelis aRebas, arc misi meTodiT agebul

samxedro_samrewvelo kompleqsze, arc mis Seqmnil diqtaturaze, arc

kolmeurneobaze, arc ekonomikuri Tu politikuri reJimis romelime sxva

ZiriTad formaze. antiqarTuli gamoxtomebic araTu ar klebulobda

sixSiriT am xnis manZilze, aramed izrdeboda...

am mdgomareobas axali garemoebebic daerTo, _ stalinis ufro da

ufro mzardi da oficialuri gineba (XX yriloba). ruseTis

mosaxleobis nawilis TvalSi es oficialuri pozicia gadatyda rogorc

istoriis saboloo ganaCeni qarTvelobis mimarT, romelsac ,,kargi”

cxovrebisaTvis sxva araviTari safuZveli ar moepoveboda, garda

stalinis Tanamemamuleobisa. qarTvelis TvalSi ki es gadatyda rogorc

41

gadamwyveti ieriSis signali saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (naTaZe(naTaZe(naTaZe(naTaZe 1989198919891989:::: #28)#28)#28)#28),,,,

ramac moamzada kidec tragediis safuZvlebi.

1956 wlis martis dReebSi saqarTveloSi ori tragedia moxda.

pirveli _ qarTveli axalgazrdoba partiis meoce yrilobis Semdeg

gamovida i. stalinis pirovnebis dasacavad, radgan mis kritikaSi

yvelafer sxvasTan erTad dainaxa qarTvelTa erovnuli grZnobis

Seuracxyofac.

meore _ am gamosvlis winaaRmdeg mcireodeni gaurkvevlobisa da

dayovnebis Semdeg, xelisuflebam iraRi ixmara. daiRupa da dasaxiCrda

mravali adamiani.

Tu pirveli tragediis axsna kidev SeiZleba sxvadasxva realuri

viTarebiTa da mosazrebiT, meore tragedia auxsneli da upatiebelia.

amas daemata mesame tragedia, ufro sworad, tragikomedia. martis

ambebis ganxilvis dros partiis maSindel umaRles instanciaSi es

gamosvlebi Sefasda rogorc nacionalisturi gamoxdoma, qarTvel xalxs

dabralda nacionalizmi. sxvebTan erTad am mxriv gansakuTrebiT

iaqtiures n. xruSCovma, v. molotovma da a. miqoianma, xolo v. mJavanaZes

daavales respublikaSi internacionaluri aRzrdis gaZliereba! ((((buaCiZe buaCiZe buaCiZe buaCiZe

1998:#151998:#151998:#151998:#15))))

rac Seexeba ioseb stalinis moRavaweobis erovnulobas, igi

arasodes yofila viwro, erovnuli, sqarTvelos Tu amierkavkasiis

masStabis moRvawe. zogadad aRebuli igi saerTaSoriso rangis

revoluciuri moRvawe iyo. mTeli Tavisi energia, niWi da

organizatoruli talanti uZRvna saerTaSoriso da ruseTis

proletarul moZraobas. araerTgzis piradi aRiarebis Tanaxmad, igi

rusi bolSeviki iyo da mSobliur enad rusuls Tvlida da acxadebda.

ras icavda, Tundac uneburad, qarTveli axalgazrdoba, roca

martis im dReebSi i. stalinis dasacavad quCebSi da moednebze gamovida?

cxadia, xalxi ar SeiZleboda gamosuliyo stalinisdroindeli

represiebis momxred, aTasobiT udanaSaulo adamianTa mospobis momxred.

aq gadaxlarTulia sul sxvadasxva, erTi SexedviT SeuTavsebeli,

momentebi da garemoebani. TviT cocxlad darCenil, aTasobiT

represirebul, Soreul CrdiloeTSi, cimbirSi, Sua aziaSi udanaSaulod

42

gadasaxlebulTac ki swamdaT, rom stalinma ubralod ,,ar icoda” ra

xdeboda qvemoT, rom igi SecdomaSi swored mtrebma Seiyvanes. sjerodaT,

rom stalini did istoriul saqmes iyo SeWidebuli, pirnaTlad

asrulebda leninis anderZs da axal samyaros qmnida.

magram, SesaZlebelia martis ambebSi erovnuli grZnobebis

gamoricxva? arada, ara, qarTveli xalxi im dReebSi marTlac, rom

amayobda staliniT, misi roliT, misi pirovnebiT, misi saqmeebiT, imiT,

rom stalini warmoSobiT mainc qarTveli iyo.

ai es iyo tragedia, xolo, antipartiuli, antisabWoTa da

nacionalisturi im gamosvlebSi araferi yofila.

43

2.3.2.3.2.3.2.3. 1956 wl1956 wl1956 wl1956 wlis martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologiais martis movlenebis qronologia

1956 wlis martis tragikul movlenaTa qronologia aseTia:

1956 wlis 3 marts, dilis 8:30 wuTze, didma qarTvelma msaxiobma

spartak baRaSvilma miitana pirveli gvirgvini beladis ZeglTan

(maWavariani(maWavariani(maWavariani(maWavariani 2007:2007:2007:2007:#9)#9)#9)#9)....

1956 wlis 5 marts, SuadRis 12 saaTisaTvis, studqalaqidan

universitetisaken axalgazrdebis kolona WavWavaZis prospeqtiT daiZra.

xelSi eWiraT transparantebi warweriT: ,,dideba did stalins”, stalinis

suraTebi da gvirgvini. universitetTan manifestantebs SeuerTda

studentTa didi jgufi. mozrdili kolona meliqiSvilis, leninis

quCebisa da rusTavelis prospeqtis gavliT gaemarTa leninis

moednisaken. gzadagza demonstrantebs uerTdeboda mosaxleoba,

ZiriTadad axalgazrdoba. leninis moedani demonstrantebiT gaivso.

isini SeCerdnen qalaqis sabWosTan, xelovnebis muzeumTan (sasuliero

seminariis yofili Senoba, sadac swavlobda stalini) lozungebi aseTi

iyo: ,,dideba did stalins”, ,,uari vuTxraT ,,daxurul werils”, ukan

waiRon daxuruli werili”. xalxi puSkinis quCisa da kolmeurneobis

moednis gavliT mivida sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan da gvirgvinebiT

Seamko Zeglis kvarcxlbeki. aq demonstnantebi, ZiriTadad studenti

axalgazrdoba, stalinis ideebisadmi erTgulebis fics sdebda.

universitetis studentTa magaliTs qalaqis sxva saswavleblis

studentebma da moswavleebmac mibaZes. 5-8 marts TbilisSi faqtiurad

Sewyda mecadineoba. gvirgvinebiTa da lozungebiT darazmuli

axalgazrdoba miemarTeboda stalinis qandakebisaken, rogorc meqas Savi

qvisaken. manifestaciaSi monawileobis misaRebad TbilisSi mosaxleoba

saqarTvelos sxvadsasxva raionidan Camovida. qalaqSi SeZaxilebiTa da

sirenebis gamayruebeli xmauriT daqrodnen axalgazrdebi. cxovreba

paralizebuli iyo. momitingeebi jer ,,yofiT” problemebs uyenebdnen

qalaqis partiul xelmZRvanelobasa da administracias. magaliTad,

iTxovdnen stalinis Zeglis mimdebare teritoriisa da leninis moednis

radioficirebas, rac dauyovnebliv Sesrulda ((((janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#janeliZe 2009:#42424242)))). . . .

44

sayuradReboa, rom Ramec ki, roca ZeglTan 1500_2000 sulze meti

aRar rCeboda xolme, radioqselis Camogleja ar ucdiaT.

oficialuri cnobebiT, 50_60 aTasi kaci Seikriba. mitingebi daiwyo

agreTve gorSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi, cxinvalSi (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos

respubrespubrespubrespublika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48lika 2006: #48)))). . . .

9 marts baTumis pedagogiuri institutis studentoba gamovida

yvavilebiT mownuli araCvelebrivad didi girliandiT. xalxis simravle

imanac gamoiwvia, rom dilidanve gaxda cnobili, rom mitings partiis

saolqo da saqalaqo xelmZRvaneloba Caatarebda. marTalia, momitingeTa

Soris gadacmuli samarTaldamcavebic ki mravlad iyvnen, magram

arcerTi maTgani ar mosula momitingeebTan da ar mouTxoviaT an

mitingis Sewyveta da daSla an raime sxva saxiT gafrTxileba. aSkarad

Canda, rom xelisuflebac solidarobas ucxadebda momitingeebs

samSoblos Rirsebis dacvaSi. ((((m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s.m.s.d.a.s.s., partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18, partiuli fondi 18aaaa, aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq. , aRw. 1, saq.

51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)51, fur. 40)

9 marts dilis 11 saaTze i. b. stalinis ZeglTan daidga samTavrobo

mitingisaTvis saWiro yvela atributi. gaimarTa mitingis radioficirebis

sistema da daiwyo i. b. stalinis gardacvalebis sami wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili oficialuri saqalaqo mitingi. prezidiumSi idgnen

saqarTvelos kp aWaris saolqo da saqalaqo komitetis biuros wevrebi,

mdivnebi, ministrebi, saxelmwifo komitetis Tavmjdomareebi saqarTvelos

kp aWaris saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis daviT mamulaZis

meTaurobiT. ((((bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:22222222----23)23)23)23)

baTumSi mimdinare mitingi mSvidobianad damTavrda 9 martis saRamos

8 saTze. TbilisSi mimdinare mitingis darbevisas datrialebuli

tragediis Sesaxeb baTumSi mimdinare mitingis monawileebma mxolod

meore dRes diliT Seityves. ((((bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:iSvili 2011:33)33)33)33)

im dReebSi xSirad Tovda, wvimda magram zRva xalxi daCoqili

mReroda beladis sayvarel simReras _ ,,gafrindi, Savo mercxalo”.

yvavilebiT iyo morTuli qalaqis centraluri _ dRes Tavisulebis

moedani. iq Sekrebil axalgazrdebs xSirad uCvenebdnen mxatvrul films

,,lenini oqtomberSi” _ sadac proletariatis ori beladi _ lenini da

da stalini xvdebodnen erTmaneTs.

45

qalaqis sxva adgilebic (pirvel yovlisa, sadguris moedani)

xalxiT ivseboda, Tumca sxvagan, garda zemoxsenebuli ori adgilisa

(sanapiroze ZeglTan da leninis moedanze), tribuna ar gaumarTavT

(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28(naTaZe 1989: #28))))....

stalinis suraTis demonstraciaze gamotaniT demonstrantebma

gamoiyenes eSmakuri iaraRi, ruseTis istoriaSi yofila msgavsi sxva

SemTxvevebic. magaliTad: 1905 wlis 9 ianvaris kargad cnobil

demonstracias win miuZRoda nikoloz II-is suraTi ((((comaia comaia comaia comaia 2003: #402003: #402003: #402003: #40))))....

mitingiT isargebles ucxoeTis sadazvervo samsaxurebmac da

Tavidan mxolod stalinis Rirsebis damcvel am mravalaTasian

Tavyrilobaze ukve mesame_meoTxe dRes gaCnda Semogdebuli mowodebebic.

da, bolos saqme iqamde mivida, rom gamoikveTa saerTo azri, da

ganwyobileba, gamoveyoT sabWoTa saxelmwifoso.

demonstaraciebisa da manifestaciebis dReebSi gamoCnda mTavrobis

sawinaaRmdego xelnaweri furclebi. amas mohyva dabeWdili

proklamaciebic, mcire formatis broSurebi, TviT maRal poligrafiul

doneze Sesrulebuli axali, arasabWouri, gerbiani feradi

proklamaciebi, furclebi soliduri teqstebiT, romelSic dagmobili

iyo skkp, sabWoTa mTavroba. maTi Semdgenel-gamavrceleblebi xalxs

mouwodebdnen ebrZolaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis (nozaZe (nozaZe (nozaZe (nozaZe

1992:1992:1992:1992:103)103)103)103)....

erTi sityviT, damoukidebel saqarTveloze daiwyo laparaki. es ki

ukve is sakiTxi iyo, romelzec maSin iluziasac veravin Seqmnida.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs informaciis sxvadasxvaoba

mitingis monawileTa Siris. 1956 wlis martis dReebSi stalinis

pirovnebisa da qarTveli eris Rirebis dasacavad q. baTumSi gamarTuli

mitingis uSualo minawile iuri bibileiSvili Tavis mogonebebSi wers

Semdegs: ,,axla xSirad weren, rom Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi gamarTul

mitingebze ismoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnebi. me ar

SemiZlia amis dadastureba. maSin namdvilad ar idga sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlis moTxovna. saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebidan miRebuli

informaciebidan vici, rom yvelgan, sadac saprotesto mitingebi

imarTeboda, xalxi moiTxovda moskovis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT

46

Rirseul damokidebulebas, pativiscemiT mopyrobas” (” (” (” (bibilebibilebibilebibileiSvili iSvili iSvili iSvili

2011:2011:2011:2011:29)29)29)29)....

saqarTvelos kompartiis ck._is pirveli mdivnis v. mJavanaZis, erTi

arcTu rigiTi (rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena)

reaqcia... SesTavazes, momitinge axalgazrdobas davSliT wylis WavliTo,

brandspoitebiTo. ras ambobT, dacivdebian bavSvebio. ai, aseTi pasuxi

misca.

6 marts Catarda saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas biuros sxdoma. ra

Tqma unda, Tbilissa Tu respublikis sxva qalaqebSi Seqmnil

mdgomareobaze iyo msjeloba. miTiTeba erTaderTi iyo, ramenairad unda

miRweuliyo arsebuli mdgomareobis normalizaciisaTvis.

magram ise moxda, rom 7 martidan viTareba kidev ufro damZimda.

erTi SexedviT, amis sababad iqca CineTis saxalxo respublikis

Tavmjdomaris marSal ju des da mis Tanmxleb pirTa Tbilisuri viziti.

momitingeebma Seityves, rom sapatio stumrebi krwanisSi daabinaves da

dauyovnebliv gadawyvites, rom swveodnen ju des da mitingze sityvis

warmosaTqmelad daepatiJebinaT

mitingis erTi nawili aiSala da krwanisisken wavida. es iyo ara

delegacia, aramed 500-600 kaci (nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:13)13)13)13).... radgan Sors iyo, qalaqis

avtobusebi gaaCeres da krwanisSi wayvana mosTxoves. leseliZis quCaze

demonstracias gza gadauRoba quCis gardi_gardmo dayenebulma sabargo

manqanebma da Tbilisis saartilerio saswavleblis kursantebma.

demonstrantebma waarTves maT avtomatebi da iqve manqanebze miumtvries.

kursantebs srola ar ucdiaT. demonstracia mivida krwanisSi.

demonstrantTa jgufSi iyo studenti konstantine ciciSvili. igi

ju des miesalma, didi pativiscemiT moikiTxa mao Ze_duni da orives

janmrTeloba usurva. amasTan, auwya, rom rakiRa misi Camosvla stalinis

gardacvalebis sami wlisTavis aRniSvnas daemTxva, sTxovs sapatio

stumars, mobrZandes stalinis monumentTan gamarTul mitingze da iq

gamovides sityviT.

ju dem delegaciis wevrebs auxsna, rom avadmyofobis gamo ver

axerxebs xalxis Txovnis Sesrulebas, magram TbilisSi, mitingze

siamovnebiT gagzavnis Tavis warmomadgenels.

47

xalxma daujera da Tbilisisken Semobrunda. mas Tan axldnen m.

giorgaZe, ju des warmomadgeneli da Tarjimani. sanapiroze gamarTul

mitingze ju des warmomadgenelma sul raRac xuTwuTiani sityva

warmoTqva. aRniSna, rom ju de da CineTis mTeli delegacia kmayofilebi

arian saqarTveloSi CamosvliT da Tavis rezidenciaSi, krwanisSi

dabrunda.

7 Tu 8 marts diliT, studqalaqidan (sadac moZraobis centri iyo)

Zeglisken mZlavri demonstracia wamovida. universitetis quCaze maT

raRaca gangebiT daewia wyneTidan momavali saqarTvelos kompartiis

ck_s pirveli mdivnis, vasil mJavanaZis manqana. manqanam demonstaraciis

garRveva da gaswreba moindoma, igi ar gauSves, gaaCeres, mJavanaZe

gadmoiyvanes da aiZules demonstraciasTan erTad, lozungebis

,,gaumarjos stalins” da a.S. ZaxilSi gamoevlo is xuTasiode metri, rac

universitetamde rCeboda (iq demonstracia cota xniT SeCerda Zeglisken

wasvlamde). miliciis generali janjRava, romelic mJavanaZes axlda da

misi bedi gaiziara, braziT xorcs iglejda da TavxedebTan angariSis

gasworebas iTxovda, magram mJavanaZem aiZula igi, uxmod gadmosuliyo

manqanidan masTan erTad da demonstraciaSi masTan erTad gaevlo. es

faqti cnobili gaxda maSinve da ara Semdeg, roca janjRava

demonstrantTa daxvretis brZanebis gacemis erT-erTi Tanamonawile

gaxda. (dRes igi sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSia) ((((naTaZenaTaZenaTaZenaTaZe 1989:#281989:#281989:#281989:#28)))). . . .

9 marts diliT 5 saaTsa da 30 wuTze, kavSirgabmulobis saxlis win

gaCerda sami Tu oTxi satvirTo manqana. maT axalgazrdebi moiyvanes,

zogierTi fexiTac mosuliyo. maT, gamoyves 5-6 kaciani delegacia da

wamoayenes TavinTi moTxovnebi, rac iTvaliswinebda Semdegs:

9 marts diliT saqarTvelos radiogadacemebi dawyebuliyo

saqarTvelos himniT. ara marto musikiT, aramed teqstiT, rogorc es

adre iyo, Semdeg dRis ganmavlobaSi gadacemaTa programaSi

gaeTvaliswinebinaT qarTuli simRerebi, maT Soris ,,gafrindi Savo

mercxalo”.

axalgazrdebs Sedgenili hqondaT depeSis teqsti ssrk_s sxvadasxva

qalaqis axalgazrdobisaTvis gasagzavnad, riTac moiTxovdnen

48

mxardaWeras. teqsti mTavrdeboda sityvebiT: ,,gaumarjos lenins,

stalins!”

diliT 6 saaTze radiom gadacemebi ise daiwyo, rogorc

axalgazrdebis delegaciam moiTxova. dRis bolomde kavSirgabmulobis

saxlSi simSvide iyo (ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili(ecadaSvili 1989:#1141989:#1141989:#1141989:#114))))....

am dRes sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan, dilidan Tavi moiyares

Tbiliselebma da raionebidan Camosulebma, ZiriTadad axalgazrdobam.

daaxloebiT dRis pirvel saaTze stalinis Zeglis kvarcxlbekTan

gamarTul tribunaze movida saqarTvelos partiuli xelmZRvaneloba

vasil mJavanaZis meTaurobiT. masTan erTad movidnen msaxiobebi, maT

Soris akaki xorava, Tamar WavWavaZe, isini gamovidnen mogonebiT

stalinze, waikiTxes misdami miZRvnili leqsebi.

respublikis saxalxo artists emanuil afxaiZes mitingze

warmoTqmuli sityva ase daumTavrebia: ,,dido stalin, yrilobaze

Segadares to kudas (iaponiis kompartiis lideri) erTi wuTiT wamodeqi,

dainaxav kto kuda”...

kargad werda im dros erT_erTi indoeli Jurnalisti: ,,sabWoTa

kavSirSi pirveli Tavisufali demonstracia gaimarTa im adamianis

samSobloSi da im adamianis pativsacemad, vinc mTeli cxovrebis

manZilze axSobda demonstraciebs”.

ioseb noneSvilma waikiTxa SesaniSnavi leqsi ,,mamav, Zvirfaso”. maSin

studentis, axla ki cnobili poetisa da sazogado moRvawis jansuR

Carkvianis gamosvla, man SesZaxa, gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTveloso.

vaSa, iquxa xalxma, iyo taSi (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo (saqarTvelo 1997199719971997:#5:#5:#5:#5)))). . . .

mitingze 818 SekiTxva, winadadeba, rCeva, moTxovna iqna aRricxuli

da fiqsirebuli. maTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom isini exeboda socialur,

politikur, ideologiur, erovnul Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sakiTxebs. erT-erT SekiTxvaSi Riad aris moTxovna saqarTvelos

damoukideblobaze da ase JRerda: `SeiZleba Tu ara konstituciis

safuZvelze, saqarTvelo gamoeyos ssr kavSirs?” iyo mowodebebic

Tavisuflebis brZoliT mopovebis Sesaxeb.

qalaqSi satvirTo manqanebic moZraobdnen, romlebzec msaxiobebi

,,lenins” da ,,stalins” ansaxierebdnen. aqa_iq politbiuros wevrebis

49

suraTebic moCanda. iyo xruSCovis suraTic, mxolod is Tavdayira ekida.

(rusulad) ia xruSCev! aseTi warweriT darbodnen qalaqSi Casuqebuli

Rorebi ((((uruSaZe uruSaZe uruSaZe uruSaZe 2005:#54)2005:#54)2005:#54)2005:#54). . . .

arc erTi dawesebuleba, sawarmo, instituti, universiteti, skola

ar muSaobda.… mTeli qarTveli axalgazrdoba quCaSi iyo. wesrigs

xalxis mier gamoyofili razmelebi icavdnen (lurji zortebi hqondaT

mklavze). Camodioden da Camodioden warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxidan,… araviTari areuloba ar iyo!

saocari is iyo, rom araviTari xelmZRvaneloba ar arsebobda,

araviTari centraluri komiteti an msgavsi ram. yvelaferi mitingebze

xmis micemiT da xelis aweviT wydeboda. namdvili saswauli iyo.…

mere, TandaTanobiT da sakmaod swrafad saprotesto mitingebis

saerTo wamyvani Tema gaxda saqarTvelo da qveynis damoukidebloba.…sul

ufro xSirad gaismoda `qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar~ da sxva am xasiaTis

simRerebi! mitingebze sityviT gamomsvlelebi msjelobdnen imaze, vin

daudgeboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxarSi. zogi CineTs iZaxda

(Cineli komunistebi am dros ukve magrad iyvnen wakidebulebi rusebTan)

da zogi ki amerikas (SedarebiT naklebi).

im dReebSi TbilisSi Camovida skkp centraluri komitetis

partiuli organoebis ganyofilebis gamgis moadgile Sikini _

velikoderJaveli Sovinisti da antistalinisti, romelmac martis

movlenebis tragikulad ganviTarebaSi mTavari roli Seasrula. mas

Tavisi Zveli armieli xelqveiTi v. mJavanaZe Zlieri gavlenis qveS hyavda

moqceuli.

komkavSiris centraluri komitetis xelmZRvaneloba jer kidev ar

kargavda imeds, rom partia darTavda nebas, procesebis mimdinareobaze

garkveuli zemoqmedebis mizniT, saTaveSi moqceodnen am saprotesto

gamosvlas da am winadadebiT respublikis partiul xelmZRvanelobas

mimarTes kidec.

magram, es winadadeba ar gaiTavliswina saqarTvelos partiulma

xelmZRvanelobam, radgan swored Sikinis mosazrebam iTamaSa mTavari

sapiriswonis roli: Sikinis azriT _ komkavSiri antipartiul da

50

antisamTavrobo gamosvlebs uWerda mxars da XX yrilobis winaaRmdeg

ilaSqrebda.

Tamaz janeliZes da uSiSroebis ministrs _ aleqsi inaurs daevala

momitingeebTan molaparakeba. mitingis erT-erTi aqtiuri xelmZRvaneli

iyo rusTavSi mcxovrebi zaur maWavariani (is 19 marts daapatimres

leqciaze). isini sanapiroze Cavidnen da moelaparaknen zaur maWavarians,

rom 9 marts, stalinis dasaflavebis saaTisaTvis daniSnul samgloviaro

mitingis damTavrebisTanave, momitingeebi Sewyvetdnen TavianT aqcias.

9 marts mTavrobis mxridan kursi ukve mdgomareobis gamwvavebisken

iyo aRebuli. dilis 10 saaTisaTvis mitingze mJavanaZe movida da

naxevarsaaTiani sityva Tqva (damtvreuli qarTuliT). man qebiT ilaparaka

stalinze da sityvis dasasruls manifestantebs mouwoda, daSliliyvnen.

mJavanaZis gamosvliT mitingis monawileebma daijeres, rom mitingi

aRiarebuli iqna xelisufalTa mier da mTavrobam ukan daixia.

mJavanaZem da misma Tanmxlebma pirebma datoves tribuna, magram

mikrofonebisaTvis xeli aravis uxlia. sanapiroze Sekrebilma

manifestantebma TandaTanobiT iwyes daSla, daicala TiTqmis mTeli

moedani. Zegliswina teritoria miatoves milicielebmac, romlebic

wesrigis dasacavad iyvnen moxmobilni.

male daSlilma xalxma kvlav iwyo mogroveba. tribunaze erTmaneTs

cvlidnen oratorebi. maT gamosvlebSi ismis stalinis qeba_dideba da

xruSCovis kritika. saRamosTvis kritikuli gamosvlebi ufro gamwvavda

da mis lanZRvaSi gadavida. tribunebidan ismoda: ,,gaumarjos stalins”,

,,ukan gaigzavnos daxuruli werili”, ,,xruSCovi miecaes pasuxisgebaSi”,

,,wavideT arsenalze da aviRoT iaraRi! ”, ,,aqvea TurqeTi.”

daaxloebiT, dRis 3 saaTze, goris Teatris msaxiobebma

warmoadgines stalinisa da leninis Sexvedris scena tamerforsSi da

zogma mayurebelma mosTxova msaxiobebs, erTmaneTs gadaexvieTo.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom am scenas masis ZiriTad nawilSi

warmateba ar hqonia.

amasobaSi, saqmeSi CaerTvnen samxedroebi _ ZiriTadad mesazRvreebi.

sul ,,kargiT ra, biWebo” iZaxes, geyoT, davamTavroT, daviSaloT - ase

dayvavebiT cdilobdnen egzaltirebuli axalgazrdebis daSoSminebas.

51

gansxvavebiT me_8 polkis jariskacebisagan _ bavSvTa saxlebisgan

akrefili, usamSoblo, gaborotebuli biWebisagan, romlebic, rogorc ki

saSualeba miecemodaT, sastikad uswordebodnen adamianebs.

aseT saxifaTo viTarebaSi gaisma pirveli gasrolis xma.Amis mere

haerSi samxedroebmac gaisroles, avtomatebic ki akakanda. daiSala

kavSirgabmulobis sasaxlis Senobisken daZruli mTeli kolona, magram,

sanapiroze stalinis ZeglTan isev 2000 kacamde idga da iqidan fexsac

ar icvlida.

Sikinma rom dainaxa iolad gavimarjveTo, dajda

javSantransportiorze da dauyovnebliv CaakiTxa sanapiroze

TavSeyrilebs.Aaxla ukve sanapiros mTeli Zeglis irgvlivi midamo

moaqcia alyaSi me-8 polkma, Tumca momitingeebma mainc seriozuli

winaaRmdegoba gauwies da ar daiSalnen. maSin gaica brZaneba: xalxi

daSaleTo, biWebs tyviebiT da xiStebiT gaumaspinldnen.

viRac kuTxovani saxis biWma ,,duglas fernbeqsis” ulvaSiT viRacas

gasZaxa, nikoloz, moxseni erTi 2000 kaci da kavSirgabmulobis

saxlisken gauSvi, gavagebinoT erTi ambavio. am gankargulebis

gacemisTanave daiZra xalxi kavSirgabmulobisaken. aleqsi inaurma

maSinve dareka: Seamowma, ramdenad daculi iyo kavSirgabmulobis saxli,

mTavrobis sasaxle, partiis centraluri komitetis Senoba, rom maTSi

xalxis Sevardnis albaToba gamoericxa.

saRamos 8 saaTisTvis mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba. Seadgines

moskovisa da leningradis axalgazrdebisadmi mimarTvis teqsti

mxardaWeris TxovniT. Seiqmna jgufi, romelsac mimarTva unda gaegzavna

kavSirgabmulobis saxlidan. ismoda muqara, rom winaaRmdegobis

SemTxvevaSi xelSi aiRebdnen fosta-telegrafs. es ukve metismeti iyo.

sanapiroze, Camwkrivdnen tankebi da javSantransportiorebi (saarqivo (saarqivo (saarqivo (saarqivo

2010: #9)2010: #9)2010: #9)2010: #9). . . .

daaxloebiT cxris naxevarze demonstrantTa erTi jgufi gaemarTa

kavSirgabmulobis saxlisken. maT kari daketili daxvdaT.

axalgazrdebma, rodesac ZaliT moindomes Sesvala kavSirgabmulobis

saxlSi, iq myofma jariskacebma ori momitinge xiStebze aages.

axalgazrdebTan erTad iyo quTaiseli gogona, romelic mTeli dRis

52

manZilze Zlier aqtiurobda. gogonam gasisxlianebuli perangi gaxada

moklul amxanags da jorjiaSvilis quCiT daeSva sanapirosken. igi

stalinis ZeglTan, tribunaze afrialebda gasisxlianebul perangs da

momitingeebs mouwodebda SurisZiebisaken. jariskacebma quTaiseli

gogona, nana akakis asuli WoRoSvili xiStebze aages, Tumca is ar

daRupula (nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:(nozaZe 1992:226226226226))))....

gaxelebuli da gamZvinvarebuli xalxi jorjiaSvilis quCiT daiZra

kavSirgabmulobis saxlisken. aq, axlos misulebs, saxuravidan dauSines

tyviamfrqvevis jeri. prospeqtze myof jariskacTa dawoliT xalxis

talRam ukan daixia sanapirosken. aq mdgomma tankebma gasrisa stalinis

Zeglis win myofi xalxi. tankebs gadarCenili demonstrantebi sanapiros

jebirebs miawydnen, romelmac ver gauZlo mowolas da adamianebi

mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen, TiTqmis yvela maTgani daixrCo.

rodesac 9 marts (albaT, 2 saaTi iqneboda) srolis xma mogvesma

(igonebs mJavanaZis yofili TanaSemwe g. melaZe), pirveli mdivnis

kabinetSi Sevvardi,… magidaze damxobil mJavanaZes telefoni ekava xelSi

da bRaoda _ ar isroloT!...

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg igive mJavanaZis xelmoweriT kremlSi iseTi

informacia igzavneba, ris mixedviTac yvela codva udanaSaulo

momotingeebs aqvT miwerili.

ai, es informaciac: kavSirgabmulobis saxlTan Seikriba

daaxloebiT 2-3 aTasi kaci. provokatorebma adamianebis didi jgufi

aiZules SeWriliyo kavSirgabmulobis saxlSi. Senobis Zira sarTulze

Caamsxvries fanjrebi, moiTxoves dacvis moxsna, pistoletidan sroliT

daWres ori mebrZoli, gaismoda yvirili: ,,movklaT generali gladkovi”

(generali Senobas icavda) ramdenime mebrZolma haerSi gasafrTxilebeli

srola moaxdina. erT-erT mebrZols avtomati waarTves, mxolod am

momentSi oceuli iZulebuli gaxda iaraRi gamoeyenebina, radgan brbos

SeCerebisa da alagmvis sxva gamosavali ar iyo ...

imdroindeli kagebes Sefi aleqsi inauri ki ase amartivebs saqmes:

,,im tragikuli saRamos, mitingis erT_erT monawiles, kavSirgabmulobis

saxlis xelSi Cagdebis cdisas, jariskacisTvis droSis tari

53

mouxvedrebia TvalSi. am jariskacs ise, rom misTvis brZaneba aravis ar

miucia, avtomatis jeri gausrolia. amis gamo amtydara srola.

daWrilebi da daxocilebi saaviacio teqnikumis pirdapir,

dRevandeli aladaSvilis saxelobis klinikis foieSi eyarnen

tomrebiviT.

sul male saavadmyofos karibWe daixSo TviT WirisuflebisTvisac

ki da Tu zogierTi maTgani mainc axerxebda foieSi SeRwevas, es mxolod

iqauri erTi madliani eqimis wyalobiT. (saqarTvelos respublika

2005:#54)

oficialurad 300 mokluli gamoacxades da arc erTi moklulis

datirebis saSualeba ar misces. TviTon damarxes dabeWdili cinkis

kuboebiT mxolod ojaxis TandaswrebiT (morgidan)!

saerTod, ise daSinebuli iyo xelisufleba, rom mere arc rame didi

represiebi da arc didi propagandistuli aJiotaJi ar yofila.

miaCumaTes, viTomc ar momxdara…~

1956 wlis 9 marts daRupulTa da daWrilTa zusti raodenoba

jerac ar aris cnobili. Sss-s saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi

masalebis safuZvelze am struqturis gamocemam `saarqivo moambem~

gamoaqveyna informacia, romlis mixedviTac, maSindeli oficialuri

monacemebiT, jamSi, oficialuri informaciiT, srolis Sedegad, 27

adamiani daiRupa da 54 daiWra, Tumca, `saarqivo moambec~ da

TviTmxilvelebic acxadeben, rom msxverpli bevrad meti iyo da im dRes

70-dan 100 kacamde daiRupa ((((berulavaberulavaberulavaberulava 2011)2011)2011)2011)....

uSiSroebis komitetSi arsebuli monacemebiT pirveli Setevis dros

cecxlsasroli iaraRiT daiRupa 22 kaci, Semdeg miemata kidev 5

(arsebobs daRupulTa saxelobiTi siebic –d.e.), daiWra ramdenime aTeuli

(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)(goguaZe 2007:3)....

9 da 10 marts sabWoTa armiis jarebis qvedanayofebis mier,

romlebic axdendnen patrulirebas qalaqSi werigis dasamyareblad,

dakavebul iqna 300 kacamde. xolo Semdegi 12 dRis ganmavlobaSi

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoebis mier dasakaveblad warmoebda

gamoZieba, ris Sedegad sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi miesces 39 kaci:

54

a) mitingebze provokaciuli, antisabWoTa gamosvlebis, aseve e. w.,

mitingis ~saqmiani prezidiumis” wevrobisaTvis: v. g. kaWarava, S. d.

beruaSvili, z. n. maWavariani, i. a. kuxianiZe, i. f. qinqlaZe, a. i. Jordania;

b) sabWoTa mTavrobis mimarT Sedgenili provokaciuli moTxovnebis

iniciatorebi da monawileni: v. z. mWedliZe, k. s. CxeiZe, k. i. osaZe, k. d.

ciciaSvili, a. p. mirianaSvili da sxvebi.

1956 wlis sisxliani dReebis ganmavlobaSi sul dapatimres 375 kaci,

maT Soris: skkp wevri – 34, alkk wevri -165, upartio – 142. daxocilTa da

dazaralebulTa ricxvi dRemde ucnobia (saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010:(saarqivo 2010: #9)#9)#9)#9).

mitingis monawileTa sisxliani angariSsworebis Semdeg Zalian

bevri svamda kiTxvas, vin gasca brZaneba momitingeebisTvis cecxli

gaexsnaT. am kiTxvas svamdnen 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdegac, Tumca,

yvelaferi isedac naTeli iyo. rac Seexeba 9 marts, rasakvirvelia,

brZanebas ssrk-s genmdivnis gverdis avliT veravin gascemda, brZanebis

gamcemTa samkuTxedi ki maSin ase gamoiyureboda: xruSCovi (ssrk gen-

mdivani) - Jukovi (Tavdacvis ministri) - fediuninski (amierkavkasiis

samxedro olqis sardali).

55

2.4.2.4.2.4.2.4. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi1956 wlis 9 martis tragediis Sedegebi

Tanamedrove istorikosTa Soris dRemde sadaod rCeba sakiTxi 1956

wlis 9 martis gamosvlebis monawile pirTa rolisa da maTi qmedebis

Sefasebis Sesaxeb. gaurkvevlobas qmnis Semdegi garemoebani: erTi mxriv

saqme gvaqvs erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa da identobis SegrZnebis aSkara

gamovlinebasTan, magram amave dros is mizezi, romelic demonstrantebma

sabrZolo lozungad aafriales, veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs. es

stalinis kultia. swored, im stalinisa, romelic rusis jariT

garSemortymul TbilisTan mdgom orjonikiZes swerda: ”axlave Seutie,

dasturia. gibrZaneb, aiRe qalaqi~...

aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego aqciebi mimdinareobda

ara marto uSualod 5-9 martis dReebSi, aramed sisxliani tragediis

Semdegac, rac imis mkafio mimaniSnebeli iyo, rom xocva_Jletam ver

daaSina qarTveli xalxi, rogorc xelisufleba varaudobda.

partiis centralurma komitetma saswrafod Seqmna am faqtebis

Semswavleli komisia, romlis Tavmjdomaredac dainiSna mixeil giorgaZe,

yovelmxriv sando da Rirseuli pirovneba, xolo cekadan mis

SemadgenlobaSi Sevida naTela vasaZe. komisiam daTvala msxverpli 83

kaci, Tumca es cifri arasodes gamoqveynebula.

tragediis ,,Sesaswavlad” moskovidan komisia gamogzavnes, romelsac

ssrk_s Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile ovsianikovi

xelmZRvanelobda. man moiTxova, rom saeqsperto komisiis aqtebSi

CaeweraT, TiTqos yvela daRupuls tyvia winidan hqonda moxvedrili.

Cveni medpersonalis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ovsianikovis es

moTxovna ar Seasrules. piriqiT, maSindelma mTavarma eqspertma

profesorma giorgi maTiaSvilma gabedulad moawera xeli daskvnebs,

sadac axalgazrdebs sikvdilis mizezad zurgSi nasroli Wrilobebi

daufiqsirdaT.

mogvianebiT Cveni sasiqadulo poeti ioseb noneSvili, romelic

momitingeebSi yvelaze meti aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda da amisaTvis

SeiZleba mkacrad dasjiliyo, qalaqis aqtivze, sadac sabWoeTis

oficialurma pirebma metad mkacri Sefaseba misces (qalaqis garnizonis

56

ufrosma _ gladkovma, olqis jarebis sardalma fediuninskim da

Camosulma maRalCinosnebma) martis movlenebs da amasTan erTad

qarTveli eric galanZRes, rogorc nacionalistebi da separatistebi,

adga da pirdapir mimarTa maT: batonebo, Tu Tqven gaivliT Cveni qalaqis

Zvel nawilSi, SeuZlebelia ver SeamCnioT, rom erT mtkavel miwaze,

romelic Tbilisis adrindel centrs warmoadgenda, TiTqmis erTmaneTis

gverdiT dgas sxvadsxva rwmenis xalxTa salocavebi _ meCeTi, sinagoga,

marTlmadidebluri, grigorianuli, kaTolikuri eklesiebi. SeiZleba ers

ewodos nacionalisti, Tu is sxva xalxebs aZlevs amis saSualebas?

miTxariT, Tu aris sadme analogi? misi gamosvla imdenad STambeWdavi

iyo, rom rusebis agresia swrafad Cacxra.

aprilis meore dekadaSi TbilisSi Camosula ,,niu iork taimsis”

korespondenti Svarci, romelmac gamokiTxviT daadgina, rom daRupulTa

raodenoba 160_mde iyo. es ricxvi ar iqneba swori, aRniSnavs TviTon

Svarci, vinaidan, uamravi gvami mtkvarSi gadayares, nawili ki ojaxebma

damales, radgan represiebis SeeSindaT. amitom daRupulTa raodenobis

dazusteba SeuZlebeliao ((((uruSaZeuruSaZeuruSaZeuruSaZe 2005: #542005: #542005: #542005: #54)))). . . .

10 marts qalaqi naomars hgavda. quCebi samxedroebiT iyo savse.

magram yovelive amis Sesaxeb erTi sityviTac ar aris asaxuli

saqarTvelos ssr-s Sinagan saqmeTa ministris v. janjRavas yoveldRiur

saidumlo moxsenebebSi, saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris g.

javaxiSvilisadmi. moxsenebebSi aRniSnulia, rom ,,1956 wlis 6, 7 da 8

marts q. TbilisSi yuradRebis misaqcevi SemTxvevebi daregistrirebuli

ar aris” (s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,(s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81,82,83)82,83)82,83)82,83)....

9 martis tragikul movlenebs maSin didi rezonansi ar mohyolia, _

marTalia sabWoTa kavSiris romeliRac qalaqSi studentebic gamosulan,

sazRvargareTic TiTqosda SeSfoTebula, magram imdenad Zlieri iyo

sabWoTa manqanis sabrZolo Tu ideologiuri SeiaraReba, xmis amoRebas

vin gabedavda... ((((jaxuajaxuajaxuajaxua 2007: #442007: #442007: #442007: #44))))....

qarTveli axalgazrdebis 1956 wlis 9 martis gamosvla iyo

antisamTavrobo protesti erovnuli SeferilobiT. centrma 1956 wlis 9

martis tragedia TbilisSi Seafasa, rogorc antisabWoTa,

nacionalisturi, kontrrevoluciuri xasiaTis gamosvla.

57

9 martis gamosvlam TbilisSi stimuli misca totalitarizmis

dagmobas, istoriul RirebulebaTa gadasinjvas, qarTveli xalxis

erovnul gamoRviZebas, rasac mohyva imJamindeli xlmZRvanelis negatiuri

damokidebuleba sqarTvelosadmi. n. xruSCovis brZanebiT daSlil iqna

sabWoTa kavSiris didi samamulo omis umZimes periodSi sagmiro

saqmeebiT gamorCeuli qarTuli sajariso SenaerTebi. qarTveli

generlebi da oficrebi iZulebiTi wesiT CamoaSores SeiaraRebul

Zalebs, gadaayenes.

sxvaTa Soris, imperiis xelmZRvaneloba am SemTxvevaSic zustad

Caswvda saqmis realur arss, razec metyvelebs xelisuflebis mier am

movlenis Semdeg gatarebuli administraciul-politikuri RonisZiebebi:

gauqmda nacionaluri samxedro SenaerTebi (manamde sabWoTa armiaSi iyo

aseTi nawilebic), mokavSire respublikebSi ck-s II mdivnad dainiSna rusi,

rogorc meTvalyure erTiani rusuli imperiisa (mefisnacvlis

institutis aRdgena sxva formiT SeuZlebebi iyo!) amave periodidan

iwyeba avtonomiuri respublikebis mosaxleobis ideologiuri

damuSaveba, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tu ki imperiis erTianobas

safrTxe daemuqreba, isini gamoyenebuli iqnan, rogorc saxelmwifos

placdarmi mocemul regionSi. es, ase vTqvaT, xelisuflebis is reaqciaa,

rac uSualod mohyva 1956 wlis movlenebs da SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac

naTlad Cans.

1956 wlis 9 martis Semdeg respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba

kremlis karnaxiT yvela saSualebiT cdilobda axalgazrdobaSi Caekla

erovnuli damoukideblobis miswrafebni, magram es boroti

mizandasaxuloba ver ganxorcielda. moswavle da student

axalgazrdobis mcire jgufebi konspiraciulad eweodnen erovnuli

idealebiT axalgazrdobis ideuri da organizaciuli darazmvis saqmes.

58

Tavi mesameTavi mesameTavi mesameTavi mesame

erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul----ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis

60606060----80808080----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi

$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. pirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebipirveli disidenturi dajgufebebi

1956 wlis 9 martis tragediam gza gauxsna erovnul moZraobas

sabWoeTis respublikaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi. protestantma-

patriotebma scades SeemnaT ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komiteti”,

“sruliad saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis kavSiri” da sxva aralegaluri

organizaciebi, romelTa wamowyeba maleve aRkveTa xelisuflebam da maT

Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena SemorCa.

aRniSnul organizaciebs Soris erT-erTi iyo organizacia ,,sag”-i -

siRnaRis axalgazrda gvardia, romelic 1956 wlis 10 an 11 marts Seiqmna

siRnaRSi, kowo beJaSvilis, leri joxariZis, givi yorRanaSvilis, Tengiz

zuraSvilis, jemal qitiaSvilis, omar natroSvilis da gaioz

sulxaniSvilis monawileobiT. jgufs TbilisSi daxocili

axalgazrdebis ideebi unda gaegrZelebina. es iyo axalgazrda moswavle

patriotTa jgufi, romelTa moqmedeba ZiriTadad xruSCovis politikuri

reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi ganmtkicda n. xruSCovis

erTpirovnuli Zalaufleba. xruSCovis momxreebma skkp XXII yrilobas

(1961 wlis oqtomberi) miaRebines komunisturi partiis axali, utopiuri

mesame programa. igi 1980 wlisaTvis sabWoTa qveyanaSi komunisturi

sistemis gamarjvebas iTvaliswinebda.

msoflioSi koloniuri sistemis intensiuri rRveva mimdinareobda.

qarTuli erovnuli Zalebi brZolis formebisa da meTodebis ZiebaSi

iyvnen. aseT viTarebaSi ki partiis XXII yrilobis mier miRebuli

programa 1980 wlisaTvis erebis gaqrobas da erTiani sabWoTa eris

Camoyalibebas gegmavda (samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001: 16).16).16).16).

Tavidan bolomde ekonomikurad mcdari da socialurad

iluzoruli dokumenti varaudobda sul raRac oc weliwadSi, qveyanaSi

59

iseT fantastikur ekonomikur aRmavlobas, ris safuZvelzedac

ganxorcieldeboda komunisturi principi ,,TiToeulisagan _ unaris

mixedviT, TiToels _ moTxovnilebis mixedviT!’ ((((naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004:naTmelaZe 2004: 295).295).295).295).

erTi mxriv demokratiis susti niavis, meore mxriv ki centris mier

imperiaSi waqezebuli aSkara antiqarTuli, Sovinisturi ganwyobilebis

fonze, qarTuli erovnuli suliskveTeba kidev ufro mZafrdeboda.

erovnul Tavisuflebaze fiqrma, misi miRwevis gzebis Ziebam eris ukeTesi

nawilis goneba moicva. moazrovne qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi erovnulma

problemam yvela sxva gadafara.

saqarTveloSi erovuli moZraobis axali etapi iwyeboda.

erovnuli Tavisuflebis suliskveTebis arsebobas sxva

aralegaluri organizaciebis saqmianobac adasturebs. erTi maTgani iyo

1961-1964 wlebSi TbilisSi Camoyalibebuli ,,samSoblos Tavisuflebisa

da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiri.” am organizaciis erT-erTi

damaarsebeli da aqtivisti iyo igor patariZe ((((kveselava 1999kveselava 1999kveselava 1999kveselava 1999bbbb::::5555----6)6)6)6)....

1961 wels radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebisagan Seiqmna

organizacia, romlis pirveli wevrebi iyvnen politeqnikuri institutis

studentebi enver geldiaSvili, adilar gugulaSvili, leri nozaZe, ia

maRlakeliZe, sasoflo-sameurneo institutidan daviT kapanaZe da muSa-

mosamsaxure givi natriaSvili.

kavSiri 1964 wlisaTvis 16 wevrs iTvlida. misi programa ramdenime

punqtisagan Sedgeboda da iTvaliswinebda brZolas amierkavkasiis

damoukidebeli da neitraluri respublikis Sesaqmnelad; momavali

damoukidebeli respublikis ekonomikuri koncefcia efuZneboda princips:

,,yvelasagan SesaZleblobis mixedviT, yvelas gamomuSavebis mixedviT.”

Tavdapirvelad organizaciis saxelwodeba iyo: ,,samSoblos

Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis organizacia _

amierkavkasiis xalxTa ruseTis borkilebisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis

mebrZolTa kavSiri”, romelsac eqneboda filialebi kavkasiis yvela

respublikasa da avtonomiur erTeulSi. organizacias mogvianebiT

,,saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis xsnis kavSiri

ewoda”, romelic uSualo amocanad isaxavda saqarTvelos

ganTavisuflebas da demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnas.

60

unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul etapze organizaciis calkeuli

wevrebi gaitaca individualuri teroris taqtikam da sabWoTa imperiis

mmarTveli birTvis fizikuri ganadgurebis aucileblobis lozungma. mag.

es jgufi givi natriaSvilis meTaurobiT gegmavda teroristul aqts n.

xruSCovze, rac ver ganxorcielda 1964 wlis oqtomberSi ~kremlis

gadatrialebis” Sedegad am ukanasknelis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis

gamo.

ukve 60_iani wlebis dasasruls TbilisSi Seiqmna aralegaluri

organizacia ,,erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRorZineba” (v. Rlonti da sxv.).

axalgazrda inteligentTa es dajgufeba uSiSroebis organoebis

represiis msxverpli gaxda.

1961 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisa da

saqarTvelos kompartiis Seqmnis me-40 wlisTavTan dakavSirebul sazeimo

dResaswaulze dagegmili iyo n. xruSCovis stumroba saqarTveloSi.

antisabWourad ganwyobil pirebs, Sinagani da sagareo politikis

Secvlis mizniT, gadawyvetili hqondaT sabWoTa meTauris likvidacia.Aam

mizniT Seiqmna teroristuli dajgufeba. dajgufebis daarsebis

iniciatori iyo S. meqvabiSvili, romelic 1960 wlis ivnisSi

mizanmimarTulad daukavSirda cixeSi gacnobil a. melaZes da gaacno

Tavisi Canafiqri. sabWoTa xelisuflebis siZulviliT ganmsWvalul a.

melaZes S. meqvabiSvilis idea WkuaSi daujda.Mmoilaparakes, gaezardaT

TanamzraxvelTa raodenoba. TiToeuls 2-3 sando piri mainc unda

moeZebna. miznis misaRwevad SearCies feTqebadi saSualeba _ bombi.

a. melaZe daukavSirda Tavis megobars a. baToSvils. isini Sroma-

gasworebis koloniaSi erTad ixdidnen sasjels. igi daiyolia

borotmoqmedebaSi monawileobaze. S. meqvabiSvilma teraqtis mowyobis

Sesaxeb ganzraxva gaacno Tavis Soreul naTesavs a. mdinaraZes,

romelsac daevala bombis korpusis damzadeba. maTi gegmis mixedviT

Tavdasxma ganxorcieldeboda n. xruSCovis quCaSi moZraobis dros.

SeTqmulebma imsjeles teroristuli aqtis Cadenis Semdeg mimalvisa da

momxdaris Sesaxeb eTerSi gadacemis sakiTxebze. TiTqos yvelaferi awon-

dawones da detalebSi gaTvales, magram maTi qmedeba, faqtobrivad,

61

saubars ver gascda. Canafiqris praqtikulad ganxorcieleba maT ver

SeZles.

kgb-s TanamSromlebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT maTi saeWvo

Sexvedrebi da Sedegmac ar daayovna: 1960 wlis 14 dekembers dapatimres

sami eWvmitanili: SoTa (oTar) biqtoris Ze meqvabiSvili, albert (aleko)

Salvas Ze melaZe da abram (aberki) SabaTis Ze baToSvili. xolo, 1961

wlis TebervalSi maTi kidev erTi Tanamoazre akaki platonis Ze

mdinaraZe. gasamarTlebis Sedegad S. meqvabiSvils daxvreta miesaja, a.

melaZes _ 15 weli, a. baToSvils – 10 weli, a. mdinaraZes – 10 weli.

mogvianebiT, msjavrdebulTa da maTi damcvelebis Txovna-saCivrebisa

da protestebis Semdeg, braldebulebs sasjelis zoma SeumcirdaT da

bolos gaTavisufldnen kidec braleulobis gadakvalificirebis gamo,

radganac, faqtobrivad, S. meqvabiSvilis jgufis wevrebs teroristuli

aqtis Casadenad araviTari danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar CaudeniaT da arc

iaraRi an sxva feTqebadi saSualebebi hqondaT SeZenili. isini mxolod

msjelobdnen, Tu rogor SeZlebdnen teroristuli aqtis Cadenas.

1964 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna antisabWoTa organizacia, romlis

wevrebi saidumlod ikribebodnen sazogadoebis wevris daviT

aladaSvilis saxlSi, saubrobdnen patriotul sakiTxebze da

avrcelebdnen proklamaciebs. uSiSroebam wevrebi daapatimra da oTx

maTgans: d. aladaSvils, vasil margvelaSvils, giorgi axalaias da

nodar megrelaZes miesaja 15 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (q. c. a.(q. c. a.(q. c. a.(q. c. a., f. 186, , f. 186, , f. 186, , f. 186,

aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22----26)26)26)26). . . .

60_iani wlebidan qarTvel inteligenciaSi saTave daedo erovnuli

problematikisadmi SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas. meti gabedulobiT gaisma sistemis kritika, wina planze

wamoiwia humanizmi, zogadkacobriuli Rirebulebani.

erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi axali etapis mekvled gamovida

studenti axalgazrdoba, romlis moTave da winamZRolni iyvnen m.

kostava da z. gamsaxurdia. maTi TaosnobiT Seiqmna TviTgamocemani. maT

aralegalur JurnalebSi (,,oqros sawmisi”. ,,saqarTvelos moambe”,

,,saqarTvelo”, ,,matiane”) warmodgenili iyo erovnuli suverenitetis

idealebi, dagmobili iyo komunisturi ideologia, misi funqcionerebi.

62

erovnul_ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba cxaddeboda eris moZRvar

ilia WavWavaZis mier XIX s. 60_ian wlebSi wamowyebuli moZraobis

uSualo gagrZelebad. respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba, misi

uSiSroebis organoebi daundoblad ebrZodnen am axalgazrdebs.

gansakuTrebiT mwvave represiebi iwvnies m. kostavam da z. gamsaxurdiam,

romlebic 70_ian wlebSi araerTxel iyvnen dapatimrebulni da sasjels

ixdidnen Soreul sapatimroebsa da gadasaxlebaSi (su(su(su(surgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990:rgulaZe 1990: 301)301)301)301)....

60_iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSkara gaxda, rom n. xruSCovis

iniciativiT 50_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi ganxorcielebuli

reorganizaciebi araefeqturi iyo.

ekonomikuri reformebis CaSlam da sagareo urTierTobaSi

warumateblobam, sabolood Searyia xruSCovis poziciebi. 1964 wlis 14

oqtombers, formalurad sakuTari TxovniT, igi Tanamdebobidan

gadaayenes. misi adgili l. breJnevma daikava. ,,daTbobis” periodi

,,uZraobis” periodiT Seicvala. axalma xelmZRvanelobam TandaTan

gaauqma n. xruSCovis wamowyebebi da siaxleebi da yvelaferi Zvel

kalapotSi Cadga. magram SeuZlebeli Seiqmna komunizmis naTeli

momavlis rwmenisa da qveyanaSi globaluri SiSis sindromis dabruneba.

axalma viTarebam da asparezze axali Taobis gamosvlam komunisturi

faseulobebisadmi masobrivi nihilizmi ganapiroba. sistemis krizisis

maCvenebeli komunisturi partiis avtoritetis aSkara dacema iyo, ramac

xelisufleba aiZula misi mmarTveli prerogativa konstituciurad

daekanonebina.

70-iani wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom komunisturi mmarTvelobis

stili ar Seesabameboda cxovrebis moTxovnebs. centralizebulma

marTvis sistemam, romelic mxolod sabWoTa beladebis Teoriul

warmodgenebze iyo damokidebuli, azri dakarga. socializms Camocilda

SemoqmedebiTi suliskveTeba da dogmatizmis WaobSi Caeflo. `Cevens

magivrad beladebi fiqroben”, ùnda SevaTanxmoT, yvelaferi Cvenze

rodia damokidebuli”, `Cven xelqveiTebi varT, gadawyveta Cveni saqme ar

aris”... am da sxva amdagvari azris safuZvelze mimdinareobda

mmarTvelobiTi struqturis Camoyalibeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi

63

saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSic. saSemsruleblo sawyisi ufro

Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre damoukidebeli, SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba.

damkvidrda uzado Semsruleblis sindromi; xelmZRvanelebs,

romelTac ar surdaT mieRoT damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba, Tavis am

nabijs ususrobiT ki ar xsnidnen, aramed maRali pasuxismgleblobiT,

discipliniT, romelic icavda adamians da sazogadoebas Secdomebisagan.

aseT viTarebaSi Zneli iyo zRvaris gavleba Semsruleblobasa da

demagogias Soris. ar iyo gamarTlebuli pasuxismgeblobis pirwmindad

politikur kategoriad monaTvla. am fonze profesionalizmisaTvis

SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba maSin, rodesac win wamoiwia

`kargi organizatoris” gagebam da misi avtoritetis winaSe profesiulma

avtoritetma ukana planze gadaiwia.

aqcentebis aRreva moxda partiul, sabWoTa, komkavSirul,

administraciul Tu sxva sferoebSi. swored kadrebis aseTi SerCevis da

ganawilebis pirobebSi, profesionalizmis organizatoruli mxareebiT

Secvlam daarRvia marTvis demokratiuli sawyisebi, dabada ufrosis

gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelmac saerTo jamSi Zlier Seaferxa

politikuri, sameurneo-ekonomikuri da ideologiuri muSaoba

respublikaSi. xelmZRvanelis arakompetenturobam nebismieri pirobebi

gadaaqcia eqstremalur, kritikul pirobebad. normaluri muSaoba

gadaiqca wvalebad, ieriSad, brZolad gegmisaTvis, mosavlisaTvis,

SromisnayofierebisaTvis.

oficialuri statistikiT, 70_iani wlebis meore naxevari da 80_iani

wlebis dasawyisi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri winsvlis periodi iyo, ris

gamoc saqarTvelo mudam gamarjvebuli gamodioda sakavSiro

socialistur SejibrebebSi da permanentulad iRebda gardamaval wiTel

droSas. mowinave qarTvel inteligencias sabWoTa xelisuflebis

arsebobis manZilze erovnuli brZola ar Seuwyvetia. qveyanaSi

gamefebuli umkacresi teroris viTarebaSi, misi mTavari sazrunavi eris

materialur_kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCena, dacva iyo. amasTan

erTad, mecnierul Tu mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi igi meTodurad aRvivebda

erovnul TviTSegnebas, nergavda erovnuli siamayis grZnobas, amaRlebda

erovnul suls, aviTarebda qarTul enas, literaturas, istorias...

64

momdevno xanaSi es xazi grZeldeboda da axal simaRleze adioda.

axalgazrdobis patriotuli suliskveTebis aRzrda, masSi erovnuli

siamayis grZnobis ganmtkiceba, moraluri da sulieri gajansaReba,

imperiis reJimis mankierebaTa mxileba da mis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis

niadagis momzadeba Seadgenda XX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli

intligenciis moRvaweobis mTavar mizans (samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001:(samsonaZe 2001: 18)18)18)18)....

1970-ian wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Seiqmna

antisabWoTa jgufi, romlebic studentebSi eweodnen

antisaxelmwifoebriv agitacias.

quTaisSi 1972-1973 wlebSi moqmedebda antisabWota jgufi, romlis

wevrebi filologebi vaxtang nadaraia, simon amaRlobeli, eqimi kaxa

menTeSaSvili da istorikosi merab lorTqifaniZe avrcelebdnen

antisabWoTa mowodebebs mosaxleobaSi da eweodnen ZirgamomTxrel

saqmianobas. masalebidan rogorc irkveva, isini quTaisSi vaxtang

nadaraias binaSi Sexvdnen inglisel da amerikel Jurnalistebs maikl

sanderss da piter klarks da gadasces antisabWoTa xasiaTis masalebi.

am jgufs quTaisis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis kulturis ganyofilebaSi

yavdaT Tanamzraxvelebi. isini daapatimres da sxvadasxva vadiT miusajes

patimroba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis disidentur-latenturi fazis

erTi niSandoblivi furcelia disident vladimer Jvanias mier

mowyobili teroristuli aqtebi soxumsa da TbilisSi 1975-1976 wlebSi.

sabWoTa sivrceSi es iyo daujerebeli, warmoudgeneli faqti. msgavsi ram

kontrrevoluciur epoqasac ar axsovs. pirvelad, 1975 wlis 22 ivniss,

10:50 sT-ze, soxumSi, afxazeTis saolqo komitetis Senobis mTavari

fasadis marcxniv, engelsis quCis mxridan, gaisma afeTqebis gamayruebeli

xma. iyo msxverplic - daiRupa damsvenebeli, leningradeli sergei

levitini. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 1976 wlis 12 aprils, 17:05 sT-ze,

saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos Senobis fasadTan, imave xelweriT,

kvlav moxda afeTqeba. oTxi dRis Semdeg ki, 14 aprils, 10:12 sT-ze,

afeTqebis xma gaisma quTaisis al. wulukiZis saxelobis centralur

baRSi. mTeli tragedia is iyo, rom uZleveli sabWoTa kavSiris

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aparati uZluri aRmoCnda, danaSauli gaexsna.

65

sakavSiro uSiSroebis komiteti ukmayofilo iyo saqarTveloSi

sagamoZiebo komisiis muSaobiT da mkacr direqtivebs iZleoda. saqmis

gaxsnas piri ar uCanda. moskovidan mosuli eqspertizebis daskvnebiT

afeTqebis adgilebze napovni asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi kustarulad

iyo damzadebuli, amfeTqebelis SesaZlo profesiebi gamnaRmveli,

seismologi, samTo momwyobi an fizikosi unda yofiliyo. gadamowmda

yvela SesaZlo versia da saeWvo pirTa kartoTeka, magram xelCasaWidi

araferi Canda. sagamoZiebo jgufi mxolod erTaderT Rirebul

informacias flobda: samive SemTxvevis dros, TviTmxilvelTa CvenebebiT,

diversiuli aqtis Camdeni gamxdari, saSualoze maRali, marjvniv

Tmagadavarcxili mamakaci unda yofiliyo. ...magram vin iyo da ratom

afeTqebda saxelmwifo obieqtebs - gaurkveveli rCeboda.

samarTaldamcavi da saxelisuflebo organoebi panikam moicva.

afeTqebebis saqme gauxsnel saqmed miiCnies da saqmis Sewyvetasac ki

fiqrobdnen...

bolo afeTqebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis, saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumisa da

saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos saxelze Semovida 1976 wlis 19 apriliT

daTariRebuli "saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis" mimarTva,

romelic warmoadgens Tavisebur erovnul deklaracias

damoukideblobis miRwevis sakmaod originaluri variantiT _ sabWoTa

konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi referendumis mowyobis gziT.

deklaraciis preambula ganmartavs 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier

saqarTvelos samxedro okupaciisa da aneqsiis faqtebs da xazs usvams

imas, rom ~frontis” mTavari mizania saqarTvelos ssrk-dan gamoyofa da

sruli erovnuli damoukideblobis mopoveba. Semdgom deklaracia

moiTxovs damoukideblobis sakiTxze saerTo-erovnuli referendumis

mowyobas (1976w. bolo TveebSi), ~frontisaTvis” winasareferendumo

kampaniaSi srulfasovani monawileobis uflebas. Tu referendumis

monawileTa 70%-ze meti xmas miscems ssrk-dan gamoyofas, maSin unda

moiwvion saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos sesia da man unda daadginos

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba; qveynidan ruseTis jaris

gayvana; saqarTvelo neitralitetis aRiareba; demokratiuli partiis

66

cnoba; saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis dauyonebliv daniSvna.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi komunikaciebisa da maRali Zabvis anZebis

afeTqebiT imuqreboda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis aparati

SokSi Cavarda. yvela qalaqSi sagangebo kontroli dawesda. 1976 wlis 11

maiss "baTumis sursaTvaWrobis" direqtors werili mouvida. igi metad

ucnaurad iwyeboda da avtori nacionaluri frontis saxeliT 1000

maneTs iTxovda. werili saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetSi moxvda...

orive zemoaRniSnuli werilis xelwera emTxveoda.

14 maiss, 11:00 sT-ze, "baTumis sursaTvaWrobis" direqtoris kabinetSi

gamocxadda "gamxdari, saSualoze maRali mamakaci...". organos muSakebi

direqtoris kabinetidan gamosul "gamxdar, saSualoze maRal mamakacs..."

iqve axlos, avtobusis "sazRvao vagzlis" gaCerebaze wamoewivnen da

sabuTebi mosTxoves. ucnobma pasporti gauwoda. pasporti ekuTvnoda

vladimer grigolis Ze Jvanias. mas Tan aRmoaCnda: patimrobidan

gaTavisuflebis cnoba, 17 cali kafsuli detonatori, werilebi, baraTSi

Cadebuli 300 maneTi da kidev 4 man. da 50 kap.. imave dRes baTumis

rkinigzis Semnaxvel sakanSi didi raodenobiT asafeTqebeli

nivTierebebi iqna napovni... misi dakaveba afeTqebebis saqmis gaxsnas ar

niSnavda. gamomZieblebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom amfeTqebli da

organizatori sakmaod didi da organizebuli jgufis wevrebi

iqnebodnen. gamoZiebas dakavebuli hyavda martoxela, usaxlkaro,

gamxdari usinaTlo, romlis mxedveloba -14 iyo. misTvis bralis dadeba

daujerebeli iyo. eWvmitanilma uaryo afeTqebaTa ciklSi monawileoba...

asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis saWiroeba Tevzaobis siyvaruliT axsna.

dakiTxvebze, gamomZiebel a. mirianaSvilis profesionalizmisa da

mizanmimarTuli midgomis Sedegad, vl. Jvania gatyda. man dro iTxova,

raTa gulwrfelad eRiarebina yvelaferi... marTlac, vladimer Jvaniam

1976 wlis 23 maiss 30 gverdiani gancxadebiT mimarTa gamoZiebas,

romelSic avtori acxadebda, rom man fsiqologiuri barieri gadalaxa

baton a. mirianaSvilis daxmarebiT da mTlianad miendo mas. eWvmitanili

sTxovda gamoZiebas, sworad aReqvaT misi qmedebebi da ar gamoeyvanaT igi

"xulignad, borotad an giJad". igi aRiarebda, danaSauls Cadioda da

67

damnaSaved iqca mxolod imitom, rom ibrZoda bolSevikuri ruseTis

klanWebisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis.

gamoZieba intensiurad grZeldeboda. Catarda araerTi sagamoZiebo

eqsperimenti, dazustda eWvmitanilis biografiuli monacemebi,

gaanalizda misi ganvlili cxovrebis gza. gairkva, rom 1935 wels q.

quTaisSi dabadebuli vl. Jvanias mama 1938 wlis politikuri represiebis

msxverpli iyo. is ki, me-9 klaseli, skolidan garicxes TamaSis dros

saklaso oTaxSi kedlebidan beladTa SemTxveviT Camoyrili suraTebis

gamo. 18 wlis iyo sazRvris gadakveTa pirvelad rom scada. mere cud

amindSi swrafmavali katarRa ,,gliseriT" undoda TurqeTSi gadasvla.

SeamCnies, esroles, ukan mobrunda da miimala. sabWoTa kavSiridan vl.

Jvanias gaqcevis mcdeloba Woroxze gadasvliT 1955 wlis 6 dekembers

sabediwerod dasulda. sasazRvro patrulma is saguSagoze daakava da 3

weli miusajes. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg iwyeba vl. Jvanias afeTqebebis

seria...

sabolood dadginda, rom vl. Jvania metad ucnauri damnaSave iyo.

misi qmedebebi ar jdeboda klasikuri damnaSavis CarCoebSi. igi Tavidan

bolomde marto moqmedebda da imisi dajereba, rom sabWoTa imperia vl.

Jvanias mier erTi xelismosmiT gaxda ususuri, SeuZlebeli iyo. aseve

warmoudgeneli iyo aseTi masStabis afeTqebebi erTsa da imave

pirovnebas martos Seesrulebina. magram faqti faqtad rCeboda.

eWvimitanilis varaudma ki - afeTqebebs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis gamococxleba mohyoloda - fiasko ganicada. samagierod,

Seikera 15 tomisagan Semdgari sisxlis samarTlis saqme N118. 1997 wlis

17 ianvars gamarTul sasamarTlo sxdomaze braldebuli sityviT

gamovida, magram misi gulwrfeli aRiareba, iseve rogorc sxva

Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi, sasamarTlo ganxilvisas ar iqna

gaTvaliswinebuli da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 303-304

muxlebiT vl. Jvanias miesaja sasjelis umaRlesi zoma - daxvreta... 1977

wlis 7 Tebervals gazeT "komunistis" bolo gverdze "saqinformma"

gamoaqveyna Setyobineba "damnaSave daisaja", romelSic mokled

iuwyebodnen vl. Jvanias braleulobas da mis mimarT damdgar ganaCens,

68

romelsac "sxdomaTa darbazSi myofni kmayofilebi Sexvdnen" (q. c. a(q. c. a(q. c. a(q. c. a, f. , f. , f. , f.

186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22----26)26)26)26). . . .

saqarTveloSi aseve aRmocenda radikaluri erovnuli moZraobac.

meore mimdinareobas radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebi

warmoadgendnen, romlebic ver iTvaliswinebdnen sabWouri warsulis

gamocdilebas da Tvlidnen, rom Seupovari brZoliT daasustebdnen

ruseTis imperias, Semdeg ki msoflios demokratiuli Zalebis

mxardaWeriT, Cagrul xalxebTan kavSirSi, SeZlebdnen mCagvrelis

uRlisagan Tavis daRwevas. es gza metad sarisko da ambiciuri iyo.

bunebrivad mimdinare procesebis ramdenadme daCqarebis motiviT, igi

safrTxeSi agdebda aTasobiT patriotis sicocxles. magram misi

mimdevrebi xSirad, ukompromiso, Tavganwiruli moqmedebiT, masebis

simpatias ixveWdnen da wamebulis gvirgvinebiTac imosebodnen. yvelaze

savalalo is iyo, rom radikaluri mimarTulebis momxreebi araviTar

sxva gzas, alianss, integracias ar scnobdnen. ara Tu raime

TanamSromlobaze ar Tanxmdebodnen, aramed gansxvavebuli azris mqoneT

daundoblad naTlavdnen erovnuli moZraobis mtrebad, kremlis

agentebad da a.S.

69

$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... zzzzviadviadviadviad gamsgamsgamsgamsaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merabaxurdias da merab kostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebikostavas jgufebi

1956 wlis 9 martis ambebiT gaRizianebuli zviad gamsaxurdias

yofili aralegaluri jgufis wevrebi kvlav Seikribnen. seqtember-

oqtomberSi jgufs ukve organizebuli saxe hqonda da wevrTa

raodenobac gazrdili iyo. organizacias ~gorgasliani” ewoda. maT

Seqmnes fuladi fondi sawevros saxiT. Seagroves 30-30 maneTi da

SeiZines sabeWdi manqana, romelzedac 1956 wlis 1 dekembris Rames Svidi

antisabWouri Sinaarsis werili dabeWdes. 2 dekembers, diliT,

rusTavelisa da plexanovis gamzirze adamianebma ucnauri Sinaarsis

werilebi ixiles kedlebze gakruli,… jgufis wevrebma sabWoTa reJimis

mimarT protesti proklamaciebis gavrcelebiT gamoxates.

misia warmatebiT dasruldeboda, rom ara erTi incidenti. jgufis

wevrebi warmatebis aRsaniSnavad restoran ~darialSi” Seikribnen,

saRamos ki rusTavelis gamzirze g. doCanaSvilsa da T. metrevels Cxubi

mouvidaT, ris Sedegadac doCanaSvili zurgSi mZimed daiWra.

1956 wlis 15 dekembers ki uSiSroebis komitetma daakava antisabWoTa

aralegaluri jgufis wevrebi: zviad gamsaxurdia, Tbilisis 42-e saS.

skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; anatoli miqaZe, 42-e saS. skolis

meaTe klasis moswavle; merab kostava, Tbilisis musikaluri skolis

meaTe klasis moswavle; Teimuraz cercvaZe, Tbilisis pirveli saSualo

skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; Tamaz gunjua, Tbilisis pirveli

saSualo skolis moswavle; vladimer sixaruliZe, pirveli saSualo

skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle; Temur metreveli, Tbilisis 47-e

saSualo skolis meTerTmete klasis moswavle.

1956 wlis 28 dekembers saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWosTan

arsebuli saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis mier grifiT ~sruliad

saidumlo” werili moskovSi gaigzavna, romlis adresati gaxldaT ssrk

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis sagamoZiebo sammarTvelos ufrosi,

iusticiis general-maiori m. p maliarovi. werili iuwyeboda, rom 1956

wlis 9 marts TbilisSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg ukmayofilo

axalgazrdebis erTma jgufma aralegaluri formireba Seqmna, romlis

mizani sabWoTa wyobilebis sawinaaRmdego saqmianoba iyo. jgufis wevrebi

70

nacionalisturad iyvnen ganwyobili, amJRavnebdnen rusi erovnebis

mimarT agresias da marTavdnen quCebSi deboSs. faqtad, erT-erTi aseTi

konfliqtis dros mZimed daiWril jgufis wevr g. doCanaSvilis Sesaxeb

da danarCenebis daapatimrebaze miuTiTebdnen. daiwyo gamoZieba, raTa

srulad gamovleniliyo am dajgufebis saqmianoba, Semadgenloba da maTi

mokavSireebi… marTlac, ~gorgaslianis” wevrebi daikiTxnen,

gasamarTldnen kidec, magram sabolood isini mainc sakuTari

principebis erTgulni darCnen. radikalurad ganwyobili es

axalgazrdebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze ocnebobdnen.

70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan xdeba qarTveli disidentebis

organizaciuli SekavSireba. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebis

gadadgma zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas saxelTan aris

dakavSirebuli (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999b b b b ::::7)7)7)7)....

70_ian wlebSi msoflioSi, aseve, TiTqmis dasrulda

dekolonizaciis globaluri procesic. meore msoflio omis Semdeg

gaeros egidiT aziis, amerikis, afrikis kontinentebze axali,

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis procesi Tavis logikur

dagvirgvinebas eloda da moskovis ganusazRvrel diqtaturaze mTlianad

damokidebuli (mokavSire respublikebis) da naxevrad damokidebuli

(socialisturi banakis) qveynebis erovnul_patriotul ZalebSi imedebs

aRZravda, rom ukve Sors ar iyo sanukvari Tavisufleba.

70_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aSkarad SesamCnevi gaxda sabWoTa

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri CamorCena dasavleTis qveynebTan SedarebiT.

Zvirad ujdeboda sabWoTa qveyanas ,,zesaxelmwifos” politikuri imiji.

saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZraobis, moskovisadmi loialurad

ganwyobili reJimebis (libia, vietnami, laosi, kamboja da sxvebi)

mxardaWera, materialuri da, rac mTavaria, samxedro daxmreba.

dasavleTis demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen sabWoTa

totalitaruli sistemis Semdgomi eqspansiis SeCerebasa da

teroristebis mfarveli diqtatoruli reJimebisaTvis mxardaWerisa da

daxmarebis Sewyvetas.

am mizniT Seiqmna evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiri,

romelmac miznad daisaxa Semajamebeli dokumentis SemuSaveba. 1973_1975

71

wlebSi mimdinareobda intensiuri molaparakeba evropisa da Crd.

amerikis saxelmwifoebs Soris. 1975 wlis 1 agvistos, helsinkSi,

kongresebis sasaxleSi xeli moaweres ,,evropis uSiSroebisa da

TanamSromlobis helsinkis daskvniT aqts”, romelic aRirebda omis

Semdgomi saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRveobas, erTmaneTis saSinao

saqmeebSi Caurevlobas, adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis moTxovnebis

upirobo aRiarebas, Sesrulebas, informaciis gacvlas da a.S. (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe

2004:2004:2004:2004:323 _ 324)323 _ 324)323 _ 324)323 _ 324)....

helsinkSi xelmoweril dokuments, SeiZleba iTqvas melani arc ki

SeSroboda, rom aRmosavleT evropis socialistur qveynebSi,

baltiispireTis respublikebSi, ukrainaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi,

moskovsa da leningradSi Seiqmna helsinkis kavSiri. es bunebrivic iyo,

radgan adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi imdenad yovlismocveli

Temaa, rom, rogorc calkeul pirovnebaTa problemebze saubris, aseve

zogadad erovnuli problemebis ganxilvisa da gaazrebis saSualebas

iZleva.

70-iani wlebis bolos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli represiebis

miuxedavad, swored am faqtorma gamoiwvia axali disidenturi talRa,

romelic Tavisi geografiuli arealiTac da raodenobrivadac ufro

masStaburi iyo, vidre 60-ian wlebSi.

helsinkis kavSiri imperiis centrsa da ganapira regionebSi

rogorc organizaciuli formiT, aseve muSaobis stiliT da

problematikiT erTi SexedviT TiTqos ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan,

magram saboloo mizani aSkarad sxvadasxva iyo.

qarTuli disidenturi moZraobis mTlianad gamoyofa ssrk-Si

moqmedi sxva analogiuri jgufisagan da misi calkeuli ganxilva,

gansakuTrebiT 70-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, vfiqrob, swori ar iqneba.

obieqturi mizezebis gamo, mokavSire respublikebSi moqmedi

helsinkis kavSiris wevrebi moklebulni iyvnen yovelgvar saSualebas

dakavSirebodnen dasavleTis sainformacio da politikur wreebs.

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi akreditebul ucxoel

Jurnalistebs mxolod moskovSi hqondaT SedarebiT Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis saSualeba. kgb-s agenturis TvalTvali arc iq akldaT,

72

magram moskovs gareT gasvlisTvis specialuri nebarTva sWirdebodaT.

garda amisa sabWoTa kavSirSi aralegaluri literaturis Semotana

moskovSi xerxdeboda da Semdgom xdeboda misi ganawileba. yovelives

isic emateboda, rom, rogorc, ukve avRniSneT, disidenturi moZraobis

sawyis etapze problematika identuri iyo, rac, rogorc, qveynis SigniT

rus disidentebSi, aseve qveynis garT, dasavleTis politikur da

sazogadoebriv centrebSi, qmnida disidenturi moZraobis erTianobis da

aqedan gamomdinare, sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTiani qveynis aRqmis

iluzias. gamonakliss mxolod baltiispira qveynebi warmoadgenda da

isic nawilobriv.

dasavleTi pirvel etapze mxolod aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis

problemaTa gadaWriTa da am qveynebSi demokratiuli principebis

damkvidrebiT dakmayofilda ((((ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:ZabiraZe 2007:26)26)26)26).... maTi mxridan baltiispira

respublikebis sakiTxis wamoWra sabWoTa qveynis liderebTan ufro

diplomatiuri paeqrobis procesSi ,,dasaTmobad” gamiznul pakets hgavda,

vidre principul pozicias. sabWoTa imperiis aseT swraf rRvevas isini,

etyoba, yvelaze radikalur Teoriul versiebSic ki ar ixilavdnen,

amitom, roca procesi daiwyo, dasavleTi sruliad moumzadebeli

aRmoCnda axladSeqmnili politikuri realobis winaSe da imasac ki

Seecada, rogorme SeeCerebina es procesi (garegnulad mainc –

gavixsenoT prezident buSis gancxadeba kievSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiri

erTiani saxelmwifoa).

swored amitom, Tu aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis

qveynebma SedarebiT iolad gadaitanes gardamavali periodi, xolo

danarCen respublikebSi es procesi gacilebiT gaWianurebuli da

mtkivneuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri TvalsazrisiT.

erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom dasavleTma am qveynebisadmi Tavisi

damokidebulebis gansazRvra, politikuri kursis SemuSaveba mxolod mas

Semdeg daiwyo, rac maT damoukidebloba gamoacxades.

ssrk_m da misma satelitebma evropaSi, marTalia xeli moaweres am

daskvniT aqts, magram arc ki ucdiaT misi principebis realizeba,

gansakuTrebiT ki pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis msoflioSi

aRiarebuli kriteriumebis damkvidreba. magram sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve

73

arsebobda Zalebi, romlebic radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovdnen. maT

sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqebSi Seqmnes antisabWoTa poziciebze

mdgomi aralegaluri jgufebi.

1974 wels zviad gamsaxurdiam, merab kostavam da viqtor rcxilaZem

daarses ,,adamianis uflebaTa damcveli sainiciativo jgufi

saqarTveloSi”. Mmas Semdeg, rac 1976 wlis 12 maiss, moskovSi

Camoyalibda ,,helsinkis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis xelSemwyobi

jgufi”, xsenebuli qarTuli jgufi mogvianebiT ,,helsinkis jgufad”

gadakeTda, iseve, rogorc es moxda ukrainaSi da sxvagan (gams(gams(gams(gamsaaaaxurdia xurdia xurdia xurdia

1990:#71990:#71990:#71990:#7)))). . . .

1975 wlis maisSi gamovida Jurnal ,,oqros sawmisis” pirveli nomeri,

romlis gamocemac gagrZelda 1976 wels. sul gamovida 4 nomeri _ ori

1975, oric _ 1976 wels. masSi ibeWdeboda komunisturi cenzuris mier

akrZaluli mwerlebisa da poetebis nawarmoebebi: iv. javaxiSvilis ,,XIX

saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi”, merab kostavasa da zviad

gamsaxurdias statiebi da leqsebi, konstantine gamsaxurdias novela _

,,mtrebis megobroba”. aqve ibeWdeboda sabWoTa gamocemebis mier

ugulebelyofili mwerlebisa da poetebis _ gabriel jabaSnauris, adam

bobRiaSvilis, oTar maisuraZis, SoTa CantlaZis, aseve qarTuli

literaturis klasikosebis vaJa-fSavelas, akaki wereTlis, lado

asaTianis da sxvaTa gamouqveynebeli da ucnobi nawarmoebebi.

(oqropiriZeoqropiriZeoqropiriZeoqropiriZe 2010:1172010:1172010:1172010:117))))

1975-1976 wlebSi am jgufma gamouSva ori nomeri politikuri

Jurnalisa ,,saqarTvelos moambe”.

dRes saqarTveloSi ,,helsinkis jgufs” bevri ,,helsinkis kavSirSi”

urevs. saqme is aris, rom es ukanaskneli z. Gamsaxurdiam Seqmna m.

kostavs gardacvalebis Semdeg, rogorc Tavisi mxardamWeri partia,

,,helsinkis jgufTan” mas araferi esaqmeba (imnaZeimnaZeimnaZeimnaZe 1989: #1)1989: #1)1989: #1)1989: #1)....

saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufi respublikaSi pirveli aralegaluri

opoziciuri organizacia iyo, romelic ibrZoda qarTuli enis, eklesiis,

kulturis Zeglebis dasacavad. igi aseve icavda patimarTa da devnilTa

uflbebs, hqonda aralegaluri ofseturi gamomcemloba, uSvebda

74

aralegalur Jurnalebs, TanamSromlobda moskovis demokratiul

moZraobasTan da aralegalur Jurnal ,,mimdinare ambebis qronikasTan”.

70-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebma mwvave kritikis

sagnad aqcies qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis umaRles sasulieri

pirTa ,,moRvaweoba”. isini ,,aaSkaravebdnen” eklesiaSi gamefebul anarqias,

uwesrigobas, mamaTmavlobas, mZarcvelobas, sasuliero pirTa agenturul

saqmianobas. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 1) ) ) ) saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriaqis ilia II-s mimarT miweril Ria werilebSi z.

gamsaxurdias mier mkacrad iqna dagmobili 1980 wlis aprilSi

saqarveloSi ilia II-is mowveviT Camosuli vazgen somexTa kaTalikosis

viziti da misi wirvaze daswreba sionis taZarSi. (s.u.(s.u.(s.u.(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1,

saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7)saq. 386, gv. 7) gamsaxurdias azriT somexTa kaTalikosi xels uwyobda

antiqarTul (prosomxur _ d.e.) saqmianobas saqarTveloSi, rac

gamoixateboda qveynis sxvadsxva raionSi qarTveli bavSvebis

grigorianuli wesiT monaTvlaSi, maTTvis somxuri saxelebisa da

gvarebis darqmevaSi. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 7(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 386, gv. 71111) ) ) ) epistoleebSi

mravalmxriv gakritikebulia ilia II-is moRavaweoba, ris gamoc dialogi

erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebsa da saqarTvelos

eklesiis sapatriaros Soris Sewyvetili iyo. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq.

386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) 386, gv. 14) sapatriaqo z. gamsaxurdias saqarTvelos eklesiaSi

nacionaluri SuRlis Camogdebasa da qarTveli, somexi da rusi erebis

erTmaneTisaTvis gadakidebas abralebda. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279,

gvgvgvgv. 9) . 9) . 9) . 9)

1977 wlis 1 aprils gazeTma ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”

gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos eklesiis xelmZRvanelTa erTi jgufis werili

,,ara cili swamo”, romelSic uaryofili iyo z. gamsaxurdias da misi

jgufis pretenziebi qarTuli eklesiis zogierTi mRvdelmsaxuris mimarT

da gamoTqmuli iyo sapasuxo braldeba. kerZod, Tvildnen rom erovnuli

moZraobis liderTa mier xalxSi erovnuli grZnobebis spekulacia da

radio ,,Tavisuflebis” saSualebiT qarTul enaze mociqulTa, msoflio

da adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa mTeli rigi dadgenilebani da

eklesiis umaRles ierarqiul pirTa pirad RirsebaTa xelyofa da maT

75

wmida samwysoSi SfoTisa da arevdarevis Setanis mcdelobis mizezi

saqarTvelos eklesiis z. gamsaxurdias Carevisa da ,,Wkuis” kiTxvis

gareSe damoukideblad saqmianobaao. (s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR(s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4. 1, saq. 279, gv. 4----

8)8)8)8)

niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli eklesiis garSemo atexili xmauris

gamo inglisurma gazeTma ,,taimsma” kamaTi gamarTa aRniSnul problemaze.

imJamad cnobilma ingliselma qarTvelologma, profesorma d. langma da

sxvebma qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti daicves.

rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, saqarTvelos

eklesiaSi Seqmnili viTareba marTlac arasaxarbielo iyo. adgili

hqonda datacebebs, zogierTi maRali saeklesio Tanamdebobis piris

uzneo saqciels, seklesio qonebis ganiavebis faqtebs. mdgomareoba

imdenad rTuli iyo, rom saqmeSi saqarTvelos sagamomZieblo organoebic

Caerivnen, sabolood, igi erT-erTi saeklesio maRalCinosnis

dapatimrebiT damTavrda.

cekas aparatSi bevri TanaugrZnobda z. gamsaxurdias brZolas

sapatriarqoSi moxdari incidentis gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT.

76

$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... 1111978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili,978 wlis 14 aprili, brZola deda_brZola deda_brZola deda_brZola deda_enis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvisenis SenarCunebisaTvis

XX saukunis II naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis

istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlenaa brZola deda-enis SenarCunebisaTvis.

1977 wlis 7 oqtombers ssrk umaRlesma sabWom miiRo axali sabWoTa

konstitucia, romelic zogadi ritorikis garda didad ar

gansxvavdeboda 1936 wlis konstituciisagan, gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis,

demokratiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantiebis

TvalsazrisiT. magram mokavSire respublikebis konstituciis proeqtebSi

,,stalinuri” konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT, amoiRes mSobliuri enis

saxelmwifo statusi. am faqtma ukiduresad aaRelva qarTuli mowinave

inteligencia. umaRles saswavleblebSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis institutebSi, saqarTvelos kp ck warmomadgenlebs

ganumartavdnen aseTi gadawyvetilebis mavne xasiaTs ((((nnnnaTmelaZeaTmelaZeaTmelaZeaTmelaZe

2020202004:04:04:04:311_312)311_312)311_312)311_312)....

mSobliuri enis dasacavad pirvel rigSi aRsdga Tbilisis yvela

umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebi saxelmwifo universitetis

studentTa meTaurobiT. 1978 wlis 12 aprilidan TbilisSi daiwyo

demonstraciebi da mitingebi. studentebs skolis moswavleebma dauWires

mxari – rusTavelis prospeqtze moewyo `mjdomare gaficva”.

gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas mainc Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis studentoba iCenda. imarTeboda msjeloba Tu rogor

aeZulebinaT centraluri xelisfleba daTmobaze wasuliyo.

universitetis yofili studentis, disident gela nikolaiSvilis

mogonebiT studentTa msjelobaSi is azric figurirebda, rom moewyoT

masobrivi msjeloba qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriobis dacvis

moTxovniT, Tumca, imis SiSic hqondaT, rom xelisufleba quCaSi

gamosul xalxs ZaladobiT upasuxebda. amitom Seadgines peticia

ramdenime egzemplarad, romelic gaeroSic unda gaegzavnaT. igi

Tavdeboda Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cven migvaCnia absolutur WeSmaritebad,

rom saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo ena unda iyos qarTuli da moviTxovT

amis aRiarebas saqarTvelos ssr xelisuflebis mier”.

77

cxadia, es yvelaferi SeumCneveli ar rCeboda uSiSroebis

organoebs. TviT universitetis partiuli komitetisa da gansakuTrebiT,

komkavSiruli aqtivistebis mxridan, adgili hqonda studentTa mimarT

muqaras, devnas, binis gaCxrekvas. magaliTad. 1978 wlis 11 aprils

Zirfesvianad gaCxrikes jgufis erT-erTi lideris, Tamar CxeiZis bina.

xelisufleba yvela saSualebas mimarTavda imisaTvis, rom

studentebs SeewyvitaT antisabWouri propaganda da ar miemarTaT

saprotesto aqciebisaTvis, magram miuxedavad amisa, 1978 wlis 14 aprils

universitetidan mTavrobis saxlisaken aTasobiT axalgazrda daiZra. maT

Soris profesor-maswavleblebic iyvnen. aqciis monawileebs gzadagza

uerTdebodnen sxva umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebic, warmoeba-

dawesebulebebis axalgazrdoba. sabolood mTavrobis saxlTan

aTiaTasobiT kaci Segrovda. amave periodSi mTavrobis saxlis gverdiTa

quCidan gamoCndnen sabWoTa jaris SeiaraRebuli koloniebi, romlebic

mwyobrad iwyebdnen gadaadgilebas da mTavrobis saxlis garSemo

poziciebs ikavebdnen (kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999(kveselava 1999gggg:::: 23232323----24)24)24)24)....

respublikis xelisuflebam xalxTan dialogi gamarTa da

daSlisaken mouwoda, magram demonstracias axal-axali jgufebi

emateboda. maT gverdiT idgnen moswavleebi, romlebic perangebs

ixdidnen da masze werdnen: èna”, `mamuli”, saqarTvelo, ài ia” da sxva.

1978 wlis 14 aprilamde qarTulma erovnulma-patriotulma

moZraobam araerTi mZime tvirTi zida. iyo mitingebi, gamosvlebi,

sisxliani 1956 wlis 9 marti, aralegaluri organizaciebis Seqmna,

pirveli disidenturi warmatebuli saqmianobac da msxverplic, magram 14

aprili erT-erT gamorCeul movlenad rCeba erovnul moZraobaSi.

gardaqmnis da sabWoeTis daSlis periodis saqarTveloSi ukve

ikveTeboda ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis momenti, politikuri Zalebi

iwyebdnen yvela saSualebis gamoyenebas xelisuflebis Sesacvlelad.

magram 1978 wlis 14 aprils yvelas mxolod erTi, erovnul-patriotuli

suliskveTeba aerTianebda - sruliad uangaro brZola qarTveli eris

Selaxuli uflebebisaTvis, fanatizmis, fsiqozisa da intrigebis gareSe.

samarTlianad SeniSnavs Tamar CxeiZe: ìq ar iyo ama Tu im

`beladis” garSemo Sekrebili brbo, romelsac beladi Tavisi

78

politikuri interesebisaTvis iyenebs, aramed Tavisufali adamianebis

Sekreba, romeliTac srulad hqondaT gacnobierebuli TavianTi

moTxovnac da isic, rac SeiZleba iq yovel wuTSi datrialebuliyo.

1978 wlis 14 aprils erTi centri ar arsebobda. demonstraciaze

gadawyvetileba aravis miuRia, anu gadawyvetileba miiRo yvelam erTad.

daZabul, kritikul situaciaSi xSirad moqmedebs meqanizmi: vinme

wamoisvris ideas, romelic momentalurad poulobs mxardaWeras da

yvelani iwyebs mis realizebas ise, rom realurad aRaravis axsovs, vin

iyo avtori.

aqve aRsaniSnavia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebis gamoZaxili

saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi. 1978 wlis maisSi q. baTumSi, baTumis

pedagogiuri institutis studentebis moTxovniT aWaris assr

konstituciaSi Caiwera qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusi.

1978 wlis aprilSi soxumSi gaimarTa didi mitingi, sadac afxazi

erovnebis warmomadgenlebma moiTxoves qarTuli enis amoReba afxazeTis

konstituciidan, e. SevardnaZis soxumSi Casvlam ganmuxta viTareba da

afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi datoves qarTuli ena afxazur da rusul

enebTan erTad saxelmwifo enad.

sabWoTa istoriaSi pirvelad mouxda sakavSiro imperias xalxisTvis

daeTmo. es ar momxdara komunisturi xelisuflebis iniciativiT. piriqiT,

saqarTvelos sazogadoebam gadalaxa im periodSi Seqmnili

winaaRmdegobani, mravalaTasianma masam gaarRvia yvela kordoni da

moipova didi gamarjveba. es iyo eris gamTlianebis dRe.

- sabolood 75-e muxli ase Camoyalibda: saqarTvelos sabWoTa

solialisturi respublikis saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli ena.

saqarTvelos ss respublika axorcielebs saxelmwifo zrunvas

qarTuli enis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs mis

xmarebas saxelmwifo da saxogadoebriv organoebSi, kulturis,

ganaTlebisa da sxva dawesebulebebSi.

saqarTvelos ss respublikaSi uzrunvelyofilia Tavisufali

xmareba rusulisa da sxva enebisa, romelebiTac mosaxleoba sargeblobs;

raime privilegia an SezRudva ama Tu im enis xmarebaSi ar daiSveba

(kvesel(kvesel(kvesel(kveselava 1999ava 1999ava 1999ava 1999gggg::::25)25)25)25)....

79

cxadia, komunisturi xelisufleba cdilobda xalxisaTvis

informacia ise moewodebina, rom momgebiani yofiliyo maTi

ideologiisaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi iyo 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebis

ise warmoCena, rom TiTqos 14 aprils yvelaferi winaswar iyo

momzadebuli komunisturi xelisuflebis mier, Tumca, jerjerobiT, amis

damamtkicebeli dokumentebi ar gamoqveynebula. Cveni azriT es masalebi

rom aqamde ar aris cnobili sazogadoebisaTvis, imaze miuTiTebs, rom

xelisuflebas namdvilad ar hqonda `dagegmili” saxalxo gamosvlebi

qarTuli enis statusis dasacavad. amis cocxali mowme dRes aseulobiT

adamiani SeiZleba moiZebnos, romlebic im dros movlenebis SuagulSi

iyvnen.

sxva mxriv 1978 wlis 14 aprils televiziiT gadmocemuli

saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos sesiis videoCanaweris naxva adasturebs,

rom sesiaze gamosvlis dros e.SevardnaZe aSkarad Wimavda dros, igi

pasuxs elodeboda moskovidan da rodesac sasurveli pasuxi miiRo, igi

umalve Seexo 75-e muxls da sityvac male daasrula.

rogorc Cans, mTavrobis sasaxlis win aTasobiT Sekrebil

adamianTan gasaubrebam igi aiZula piradad dakavSireboda l. breJnevs

da xalxis moTxovna gadaeca. moskovi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia.

qarTveli axalgazrdobis gmirobam qarTul enas kvlav daumkvidra

saxelmwifo statusi konstituciaSi. 15 aprils IX mowvevis umaRlesi

sabWos VIII sagangebo sesiam miiRo saqarTvelos axali konstitucia,

romelmac kvlav daakanona qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusi.

niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom e. SevardnaZes 1994 wlamde arsad ar

uTqvams Tavisi aqtiuri rolis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis movlenebTan

dakavSirebiT. 1994 wlis aprilSi ki man moulodnelad daadastura

xalxSi gavrcelebuli versia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis mRelvarebis

farulad organizebis Sesaxeb.

1978 wels saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli da erTaderTi respublika,

romlis konstituciaSic Caiwera norma erovnuli saxelmwifo enis

Sesaxeb da mxolod Semdeg gaimeores analogiuri normebi somxeTis,

azerbaijanis da mTeli rigi sxva respublikebis konstituciebma (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki

2000:2000:2000:2000:190)190)190)190). . . .

80

ruseTis antiqarTuli Zalebis xelSewyobiT 1978 wels seriozuli

daZabuloba Seiqmna afxazeTSi, ZirZvel qarTul kuTxeSi. stalinis

gardacvalebis Semdeg moskovi farulad mudam xels uwyobda afxazeTSi

antiqarTuli ganwyobis eskalacias: politikur da kulturul

orientaciaSi, kadrebis SerCevasa da ganawilebaSi da a.S. afxazeTis

axal konstituciaze muSaobisas adgilobrivi eTnokratiis Tavgsulma

liderebma miiRes werili skkp centraluri komitetisadmi, romelSic

afxazebis mimarT sabWoTa xelisuflebis yvela danaSauli qarTvel ers

daabrales. moiTxovdnen afxazeTis statusis Secvlas. sqarTvelos kp_is

centraluri komitetis xelmZRvanelobam afxaz liderebTan morigeba

amjobina da moskovTan SeTanxmebiT erToblivad SemuSavda skkp ck da

sssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebis proeqti: ,,afxazeTis assr

ekonomikisa da kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb”,

romelic miiRes 1978 wlis ivnisSi. dadgenileba iTvaliswinebda

avtonomiur respublikaSi mniSvnelovani socialuri da ekonomikuri

RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, rac xels Seuwyobda adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas. magram dadgenileba faqtiurad

amkvidrebda afxazi eTnokratiis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas. am

dadgenilebis negatiuri aspeqtebi mogvianebiT aSkarad gamovlinda.

81

Tavi meoTxeTavi meoTxeTavi meoTxeTavi meoTxe

sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa kavSiris erozia da erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

1980198019801980----ian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSiian wlebSi

$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1. qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis qarTuli inteligenciis roli erovnuli sulis gamoRviZebis

saqsaqsaqsaqmeSimeSimeSimeSi

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saqarTveloSi ramdenime

ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda. maT Soris umTavresi sakuTari

saxelmwifoebriobis arqona iyo. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis marcxisa

da 30-iani wlebis didi represiebis Semdeg komunistur reJimTan

SeiaraRebulma dapirispirebam azri dakarga da TavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis asparezmma mSvidobian frontze gadainacvla.

imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi TiTqmis srulad iqna likvidirebuli

yovelgvari antisabWoTa politikuri partia Tu jgufi, erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis meTauroba erovnul-patriotuli

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma _ mwerlebma, mecnierebma da sxv.,

ikisres. 70-ian wlebSi qarTul literaturaSi gamoCndnen axalgazrda

mwerlebi, romlebic TavianT moTxrobebSi, leqsebSi ilaSqrebdnen

pirovnebis uflebebis Selaxvis, rusifikaciis politikis gaZlierebis

winaaRmdeg, iRwvodnen erovnuli TviTSegnebis asamaRleblad. maTi

moRvaweoba ufro legaluri iyo da amitom mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebis

Sedegebi _ ufro STambeWdavi da Zlieric gaxda.

70-80-iani wlebis saqarTvelos inteligenciis demokratiul

Tvalsazriss da reJimisadmi kritikul damokidebulebas gamoxatavda

mwerali, kritikosi da publicisti akaki baqraZe. misi obieqturi,

patriotuli da ukompromiso statiebi da publikaciebi, saintereso

sajaro gamosvlebi moswonda sazogadoebas.

50-70-iani wlebi qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis oqros xanaa. 1980

wels saqarTveloSi 40-ze meti samecniero_kvleviTi instituti, 25

aTasze meti mecnier-muSaki iyo. qarTvelma mecnierebma: aleqsandre

janeliZem, giorgi wereTelma, giorgi Citaiam, aleqsandre baramiZem,

82

Salva amiranaSvilma, paata guguSvilma, akaki surgulaZem, mamia dumbaZem,

iuri kaWaravam da bevrma sxvam gamoaqveynes vrceli monografiuli

gamokvlevebi. Seiqmna ,,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”,

,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis”, ,,qarTuli literaturis istoriisa”

da ,,saqarTvelos enciklopediis” mravaltomeulebi.

50-70-iani wlebi ,,oqros xana” iyo qarTuli literaturisTvisac.

axali SedevrebiT amdidrebdnen qarTul poezias galaktion tabiZe,

ioseb griSaSvili, giorgi leoniZe, irakli abaSiZe, grigol abaSiZe,

simon Ciqovani, lado asaTiani, ioseb noneSvili, revaz margiani, ana

kalandaZe, murman lebaniZe, muxran maWavariani, SoTa niSnianiZe. maTi

Semoqmedeba gamsWvalulia patriotizmiT, humanizmiT, sicocxliT,

siyvaruliT, sixaruliT, sevdiTac da umjobesi cxovrebis dauokebeli

surviliTac.

konstantine gamsaxurdiam gamoaqveyna romanebi ,,daviT aRmaSenebeli”,

,,didostatis marjvena”, ,,vazis yvaviloba”. levan goTuam ,,gmirTa varami”,

axali romanebi da moTxrobebi Seqmnes leo qiaCelma-Sengelaiam, giorgi

SatberaSvilma, konstantine lorTqifaniZem, giorgi ciciSvilma, giorgi

leoniZem, grigol abaSiZem da sxv. 60-iani wlebidan mweralTa ufros

Taobas mxarSi amoudgnen nodar dumbaZe, guram rCeuliSvili, Wabua

amirejibi, revaz jafariZe, revaz inaniSvili, Tamaz WilaZe, oTar WilaZe,

otia ioseliani, guram fanjikiZe, arCil sulakauri, moris focxiSvili,

jansuR Carkviani... maT nawarmoebebSi gansxierebulia mravali pirovnuli,

erovnuli da sakacobrio ideali, dagmobilia sabWoTa cxovrebis

negatiuri movlenebi.

ganviTarda qarTuli literaturuli kritika da publicistika.

gafarTovda qarTuli literaturis saerTaSoriso kavSirebi sxva

qveynebis literaturasTan. qarTulidan msoflios xalxTa enebze

iTargmna mravali mxatvruli nawarmoebi da piruku. mTelma msofliom

aRiara SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis” sakacobrio mniSvneloba,

gansakuTrebiT misi 800 wlisTavis iubilis Catarebis Semdeg, 1966 wels.

momdevno wlebSi Catarda nikoloz baraTaSvilis 150 da ,,SuSanikis

wamebis” 1500 wlis iubileebi.

83

aRsaniSnavia mwerlisa da mecnieris vaxuSti kotetiSvilis

iniciativiT dawyebuli ,,folkloruli saRamoebis” mniSvneloba,

romelmac ara marto xeli Seuwyo axali saxalxo mTqmelebis,

Semsruleblebis gamovlenas, aramed uzrunvelyo Zlieri patriotuli

grZnobebis ganviTareba.

qarTul literaturasTan erTad patriotizmisa da humanizmis

sakacobrio idealebs qadagebda qarTuli Teatri, kino, samusiko

xelovneba, romlebmac 60-70-ian wlebSi didi aRmavloba ganicada. mTel

msoflioSi gaicnes rusTavelis, marjaniSvilis dramatuli da

faliaSvilis saopero Teatrebi, sadac moRvaweobdnen reJisorebi _

dimitri aleqsiZe, mixeil TumaniSvili, vaso yuSitaSvili, vaxtang

tabliaSvili, vaxtang Wabukiani, aleqsandre wuwunava, dodo anTaZe, giga

lorTqifaniZe, robert sturua, Temur CxeiZe. diriJorebi – odisei

dimitriadi, jansuR kaxiZe... msaxiobebi _ akaki xorava, akaki vasaZe,

spartak baRaSvili, giorgi daviTaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, Tamar

WavWavaZe, giorgi gegeWkori, erosi manjgalaZe, ramaz CxikvaZe, vaso

goZiaSvili, sergo zaqariaZe, aleqsandre JorJoliani, sesilia

TayaiSvili, oTar meRvineTuxucesi, iusuf kobalaZe da mravali sxva.

didad ganviTarda da sazRvargareTac cnobilia qarTuli saopero,

sabaleto-saTeatro da vokalur-instrumentuli xelovneba. klasikur da

uaxles evropul-amerikul musikasa da qoreografiasTan erTad

nayofierad viTardeboda mravalsaukunovani qarTuli simRera da cekva,

romlebic evropa-amerikisaTvis ,,XX saukunis brwyinvale aRmoCena” iyo.

msoflio Semoiares qarTuli simRerisa da cekvis saxelmwifo

ansamblebma anzor kavsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, ansamblma ,,rusTavma”

anzor erqomaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, qarTuli cekvis ansamblma nino

ramiSvilis da iliko suxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da mravalma sxvam.

didi aRmavloba ganicada qarTulma kinom. Seiqmna yvela Janris

rvaasamde filmi, romelTagan saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso premia

wilad xvda asamde films.

1955 wels gamovida Tengiz abulaZisa da rezo CxeiZis ,,magdanas

lurja”, 1956 wels _ ,,baSi-aCuki”, 1962 wels Tengiz abulaZis ,,me, bebia,

iliko da ilarioni”, 1964 wels rezo CxeiZis ,,jariskacis mama”, 1967

84

wels _ oTar ioselianis ,,giorgobisTve”, 1968 da 1974 wlebSi eldar

Sengelaias ,,araCveulebrivi gamofena” da ,,Serekilebi”, 1977 wels giga

lorTqifaniZem da giorgi gabeskiriam gadaiRes ,,daTa TuTaSxia” imave

xanebSi Tengiz abulaZem _ ,,vedreba” da ,,monanieba” (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili (gafrindaSvili

1997:1997:1997:1997:58585858----60)60)60)60)....

erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didi damsaxureba

miuZRvis r. TabukaSvilis patriotul kino-publicistikas. misi ,,alpiuri

varskvlavi”, ,,vitorio sela” da sxva dokumenturi filmebi swored

pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis problemebs exeboda. es filmebi

amkvidrebdnen erovnuli Rirsebis, patriotizmis, humanizmis idealebs.

udidesi erovnuli aqcia iyo r. TabukaSvilis iniciativiT italiidan

cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, italiaSi moRvawe patri mixeil

TamaraSvilis gadmosveneba (1978 w.) (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:3252004:3252004:3252004:325----326)326)326)326)....

amrigad, qarTuli inteligenciis erTi nawilis mier Tavisi

damsaxurebis, avtoritetis, didi Zalisxmevisa da riskebis,

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas rig SemTxvevebSi Tavganwirvis fasadac

ki ZiriTadad moxerxda 70-80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdobaSi, erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZeba,

ganviTareba da ganmtkiceba, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT damTavrebaSi.

85

$ 2$ 2$ 2$ 2.... qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia qarTuli sulis

gadasarCenadgadasarCenadgadasarCenadgadasarCenad

qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias yovelTvis eWira

gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTveli eris sulier cxovrebaSi da es

adgili mas arc sabWoTa diqtaturis dros daukargavs. erovnuli

moZraobis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis paralelurad, marqsistuli

ideologiis mier aTeizmis qadagebis pirobebSi mosaxleobaSi sul ufro

SesamCnevi xdeboda qarTuli eklesiis, eris sulieri winamZRolis,

kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is rolisa da avtoritetis zrda. farTo

ideologiuri propagandis Tu partiul-komkavSiruli struqturebis

mxridan akrZalvebis miuxedavad, axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili

eklesias miawyda. mravali studenti da moswavle stiqarosani gaxda da

adamianTa cxovrebaSi sarwmunoeba Tavis kuTvnil adgils ikavebda

(janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009:2009:2009:2009:198)198)198)198)....

ilia II-m aRadgina urTierToba bevr qarTvel inteligentTan,

mecnierTan, mweralTan, romlebTan erTadac igi araerT saerTo-erovnul

RonisZiebaSi monawileobda. erTi maTgani iyo ,,SuSanikis wamebis” 1500

wlisTavi, zeimiT rom aRiniSna 1978 wels. 11 dekembers. kaTolikos-

patriarqi pirvelad moevlina farTo saero sazogadoebas SuSanikis

martvilobisadmi miZRvnil sazeimo saRamoze operis TeatrSi. igi

monawilebda da sityvac Tqva Tbiliss Camosvenebuli mixeil

TamaraSvilis dakrZalvis dros didubis panTeonSi. patriarqis sityvis

dedaazri iyo debuleba, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesia da qarTveli eri ganuyofeli iyo da axlac aseao.

80-iani wlebidan qarTulma eklesiam ilia II-is meTaurobiT

gaafarTova urTierToba ucxoeTis qveynebis eklesiebTan, romelTa

meTaurebi ewvivnen saqarTvelos, ilia II ki mraval sxva qveyanas. amas

Sedegad mohyva ekumenisturi moZraobis centris mier qarTveli

kaTolikos-patriarqis eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos Tanaprezidentad

arCeva. msoflio patriarqma dimitriosma mas iberiis eklesiis

kaTalikosi uwoda, rac imas moaswavebda, rom mwifdeboda saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtokefaliis cnoba msoflio eklesiis mier V saukunidan da

86

es kidec iqna aRiarebuli 1990 wlis ianvarSi., rac qarTuli eklesiis

didi warmateba iyo.

qarTuli qristianul_humanisturi azrovneba dRemde icavs

saRmrTosa da saeros erTianobis mravalsaukunovan Tvalsazriss. ilia II

ostaturad azavebda Tavis qadagebebSi religiur-dogmatur da erovnul-

patriotul ideebs. (gafrindaSvili 93-94)

ilia II-is locva-kurTxeviT daiwyo axali taZrebis mSenebloba,

ferweriT Semkoba, xatebisa da marTlmadidebluri

mRvdelmsaxurebisaTvis saWiro liturgiuli daniSnulebis nivTebis

Seqmna. moixata uamravi axali taZari. marTlmadidebluri kultis sxva

dargebTan erTad xatweris xelovnebamac daikava mniSvnelovani adgili

eris religiuri cxovrebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. ilia II-is udidesi

RvawliT aRsdga saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, monumenturi mxatvroba,

xeze da qvaze kveTa, minanqari.

saeklesio xelovnebis sxva ganStoebebis msgavsad, qarTuli

naqargobis aRorZinebac 1980-iani wlebidan iwyeba. axlad agebuli Tu

amoqmedebuli taZrebisaTvis RvTismsaxurebisaTvis aucilebel

Sesamoselebs, dafarnebs da a.S. saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebul

saqargav saxelosnoebSi qmnian ((((TumaniSviliTumaniSviliTumaniSviliTumaniSvili 2008:2008:2008:2008:24242424----35)35)35)35)....

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi saWeTmpyrobeli arc

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa da moRvaweTa mimarT iyo

gulgrili. amis gamovlineba iyo 1987 wels ilia WavWavaZis wminda ilia

marTlad Seracxva.

1988 wlis noemberSi axalgazrdobis jgufis mier dawyebuli

SimSilobisas zviad gamsaxurdiam qarTul eklesias usayvedura,

moSimSileebs misi moraluri mxardaWera ara aqvTo, kaTolikos-

patriarqma jer Tbilisis samebisa da qaSveTis winamZRvrebi gagzavna

moSimSileebTan, mere TviTonac mivida maTTan.

1989 wlis aprilis aqciebis dros patiaSvilma da misma gundma

kaTolikos-patriarqs sTxoves daSla erCia moSimSileTaTvis. 9 aprils

ilia II mRvdel giorgi gamrekelis TanxlebiT MmTavrobis saxlTan

mivida da daufaravad ganucxada demonstrantebs: tragediaa

87

mosalodneli, qaSveTis taZarSi SevideT, vilocoT da mere daviSaloTo.

Tumca amaze uari Tqves moSimSileebma.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurni xSirad gamoTqvemdnen mosazrebas,

eklesia politikaSi ar erevao, magram uaRresad politizirebuli

mrevli aiZulebda maT, araiSviaTad zomaze metad Careuliyvnen

politikaSi. magram im rTul viTarebaSi ver xorcieldeboda umaRlesi

saeklesio da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ara Tu erTianobis mZime, aramed

urTierTndobis principic ki. marTlmadideblobis damcveli

mRvdelmTavarni patriarqis meTaurobiT ebrZodnen uzneobas,

cdilobdnen dapirispirebul ZalTa Serigebas, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi

amao iyo.

88

$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 3.... erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980_iani wlebis meore

naxevarSinaxevarSinaxevarSinaxevarSi

70_iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa politikuri elita aSkarad kargavda

realizmis grZnobas. 1979 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSirma avRaneTSi

jari Seiyvana da samxedro gadatrialeba moawyo. amis gamo dasavleTis

samyarom radikalurad gaamZafra damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSirTan.

avRaneTSi iZulebiT gawveuli aTasobiT qarTveli axalgazrda

ibrZoda. saqarTvelomac udidesi msxverpli gaiRo am uazro omSi.

xelisuflebaSi ronald reiganis mosvlisTanave amerikis

xelisuflebam SeimuSava sabWoTa imperiasTan urTierTobis efeqturi

politikuri kursi, romelsac mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda. es iyo

mowinaaRmdegis ekonomikuri gamofitvis, gamalebuli SeiaraRebiT

moqancvis, ekonomikuri gakotrebis kursi. am kursma Tavisi Sedegebi male

gamoiRo.

erT-erTi udidesi tragedia da erovnuli moZraobis mniSvnelovani

movlena, romelmac 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa saqarTvelo (da ara marto

saqarTvelo) SeZra iyo ,,TviTmfrinavis biWebis” ambavi (SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2SukakiZe 2006:#2))))....

sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmebze dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom TviTmfrinavis

gatacebis erT-erTi monawile da organizatori Teimuraz CixlaZe (mama

Tevdore) 1979 wels apirebda ssrk-dan gasvlas ukanono gziT Tanmxleb

pirebTan erTad da am mizniT daiwyo Tanamoazreebis Zebna. man kavSiri

daamyara ioseb wereTelTan da daviT miqaberiZesTan. es ukanasknelni

iyvnen dasavluri cxovrebis wesis mimdevrebi da sionis taZarSi

xvdebodnen CixlaZes. Tavis mxriv 1981 wlis zafxulSi wereTeli da

miqaberiZe daukavSirdnen germane kobaxiZes, imave wlis Semodgomaze ki

kaxa iveriels. Semdeg paata iveriels da TinaTin fetviaSvils, 1982

wlidan g. tabiZes (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 4)4)4)4)....

jgufis wevrebma ucxoeTSi wasvlisaTvis daiwyes legaluri gzebis

Zieba. sxvadasxva varientebs Soris ganixileboda ucxoelze qorwinebac.

paralelurad ganixilavdnen qveynidan gaRwevis aralegalur gzebsac. am

mizniT 1983 wlis zafxulSi miqaberiZe da wereTeli araerTxel Cavidnen

baTumsa da soxumSi, sadac eZebdnen sazRvarze gasvlis saxmeleTo,

89

sazRvao an sahaero saSualebas. aseve ramdenimejer iyvnen talinSi,

sadac gaicnes v. Smoilovi, romelTan erTadac gegmavdnen motoriani

naviT sazRvris gadalaxvas.

mogvianebiT gaCnda TviTmfrinaviT gaRwevis azric. CixlaZis

argumentiT TviTmfrinaviT swrafad Dda usafrTxod SeiZleboda

sazRvris gadakveTa (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvs.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 5), radganac maTTan

erTad TviTfrinavSi iqnebodnen mgzavrebic da amitom sabWoTa

xelisufleba ar miiRebda TviTmfrinavis Camogdebis gadawyvetilebas.

maTi gegmis Tanaxmad mama Tevdore mRvdlis anaforaSi damalavda

iaraRs, xalxTan erTd avidoda TviTmfrinavis salonSi, xolo afrenis

Semdeg CixlaZe TiTqos interesisTvis Sevidoda pilotebis kabinaSi

gadascemda maT werils TviTmfrinavis afeTqebis muqariT aiZulebda

SeecvalaT frenis mimarTuleba da TviTmfrinavi daejinaT TurqeTis

teritoriaze.

am mizniT 1982 wlis dasawyisSi miqaberiZem ucnobi pirisagan

,,naganis” sistemis erTi revolveri SeiZina. 1983 wlis aprilSi

wereTelTan erTad - meore, xolo ivnisSi iaraRis raodenoba kidev

erTiT gaizarda. 1983 wlis 13 agvistos kobaxiZe da wereTeli gafrindnen

leningradSi dasaZinebeli gazis balonis SesaZenad (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1.

saq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gvsaq. 520. gv 6), magram gegmis Cavardnis gamo (gazis balonis ver SeiZines)

1983 wlis noembris dasawyisisTvis 4 iaraRi da 2 xelyumbara SeiZines.

1983 wlis noembris dasawyisSi jgufis wevrebma sabolood miiRes

gadawyvetileba moexdinaT SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma TviTfrinavze. am

droisaTvis maT gadawyvites CamoecilebinaT CixlaZe, radgan maT Soris

ukve uTanxmoeba iyo.

Svid da rva noembers miqaberiZem, wereTelma, fetviaSvilma da

kobaxiZem g. kobaxiZis binaSi Sexvedrisas ganixiles TviTfrinavSi

SeRwevisa da iaraRis Setanis sakiTxi.

1983 wlis 11 noembers kobaxiZis binaSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen g.

kobaxiZe, d. miqaberiZe, g. tabiZe, i. wereTeli da T. fetviaSvili. aq maT

SesTavazes Zmebs p. da k. iverielebs TviTfrinavis gatacebaSi

monawileobis miReba da gaacnes maT ,,tY-134”-is gatacebis gegma,

romelSic monawileobazec iverielebma Tanxmoba ganacxades. aqve

90

wereTelma da miqaberiZem daniSnes Tavdasxmis dRec _ 1983 wlis 18

noemberi. ganixiles ,,tY-134”-is marSruti Tbilisi _ baTumi _ kievi _

leningradi da es arCevani motivirebuli iqna imiT, rom TvTmfrinavSi

bevri mgzavri iqneboda da mas ar Camoagdebdnen.

1983 wlis 14 noembers k. iverielma miqaberiZisagan miiRo fuli da

pasportebi bandis wevrebisaTvis da iyida 7 samgzavro bileTi.

1983 wlis 15 da 16 noembers miqaberiZis mSoblebis agarakze wyneTSi,

erTmaneTs Sexvdnen jgufis wevrebi: wereTeli, d. miqaberiZe, p. iverieli,

k. iverieli, g. tabiZe da g. kobaxiZe. Sexvedrisas gadawyda, rom jgufs

uxelmZRvanelebda k. iverieli (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 8). am

Sekrebas ar eswreboda T. fetviaSvili, radganac is saqorwino

samzadisSi iyo.

1983 wlis 18 noembers i. wereTelma, miqaberiZem, fetviaSvilma da

kobaxiZem miiRes gadawyvetileba (wereTlis winadadebiT) iaraRiT savse

CanTa ekaterine SalutaSvilis (fetviaSvilis megobari) daxmarebiT

SeetanaT TviTmfrinavis bortze. ra Tqma unda SalutaSvils amis Sesaxeb

ar unda scodnoda (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 9).

miqaberiZem iTxova fetviaSvilisagan Savi feris marTkuTxedis

formis qalis CanTa, romelSic jgufis wevrebma Caalages ori cali

,,TT”, revolveris sistemis ,,nagani”, revolveri ,,revstveri,” ori

saswavlo xelyumbara da sabrZolo tyviebi.

jgufis wevrebs Soris winaswar ganawilebuli rolebis Tanaxmad

fetviaSvilma sTxova SalutaSvils misi kuTvnili xelCanTa Seetana

TviTmfrinavSi da ,,gaumxila” TiTqos CanTaSi iyo narkotikebi sigaretis

formiT. SalutaSvilma pirnaTlaT Seasrula megobris Txovna.

winaswari molaparakebis Tanaxmad k. iverieli, p. iverieli, g. tabiZe

danarCen mgzavrebTan erTad Sevidnen TviTmfrinavis salonSi, isini

ganTavsdnen pirvel salonSi, sadac daikaves adgilebi 4, 5 da 6 rigebSi

(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gv 10).

cudi meteorologiuri pirobebis gamo TviTmfrinavma daagviana

gafrena. jgufis wevrebi TviTmfrinavSic agrZelebdnen qorwilis

Semdgom mxiarulebas da svamdnen Rvinos.

91

moskovis droiT, 15 saaTsa da 43 wuTze TviTmfrinavma kursi aiRo

baTumisken. afrenidan 5-10 wuTis Semdeg kobaxiZem gamoarTva iaraRebiT

savse CanTa SalutaSvils da jgufis wevrebma gainawiles iaraRi.

16 saaTsa da 13 wuTze kaxa iverieli wereTelTan erTad gaemarTa

pilotis kabinisaken. es faqti jgufis wevrebma CaTvales operaciis

dawyebis niSnad. miniSnebis Tanaxmad p. iverielma miiRo ra meore rigSi

mjdomi mgzavri a. solomonia miliciis TanamSromlad, mas TavSi

Sampanuris boTli Caartya, xolo tabiZem TavSi esrola revolveri.

mgzavri iqve gardaicvala. aseve, SecdomiT miiRes ra ekipaJis wevrad

pilotis formiani mgzavri, tabiZem samjer esrola mas (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880,

aR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gvaR.1. saq. 520. gv 11), ris Sedegadac mgzavri daiWra, xolo miqaberiZem

mkvlelobis ganzraxviT esrola mgzavr o. gvalias da gauxvrita

filtvi.

mgzavrebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis SesaCereblad p.

iverieli da g. kobaxiZe xelyumbarebis afeTqebiT imuqrebodnen, maT

mgzavrebs ubrZanes ar ganZreuliyvnen radgan TviTmfrinavi mifrinavda

TurqeTSi.

k. iverieli, wereTeli da tabiZe SeiWrnen pilotebis kabinaSi.

tabiZem esrola SarbaTians, xolo k. iverielma eqvsjer esrola, ris

Sedegadac SarbaTiani gardaicvala. k. iverieli iaraRis muqariT

(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 12) sTxovda pilots a. gardafxaZes

Seecvala kursi da gafreniliyo TurqeTisaken. pilotebis kabinaSi

imyofeboda Sturmani gasoiani, romelmac maT gauxsna cecxli, ris

Sedegadac tabiZe mokla, xolo wereTeli da k. iverieli daiWrnen. aman

saSualeba misca pilotebs Signidan CaeketaT kabinis kari.

am drois ganmavlobaSi g. kobaxiZe da p. iverieli xelyumbaris

afeTqebis muqariT aiZulebdnen mgzavrebs Tavi daexaraT da adgilidan

ar ganZreuliyvnen.

aseT daZabul viTarebaSi 1983 wlis 18 noembers 16 saaTsa da 40

wuTze pilotebma moaxerxes daesvaT TviTmfrinavi Tbilisis aeroportSi

(ris Sesaxebac jgufis wevrebs Seatyobina fetviaSvilma). maTi gegmis

Cavardnis gacnobierebis Semdeg miqaberiZem TviTmfrinavSi Tavi moikla

(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv. 13).

92

TviTmfrinavis dajdomis Semdegac g. kobaxiZe da p. iverieli

ukrZalavdnen mgzavrebs amdgariyvnen adgilidan, daxmareba gaewiaT

daWrilTaTvis, esargeblaT wyliTa da tualetiT.

g. kobaxiZis da p. iverielis miTiTebiT, fetviaSvili TviTmfrinavis

Ria lukidan Txovda Tbilisis aeroportis warmomadgenlebs sawvaviT

SeevsoT TviTmfrinavi, SeecvalaT ekipaJi axliT, raTa gafreniliyvnen

TurqeTSi. maTi moTxovnis ar dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi fetviaSvili

TviTmrinavis afeTqebiT imuqreboda. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv 14)

TiTqosda moTxovnis dakmayofilebis mizniT jer sawvavis cisterna

moitanes, viTom TviTmfrinavis gamarTva daiwyes, sinamdvileSi ki

piriqiT _ baki sawvavisagan mTlianad dacales (kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe(kvinikaZe 2001:2001:2001:2001: 26)26)26)26)....

TviTmfrinavSi (romelSic imyofeboda 58 mgzavri da Svidi ekipaJis

wevri) Tavdasxmis Sedegad mokluli iqna ekipaJis 3 wevri da 1 mgzavri,

daiWra ekipaJis 1 wevri da 7 mgzavri. Tbilisis samoqalaqo aviaciis

sammarTvelom TviTmfrinavis dazianebiT miiRo 560 839 maneTis zarali

(s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. (s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520. gv.gv.gv.gv. 15151515).

1984 wlis 13 agvistos saqarTvelos sssr sasamarTlos sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo kolegiam T. gersamias TavmjdomareobiT,

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 78-e da 2422-e muxlebiT

gamtaceblebs sikvdiliT dasja miusaja (gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12(gamyreliZe 1998:#12))))....

Temur CixlaZem sasamarTloze Tavmjdomares mimarTa: ,,upirveles

yovlisa minda giTxraT, rom me, rogorc msjavrdebuli aq ar unda viyo.

arcerT qveyanaSi udanaSaulo adamians ar sjian, miT ufro xvreten.

Tqven iciT, rom me RvTismsaxuri kaci var da amis gamo masamarTlebT.

batonebo da qalbatonebo, araviTari borotmoqmedeba me ar

Camidenia, kacTmoZule arasodes vyofilvar. sasamarTlo bralad mdebs

bandis xelmZRvanelobas. diax, me viyavi jgufis xelmZRvaneli, romelsac

Teologias vaswavlidi, magram bandis organizatori arasodes

vyofilvar. rogorc yvela morwmune vswavlobdi saxarebas, da vqadagebdi

kacTmoyvareobas, simarTles WeSmaritebisadmi rwmenas. am mizniT

aRvikvece berad. aq myof braldebulebTan mqonda mxolod

sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri, iseTi, rogoric aqvs erT morwmunes meore

morwmunis mimarT. me kargad vicnob am axalgazrdebs, TiToeuli maTgani

93

niWieri da RrmadganaTlebulia. Tavad, dagidastureben, rom yovelTvis

WeSmaritebisa da patiosnebisaken movuwodebdi... ((((kvkvkvkvinikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001:inikaZe 2001: 42424242----43)43)43)43)....

me Tavs damnaSaved araferSi ar vcnob, magram... saxlSi maqvs erTi

Zveli qarTuli ruqa, sadac saqarTvelos yvela taZari da monasteria

aRbeWdili. Tu Tqven sicocxles SeminarCunebT, sadac xels daadebT iq

waval da iq gavatareb Cems gatanjul cxovrebas.

... da Tu mainc momklavT, da amiT sxvas eSveleba, an qveyanas

sWirdeba es msxverpli, siamovnebiT waval im qveynad...

TviTmfrinavis gatacebis SemTxevis ganxilvas ar dasWirda erTi

weli an ramdenime Tve, am ambavs TvenaxevarSi daesva wertili. mSoblebs

ki ganaCenis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb mxolod 5 wlis Semdeg, 1989 wlis 13

marts acnoba jumber patiaSvilma partiis biuros dadgenilebiT.

sabWoTa kavSirSi socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba radikalurad

Seicvala 1985 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac m. s. gorbaCovma da misma gundma

daiwyo e.w. gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis procesi, rac miznad isaxavda

sabWoTa kavSiris modernizacias da aqedan gamomdinare mis gadarCenas.

sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebulma gardaqmnis procesma adekvaturi

asaxva hpova saqarTveloSi (gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4).(gvenetaZe 2011:4). 1988 wlis SemodgomisaTvis

respublikaSi gamoikveTa ori tendencia. pirveli: sazogadoeba ar

egueboda wlebis manZolze dagrovil damaxinjebebs, cru dapirebebs,

formalizms, moiTxovda Zireul gardaqmnebs yvela rgolSi. meore:

adamianebs rwmena hqondaT dakarguli, ar sjerodaT, rom maT

winadadebebs da SeniSvnebs miiRebdnen. partiuli struqturebi maT

TvalSi kargavda avtoritets. axasiaTebdaT gulgatexilobis, uimedobis

sindromi. isini naTlad xedavdnen, rom nebismieri donis dadgenileba Tu

gadawyvetileba qaRaldze rCeboda. respublikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi

xdeboda gegmebis gayalbeba, partiuli xelmZRvaneloba Tavis gamorCenis,

politikuri eiforiis tyvebobaSi iyo.

saqarTvelos xelisufleba urTules viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. erTi

mxriv pozitiuri iyo gardaqmnis perspeqtiva da mas Tavisi kvali unda

daemCnia respublikis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, magram

meore mxriv respublika mZime ekonomikur kriziss ganicdida. irkveoda

rom partiuli xelmZRvanelobis saqmianobaSi kvlav adgili hqonda

94

subieqtivizmis mkveTr gamovlenas. centraluri xelisuflebis winaSe

Tavis gamoCenis tendenciebma, specialurad samrewvelo Tu sasoflo-

sameurneo Sesasrulebeli gegmebis uzomod gadidebam, gansakuTrebiT

respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wamyvan dargebSi – meCaiobasa da

mevenaxeobaSi, gamoiwvia xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis uaRresad dabal

niSnulamde daweva. marTalia, produqciis raodenobis gazrda

SesaZleblobas aZlevda respublikas mieRo sakavSiro biujetidan

gamoyofili finansebi, romelic moixmareboda respublikis

saWiroebisaTvis, magram sxva mxriv, qarTulma produqciam uxarisxobis

gamo TandaTanobiT iwyo dakargva sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikur sivrceSi,

araferi rom ar vTqvaT socialisturi Tanamegobrobis qveynebze.

samwuxarod, aRniSnuli damoukideblobis Sedegebma mogvianebiT

mkveTrad iCina Tavi sabWoeTis yofil sivrceSi, qarTulma Caim da Rvinom

dahkarga Tavisi Rirseba da prestiJi. magaliTad, sakaSiro xelisufleba

ukve 1987 wels miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelos meCaiobaSi seriozuli

problemebi iyo Seqmnili. maTi azriT, respublikaSi meaTe da meTerTmete

xuTwledebSi (70-iani wlebi da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisi) damzadebis

moculobis zrda, Cveulebriv, xdeboda Cais foTlis krefis

agroteqnikuri moTxovnebis uxeSi darRvevis gziT, ris gamoc

respublikis Cais plantaciebis farTobis 45 procenti (30 aTasi heqtari)

amortizirebuli iyo. Cais axali plantaciebis gaSenebis davalebebi ki

meTerTmete xuTwledSi mxolod 27 procentiT Sesrulda.

respublikaSi, faqtobrivad, wlebis manZilze TiTqmis ar eqceoda

yuradReba rTuli da prestiJuli nakeTobebis gamoSvebas.

manqanaTmSeneblobaSi saxalxo moxmarebis 304 ZiriTadi dasaxelebis

saqonlidan, romelTa gamoSveba 1988 wels iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,

prestiJuloba pirobiTad SeiZleboda mogvekuTvnebia mxolod 20

saxeobisaTvis.

respublikam ver SeZlo mosaxleobisaTvis miewodebina adgilobriv

pirobebSi gamoSvebuli dapirebuli axali saqoneli. saqmes ver Sveloda

sainJinro centrebis Seqmna, sxvadasxva gamofenebis mowyoba. bevri

qalaqisa da respublikis, TviT sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebis

gacnoba. praqtikuli Sedegi ar Canda, aurzauri ki didi iyo.

95

ar sruldeboda marcvleulis warmoebis gegmebi. gansakuTrebuli

SeSfoTebis obieqti iyo mecxoveleoba. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis

saerTo suladobaSi 99,97 procenti jiSiani iyo, magram dabali iyo

Sedegianoba, rac imis damadasturebeli iyo, rom jiSiani pirutyvi

mxolod qaRaldze arsebobda.

respublikaSi wlebis manZilze ver mowesrigda sabinao problema.

binebs ver Rebulobdnen adamianebi, romlebic aRicxvaze 1962 wlidan

idgnen. TbilisSi aRricxvaze iyo 60 aTasze meti ojaxi, romelTagan 13

aTasi avariul da farRalala saxlebSi cxovrobda. 12 wlis manZilze

rigma mxolod 4 wliT gadaiwia, ris Sedegadac ganvlil xuTwledSi

ubinaoTa ricxvi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaizarda, vinaidan aRricxvaze

ufro meti xalxi dgeboda, vidre binas iRebda. sabinao problemas iseTi

rezonansi hqonda respublikaSi, rom igi xSirad xdeboda sakavSiro

gazeTebis `pravdisa” da `trudis” kritikuli Sefasebis sagani. xolo

sacxovrebeli farTobis ukanonod miRebis mizniT, 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi cnobili iyo mravali kuriozuli da amaSfoTebeli SemTxveva.

kvlav izrdeboda organizebuli da individualuri damnaSaveoba.

1987 wels gamovlinda saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi miwebis datacebis,

spekuliaciis, piradi qonebis moparvis, Zarcvis yaCaRobis, sastiki

Zaladobis 500-ze meti faqti. swored, es iyo korufcirebuli jgufebis

aqtiuri reaqcia gardaqmnis pasuxad. bevr sferoSi dabudebuli iyo

meqrTameoba ((((kveselkveselkveselkveselava 1999ava 1999ava 1999ava 1999aaaa::::15)15)15)15)....

1987 wlis 31 oqtombers Seiqmna ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba”. misi

aqtivistebis umravlesobas (40-ze meti kaci) Seadgenen umaRlesi

humanitaruli ganaTlebis inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. sazogadoebis

gamgeobas saTaveSi Caudgnen g. o. Wanturia, g. s. mamulia, m. e. qurdiani,

c. d. ardaSelia. 1987 wlis noemberSi gamgeobam TxovniT mimarTa

saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiums sazogadoebis registraciis

Sesaxeb, magram pasuxad uari miiRes. sazogadoeba ganagrZobda

moqmedebas, daiwyo e.w. `saTviTgamo” Jurnalis `moambis” gamocema.

1987 wlis 11 dekembers damfuZnebel krebaze miRebuli sazogadoebis

programidan: `...ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” mizania, daicvas qarTveli

xalxis uflebebi da interesebi, izrunos kulturuli memkvidreobis,

96

erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, amasTan

gaiTvaiswinos araqarTveli mosaxleobis uflebebi. sazogadoebis

devizia: ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba” (sobCaki(sobCaki(sobCaki(sobCaki 2000:2000:2000:2000:56)56)56)56)....

1987 wlis Semodgomaze ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” Seqmnam

saTave daudo qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

legalizacias.

cixeebidan axaldabrunebulma politpatimrebma da sazogadoebis

garkveulma, arcTu mravalricxovanma jgufma miznad daisaxes erovnuli

idealebis sajaro propaganda, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena,

Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis axali politikuri, socialuri-ekonomikuri da

zneobrivi normebis SemuSaveba da damkvidreba. ìlia WavWavaZis

sazogadoebis” Seqmna moulodneli da uCveulo ar yofila arc qarTuli

sazogadoebisaTvis da arc xelisuflebisaTvis, piriqiT: sazogadoebaSi

garkveuli molodinic ki arsebobda, radgan ukve naTlad igrZnoboda,

rom `perestroikiT” gamowveuli da misi arqitetqorebisagan xeldasmuli

kritikuli talRa ver Caeteoda maTTvis sasurvel garglebSi. sakiTxavi

iyo, Tu ra formasa da mimarTulebas miiRebda `perestroikiT” dadgenil

farglebs gacilebuli arakontrolirebadi kritikuli talRa.

ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebasa da mis irgvliv Tavmoyril

inteleqtualur Zalebs ar moswondaT ara marto radikalTa erTi

nawilis mier gamoyenebuli brZolis formebi da meTodebi, aramed

pirvel rigSi, inteligenciis, eris zomieri nawilis mimarT misi

damokidebuleba, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis erT-erTma aRiarebulma

liderma zurab WavWavaZem gabedulad amxila zviad gamsaxurdias

intrigebi, saqme Rirsebis sasamarTlomde mivida, z. WavWavaZem

konkretuli faqtebiT, mowmeTa CvenebebiT daamtkica, rom z. gamsaxurdia

uRirs, ormag TamaSs eweoda, magram radikalTa umravlesoba jer kidev

gamsaxurdias hipnozis qveS imyofeboda.

sasamarTlom dapirispireba ver moxsna, piriqiT konfliqti kidev

ufro gaRrmavda ((((blublublubluaSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:aSvili 1994:15)15)15)15)....

xelmZRvanelebs Soris dawyebuli uTanxmoebis gamo 1988 wlis

martSi moxda ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” gaTiSva da reorganizacia.

mas gamoeyo jgufi “meoTxe dasi” m. i. kostavas, z. k. gamsaxurdias, g. o.

97

Wanturias, i. s. wereTlis, T. i. janeliZisa da i. g. xuxunaiSvilis

SemadgenlobiT, romlebic ufro radikalur da nacionalistur

Sexedulebebs iziarebdnen.

sazogadoebis pirvel yrilobaze, 1988 wlis 8 oqtombers xazgasmiT

aRiniSna, rom ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba” ar aris aralegaluri

sazogadoeba, ar eweva marTlsawinaaRmdego, antikonstituciur

saqmianobas. amave dros sazogadoebis programa Seicavs mTel rig

punqtebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba ssr kavSirisa da saqarTvelos ssr

konstitucias (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000: 56)56)56)56).... kerZod, yvela sakavSiro da sakavSiro-

respublikuri saministros gadasvla respublikur daqvemdebarebaSi,

respublikis moqalaqis statusis daweseba, erovnuli sajariso

formirebebis Seqmna, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolikis (droSa,

gerbi), fulisa da safosto niSnebis gamoSvebaze respublikis uflebebis

aRdgena.

cota xnis Semdeg xelisuflebis locva-kurTxeviT Seiqmna

`rusTavelis sazogadoeba”, rogorc ì. WavWavaZis sazogadoebis”

sapirwone da xalxma, maT Soris Tavad `rusTavelis sazogadoebis’’

wevrebmac, es faqti zustad ase aRiqva.

aSkarad Canda, rom xelisufleba poziciebis daTmobas ar apirebda.

ufro metic, cdilobda xelSi aeRo iniciativa da radac unda

dasjdomoda, imTaviTve ekontrolebina erovnuli moZraoba. miT umetes,

rom xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi iyo mkacrad centralizebuli

Zlieri da morCili biurokratiuli aparati, Zalovani struqturebi –

milicia, prokuratura, suk-i, monopolizebuli presa da televizia

(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)(mWedliZe 1999: 254)....

1988 wlis martis dasawyisSi ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoebas” gamoeyo

jgufi `meoTxe dasi”. 1988 wlis 26 maiss (1918 wlis 26 maiss menSevikurma

mTavrobam saqarTvelo damoukidebel respublikad gamoacxada) `meoTxe

dasma” SeZlo, moewyo mitingi (500-mde kaci) axalgazrdul klub

`berikonSi”. Tavyriloba damTavrda imiT, rom daiwyes xelmowerebis

Segroveba qarTveli xalxisa da respublikis mTavrobisadmi, romliTac

moiTxovdnen, xelisuflebas uzrunveleyo adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier

samxedro samsaxuris gavla respublikis teritoriaze, gaeuqmebina

98

brZanebuleba mitingebis, demonstraciebisa da quCis msvlelobis

mowyobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

1988 wlis ivnisSi ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi” Camoyalibda

damoukidebeli dajgufeba èrovnuli fronti” (xelmZRvanelebi i.

wereTeli da i. baTiaSvili), romelic Semdeg daiSala da Seerwya

`meoTxe dass”. 1988 wlis agvistoSi gamocxadda, rom `meoTxe dasis”

bazaze Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia (sedp),

romlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda brZola saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da demokratiuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis.

1988 wlis dekemberSi `meoTxe dasis” da sedp-is moTaveTa swrafvas

erTpirovnuli liderobisadmi mohyva am dajgufebaTa gaTiSva. sababi

gaxda 1988 wlis 30 noembersa da 1 dekembers gamarTuli sedp-s kongresi,

romelzec kostava, gamsaxurdia, wereTeli da baTiaSvili miiwvies

saTaTbiro xmiT. Wanturiam ganacxada, rom `partia” gamoeyofa ìlia

WavWavaZis sazogadoebas” (`meoTxe dasi”). amasTan dakavSirebiT kostavam,

gamsaxurdiam, wereTelma da baTiaSvilma 1988 wlis oqtomberis damlevs

gamoacxades, rom `meoTxe dass” ewoda wminda ilia marTlis

saxogadoeba.

`wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis” wesdebaSi, romelic

aralegalurad gamomaval gazeT `samSoblos” pirvel nomerSi

gamoqveynda, gacxadebulia, rom `wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba”

aris saqarTvelos erovnul-partiuli gaerTianeba, romelic miznad

isaxavs, daicvas qarTveli eris uflebebi da interesebi, upatronos

kulturul memkvidreobas, gauRvivos qarTvel xalxs erovnuli

TviTSegneba da aRadginos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukidebloba”.

partiis Seqmna 1988 wlis 30 agvistos mitingze gamocxadda. imave wlis 30

noembridan 1 dekembramde gaimarTa sedp-is pirveli damfuZnebeli

yriloba, romelmac gansazRvra, rom `misi mizania saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis aRdgena”. politikuri brZolis meTodebi – erovnuli

urCobis mowodeba da am urCobis realuri ganxorcieleba. partiis

ideologiuri bazisi aris Teodemokratia. partiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

principia ar Seurigdes kompromiss xelisuflebasTan. partiis

Tavmjdomare – g. o. Wanturia

99

ìlia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi” momxdari gaTiSvis Semdeg,

romelic dakavSirebuli iyo misi Semadgenlobidan saqarTvelos

erovnuli damukideblobis partiis gasvlasTan da `wminda ilia marTlis

sazogadoebad” wodebasTan, i. s. wereTeli mis bazaze qmnis `saqarTvelos

erovnuli damoukideblobis partias”.

axali partiis Seqmnis sababi gaxda daZabuli urTierToba i. s.

wereTelsa da g. o. Wanturias (sedp Tavmjdomares) Soris, romelic

warmoiSva imis gamo, rom Wanturiam miiTvisa 1988 wlis 23-29 noembers

mTavrobis saxlis win gamarTuli SimSilobis aqciis periodSi

Sekrebili didi Tanxa....

1989 wlis 27 martis mitingze Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

pirvel kursTan wereTelma oficialurad gamoacxada partiis Seqmna da

waikiTxa misi programa da wesdeba, romelSic mTavar miznad

gamocxadebulia: `saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxoba,

saqarTvelos gasvla ssr kavSiris Semadgenlobidan, komunisturi

partiis daTxovna, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaeros jaris Semoyvana,

natos samxedro blokSi Sesvla, `damoukidebeli saqarTvelos axali

mTavrobis Seqmna”.

1988 wlis oqtomberSi ,,ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebaSi”

ganxeTqilebisa da `liberalebis’’ frTis Seqmnis Semdeg i. g. Sengelaia

TanamoazreebTan erTad Sevida mis SemadgenlobaSi. magram cota xanSi

CamoSorda ,,liberalebs” da Seqmna Tavisi dajgufeba, e. w. “saqarTvelos

erovnuli samarTlianobis kavSiri” (sesk), romelic miemxro `moeTxe

dasis” eqstremitul dajgufebas.

1988 wlis 3 noembers sesk-is damfuZnebel krebaze waikiTxes

gadawyvetileba damoukidebeli organizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb da airCies

`samuSao jgufi” Sengelias meTaurobiT, sesk-is yrilobis

mosamzadeblad. TavianTi saqmianobis sawyis etapze sesk-Si

funqcionirebda sxvadasxva komisiebi, romlebsac unda emuSavaT

sxvadasxva sakiTxebze. saqmianobis praqtikam cxadyo, rom aRniSnuli

komisiebi ar asrulebdnen araviTar samuSaoebs, garda imisa rom

uSvebdnen da avrcelebdnen nacionalisturi yaidis Jurnal-gazeTebs -

ùwyebani”, èri” da `klde”.

100

1989 wlis 1-2 aprils q. TbilisSi gaimarTa sesk-is pirveli yriloba,

romelsac eswreboda daaxloebiT 200 kaci, maT Soris, araformaluri

gaerTianebaTa mowveuli wamomadgenlebi. yrilobam daamtkica programa,

wesdeba da airCia xelmZRvaneli organo - `kavSiris” sabWo.

sesk-is programa miznad isaxavda socialisturi federalizmidan

erovnul federalizmze gadasvlas, rac gulisxmobda saqarTvelos

umaRlesi sabWos xelisuflebis rwmunebaTa miniWebas respublikis mTel

teritoriaze:

- bunebrivi resursebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo erovnul

sakuTrebad gamocxadebas;

- saqarTvelos moqalaqis diferencirebuli statusis miRebas;

- erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnas;

- saxelmwifos Seqmnas konfederaciis principebiT;

- TandaTan gadasvlas msoflios yvela eris TanamegobrobaSi.

- momavali mTavroba unda eyrdnobodes opoziciur partiebsa da

saxalxo fronts.

- sesk-i saboloo miznad acxadebs qarTveli eris interesebis

dacvas saqarTvelos ganTvisuflebis misaRwevad (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki (sobCaki 2000:2000:2000:2000: 65)65)65)65). . . .

- 1988 wels erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba garkveulwilad

ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare cvlilebebmac: aSS-ma SeimuSava

ruseTSi komunizmis usisxlo ukugdebis doqtrina. dasavleTma kargad

uwyoda, Tundac elementaruli cvlileba ruseTis politikur

struqturaSi gaamZafrebda qveyanaSi arsebul politikur kriziss, amitom

man gorbaCovis ,,gardaqmnis Teorias” gakritikebis nacvlad, aqtiurad

dauWira mxari. sabWoeTSi pluralizmis daSvebam ki gamoacocxla

politikuri azri, ramac ganapiroba erovnuli moZraobis kerebis

gaCaReba moldaveTSi, baltiispireTSi, saqarTveloSi... socialuri

pirobebis gamo ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda xalxis farTo masebi TviT

ruseTSi, xolo Cernobilis avaria, germaneli mfrinavis matias rustis

TviTmfrinavis wiTel moedanze dasma, yarabaRisa da avRaneTis

movlenebi, telexidebi moskov-vaSingtons Soris da antistalinuri

propagandis pirveli talRebi iyo utyuari niSnebi sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlis dasawyisisa.

101

daaxloebiT amave periodSi TbilisSi iqmneba pirveli e.w.

araformaluri gaerTianeba _ ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba. mas saTaveSi

edgnen disidentebi: T. CxeiZe, z. WavWavaze, g. mamulia,.. sazogadoebaSi

miiwvies yvela disidenti z. gamsaxurdias garada. (Tavisi 1978 wlis

cnobili monaniebis gamo) ((((SamugiaSamugiaSamugiaSamugia 2002:882002:882002:882002:88----88889)9)9)9)....

erovnuli moZraobis axali talRa 1988 wlis 24 TebervliT iwyeba.

universitetis ezoSi studentebma swored im dRes moawyves mitingi

daviT-garejis samonastro kompleqsis gadasarCenad. im periodisTvis is

marTlac mexis gavardnas hgavda ,,mowmendil” caze. paralelurad daiwyo

aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba sxvadasxva erovnuli moTxovnebiT.

mwvaved idga agreTve sabWoTa armiaSi qarTveli jariskacebis

diskriminaciisa da maT mimarT Zaladobis sakiTxi (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili (sonRulaSvili

1999:271999:271999:271999:27----28)28)28)28)....

1987 wels grandiozulad aRiniSna i. WavWavaZis 150 wlisTavi.

sazogadoebrivi azris gamoRviZebamac am dReebSi iCina Tavi: ucnobma

teroristebma aafeTqes f. maxaraZis saflavi (is 12 saaTSi aRadgines j.

patiaSvilis brZanebiT); saswrafod SeiaraRebuli dacva daayenes s.

orjonikiZis ZeglTan, ramac situacia Zlier daZaba... amas mohyva 24

dekembris aqcia didubis panTeonSi, romlis iniciatorebi iyvnen m.

kostava, g. Wanturia, a. imnaZe, kidev sxva ramdenime disidenti da

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakultetis studentebi.

is mieZRvna 1937 wels daxvretili patriotebis xsovnas.

aqcia daiSala... magram mas mohyva udaod seriozuli Sedegi.

saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is plenumma pensiaze gasvlasTan

dakavSirebiT Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla a. inauri, romelic didi

avtoritetiT sargeblobda sabWoTa kavSirSi da mTeli 40 weli

xelmZRvanelobda qarTul kgb-s. es iyo erovnuli moZraobis pirveli

gamarjveba, rac gaxda safuZveli 1988 wlis movlenebisa (Samugia(Samugia(Samugia(Samugia 2002: 902002: 902002: 902002: 90----

91)91)91)91)....

1988 wlis 12 noembers TbilisSi mTavrobis sasaxlis win daiwyo

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mier organizebuli masobrivi mitingi.

noembris aqciis sababad g. Wanturiam da misma partiam gamoiyenes im

xanebSi gamoqveynebuli ssr kavSiris konstituciis SeniSvnebisa da

102

damatebebis proeqtiT qarTvel xalxSi Seqmnili sayovelTao

ukmayofileba. aRniSnuli proeqti xelyofda mokavSire respublikebis

uflebebs ssr kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlisa da saSinao saqmeebis

gankargvis Sesaxeb. 119-e muxlis ZaliT ssr kavSiris xelisuflebas

eniWeboda kavSiris nebismier regionSi samxedro Tu sagangebo wesebis

SemoRebis ufleba.

konstituciis am reaqciuli Sesworebis winaaRmdeg xma aimaRles ara

marto araformalurma organizaciebma, aramed inteligenciam,

studentobam, mSromelebma, arsebiTad mTelma saqarTvelom.

j. patiaSvilis xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo

momitingeebisaTvis. piradad patiaSvilis gankargulebiT moSimSileebs

miutanes leibebi da sabnebi, maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba eqimebis,

TviT janmrTelobis ministris mudmivi yuradRebis qveS imyofeboda.

25 noembers saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma moiTxova

konstituciis 108 da 119 muxlebis reaqciuli Sesworebebis amoReba.

xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva viTarebis Semdgomi gamwvaveba da

rogorme Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebis gareSe mieRwia aqciis

SewyvetisaTvis (bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994:(bluaSvili 1994: 16)16)16)16)....

daZabuli situaciis gansamuxtavad 25 noembers Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetSi studentebsa da professor-maswavleblebTan

moewyo ssrk-isa da saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWoebis deputatebis,

mecnierebisa da formaluri gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebis Sexvedra,

romlebmac isaubres respublikaSi Seqmnili viTarebisa da misi

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. magram, vinaidan, axalgazrdebis ZiriTadi moTxovna

daukmayofilebeli iyo, gaficva grZeldeboda... ufro metic, 25 noembris

Rames uprecendento SemTxveva moxda: mitingis erT-erTi aqtivisti

mTavrobis sasaxlis Tavze avida da sabWoTa droSa Camoxsna. es iyo

gabriel (gabuli) isakaZe. am aRmaSfoTebeli saqcielis gamo, is giJad

monaTles, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses da manamade awamebdnen

iq, sanam 1989 wels m. kostavas ZalisxmeviT ar mouxsnes xulignobis

muxli (merabma mis gasaTavisufleblad mitingze 10 000 xelmowera

Seagrova).

103

29 noembers aqciis monawileebs gaacnes m. gorbaCovis sityva,

romlis mixedviT, is iTavliswinebda ra qarTveli studentebis

moTxovnas, wyvetda konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanas

29 noembers dRis 1 saaTze aqcia organizebulad Sewyda.

es iyo erovnuli moZraobis pirveli masobrivi gamosvla aSkara

antisocialisturi lozungebiT, romelsac xelisuflebam tyviebiT da

represiebiT ver upasuxa.

noembris aqciam xelisuflebas daanaxa, rom radikalebi

angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgendnen, radikalebma ki igrZnes, rom

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aSkara brZolis unari DSeswevdaT.

manifestaciebma gansakuTrebiT krizisuli xasiaTi miiRo 1988 wlis

noembersa da 1989 wlis TebervalSi. TandaTan gamoikveTa xelisuflebis

mkveTri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba mitingebisa da demonstraciebis

mimarT. amis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom am periodSi Catarebuli 38

mitingidan mxolod 4 iyo nebadarTuli, Tumca uaris Tqmis

gadawyvetilebani, Cveulebriv moklebuli iyo kanonier safuZvels. iyo

agreTve usanqcio mitingebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi _

1988 wlis 22 seqtembers, 1989 wlis 18 da 25 Tebervals. aRsaniSnavia is

garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos kp ck maSindelma mdivanma j. patiaSvilma

jer kidev 1988 wlis noemberSi skkp ck mimarTa TxovniT TbilisSi

komendantis saaTis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. Txovna ar iqna dakmayofilebuli.

yvelaferi es iwvevda xelmZRvanelobisa da xalxis poziciebis srul

polarizacias ((((ssssonRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999:onRulaSvili 1999: 28282828----29)29)29)29)....

1988 wlis dekembris meore naxevridan respublikis presaSi,

gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi daiwyo mwerlebis, mecnierebis statiebis

gamoqveyneba noembris dReebSi TbilisSi momxdari ambebis Sesaxeb.

avtorTa erTi jgufi ar iwonebda qalaqis quCebsa da meodnebze gamosul

adamianTa kritikas komusturi mmarTvelobis mimarT.

respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda garkveuliyo am

sakiTxebSi, Seejerebina problemebi da mieca maTTvis politikuri

Sefaseba. sxvadasxvagvari arasanqcirebuli mitingebi, quCis msvleloba-

demonstraciebi gardaqmnis sasargeblod ar iyo mimarTuli. cxadia,

respublikis partiuli organizaciebi mas moumzadebeli Sexvdnen, riTac

104

isargebles kidevac araformalurma gaerTianebebma da daiwyes

politikuri Zalauflebis diskreditaciis mcdeloba.

aRniSnuli moZraoba mimdinareobda sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi

radikaluri cvlilebebisa da centraluri xelisfulebis mier

wamowyebuli gardaqmnis ideebis myisieri ganxorcielebis molodinis

fonze, magram am dajgufebebis mier gardaqmnis sawinaaRmdego azri

gamokveTili iyo. am mxriv damaluli ar iyo ilia WavWavaZis

sazofadoebis lozungebi da moTxovnebi.

amdenad, 1988 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos politikuri

azrovnebis axali talRa axdenda xelisuflebis simtkicis mosinjvas,

cdilobda gaefarToebina TavianTi gavlenis socialuri baza, TavianT

mxareze gadmoiyvana gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli adamianebi,

mitingze SemTxveviT mosul ubralo cnobismoyvareebis CaTvliT.

cxadi xdeboda, rom saqarTveloSi yalibdeboda axali socialur-

politikuri realoba, romlebsac unda ganesazRvra sazogadoebis saxe,

da Tu partia Tavs Tvlida sazogadoebis avangardis rolis

Semsruleblad, maSin Rrmad unda Cawvdomoda mimdinare movlenebs.

studentTa mitingebi daiwyo Suasaukuneebis qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis unikaluri Zeglis daviT garejis samonastro

kompleqsis dasacavad da SesanarCuneblad, magram SemdgomSi

axalgazrdobis gamosvlebs farTo gasaqani mieca da masSi politikuri

Sinaarsi Caido. mitingebze sul ufro xSirad gaismoda lozungebi

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelos” Sesaxeb, romelsac, arsebiTad, araviTari

winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeboda sazogadoebis mxridan. aRniSnuli faqti

TavisTavad axsnas imsaxurebs im aspeqtSi, rom am droisaTvis,

gansakuTrebiT, centralur presaSi, sxvadasxva moRvaweTa gamosvlebSi

gamoiTqmeboda mosazrebebi, romlebic akninebdnen qarTveli xalxis

erovnul Rirsebebs, rac badebda protestsa da aRSfoTebas da amiT

qmnida xelsayrel niadags sapasuxo reaqciisaTvis.

Zneli SesamCnevi ar iyo isic, rom monawileTa udidesi

umravlesobis TvalSi mitingebi gamarTlebuli iyo rogorc aqcia,

ganwyoba, mimarTuli ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze zemoqmedebis

mosaxdenad, da konstituciuri Sesworebebis bed-iRblis gansasazRvrad.

105

yvelafridan Canda, rom axali Zalebi Zalauflebisaken iswrafodnen

da SesaniSnavad SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT masebis cnobiereba mokavSire

respublikis saxelmwifobrivi statusis ideis dasacavad.

axalgazrdobas hqonda naklovanebebic – ufrosi Taobisadmi

garkveuli mowiwebisa da pativiscemis dakargva, umarTaobisa da

TviTnebobis niSnebiT, profesionaluri da saerTo ganaTlebis

nakleboba, politikuri kulturis uqonloba. magram axal Taobas hqonda

safuZveli ar moswoneboda yvelaferi ufrosi Taobis bevri ram.

dro respublikis winaSe ayenebda amocanas, mieRo optimaluri da

araordinaluri gadawyvetilebebi. arsebiTad Seecvala mravali Cveuli

warmodgena da Sexeduleba, daufleboda profesionalizms. gamoevlina

saqmiani da adamianuri Tvisebebi. unda eswavlaT kritikis yuradRebiT

mosmena, sxvisi azris pativiscema, rogorc unda yofiliyo igi. daeZlia

Zveli warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

sxvadasxva problemebze. magaliTad, ukuegdo didxans gabatonebuli

Sexeduleba, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi erTaSoris urTierTobaSi, yvelaferi

rigze iyo da aq yvela sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod iyo gadawyvetili.

sinamdvileSi, rogorc viTareba cxadyofda, erovnuli sakiTxebis Tavisi

mniSvnelobiT mTeli sabWoebis masStabiT erT-erT pirvel adgils

ikavebda politikur cxovrebaSi.

amrigad, 1998 wlis Semodgomaze – faqtobrivad, seqtember-

oqtomberSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis analizi saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis winaSe ayenebda amocanas gadaesinja warsulis bevri

politikur-ideologiuri koncefcia. upirvelesad, daexvewa adamianebTan

muSaobis politikuri meTodebi. partiul organizaciebs Camocildeboda

sameurneo marTvis, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis

cxovrebis yvela sakiTxis gadawyvetis funqcia.

1988 wlis dasawyisidan erovnuli moZraobis radikalur nawilSi

ganxeTqileba moxda. garegnulad igi zneobriv niadagze warmoqmnili

pirovnuli xasiaTis winaaRmdegobas waagavda, magram misi fesvebi

gacilebiT Rrmad iyo gadgmuli.

80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad axsenebdnen

cnobil ,,mesame Zalas”, romelic iyo upirvelesi inspiratori

106

mzakvrulad dagegmili eTnokomfliqtebisa, eqstremizmisa,

terorisa,…magram amasobaSi yvelas daaviwyda an droze ver amCnevdnen

yvelaze veragi ,,meoTxe Zala” _ ,,qarTvelebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg”

(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:30)30)30)30). . . .

,,meoTxe Zala” pirvelad (da samwuxarod ,,warmatebiT!”) gamoicada

,,studentur poligonze”. am Zalis yvelaze ,,gegmazomieri” demonstrireba

moxda yofil politeqnikur institutTan gamarTul mitingze, sadac

cnobilma Zalebma erTmaneTs miusies e.w. komkavSireli aqtivistebi da

danarCeni axalgazrdoba.

movlenebi Semdegnairad ganviTarda: politeqnikuri institutis

asamde komkavSirels 1989 wlis 18 Tebervals daavales mitingis darbeva,

TavianTi Tanatolebisa da amxanagebis cema da Seuracxyofa. maTac

,,pirnaTlad” aRasrules davaleba. komkavSirelTa aqtiuri monawileobiT

xelisuflebam sastikad, daundoblad daarbia mitingi, romelic miznad

isaxavda miemarTa afxazi xalxisaTvis mowodebiT: ar ahyoloda

provokatorebs, romlebic afxazebs gadajiSebisken mouwodebdnen. ai, am

keTilSobiluri Sinaarsis mitings xelisufleba sastikad gausworda da

mas erTaSoris SuRlis gaRviveba, Sovinizmi da nacionalizmi daswama.

18 Tebervlis samarcxvino aqcia, rodesac qarTvelma axalgazrdebma

qarTvelive Tanatolebi scemes, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT

did erovnul tragedias warmoadgenda, vidre 9 aprilis Rame, roca

qarTvelebi erTad iyvnen marTalni, keTilSobilni da amaRlebulni.

ufro metic, 1989 wlis 6 marts saqarTvelos partiuli aqtivis

krebaze aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRes: ,,saswavlo dawesebulebebis yovel

kursze, skolebis ufros klasebSi, Seiqmnas eqstremistulad ganwyobili

moswavleebisa da studentebis winaaRmdeg moqmedi jgufebi. ase uyridnen

safuZvels qarTveli axalgazrdebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas.

107

$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4.... 1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili1989 wlis 9 aprili

,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni ,,erTad erTi garantia Cveni damoukideblobisadamoukideblobisadamoukideblobisadamoukideblobisa

iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SegnebaSi...

konstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxukonstantine gamsaxurdiardiardiardia

nebismieri eri Znelad Tu egueba an xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTod ver

egueba damoukideblobis dakargvas. saqarTvelos istoriac xom

damoukideblobisaTvis ganuwyveteli brZolis istoriaa, qarTveli xalxi

ver Seegua damoukideblobis dakargvas miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis

mmarTvelobam mas mSvidoba moutana, daSlili saxelmwifos sxvadasxva

kuTxe ruseTis imperiis farglebSi kvlav gaaerTiana, da, bolos da

bolos, fizikurad gadaarCina. yoveli qarTvelis sasicocxlo ocneba

damoukideblobis dabruneba iyo.

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoria adasturebs, rom Cveni

winaprebis Tavganwirvis, Tavisuflebisken swrafvis idealebi

nasazrdoebi iyo maRali erovnuli cnobierebiT. ramdeni

mravalricxovani, ekonomikurad da politikurad dawinaurebuli xalxi

gaqra, aRigava miwisagan pirisa erovnuli cnobierebis daqveiTebis gamo.

amitom dampyroblebi cdilobdnen waeSalaT Cveni xalxis

individualoba, erovnuli tradiciebi.

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZe svamda kiTxvas _ ram

gadagvarCina, rogor SevZeliT aTasi juris dampyroblebTan

gamudmebuli brZolebis gadatana? rogor SevinarCuneT Cveni erovnuli

TavisTavdoba? man am kiTxvaze pasuxi gasca Tavisi praqtikuli

saqmianobiT. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis aRmavloba_ganviTareba

dakavSirebuli iyo mTel rig konkretul istoriul pirobebTan.

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli siamaye, samSoblos siyvaruli arasodes

sxva xalxis interesebis Selaxvis xarjze ar momxdara.

diax, ,,CvenSi patriotoba sxva Tvisebebisaa, sxva gvaris xasiaTisaa:

igi ipyrobs mxolod wminda grZnobas mamulis siyvarulisas... visime

siZulvili, visime daTrgunvis survili, visime gaubedurebis wadili

masSi sruliad ara ipoveba”_werda iakob gogebaSvili.

108

romelisame eris danawileba, patar_patara lukmebad gadaqceva,

daqucmaceba saukeTeso xerxs Seadgens am eris dasustebisa, daqveiTebisa

da miwasTan gasworebisaTvis.

9 aprilis tragedia saTves e.w. ,,afxazuri werilidan” iRebs

((((qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:13)13)13)13).... saqarTveloSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflbeli moZraobis

aRmavlobasTan erTad, avtonomiur regionebSi gamococxldnen

separatistuli Zalebi, romlebsac ruseTis reaqcia asazrdoebda.

yvelaze reliefurad, yvelaze Seuracxmyofelad es separatistuli

ganwyobileba gamovlinda gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi afxazeTis

nacionalistebis Tavyrilobaze. aq 1989 wlis 18 marts 30 000 afxazi

Seikriba. aq iyvnen afxazeTis assr afxazi xelmZRvaneli, partiuli da

sabWoTa muSakebic. ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mier waqezebulma

separatistebma Tavyrilobaze miiRes e.w. ,,lixnis mimarTva”.

separatistebi Seecadnen eCvenebinaT afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos

,,Zalmomreobis, Cagvris, kulturuli asimilaciis mcdelobis,

represiuli politikis gatarebis” procesi da iTxovdnen sakavSiro

mTavrobis daxmarebas, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas da

a.S. es werili gaegzavna sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,

daibeWda afxazur presaSi.

Tavis mxriv saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva

viTarebis gamwvaveba. 3 aprils centraluri komitetis SenobaSi moewyo

Sexvedra j. patiaSvils, z. gamsaxurdias, m kostavasa da z. WavWavaZes

Soris. afxazeTSi gamwvavebuli viTarebis gamo TbilisSi mitingebi ar

unda dawyebuliyo, vidre afxazeTSi situacia ar daregulirdeboda.

moxda SeTanxmeba z. gamsaxurdias nebis sawinaaRmdegod, 4 aprils

mTavrobis sasaxlis win daiwyo moSimSileTa aqcia, moTxovniT:

gadaeyenebinaT partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani b.

adleiba. magram, ukve 4 aprilidan TbilisSi daiwyo axalgazrdebisa da

studentebis mitingebis seria. amave dRes, saRamos 7 saaTze Tbilisis

universitetSi Sedga stiqiuri mitingi, romelmac miiRo rezolucia

afxazeTis assr problemasTan dakavSirebiT. rezolucia moiTxovda

erovnul daumorCileblobas, saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavrobis Seqmnas,

qveyanaSi avtonomiuri formirebebis gauqmebas. amrigad, qarTveli

109

inteligenciis zomier, awondawonl pozicias daupirispirda radikaluri

ideologia, egzaltirebul masaze gaTvlili ararealuri politika.

mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis mizniT mTavrobis saxlis win xalxmravali

mitingis mowyoba gadawyda. es idea ekuTvnoda ,,ilia WavWavaZis

sazogadoebas”, romlis faqtiuri lideri zurab WavWavaZe iyo. 4-5

aprils mitings swored es araformaluri dajgufeba akontrolebda.

momitingeebi afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebas moiTxovdnen. es iyo reaqcia

lixnis Sekrebaze miRebul antiqarTul dokumentze....

aqciis dasawyisSi, suk-i, rogorc Cans, Sors ixedeboda. erovnul

moZraobaSi Segzavnili ramdenime provokatoris, cru disidentis

saSualebiT, maT surdaT aqciis warmarTva mxolod afxazeTTan

dakavSirebuli moTxovnebiT. samedicino institutis ezoSi gamarTul

mitingze mavanni da mavanni cdilobdnen aqciis warmarTvas arasasurveli

gziT da winaaRmdegni iyvnen damoukideblobis lozungebis wamoyenebisa.

wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis, helsinkis jgufisa da erovnuli

damoukideblobis partiis wevrebi, am aqciis ZiriTadi organizatorebi,

damoukideblobis moTxovnas ayenebdnen uwinares yovlisa. yovelive amaSi

maT mxars uWerda agreTve erovnul-demokratiuli partia, romelmac

televiziis SenobasTan daiwyo aqcia igive moTxovniT (gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia(gamsaxurdia 1990:1990:1990:1990:

#7)#7)#7)#7). . . .

provokatorebs qarTvelTa da afxazTa Soris sisxlisRvris

gamowveva surdaT _ konkretuli dRec iyo ,,barTlomes Ramis”

dawyebisTvis daniSnuli. ganmeordeboda ,,sumgaiTis” tragedia da

samxedro mdgomareoba misgan gamomdinare SedegebiT ukve ,,kanonier”

safuZvelze iqneboda SemoRebuli. erovnuli moZraobis aqtivistebic ukve

,,kanonierad” iqnebodnen dapatimrebulni, rogorc ,,erovnuli SuRlis

gamCaReblebi”. moZraoba miiRebda mZlavr dartymas, xolo adamianTa

msxverpli iqneboda gacilebiT meti vidre 9 aprilis sisxlian dilas

(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29(Wanturia 1990:#29)))). . . .

,,Cven amis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv vacnobeT Tavisufal samyaros,

vafrTxilebdiT yvelas, rom saqarTveloSi mzaddeboda sisxliani

provokacia, ris Sedegadac wiTeli armia ukve mediatorad, wesrigis

damamyareblad mogvevlineboda. Cveni mecadineobiT TbilisSi 4 aprils

110

dawyebul aqcias male mieca sasurveli forma: gaqra lozungebi

afxazeTze da mTavari yuradReba gadatanil iqna umTavresze _

saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze. daisva politpatimarTa

ganTavisuflebis sakiTxic” –werda giorgi Wanturia ((((gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia 1990: 1990: 1990: 1990:

#7)#7)#7)#7)....

erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom

afxazeTs ar davkargavdiT, radgan kremli, sakuTari interesebidan

gamomdinare, ar dauSvebda teritoriebis gadanawilebas da amis

precendents ar Seqmnida. magram aRSfoTebuli, risxvad Sekruli xalxis

energiis swori mimarTulebiT warmarTva aucilebeli iyo sisxlisRvris

Tavidan asacileblad. saWiro iyo iseTi lozungis wamoyeneba, romelic

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ,,gadafaravda” afxazeTis ,,problemiT” Sobil

lozungs da aqcias sxva mimarTulebas miscemda.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, iliasa da akakis ZeglTan, rusTavelis

prospeqtze moxda dava da kamaTi zviad gamsaxurdias da zemoxsenebul

pirebs Soris. zviad gamsaxurdias gadawyvetilebiT, erovnuli moZraobis

gegmebi saerTo saxalxo ganxilvis sagnad unda qceuliyo. am mizniT man

kolona universitetidan waiyvana ,,dinamos” stadionze da fexburTis

matCis mayureblebs mouwoda gadmoenacvlaT rusTavelis prospeqtze,

mTavrobis saxlTan, sadac unda gadawyvetiliyo kidec aqciis bedi.

mowodebisTanave daaxloebiT 40 aTasiani masa daiZra rusTavelis

prospeqtisaken. am grandiozul msvlelobas gzaSi SemouerTda mravali

adamiani, rusTavelis prospeqtze mozRvavda daaxloebiT 100 aTasi kaci.

6 aprils mitingze iniciativa ufro radikalebis _ erovnuli

damoukideblobis partiis _ i. wereTlisa da g. Wanturias xelSi

gadavida, romlebic moiTxovdnen: ,,ruseTis imperiis daSlas”,

,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobas”, ,,saqarTveloSi gaeros jarebis

Semoyvanas” da a.S.

moSimSileebs saqarTvelos yvela kuTxisa da raionis

warmomadgenlebi uerTdebodnen. aqciaSi yvela erovnuli partia

monawileobda, tribunebze ki mitings uSualod z. gamsaxurdia, m.

kostava, g. Wanturia, z. WavWavaZe, T. CxeiZe, i. wereTeli da sxvebi

uZRvebodnen.

111

aqcia 14 aprilamde unda gagrZelebuliyo. Mmere erovnuli yriloba

unda moewviaT da amis Semdeg apirebdnen daSlas. es xelisuflebamac

icoda, magram imperiis mesveurebma CaTvales, rom sisxliani darbeviTa

da dasjiT qarTvel erSi Tavisuflebis suliskveTebas Caklavdnen.

artalia momitingeebi 9 aprils darbevas elodnen, magram daxocvas

aravin moeloda, radganac manamdec araerTxel daurbeviaT mitingebi

Tumca msxverp;i ar yofila (miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe 2003: #0952003: #0952003: #0952003: #095)))). . . .

partiis cekaSi, 3 aprilidan, yoveldRe imarTeboda samdivnosa da

biuros sxdomebi, eZebdnen gamosavlis. aRsaniSnavia 7-8 aprils

gamarTuli sxdomebi, romlebic daxurul xasiaTs atarebda SekrebaTa

saoqmo Canawerebi ar keTdeboda.

7 aprils (moskovSi gamarTul _ d. e.) skkp cekaSi gamarTul

TaTbirze momxsenebeli iyo viqtor mixeilis Ze Cebrikovi.

man detalurad gadmosca j. patiaSvilTan Tavisi saubris arsi,

aRwera arsebuli mdgomareoba da moaxsena saqarTvelos

xelmZRavnelobis Txovna centris mier gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis

miRebis Sesaxeb.

mere gamovida TaTbiris yvela monawile, Tanac ramdenjerme. yvela

ixsenebda sumgaiTis tragikul SemTxvevas. xelisufalTa umoqmedobis

gamo aTeulobiT mSvidobiani mcxovrebi daiRupa. yvelas gamosvlis

RerZi, gulisguli iyo kiTxva, Tu ra profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis

miReba SeiZleboda, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT movlenaTa dramatuli

ganviTareba.

yvelaze gadamwyveti pozicia daiWires n. sliunkovma da a.

lukianovma, romelnic swored sumgaiTis ganmeorebis SiSiT

gvTavazobdnen jarebis momzadebas, raTa arafriT ar daeSvaT masobrivi

uwesrigobani.

rogorc Cebrikovis moxsenebidan irkveva, arasanqcionirebuli

mitingebis lozungebs Soris iyo aseTebic: ,,xalxTa sapyrobilea”, ,,ruso

dampyroblebo, waeTrieT Sin!”, ,,Sewydes qarTvelTa diskriminacia

saqarTveloSi!”, ,,Zirs TurqeTis agentura!” da sxva lozungebi naTlad

gamoxatuli nacionalisturi SeferilobiT. ai amitom iyo, rom TaTbiris

monawileni dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen jarebis prevenciul dislokacias

112

saqarTveloSi. rac mTavaria ar iqnes daSvebuli erovnebaTaSoriso

komfliqti da axali msxverpli _ aseTi iyo laitmotivi yvela

gamomsvlelisa, romelTac mowonebiT xvdebodnen. saWiroa sumgaiTis

tragediidan gakveTilis gamotana, kmara dagvianeba (ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2(ligaCovi 2002:002:002:002: 29292929----30)30)30)30)....

Cebrikovis daskvnebi aseTi iyo: ,,kargia, rom respublikis

xelmZRvaneloba gvamcnobs momxdaris Sesaxeb, magram qarTvelma

amxanagebma TviTon unda miiRon zomebi, amasTanave Tavs iCens tendencia,

rom adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas surs pasuxismgeblobas gaeqces, unda

gadawyvetilebis miReba centrs gadaabaros.

TaTbiris bolos azrebi Seajama e. ligaCovma da Tqva: Cven veranair

seriozul gadawyvetilebas ver miviRebT, sanam ar gavigebT mTeli

saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis azrs. Cven xom axla mxolod patiaSvilis

piradi azri viciT. mas unda mieces rekomendacia ganixilos situacia

saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-Si, respublikis umaRles sabWoSi, ministrTa

sabWoSi _ Semdeg ki daumata: _ garda amisa, jerjerobiT Cven gvaqvs

mxolod satelefono informacia e. i. Tqven, amxanago Cebrikov da Tqven,

amxanago razumovski, Tqveneul daskvnebs afuZnebT satelefono

saubrebze patiaSvilTan. Cven ki, konkretuli RonisZiebis misaRebad

gvWirdeba depeSebi mainc. dae, Seikribon qarTveli amxanagebi,

kolegiurad ganixilon mdgomareoba da saswrafod auwyon depeSiT ck-s

TavianTi azri.

am azrs yvelam mxari dauWira. sabolood TaTbirma Semdegi

rekomendaciebi miiRo: jer erTi, saqarTvelos partiuli da sabWoTa

xelmZRvaneloba kabinetebSi ki ar unda isxdes, aramed dauyovnebliv

mitingze gamovides TavianTi poziciis axsna-ganmartebiT. ra Tqma unda,

es ar aris moxerxebuli da myudro, SeiZleba gistvinon, magram mainc

aucilebelia misvla da dalaparakeba uSualod xalxTan. meorec,

masobrivi uwesrigobis saSiSroebis gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebelia

umTavresi, sasicocxlod aucilebeli sameurneo obieqtebis dacvis

gaZliereba, xalxis dacva gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebisagan, rasac

SesaZloa erovnebaTaSoriso mtrobis afeTqebebi mohyves, am mizniT

TbilisSi gadasrilili unda iqnes jaris nawilebi, maT Soris maTi

somxeTidan mobrunebis xarjze.

113

imis Sesaxeb, rodis unda gadasroliliyo sajaro nawilebi da ra

raodenobiT, es sakiTxi ar ganxilula.

TaTbiris mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi saRamos unda

moxseneboda inglisidan dabrunebul m. gorbaCovs (ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:30303030----31)31)31)31)....

7 aprils, m. gorbaCovi, e. SevardnaZe, iakovlevi da delegaciis sxva

wevrebi, inglisidan moskovSi dabrundnen. wesiamebr, generalur mdivans

aeroportSi mTeli politbiuro daxvda. moikiTxa gorbaCovma ra xdebao

qveyanaSi. aq mas ligaCovi cvlida. gorbaCovs regionebSi mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb moaxsenes: ,,saqarTveloSi garTulebulia situaciao. didi

raodenobiT ikribeba xalxi, magram daSla sirTules ar warmoadgens, am

dReebSi Seikribeba partaqtivi da imsjeleben...” ((((SevardnaZeSevardnaZeSevardnaZeSevardnaZe 2006: 224)2006: 224)2006: 224)2006: 224)....

aseve Cebrikovma garkveviT Camoayaliba muSa TaTbiris daskvnebi,

gorbaCovma maSinve gadawyvetiT dauWira mxari da Tqva;

_ amxanagebi SevardnaZe da razumovski xvalve unda gafrindnen

TbilisSi. gaerkvieT iq, adgilze viTarebaSi, mesmis, rom bevri saqme

gvaqvs, magram gafrena aucilebelia. mTeli Zala unda vixmaroT, rom

konfliqti ganimuxtos politikuri RonisZiebebiT. Tu saWiro iqneba

unda SexvdeT mitingis monawileebs.

_ winaarmdegi ar var _ iyo SevardnaZis pasuxi _ magram iqneb jer

respublikis xelmZRvanels vkiTxo, Cemi Casvla daexmareba Tu

gaurTulebs saqmes?

saministroSi misvlis Semdeg, e. SevardnaZem daureka j. patiaSvils,

uambo, ra moxda aeroportSi, ra daavala gorbaCovma da kiTxa Tu ra

azris iqneboda is.

patiaSvilma upasuxa, rom: SevardnaZis Casvla TbilisSi daZabavda iq

arsebul situacias. xval aqtivis kreba iqneba da albaT, gamTeniisas,

roca mitingze cota xalxi iqneba, aqcias mSvidobianad davSliTo. Tqven,

rom CamobrZandeT, SeiZleba situacia garTuldes (xalxis axali

talRebis mozRvaveba hqonda mxedvelobaSi)...

SevardnaZem patiaSvilTan satelefono saubris Sesaxeb moaxsena

gorbaCovs, romelic daeTanxma mis mosazrebas, rom wasvlas marTlac ar

hqonda azri (SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe 2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225). . . .

114

gorbaCovis winadadebis Tanaxmad, 8 aprils ck-Si Cebrikovis

TavmjdomareobiT Sedga saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili axali TaTbiri,

romelSic monawileoba miiRes ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma bakatinma,

politbiuros wevrma e. SevardnaZem (ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002:(ligaCovi 2002: 40)40)40)40)....

TaTbiri Seudga patiaSvilis Sifrogramis ganxilvas. pirveli

depeSa miRebulia 7 aprils 20 saaTsa da 40 wuTze. depeSa Semdegia:

,,ukanasknel xans respublikaSi mkveTrad gamwvavda viTareba. sababi gaxda

afxazeTis assr sofel lixnSi 18 marts gamarTuli Tavyriloba,

romelmac daayena sakiTxi avtonomiuri respublikis saqarTvelos ssr

Semadgenlobidan gasvlis Sesaxeb. magram movlenebi gascda aRniSnulis

farglebs. eqstremistuli elementebi amwvaveben nacionalistur

ganwyobilebas, mouwodeben gaificon, ar daemorCilon xelisuflebas,

iwveven areulobas, saxels utexen partiul, sabWoTa organoebs. Seqmnil

situaciaSi sagangebo zomebia misaRebi.

saWirod migvaCnia: dauyovnebliv miecnen sisxlis samarTlisa da

administraciul pasuxisgebaSi eqstremistebi, romlebic gamodian

antisabWouri, antisocialisturi, antipartiuli lozungebiTa da

mowodebebiT. saamiso samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi arsebobs.

meore, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da amierkavkasiis samxedro

olqis damatebiTi Zalebis gamoyenebiT SemoRebul iqnes TbilisSi

sagangebo mdgomareoba _ komendantis saaTi.

mesame, ganxorcieldes partiuli da sabWoTa, sameurneo aqtivis

ZalebiT viTarebis stabilizaciis politikur, organizaciul da

administraciul RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi mdgomareobis stabilizaciis

mizniT.

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivani _ jumber

patiaSvili (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000: 15151515----16)16)16)16)....

rogorc depeSidan Cans, ukve 7 aprils, ck-s biuroze, centraluri

da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Zalovani struqturebis xelmZRvanelTa

monawileobiT gadawyda, wesrigi aRdgeniliyo uiaraRo Sinagani jaris

daxmarebiT, radgan miliciis ZiriTadi Zalebi viTarebis gamwvavebis gamo

afxazeTSi iyo gadayvanili. aqve koCetovis winadadebiT gadawyda

oficialuri TxovniT miemarTaT moskovisaTvis. yvela vinc gamodioda

115

xalxis daSlis momxre iyo. mxolod cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawe

nodar WiTanava, poeti jansuR Carkviani da saqarTvelos komkavSiris

centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani sesili gogiberiZe gamovidnen

aqciis ZaliT daSlis winaaRmdeg.

moskovSi mimdinare TaTbiris winaSe wardga samxedroTa jgufi,

general koCetovis xelmZRvanelobiT. am ukanasknelma xelmZRvanelobis

mxardamWeri sityva Tqva, magram samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba ar mouTxovia

(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe(SevardnaZe 2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)2006: 225)....

8 aprils TbilisSi Catarda respublikis partiuli aqtivis kreba,

sadac jumber patiaSvilma aRniSna, rom ,,respublikaSi Seiqmna

ukiduresad daZabuli, feTqebadi, saSiSi politikuri atmosfero.

eqstremistulad ganwyobili liderebi mouwodeben sabWoTa

xelisuflebisa da socialisturi wyobilebis damxobisaken.” aqtivze

miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba momitingeTa moednidan gasaZeveblad

jaris nawilebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. imave dRes patiaSvilis saxlTan

mitingze Seikribnen qalebi. swored 8 aprils dilas Catarda samxedro

Zalis demonstrireba, qalaqis Tavze dafrinavdnen Sveulmfrenebi,

TbilisSi Caiara javSantransportiorTa samma kolonam. mosalodneli

efeqtis sawinaaRmdegod am aqcias mohyva momitingeTa ricxvis mkveTri

zrda mTavrobis sasaxlesTan. sxva sityvebiT, 8 aprils mdgomareoba

qalaqSi sul ufro metad iZabeboda, patiaSvilis Tbilisur gamosvlebSi

gaismoda sul ufro sagangaSo, rom ara vTqvaT, panikuri notebi.

moskovSi ki uceb midis Sifrograma sruliad gansxvavebuli.

Sifrograma gagzavnili 8 aprils 20 saaTsa da 50 wuTze. ,,gacnobebT,

viTareba TbilisSi kvlav daZabulia. mTavrobis saxlTan mimdinareobs

mravalaTasiani mitingebi, romlis ZiriTadi lozungebi igivea: ssr

kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvla, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Seqmna,

avtonomiebis likvidacia da sxva.

afxazeTis ass respublikaSi gaimarTa qarTveli erovnebis pirTa 3,5

_ aTasiani mitingi, romelic mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos ss

respublikis Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gamoyofis winaaRmdeg.

mTel rig umaRles saswavleblebSi studentTa nawilma momitingeTa

mxardasaWerad SimSiloba gamoacxada. mTlianad, saqarTvelos kp

116

centraluri komiteti, mTavroba, adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa

organoebi floben situacias, iReben saWiro zomebs viTarebis

stabilizaciisaTvis.

guSin, 7 aprils, gaimarTa saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis

biuros sxdoma, dRes _ respublikis partiuli aqtivi, romelzec

moiwones partiuli, sabWoTa da samarTaldamcveli organoebis

RonisZiebani SromiT koleqtivebSi da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

politikuri, organizaciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis

gasaZliereblad, agreTve, miiRes saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri

komitetis, umaRlesi sabWosa da ministrTa sabWos mimarTva respublikis

komunistebis, mSromelebisadmi. kerZod, dasaxulia, saqarTvelos

kompartiis centraluri komitetis biuros wevrebisa da ck-is wevrebis

monawileobiT respublikis yvela regionSi moewyos aqtivebi, pirveladi

partiuli organizaciebis krebebi, sadac miRebul RonisZiebaTa

gasaviTareblad SeimuSaveben praqtikul samoqmedo gegmebs.

televiziiT da radioTi, presiT organizebulia respublikis

mecnierebisa da kulturis TvalsaCino moRvaweebis, muSaTa klasis,

glexobis warmomadgenlebis gamosvlebis seria. umaRles saswavleblebSi

ewyoba ,,mrgvali magidebi”, axalgazrdobis Sexvedrebi saqarTvelos

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aqtualur sakiTxebze, marTlsawinaaRmdego

moqmedebis damRupvelobis, CadenilisaTvis pasuxisgebis RonisZiebebis,

demokratiisa da sajaroobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis disciplinisa

da wesrigis ganmtkicebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aqtivis Semdeg yvelani

gavidnen adgilebze... Tbilisis 111 sawarmo-dawesebulebaSi Seiqmna

muSaTa razmebi 4 aTas 685 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romlebic xels

Seuwyoben disciplinisa da organizebulobis damyarebas. Sinagan saqmeTa

saministrosTan da amierkavkasiis samxedro olqTan erTad SemuSavebulia

da xorcieldeba konkretuli RonisZiebani marTlwesrigis dasacavad,

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi areulobis, marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis

Tavidan acilebis mizniT amomwuravi zomebis misaRebad... skkp

centraluri komitetis da ssr kavSiris mTavrobis mxriv ukve miRebuli

zomebis damatebiT raime RonisZiebebis miReba am momentisaTvis ar aris

saWiro.

117

gacnobebT informaciis wesiT jumber patiaSvili.

8 aprili, 20 saaTi da 50 wuTi (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:16161616----17)17)17)17)....

igive toni gaisma moskovTan satelefono saubrebSi. ratom moxda

aseTi mkveTri cvlileba patiaSviliseul SefasebebSi?... aki winadRis

saRamoTi igi daJinebiT moiTxovda centrisagan daxmarebas, miuTiTebda

ra, rom viTareba ,,praqtikulad gamodis kontrolidan”. amasTanave

centrma ar misca mas Tanxmoba sagangebo moTxovnaTa pirveli da meoTxe

punqtebis Sesrulebaze.

patiaSvilis moulodneli sazRvrebs gadasuli optimizmis gamo,

ramac mas uari aTqmevina SevardnaZis wasvlaze, xom ar daikarga

mSvidobiani politikuri daregulirebis Sansi?

am kiTxvaze pirdapiri pasuxia gacemuli qarTuli komisiis

daskvnaSi, sadac naTqvamia: ,,krebis (partiuli aqtivis) mimdinareobisas j.

patiaSvili elaparaka moskovs. j. patiaSvilma krebas acnoba

politbiuros winadadeba TbilisSi amxanagebis DSevardnaZisa da

razumovskis daxmarebis gasawevad Casvlis Sesaxeb. j. patiaSvilma es ar

CaTvala saWirod, ris gamoc ar iqna gamoyenebuli respublikaSi

Seqmnili situaciis politikuri daregulirebis damatebiTi

SesaZlebloba.” (ligaCovi 2002: 42-43)

diliT ki, imis Semdeg, rac tragedia TbilisSi ukve datrialda,

patiaSvilma gamogzavna depeSa Semdegi SinaarsiT: ,,1989 wlis 8 aprils

RamiT TbilisSi, 21 saaTis Semdeg partiuli, samarTaldamcveli

organoebis mier miRebuli mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis miuxedavad,

respublikis mTavrobis saxlis SenobasTan 15 aTasamde kacis

monawileobiT mimdinare mitingebze, agreTve qalaqis sxva nawilebSi,

eqstremistebi ukiduresad Zabavdnen viTarebas, romelic kontrols aRar

eqvemdebareboda. antisabWouri, antisocialisturi, antirusuli

mowodebebis garda gaisma eqstremistTa mimarTva, fizikurad

gasworebodnen komunistebs, respublikis xelmZRvanelebsa da maTi

ojaxis wevrebs, momitingeni romelTa Soris mravlad iyvnen mTvralebi,

narkotikebiT gabruebulni, mouwodebdnen mTeli respublikis

mosaxleobas, darazmuliyo gaficvisaTvis, samoqalaqo urCobisaTvis,

imaTi rbeva_dawiokebisaTvis, vinc maT ar uWers mxars. daiwyo

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eqstremistTa jgufebis delegireba mitingis monawileebTan erTad

respublikis axlomdebare qalaqebsa da raionebSi. qalaq rusTavSi

ganxorcielda metalurgiuli qarxnis xelSi Cagdebis cda. egreT

wodebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi sajarod

acnobdnen xalxs respublikaSi Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gegmebs.

am situaciaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da

ganuWvreteli Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, miRebul iqna

gadawyvetileba, dilis 4 saaTze gamoyenebuli yofiliyo Zala mTavrobis

sasaxlis Senobis mimdebare moednis momitingeTagan gawmendisaTvis.

kompetenturi organoebis mier winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis Sesabamisad

gamoyenebuli iqna respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da

amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis qveganayofebi...

ra gamodis? 20 saaTsa da 50 wuTze ,,situacias flobdnen”, 21 saaTis

Semdeg ki ,,situacia arakontrolirebadi gaxda”... patiaSvilis

optimizmma, ase moulodnelad rom gaiJRera moskovTan 8 aprils Semdgar

saubarSi, realuri movlenebis gamocdas ver gauZlo.

gaocebas iwvevs SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros im qvedanayofebis CamonaTvali, romlebic mSvidobiani

mitingis darbevaSi monawilebdnen: motomsrolelebi, qveiTebi, sahaero

desanti, Sinagani jarebi, sagangebo daniSnulebis qvedanayofebi, tankebi,

javSnosani manqanebi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT cecxlmsrolel, qimiur

iaraRsa da mesangreTa xelbarebze. gorkidan gadmoisroles samxedro

kursantebi, baqodan _ ZerJinskis saxelobis diviziis meomrebi, amave

nawilebis meTaurebi Camofrindnen moskovidan, Camovidnen qvedanayofebi

voroneJidan, permidan, da es yvelaferi ganxorcielda yovelgvari

dokumentaciis gareSe (sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:(sonRulaSvili 2010:32)32)32)32)....

1989 wlis 8 aprils gamoqveynda ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos mkacri

brZanebuleba, mitingebisa da deminstarciebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb.

7 aprils TbilisSi moulodnelad Camosuli ssrk-s Tavdacvis

ministris moadgile generali koCetovi safiqrebelia, Seudga imis

samzadiss, rac 9 aprils unda momxdariyo. cnobili faqtia, rom

tragediis Semdeg generalma rodionovma scada mTeli pasuxismgebloba

sakuTar Tavze aeRo _ viRacis dafarvis mizniT, magram arc koCetovi da

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arc rodionovi aravis dausjia. radgan i. rodionovi saqarTvelos

xelisuflebas dadgenili ,,wesis” mixedviT ar emorCileboda, amitom is

ver Seasrulebda respublikis xelmZRvanelis gankargulebas. koCetovisa

da rodionovisaTvis SeeZlo ebrZanebina mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris

Tavdacvis ministrs general iazovs. magram iazovi damoukideblad ver

miiRebda gadawyvetilebas, miT umetes Tbilisis mitingis darbevaSi

monawileobda Sinagani jaric, romelic mas ar emorCileboda. amdenad,

iazovisa da bakatinisaTvis aseTi ufleba SeeZlo mieca mTavrobis

Tavmjdomares, an politbiuros, ufro zustad, umaRles mTavarsardals -

m. gorbaCovs

8 aprilamde mTavrobis saxlsa da ezoSi didZali milicia iyo

mobilizebuli. 8 aprils naSuadRevs daiwyes maTi gayvana manqanebiT.

mTavrobis saxlis gaswvriv darCa mxolod ramdenime aTeuli milicieli

(romlebic ganiaraRebulni yofilan winaswar). amasobaSi zviad

gamsaxurdias acnobes, rom cxvariWamiaSi Semosula Sinagani jarebis

didi nawilebi, romelnic uTuod daarbevdnen demonstracias da maT

aTasamde adamianis mokvlis nebarTvac hqondaT, magram es yovelive morig

SantaJad CaiTvala.

9 aprils 2.50 saaTze momitingeTa winaSe gamovida q. Tbilisis

Sinagan saqmeTa sammarTvelos ufrosi, polkovniki r. v. gvencaZe,

romelmac mouwoda xalxs daSliliyo, sanam jarebi Zalas

gamoiyenebdnen. magram w. gvencaZe momitingeebma mikrofoniT ar

alaparakes da iZulebuli iyo gadasatani megafoni exmara. operaciis

dawyebamde 45 wuTiT adre momitingeebs mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTalikos-

patriarqma ilia meorem. kaTalikosis gamosvla Rrma dumiliT moismines,

keTilgonierebisaken mowodebis Semdeg, Svid wuTs yvela dumda, mere ki

amas mohyva saerTRo locva ,,mamao Cveno”. momitingeebma SeinarCunes

wesrigi, simSvide, aravis etyoboda SiSis xiluli niSnebi. bevrni

mRerodnen da cekvavdnen. Semdeg gamovida araformalebis erT-erTi

lideri i. wereTeli da xalxs mouwoda, ar daSliliyvnen, ar gaewiaT

winaaRmdegoba, SeenarCunebinaT simSvide. mere urCia umjobesia

davsxdeTo (,,mjdomare kacs ar erCian!”), rac bevrma gaakeTa kidec,

umTavresad mTavrobis saxlis kibis midamoebSi. man Tavisi mowodeba

120

daasrula 3. 59 saaTze. 4.00 saaTze general-polkovnikma i. rodionovma

brZaneba gasca, daewyoT gamodevnis operacia (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:162162162162----163)163)163)163)....

am dros zviad gamsaxurdias sTxoves xelisuflebis

warmoamdgenlebma Sesuliyo mTavrobis saxlis TaRebqveS, sadac qalaqis

miliciis ufrosma r. gvencaZem mas amcno, rom jari da samxedro teqnika

mosulia ukve moedanze da 15 wuTSi Tu ar daSlida mitings, moxdeboda

tragedia. zviad gamsaxurdiam mitingis dasaSlelad dro iTxova.

man ganumarta, rom mitingis daSla mxolod masze ar iyo

damokidebuli, saWiri iyo TaTbiri, rasac erTi an oro saaTi

dasWirdeboda mainc da moiTxova dro dilamde. magram isini mainc

Tavisas gaiZadxnen da mitingis dauyovnebliv daSlas moiTxovdnen. Uamis

Semdeg zviad gamsaxurdias mimarT gaisma muqarac: saxls agifeTqeben

col-Svilianad da Senc gaganadgurebeno (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia 1990:1990:1990:1990:#7)#7)#7)#7)....

am droisaTvis moedanze realurad Seqmnili viTareba (daaxloebiT

10 aTasi kacis arseboba) da mzadyofna, romliTac mitingis monawileebs

ganzraxuli hqondaT gaegrZelebinaT igi, moiTxovda gansakuTrebiT awon-

dawonil, windaxedul gadawyvetilebebs. magram es garemoebani ar iqna

miRebuli mxedvelobaSi azrTa gaziarebis dros, romelic 3.30 saaTze

gaimarTa j. patiaSvilsa da i. rodionovs Soris telefoniT. aRniSnulma

Tanamdebobis pirebma gamoiCines aRmaSfoTebeli upasuxismgebloba,

rodesac usityvod daadastures winaT miRebuli gadawyvetileba.

operaciaSi monawileobisaTvis mobilizebuli iyo 2550 kaci; 6

javSantransportiori (btr); 8 desantis sabrZolo manqana (bmd); 4

saxanZro manqana da 2 sanitariuli avtomobili...

4.05 saaTze, rusTavelis prospeqtze gamoCnda 4

javSantransportiori. isini prospeqtis mTel siganeze modiodnen, xalxi

Seuferxeblad atarebda maT, nawili mTavrobis saxlisaken gadavida,

nawili _ mxatvris saxlisa da qaSveTis eklesiisaken. javSanteqnikas

mohyveboda sajariso jaWvebi, romlebic 4.07 saaTze gaCerdnen mijnaze;

mxatvris saxlis Sesasvleli _ mTavris saxlis winamdebare marjvena

gazoni. amasTan momitingeTa ZiriTadi masa mTavrobis saxlis kibesTan

SeCerda.

121

podpolkovnikma a. baklanovma megafoniT SesTavaza mitingis

monawileebs, daecalaT rusTavelis prospeqti da gaafrTxila, rom

uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi Zalas gamoiyenebdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom

moednis gugunis gamo es gafrTxileba bevrs ar gaugia.

sawyis poziciebze jarebis gamosvlis Semdeg momitingeebma iwyes

moednis datoveba, magram sakmarisi dro daclisaTvis ar miuciaT,

amasTan mxedvelobaSi ar iqna miRebuli arc is, rom moednidan TiTqmis

yvela gasasvleli gadaketili iyo avtotransportiT, e.i. evakuaciis

gzebi mkveTrad iyo SezRuduli. 3 wuTis Semdeg moednidan adamianTa

gamodevnis operacia gagrZelda (sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:(sobCaki 2000:163163163163----164)164)164)164)....

me-4 motomsroleli polkis sajariso jaWvebma Seviwroeba dauwyes

momitingeebs rogorc mTavrobis saxlTan, ise rusTvelis prospeqtis

gayolebiT. amasTan, mitingis monawileTa didi nawili, romelic

mTavrobis saxlis marcxena mxares imyofeboda, kvlav adgilze rCeboda

da uneblied uSlida xels frontidan gamodevnil adamianTa Tavisufal

gasvlas. situacia seriozulad gaaRrmava iman, rom am dros me-8

motomsroleli polkis pirvelma batalionma, romelic general-maior i.

efimovis sityvier brZanebas asrulebda, daiwyo moZraoba moedanze

WiWinaZis quCidan erTi mxriv, samxedro mosamsaxureTa jaWvis moZraobisa.

meore mxriv, momitingeTa winaaRmdegobiT gamowveuli adamianTa masebis

mzardi SemWidroebis Sedegad, marcxena gazonis midamoebSi warmoiSva

WeWyva, swored aq aRmoCnda yvelaze meti daRupuli da dazaralebuli

samoqalaqo mosaxleobis ricxvidan.

am etapze momitingeTa nawili aRmoCnda alyaSi, e.i. moqceuli iyo

samxedroebsa da demonstrantebs Soris, romlebsac jer ver moeswroT

gamosvla. moxda gaafTrebuli Setakeba instruqciis yovlad uxeSi

darRveviT. rezinis xelketebisa da momwamvleli nivTierebebis

gamoyeneba, momitingeTa garekvisas mcire qveiTTa barebis xmareba.

Seiswavla ram mis xelT arsebuli yvela dokumenturi masala

sobCakis komisiam, gamitana mtkice daskvana, rom araviTari damajerebeli

argumentebi, romlebic amarTlebdes moednidan momitingeTa gamodevnis

operaciaSi sabWoTa armiis sahaero-sadesanto polkis aseulis Seyvanas,

ar arsebobs.

122

4.21 saaTisaTvis mTavrobis saxlis winamdebare moednis gawmenda

damTavrebuli iyo, me-8 motomsroleli polkis 1-li batalioni SeuerTda

motomsroleli polkis me-4 batalions, romelic ganagrZobda

momitingeTa gamodevnas.

operaciis am etapze Sinaganma jarebma, sZlevdnen ra rusTavelis

prospeqtze Seviwroebuli mitingis monawileebis aqtiur winaaRmdegobas,

araerTgzis gamoiyenes specsaSualeba ,,Ceriomuxa”.

respublikis moedanTan miaxloebisas (gasasvleli troleibusebiTa

da avtobusebiT iyo Caxergili). mzardi winaaRmdegobis gamo

podpolkovnikma a. baklanovma TviTneburad gasca brZaneba, exmaraT

arasatabelo nawarmi k-51, romelic momwamvlel nivTierebas si-ess

Seicavs. gamoiyenes oTxi xelyumbara, romelTagan erTi ar afeTqda.

gamodevnis operaciis damTavrebis stadiaze adgili hqonda mitingis

erT-erTi monawilis cecxlsasroli iaraRiT TavSi daWris faqts.

amrigad, momitingeTa gamodevnis operaciis realuri mimdinareobis

erToblivi analizi utyuarad adasturebs, rom mxolod, erTi mxriv,

maSin moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, wesdebebis, miTiTebebisa da instruqciebis

uxeSi, danaSaulebrivi daudevrobis tolfasi darRvevebisa da meore

mxriv, organizatorebisa da mitingis monawileTa erTi nawilis

marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis Sedegad tragikulad damTavrda.

ramdenime wuTSi rusTavelis didebuli prospeqti sasaflaos

daemsgavsa... gazafxulis im dilas 19-ma mSvidobianma qarvelma Seswira

sicocxle saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas. maTgan ufrosi iyo 70 wlisa,

umcrosi 16 wlisa (gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli(gverdwiTeli 1990: 244)1990: 244)1990: 244)1990: 244).... maT Soris 16 qali iyo, 1000-ze

meti daWril-dasaxiCrebuli da gaziT mowamluli saavadmyofoSi

moaTvses. maT Soris arcerTi ar yofila mitingis momwyobTagan. isini

TavianT binebSi gaqceulni daapatimres. meore dResve daapatimres z.

gamsaxurdia da merab kostava. meSvide dRes (9 aprilidan) daapatimres

irakli wereTeli. Tumca isini male gaanTavisufles, radgan maTi

dapatimreba zrdida daZabulobas axalgazrdobaSi (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997: (gafrindaSvili 1997:

69)69)69)69)....

barbarosuli aqciis msxverplni gaxdnen: 1. adamia aza raJdenis

asuli _ 22 wlis; 2. beJaniSvili eka Tamazis asuli _ 16 wlis, komarovis

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skolis X klasis moswavle; 3. giorgaZe nato aleqsis asuli _ 23 wlis;

4. doliZe Tamuna grigolis asuli _ 28 wlis; 5. enuqiZe Tina severianis

asuli _ 70 wlis; 6. ToiZe nino Suqris asuli _ 25 wlis; 7. kikviZe zaira

abelis asuli _ 61 wlis; 8. lolaZe manana levanis asuli _ 33 wlis; 9.

mamulaSvili Tamari ivanes asuli _ 50 wlis; 10. nozaZe mamuka givis Ze _

22 wlis; 11. samarguliani nana aleqsandres asuli _ 41 wlis; 12. Wyonia-

samarguliani marina tristanis asuli _ 31 wlis; 13. WipaSvili eliso

giorgis asuli _ 25 wlis; 14. WoveliZe Tamari arkadis asuli _ 16 wlis;

15. jangiraSvili nodari SoTas Ze _ 40 wlis; 16. jinWaraZe mzia mixeilis

asuli _ 43 wlis.

miRebuli travmebis Sedegad saavadmyofoSi 11 aprils

gardaicvalnen: melqaZe manana amiranis asuli _ 23 wlis da qarselaZe

gia giorgis Ze _ 25 wlis.

tragediis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda saxteleradios Senoba.

ubedurebis momaswavebel niSnad iqca muxluxebiani manqanebis ganlageba

televiziis Senobis mopirdapire mxares. televiziis vestibiuli

jariskacebiT aivso, magram darbeva qvemodan daiwyo.

,,ikarusebiT” moiyvanes sami aseuli xelketebiani jariskaci

samasamde uiaraRo kacis dasarbevad. aq orlesuli barebi ar hqoniaT.

veraguli gegma iTvaliswinebda momitingeTa zeviT, Senobisaken garekvas,

rom vestibiulSi avtomatmomarjvebulebs tyviiT daecxrilaT isini da,

ra Tqma unda, yofiliyo sababi politikuri ambiciisaTvis _ televiziis

aReba undodaTo.

daiwyo aqcia! gmirTa moedanze mdgarma jariskacebma xalxi SeniSnes

da zooparkSi kiJiniT Secvivdnen. gaqceulebma zooparkis sibneles

misces Tavi.

9 aprils TbilisSi daZabuli mdgomareoba grZeldeboda. qalaqis

sxvadasxva nawilSi _ saburTaloSi, vakeSi, leninis moednis mimdebare

quCebsa da sxva adgilebSi _ grovdeboda momxdari faqtiT aRSfoTebuli

adamianTa jgufebi _ ZiriTadad axalgazrdoba da gamoxatavdnen

ukmayofilebas Cadenili vandalizmis gamo.

TbilisSi zogierTi sawarmo, maT Soris samecniero-sawarmoo

gaerTianeba ,,elva’, ,,Tbilisis sawarmoo gaerTianebebi _ ,,CarxmSenebeli”,

124

,,baxtrioni”, ,,isani”, ,,kamvol-maudis kombinati”, ,,grexili avejis

kombinati” da mTeli rigi sxva sawarmoebi ar muSaobda, ar gamarTula

mecadineoba Tbilisisi metwil umaRles saswavleblebsa da zogierT

saSualo skolaSi.

daRupulTa Sesaxeb arsebuli oficialuri cnobebis miuxedavad,

vrceldeboda xmebi asobiT adamianis daRupvaze, rac kidev ufro

amZimebda mdgomareobas. grZeldeboda mjdomare gaficvebi samaxatvro

akademiasTan (sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:(sonRulaSvili 1999:51)51)51)51)....

aRniSnuli viTarebis gamo sazogadoebrivi transportis mravali

mZRoli samuSaoze ar cxaddeboda, ris Sedegadac moiSala miwiszeda

transportis grafikiT muSaoba. rogorc Cans amas moiTxovdnen

araformaluri jgufebi. maTi azriT saqalaqo transportis moZraobis

paralizeba xelisuflebisadmi protests gamoxatavda.

mcire raodenobiT xazze gamosuli transportis moZraobas win

aRudgnen mopiketeebi.

isini unomro manqanebiT daqrodnen qalaqis quCebSi da transportis

mZRolebs manqanis farebsa da minebs umsxvrevdnen. mgzavrebi CamoyavdaT

avtobusebidan da aiZulebdnen fexiT evloT. iyo manaqnebis dawvis

muqarac Tu maT moTxovnas ar daemorCilebodnen.

respublikis vaWrobis saministrom TbilisSi, 10 aprilidan

viTarebis normalizaciamde, Sewyvita alkoholiani sasmelebis

realizacia sacalo vaWrobisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis yvela obieqtSi.

saqarTvelos mTel rig qalaqebSi: quTaisSi, yvarelSi, samtrediaSi,

baTumSi, axalgorSi, soxumSi, gagraSi, rusTavSi, borjomSi, duSeTSi

imarTeboda saprotesto mitingebi momxdari taragediis gamo. mxolod

duSeTSi gamarTul manifestaciaSi 1500 kaci monawileobda. gamosvlebs

xelmZRvanelobdnen, rogorc Tbilisidan Casuli, aseve adgilobrivi

erovnuli moZraobis liderebi.

9 aprils qalaqis quCebSi dadiodnen manqanebi Savi lentebiTa da

mudmivad CarTuli signalebiT. adamianTa jgufi cdilobda qalaqis #1

saavadmyofodan sionis sakaTedro taZarSi gadaesvenebina micvalebulTa

gvamebi, magram samxedroebma gafantes es adamianebi. gavlili manqanidan

125

esroles quCaSi gamvlel moqalaqeebs, daiWra ramdenime kaci. maT Soris

13 wlis biWi.

imave dRidan samxedro SenaerTebma da sabrZolo manqanebma daikaves

xidebi, ganlagdnen mniSvnelovani obieqtebis axlos. Tbilisis Tavze

dafrinavdnen vertmfrenebi, quCebSi moZraobdnen tankebi da javSniani

manqanebi. patruli moqalaqeTa avtomanqanebidan xsnida Sav lentebsa da

samgloviaro niSnebs.

9 aprils 23 saaTidan TbilisSi dawesda komendantis saaTi. 23

saaTidan dilis 6 saaTamde qalaqSi wydeboda qveiTebis Tavisufali

siaruli. Tbilisis samxedro komendantad dainiSna sisxliani aqciis

erT-erTi mTavari iniciatori general-polkovniki – i. rodionovi.

komendantis saaTi gagrZelda 1989 wlis 18 aprilamde.

11 aprils saqarTveloSi glovis niSnad Zirs iqna daSvebuli

saxelmwifo almebi. TiTqmis yvela ojaxis aivnidan gadmofines Savi

droSebi. aikrZala sanaxaobani, respublikurma gazeTebma gamoaqveynes

mkiTxvelTa werilebi, raSic gamoxatuli iyo Rrma mwuxareba momxdaris

ubedurebis gamo.

komendantis saaTis SemoRebidan 2 saaTis Semdeg patrulma mokla

udanaSaulo kaci gia qarselaZe. rogorc samxedro patruli amtkicebda

manqanaSi msxdom axalgazrdebs TiTqos winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da

gaqceuliyvnen, arada axalgazrdas tyvia SublSi hqonda moxvedirili.

mogvianebiT dazustda gia qarselaZis mkvlel – kapitan loxinis vinaoba.

rogorc vxedavT jariskacebma dausjelobis imediT qarTvelebze

nadiroba gamarTes.

15 aprils aTasobiT Tbiliselma gaacila ukanasknel gzaze

tragikulad daRupulni. dakrZalvis ceremoniebi gaimarTa vakis,

saburTalos, kukiis, muxaTgverdis, diRmis, Tbilisis zRvisa da

avlabris sasaflaoebze. dakrZalvis dros moewyo samgloviaro

mitingebi.

33 wlis winaT, 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediisas qarTvel

xelisufalT eyoT ,,sindis-namusi” kvlav gaegrZelebionaT xelisuflebis

saTaveSi dogma. magram amjerad xelisuflebs is vajkacoba mainc eyoT,

rom gadamdgariyvnen Tanamdebobebidan (yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71)yoranaSvili 2001: 71).... 10 aprils

126

TbilisSi Camofrenilma e. SevardnaZem da generalma razumovskim cekas

jumber patiaSvili gadaarCevines da mis nacvlad givi gumbariZe

aarCevines pirvel mdivnad. ((((axali xelmZRvaneloba viTarebas ver

akontrolebda da respublikis saWirboroto skiTxebs e.w. araformalebi

wyvetdnen. Seqmnes 9 aprilis tragediis gamomkvlevi komisia, romlis

muSaobaSi monawileobze saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m

uari Tqva ((((gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:96969696----97979797))))....

dasavleTis sazogadoebrivi azri, saxelmwifoTa politikuri

speqtris didi nawili mxars uWerda sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi

mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTvisuflebel procesebs, magram saxelmwifoTa

xelisuflebebi, ra Tqma unda, oficialurad Tavs ikavebdnen, erovnuli

moZraobebis mxardaWerisagan. 1989-1990 wlebSi, jer kidev ar damdgariyo

is dro, roca dasavleTis romelime qveyana da maT Soris aSS Riad

gamoxatavda simpatias, romelime sabWoTa respublikis

damoukideblobisaken miswrafebisadmi.

am realuri kanonebiT aixsneboda, is Taviseburi gulgriloba,

romliTac dasavleTis mTavrobebi Sexvdnen 1989 wlis 9 aprils

TbilisSi datrialebul tragedias. arc erTi dasavluri saxelmwifos

meTauri an umaRlesi rangis moxele, sagareo saqmeTa ministris doneze

mainc, ar gamosula da oficialurad ar daugmia sabWoTa xelisuflebis

qmedeba, ar mouxdenia momxdaris politikuri Sefaseba.

samagierod 9 aprilis movlenebi sruliad saRad da obieqturad

Seafases dasavleTis qveynebis xelisufalTa da politikuri elitis

meore eSelonis warmomadgenlebma. samwuxarod gamoxmaurebebs Tu

mxardaWeras mxolod moraluri mxare hqonda, radganac ar asaxavda

SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur kurss.

Tavis droze Seiqmna sami komisia: irakli menaRariSvilis

(maSindeli jandacvis ministri) iniciativiT Seiqmna 9 aprilis pirveli

sazogadoebrivi komisia, (,,sazogadoebrivi samedicino saeqsperto

komisia”, romelic sxdomebs jandacvis saministroSi atarebda. komisia

sazogadoebrivi iyo, amdenad _ Tavisufali da rakiRa masSi brwyinvale

eqspertebi Sediodnen, principuli da uSiSari moRvaweni, pirvelad

swored man daarqva saxeli yvelafers _ momwamvlel gazebs, sabrZolo

127

niCbebs, samxedroTa sicrues (SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:(SevardnaZe 2006:227227227227----229)229)229)229).... ssr kavSiris

umaRlesi sabWosi (ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis wevris

belorusiis us Tavmjdomaris g. trazevinis TavmjdomareobiT).

saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWosi (iurist Tamaz SavguliZis

TavmjdomareobiT) da ssrk saxalxo deputatTa yrilobisa (aseve iurist

anatoli sobCakis TavmjdomareobiT). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom meore

komisiaSi 37 piri Sedioda da aqedan arc erTi ar gaxldaT istorikosi!

xolo mesame komisiis 24 wevrTagan mxolod segei stankeviCi (moskoveli)

iyo istorikosi.

dasaxelebuli komisiebidan arc erTi ar gamoirCeoda

obieqturobiT. am mxriv yvelaze meti Sescoda trazeviCiseulma komisiam.

Tamaz SavguliZiseul komisiaze cota metad obieqturi iyo anatoli

sobCakis komisia, magram sasurvelamde am SemTxvevaSic Sors idgnen.

kerZod, saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos komisiis mTavar samizned iqca

respublikis imJamindeli umaRlesi xelisufali jumber patiaSvili.

saocaria, rom aRniSnuli komisiis wevrebma, upirvelesad misma

Tavmjdomarem, veraferi kritikuli ver SeniSnes saqarTvelos

imdroindeli umaRlesi xelisuflis givi gumbariZis qmedebaSi (roca

respublikis uSiSroebis komitetis xelmZRvaneli iyo). motivic gasagebia:

ar moisurves aRzevebuli piris ganawyeneba. didad saeWvo iyo agreTve

Sss imJamindeli ministris qmedebac, magram komisia im SemTxvevaSic

aSkarad Seecada misTvis xeli daefarebina. Tamaz SavguliZiseul

moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs S.

gorgoZes da mas daqvemdebarebul saqarTvelos milicias faqtobrivad

undobloba gamoucxada da igi TviT iqca sajariso nawilebis damfarav

obieqtad”.

am TvalsazrisiT ufro kritikuli, da Tanac obieqturi iyo

anatoli sobCakis komisia. misma wevrebma aSkarad SeniSnes gumbariZis

ukeTesi qmedeba. xolo SoTa gorgoZis Sesaxeb komisiis daskvnis mexuTe

punqtSi aRniSnulia: `garkveulwilad ekisreba valdebuleba

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs gorgoZesac, romelic ganze

gaudga Tavis uSualo movaleobaTa Sesrulebas da romlis moqmedebis

Sedegadac ver moxerxda samxedro mosamsaxureebisa da miliciis Zalebis

128

moqmedebis erTgvari Sesatyvisoba, ramac ukve gamoiwvia gansazRvruli

tragikuli Sedegebi im dRes”.

saerTod, araobieqturobam, tendenciurobam ise mkveTrad iCina Tavi

respublikis doneze, e.i. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mimarT, maSin raRa

unda iTqvas sakavSiro doneze, Sesabamis umaRles xelisufalTa mimarT.

am mxriv TiTqos solidurad gamoiyureboda a. sobCakis komisia, misi

wevrebi Seexnen umaRles centralur xelisuflebas, magram es mxolod

erTi SexedviT. saqarTveloSi am SemTxvevaSi mTeli dartyma gadaitanes

egor ligaCovze.

Tumca, vin iyo konkretuli damnaSave? Seqmnilma komisiebma am

kiTxvaze pasuxi ver gasces.

es kiTxva dResac pasuxgaucemelia.

1989 wlis 9 aprilis Rames TbilisSi momxdar tragikul movlenebs

moixsenieben `Tbilisis saqmis” saxeliT.

`perestoikis” wlebSi es masobrivi uwesrigobis pirveli da

ukanaskneli msxverpli rodi iyo. Tbilisis movlenebamde cota xniT

adre saSineli darbeva moxda azerbaijanis sumgaiTSi, rasac aTobiT

udanaSaulo emsxverpla. Tbilisis Semdeg uwesrigobam moicva ferRana

(uzbekeTi), sadac msxverpli kidev ufro meti iyo. uprecendento iyo

sisxliani Setakebebi oSSi (yirgizeTi), bolos ki dnestrispireTSi

(moldova), sadac miliciam srola autexa mosaxleobas, iyo msxverpli...

magram arcerT am Rrmadsamwuxaro movlenas, romelTac gaamwvaves

viTareba calkeul raionebSi, ar hqonia iseTi mZlavri politikuri

rezonansi, rogoric `Tbilisis saqmes”. arcerTi maTgani, garda

Tbilisis istoriisa, ar ganxilula sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo

deputatTa yrilobebze, arcerTi ar yofila amden komisiaTa gamoZiebis

sagani.

9 aprilma gamoavlina sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Seuqcevadi procesi.

miuxedavad wina drois (1956 wlis 9 martis) sisxliani gamocdilebisa,

qarTveli xalxi Tavis momavals damoukideblobaSi xedavda da am

SegnebiTa da cnobierebiT SemarTuli arafrisgan ukan daxevas ar

apirebda.

129

9 aprilis aqciis darbevis Semdeg daiwyo aqciis xelmZRvanelTa

mimarT represiebi, meore dResve daapatimres z. gamsaxurdia da merab

kostava. meSvide dRes (9 aprilidan) daapatimres irakli wereTeli

(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe(miqautaZe 2003: #0952003: #0952003: #0952003: #095)))).... mis mimarT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme

saqarTvelos ssr ssk-is 263 muxliT. misi dapatimrebis Semdeg

saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis yvelaze aqtiuri

wevrebi ganagrZoben TavianT saqmianobas, romlis mizania

destabilizacia; mimarTaven cdebs, moawyon Tavyrilobebi da

msvlelobebi ,,politikur tusaRTa’’ ganTavisuflebis moTxovniT.

amrigad, 1989 wlis 9 aprils, SuaRamisas, rusi jariskacebis mier

mSvidobiani momitingeebis mxecurad da veragulad darbevam kidev

erTxel naTlad aCvena sabWoTa imperiuli manqanis pirsisxliani saxe da

masTan erTad gamoavlina saqarTvelosA mTavrobis uunarobac sakuTari

savarZlebisa da cru ideebis nacvlad sakuTari xalxisaTvis mieniWebina

upiratesoba da masTan erTad moeZebna gamosavali Seqmnili rTuli

viTarebidan. xelisuflebisa da mitingis organizatorTa (erovnul-

gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderTa) xistma da gauTlelma,

aragegmazomierma qmedebebma gamoiwvia TbilisSi 9 aprilis tragikuli

movlenebi. amasTanave, 9 aprilma aCvena qarTveli xalxis uaRresad

mtkice nebisyofa, udreki suli, misi ukompromisoba samSoblos

erTianobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi da kidev erTxel

daadastura erisaTvis am umaRlesi da maradiuli ideebisa Tu idealebis

ukvdaveba.

130

$ 5$ 5$ 5$ 5.... pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi dapirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi da

erovnulerovnulerovnulerovnul––––ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjvebaganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis pirveli didi gamarjveba

9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg Seiqmna ramodenime politikuri partia,

Catarda 26 maisis WeSmaritad sayovelTao-saxalxo zeimi, dainiSna

uzenaes sabWos axali arCevnebi.

saqarTveloSi sul ufro met gavlenas iZendnen ultra-radikalebi.

e. SevardnaZis piradi miTiTebiT cixidan gaaTavisufles z. gamsaxurdia,

m. kostava, g. Wanturia da sxvebi (naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe(naTmelaZe 2004:2004:2004:2004:351351351351).

1989 wlis 13 oqtombers sof. boriTTan momxdar avtokatastrofaSi,

romlis mizezebic dRemde gaurkvevelia, daiRupa saqarTvelos erovnuli

gmiri merab kostava. Tamar CxeiZem da zurab WavWavaZem miiRes sxeulis

umZimesi dazianeba. mkurnalobis Semdeg, romelic utardeboda Tbilisis

nevrologiur institutSi, zurab WavWavaZis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba

nela, magram dRiTi dRe umjobesdeboda, mdgomareoba sabediswerod

gaarTula moulodnelad Seyrilma botkinis daavadebam. Zneli

saTqmelia, ra iyo amis mizezi, sabWoTa sistemaSi yvelgan gamefebuli

danaSaulebrivi daudevroba Tu sxva ram...

zurab WavWavaZe gardaicvala 1989 wlis 21 dekembers.

avtokatastrofidan 69-e dRes.... ((((aaaabJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993bJandaZe 1993:::: 4444----5555))))....

erovnuli moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis gaardacvaleba

aunazRaurebeli danaklisi iyo. merab kostava, romelic did avtoritets

warmoadgenda, yovelTvis Semarigebel poziciaze idga

urTierTdapirispirebul erovnul Zalebs Soris. misi daRupvis Semdeg

ganxeTqileba erovnul moZraobaSi kidev ufro daCqarda, gaRrmavda da

mogvianebiT savalalo Sedegebic gamoiRo.

1990 wlis 13-15 marts TbilisSi Sedga sxvadasxva politikur

partiaTa sagangebo konferencia, romelmac sabWoTa xelisuflebis

sapirispirod da axali arCevnebis mosawyobad Seqmna erovnuli forumi,

romelic 1990 wlis 24 aprils gaiTiSa. danarCenebTan ideur-politikuri

da taqtikuri uTanxmoebis gamo forumis rigebi datoves ,,helsinkis

kavSirma”, ,,wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebam”, ,,monarqistulma partiam”

131

da ,,merab kostavas partiam”, romlebmac imave wlis 7 maiss axali

politikuri gaerTianeba `mrgvali magida” daafuZnes.

`mrgvali magida” gaemijna forumis mier saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis gzad dasaxul `sayovelTao

erovnuli daumorCileblobis” ideas, igi ararealisturad miiCnia da

sazogadoebas sayovelTao arCevnebi SesTavaza. arCevnebis TariRad

dadginda 1990 wlis 28 oqtomberi.

momavali sakanonmdeblo organos deputatTa raodenoba 250 kaciT

ganisazRvra. maTgan 125 proporciuli da 125 maJoritaruli sistemiT

unda arCeuliyo. sadeputato mandatebis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo 4%-iani

barieris gadalaxva.

erovnul forumSi darCenilma politikurma partiebma am arCevnebsac

boikoti gamoucxades, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mravalpartiulobis

pirobebSi tardeboda. maT jer erovnuli yriloba moiwvies, Semdeg ki

arCevnebis gziT erovnuli kongresi Seqmnes.

amas uzenaesi sabWos saarCevno kampania ar Seunelebia. arCevnebSi

monawile organizaciebi Tavidan or banakad gaiyvnen: erT mxares

kompartia iyo, xolo meore mxares - yvela danarCeni. uSualod arCevnebis

win ZalTa es ganlageba dairRva. komunistebisadmi dapirispirebulma

banakma erTian blokad gamosvla ver SeZlo. sabolood Camoyalibda 6

saarCevno bloki da 8 damoukidebeli politikuri organizacia

(saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partia, saqarTvelos komunisturi

partia, saqarTvelos saxalxo partia, sruliad saqarTvelos rusTavelis

sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos saxalxo fronti da sxv.).

registracia gaiara proporciuli gziT asarCevma 2400-mde da

maJoritaruli sistemis 1000-mde damoukidebelma kandidatma.

28 oqtombris arCevnebs saerTaSoriso damkvirvebelTa soliduri

korpusi daeswro. maT msoflios gasagonad ganacxades, rom arCevnebma

saqarTveloSi obieqturad Caiara.

kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevlebis saerTo raodenobis

daaxloebiT 70%-ma. xmebis umravlesoba, rogorc proporciul, ise

maJoritarul arCevnebSi moipova `mrgvali magidis~ blokma. maT 114

deputati gaiyvanes, meore adgilze gasulma kompartiam miiRo 61 mandati.

132

danarCeni adgilebi sxva partiebs ergoT. xelisuflebis saTaveSi

`mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ movida.

,,z. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT: ,,saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli

demokratiuli arCevnebi Catarda 1990 w. 28 oqtombers, igi iqca usisxlo

revoluciad, romelSic komunistebi iZulebulni Seiqmnen xeli aeRoT

Zalauflebebze blok `mrgvali magida Tavisufali saqarTvelos” da Cemi,

rogorc misi meTauris sasargeblod. amis Semdeg komunistebma moskovsa

da TbilisSi da mTelma maTTan dakavSirebulma mafiam daiwyes revanSis

mzadeba” ((((saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995:saluaSvili 1995: 3)3)3)3)....

28 oqtombers saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi axali

etapi daiwyo, komunisturi reJimi mSvidobiani gziT Seicvala.

Zalaufleba kanonierad, demokratiul, mravalpartiul arCevnebSi

warmatebis Sedegad xelSi aiRo erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenelTagan

dakompleqtebulma `mrgvali magidis~ blokma.

1990 wlis 14 noembers Sedga saqarTvelos axlad arCeuli uzenaesi

sabWos pirveli sxdoma. sesia daloca saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqma ilia II-m. deputatebma uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris postze

faruli kenWisyriT erTxmad airCies `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali

saqarTvelos~ spikeri zviad gamsaxurdia. damtkicda axali mTavroba

Tengiz siguas TavmjdomareobiT.

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas Seecvala

saxelwodeba - qveyanas ewoda `saqarTvelos respublika~. aRdgenil iqna

saxelmwifo simbolikac - saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis (1918-1921w.w.)

gerbi, droSa da himni.

saqarTveloSi komunisturi xelisufleba daemxo. saqarTvelos

respublikaSi gamocxadda gardamavali periodi, romlis xangrZlivoba

gansazRvruli ar yofila. axlad arCeul xelisuflebas saqarTvelos

suverenuli arsebobis politikur–samarTlebrivi, aseve saTanado

ekonomikuri safuZvlebi unda Seemzadebina.

133

$ 6$ 6$ 6$ 6.... 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 1991 wlis 26 maisi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRddamoukideblobis aRdgenagenagenagena

1990 wlis gazafxulidan sabWoTa kavSiri dezintegraciis gzas

daadga. latviam, litvam, estoneTma da sxva mokavSire respublikebma, maT

Soris ruseTis federaciamac damoukideblobis deklaraciebi

gamoacxades. amis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos

yofna ukanonod iqna aRiarebuli TviT komunisturi mmarTvelobis mier.

uzenaesi sabWos sesiam dagmo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis gasabWoebis aqti,

rogorc bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos intervencia da

okupacia. baTilad gamocxadda 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo

xelSekruleba ,,amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli

respublikebis kavSiris Sesaxeb”. aseve ukanonod iqna cnobili 1922 wlis

30 dekembris xelSekruleba, romliTac safuZveli Caeyara sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs.

politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi, demokratiuli gziT arCeuli

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo, rogorc qarTveli xalxis nebis

gamomxatveli legitimuri umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo, ufro

mizanmimarTulad Seudga saqarTvelos erovnuli miswrafebis -

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas.

saqarTvelos erovnul xelisuflebas mZime memkvidreoba daxvda.

politikuri problemebis garda, Tavi iCina ekonomikuri, socialuri,

erovnuli, eTnikuri Tu sxva xasiaTis sirTuleebma, romlebic moskovTan

dapirispirebis paralelurad kidev ufro mwvavdeboda.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos prioritetul amocanebs sabWoTa

institutebis gauqmeba da sanacvlod erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi,

demokratiuli struqturebis formireba warmoadgenda. Sewyda sabWoebis

uflebamosileba, daiwyo kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis

daSla, wvrili sawarmoebisa da obieqtebis privatizacia, Caisaxa

Tavisufali mewarmeoba, gaCnda kerZo bankebi, momravlda damoukidebeli

Jurnal-gazeTebi, gamoikveTa samoqalaqo sazogadeobis formirebis

pirveli niSnebi. uzenaesma sabWom qveynis teritoriaze SeaCera sabWoTa

kavSiris kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, romlebic

134

ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebsa da interesebs.

Seiqmna Sinagari jari – erovnuli gvardia. 1991 wlis martSi Catarda

xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis - sakrebuloebis deputatTa

arCevnebi da sxva.

mogvianebiT daweril Tavis SefasebaSi z. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs,

rom: ,,im dRidan, rac arCevnebSi gaimarjva `mrgvalma magidam”, ar

Sewyvetila mcdeloba destruqciuli Zalebisa Ceni xelisuflebis

damxobisaken mamrTuli, rac maT ver ganaxorcieles, vinaidan `mrgval

magidaSic” vinarCunebidiT erTianobas da mteri, miuxedavad aTasgvari

xrikebisa, ver axerxebda Cvens dezorganizebas da damarcxebas.

pirveli bzari Cvens erTianobaSi mainc gaCnda, rodesac Tavi iCina

Ralatma, rodesac yofil partokratebTan da mafiasTan mWidrod

dakavSirebulma fsevdoopoziciam SesZlo TandaTan gadabireba `mrgvali

magidis” jer calkeuli wevrebisa, xolo Semdeg – mTeli partiebisa da

organizaciebisa. amasTan, ZiriTadi ieriSi mohqondaT Cemze, rogorc

`diqtatorze”. `demokratiis mterze”, romelmac, Turme, saqarTveloSi,

daamyara totalitaruli reJimi. moskovs gadaxvewili saqarTvelos

moRalate partokratebi, SevardnaZis meTaurobiT, imperiul ZalebTan

aliansSi, kargad axerxebdnen dasavleTis dezorientirebas, ris

Sedegadac ara mxolod moskovSi, aramed dasavleTSic, uprecnedento

dezinformaciis kampania gaaCaRes Cems winaaRmdeg.

me ar msurs imis mtkiceba, TiTqos me Seumcdari viyavi Cems yovel

qmedebaSi, an ar mimiZRvis araviTari brali, Tundac imitom, rom droze

ar miviRe mkacri zomebi eris mtrebisa da moRalateebis asalagmavad.

magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT is udidesi sirTuleebi, rasac wavawydi

komunistebis 70-wliani mmarTvelobiT gapartaxebuli qveynis marTvisas.

me ver vipove Tanamdgomi da mxardamWeri Cems brZolaSi. amasTan e. w.

opozicia da misi mokavSire partokratia ostaturad moqmedebdnen, raTa

CvenTvis ar moecaT muSaobis saSualeba, esargeblaT Cemi uneblie

SecdomebiT da TavianTi sabotaJisa da destruqciuli qmedebebis

Sedegebi CemTvis gadmoebralebinaT” ((((saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996:saluaSvili 1996: 3333----5)5)5)5)....

imperiis SesanarCuneblad kremlSi axali samokavSireo

xelSekruleba SeimuSaves. sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri

135

suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis kavSirad – axal, nebayoflobiT,

demokratiul federaciul saxelmwifod unda gardaqmniliyo.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam am xelSekrulebis xelismoweraze

kategoriuli uari ganacxada. mas zogierTma sxva respublikamac dauWira

mxari. Seqmnil viTarebaSi sakavSiro saxelmwifos gadarCenis bolo

saSualebaT miCnies plebisciti, romlis Catareba 1991 wlis 17

martisaTvis dainiSna.

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos

teritoriaze akrZala sakavSiro plebisciti da mis sapirispirod

erovnuli referendumis Catarebis dadgenileba miiRo (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe (janeliZe 2009: 2009: 2009: 2009:

204204204204----205)205)205)205)....

1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos masStabiT moewyo mosaxleobis

saerTo saxalxo gamokiTxva. mis monawileebs unda epasuxaT kiTxvaze:

`Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis

safuZvelze?~ referemdumSi monawileoba miiRo 3 milion samasi aTasze

metma amomrCevelma. gamokiTxulTa 98%-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos

damoukideblobas, maT Soris respublikis araqarTveli mosaxleobis

umetesobamac.

referendumis Sedegebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos uzenaesma

sabWom 1991 wlis 9 aprils aRadgina saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba.

1991 wlis 14 aprils uzenaesi sabWos sesiam saqarTvelos pirvel

prezidentad zviad gamsaxurdia airCia. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared

akaki asaTiani. imave sesiis dadgenilebiT 26 maisisaTvis dainiSna

respublikis prezidentis sayovelTao-saxalxo arCevnebi. damajereblad

gaimarjva da saqarTvelos prezidenti gaxda zviad gamsaxurdia. mas xma

misca eleqtoratis 87%-ma. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv - politikur

cxovrebaSi axali xana daiwyo.

136

d a s k v n ad a s k v n ad a s k v n ad a s k v n a

qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis da XX saukunis II

naxevarSi mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba warmatebiT

dagvirgvinda. es iyo uaRresad rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse

procesi romelSic CarTuli iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fena,

rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi, romelTa

damsaxurebac, rogorc am moZraobis warmmarTveli da sulisCamdgmeli

Zalisa uaRresad mniSvnelovania, aseve inteligencia, marTlmadidebeli

eklesia da sazogadoebis didi nawili.

erovnul_ganmaTvaisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT

dagvirgvinebamde (1991 wlis 9 aprili) saqarTvelom brZolisa da

Tavdadebis garkveuli etapebi gaiara, romelic saTaves aneqsiisa da

gasabWoebis (1921 wlis 25 Tebervali) pirvelive dReebidan iRebs. XX

saujunis II naxevarSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba gavakeToT

Semdegi daskvnebi:

1.... svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi 1921_1923 wlebSi ganviTarebuli

saprotesto RonisZiebebi, SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi

stiqiur da epizodur xasiaTs atarebdnen, ris gamoc sayovelTao

SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi ver gadaizarda.

aseve uSedegod dasrulda 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. 1924 wlis

agvistos ajanyebis damarcxebiT ZiriTadad damTavrda saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli respublikis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis meore etapi.

1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo erovnuli

motiviT. ajanyeba qarTveli eris pasuxi iyo ucxo Zalis mier

saqarTvelos dapyrobaze da miznad isaxavda warTmeuli Tavisuflebis

dabrunebas, dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebas.

2. me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitarulma

reJimma qveyanaSi (ssrk-Si) Seqmna imgvari fsiqologiuri klimati, rom

sxvaTa usafuZvlo dasmena, ciliswameba da misTanani, dasaZrax movlenad

ki aRar aRiqmeboda, aramed `socializmis sadarajoze” dgomad da

mosawon da sapatio saqmed miiCneoda.

137

politikuri represiebis Jams sazogadoebis erTma nawilma dakarga

adamianuri saxe, Caeflo uzneobisa da moraluri degradaciis tyveobaSi.

erTmaneTs abezRebdnen angarebis, Suris, qonebis dauflebis surviliTa

Tu sxva mankieri sababiT. usamarTlod ganikiTxavdnen da zurgs

aqcevdnen SerisxulTa ojaxebs, gaurbodnen maTTan yovelgvar kavSirs.

msxverplis gamosarCleba uazro Tavganwirvas niSnavda.

sabednierod, mravalma, im gausaZlisi fizikuri da fsiqologiuri

teroris pirobebSic SeinarCuna Rirseba da gamoavlina humanizmi

represirebulTa mimarT.

masobrivma represiebma mTlianad gaanadgura antistalinuri

opoziciis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, yela SesaZlo politikuri

oponenti, ganamtkica i.b. stalinis diqtatura.

3. XX saukunis meore naxevri daiwyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi

momxdari udidesi targediiT. qarTveli axalgazrdebis 1956 wlis 9

martis gamosvla iyo antisamTavrobo protesti erovnuli SeferilobiT.

centrma 1956 wlis 9 martis tragedia TbilisSi Seafasa, rogorc

antisabWoTa, nacionalisturi, kontrrevoluciuri xasiaTis gamosvla.

9 martis gamosvlam TbilisSi stimuli misca totalitarizmis

dagmobas, istoriul RirebulebaTa gadasinjvas, qarTveli xalxis

erovnul gamoRviZebas.

aRmocenda radikaluri erovnuli moZraobac. romlis mimdevrebic

radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebi iyvnen, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom

Seupovari brZoliT daasustebdnen ruseTis imperias, Semdeg ki

msoflios demokratiuli Zalebis mxardaWeriT, Cagrul xalxebTan

kavSirSi, SeZlebdnen mCagvrelis uRlisagan Tavis daRwevas. es gza metad

sarisko da ambiciuri iyo. bunebrivad mimdinare procesebis ramdenadme

daCqarebis motiviT, igi safrTxeSi agdebda aTasobiT patriotis

sicocxles. magram misi mimdevrebi xSirad, ukompromiso, Tavganwiruli

moqmedebiT, masebis simpatias ixveWdnen da wamebulis gvirgvinebiTac

imosebodnen. yvelaze savalalo is iyo, rom radikaluri mimarTulebis

momxreebi araviTar sxva gzas, alianss, integracias ar scnobdnen. ara

Tu raime TanamSromlobaze ar Tanxmdebodnen, aramed gansxvavebuli

138

azris mqoneT daundoblad naTlavdnen erovnuli moZraobis mtrebad,

kremlis agentebad da a.S.

4. qarTveli axalgazrdobis erTsulovanma gamosvlam mSobliuri

enis dasacavad 1978 wlis aprilSi kidev erTxel aCvena sabWoTa imperias

qarTveli xalxis Seupovroba erovnuli idealebisaTvis brZolis saqmeSi

Dda gamarjvebamc ar daayovna. 1978 wels saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli da

erTaderTi respublika, romlis konstituciaSic Caiwera norma erovnuli

saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb da mxolod Semdeg gaimeores analogiuri

normebi somxeTis, azerbaijanis da mTeli rigi sxva respublikebis

konstituciebma.

qarTuli inteligenciis erTi nawilis mier Tavisi damsaxurebis,

avtoritetis, didi Zalisxmevisa da riskebis, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba

iTqvas rig SemTxvevebSi Tavganwirvis fasadac ki ZiriTadad moxerxda 70-

80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

axalgazrdobaSi, erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZeba, ganviTareba da

ganmtkiceba, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmatebiT damTavrebaSi.

5. erovnuli moZraobis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis

paralelurad, marqsistuli ideologiis mier aTeizmis qadagebis

pirobebSi mosaxleobaSi sul ufro SesamCnevi xdeboda qarTuli

eklesiis, eris sulieri winamZRolis, kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is

rolisa da avtoritetis zrda. farTo ideologiuri propagandis Tu

partiul-komkavSiruli struqturebis mxridan akrZalvebis miuxedavad,

axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili eklesias miawyda. mravali

studenti da moswavle stiqarosani gaxda da adamianTa cxovrebaSi

sarwmunoeba Tavis kuTvnil adgils ikavebda.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurni xSirad gamoTqvemdnen mosazrebas,

eklesia politikaSi ar erevao, magram uaRresad politizirebuli

mrevli aiZulebda maT, araiSviaTad zomaze metad Careuliyvnen

politikaSi. im rTul viTarebaSi ver ganxorcielda umaRlesi saeklesio

da samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ara Tu erTianobis, aramed urTierTndobis

principic ki. marTlmadideblobis damcveli mRvdelmTavarni patriarqis

139

meTaurobiT ebrZodnen uzneobas, cdilobdnen dapirispirebul ZalTa

Serigebas, rac xSir SemTxvevebSi amao iyo.

6. 1989 wlis 9 aprils, SuaRamisas, rusi jariskacebis mier

mSvidobiani momitingeebis mxecurad da veragulad darbevam kidev

erTxel naTlad aCvena sabWoTa imperiuli manqanis pirsisxliani saxe da

masTan erTad gamoavlina saqarTvelosA mTavrobis uunarobac sakuTari

savarZlebisa da cru ideebis nacvlad sakuTari xalxisaTvis mieniWebina

upiratesoba da masTan erTad moeZebna gamosavali Seqmnili rTuli

viTarebidan. xelisuflebisa da mitingis organizatorTa (erovnul-

gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderTa) xistma da gauTlelma,

aragegmazomierma qmedebebma gamoiwvia TbilisSi 9 aprilis tragikuli

movlenebi. amasTanave, 9 aprilma aCvena qarTveli xalxis uaRresad

mtkice nebisyofa, udreki suli, misi ukompromisoba samSoblos

erTianobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi da kidev erTxel

daadastura erisaTvis am umaRlesi da maradiuli ideebisa Tu idealebis

ukvdaveba.

140

gagagagamoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi damoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:literatura:literatura:literatura:

1.1.1.1. saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:saarqivo masala:

1. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba

saarqivo sammarTvelo (a.a.r.m.s.d.s.s.), partiuli fondi 18a, aRw. 1, saq. 51,

fur. 40.

2. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqvi ((((s.u.i.c.a.), fondi

1880, aRwera 1, saqme # 279, gv., 1....

3. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 7.

4. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 71.

5. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 386, gv. 14.

6. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 279, gv. 9.

7. s.u.i.c.a., f. 1880, aR. 1. saq. 279, gv. 4-8.

8. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 4.

9. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 5.

10. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 6.

11. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 8.

12. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 9.

13. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 10.

14. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 11.

15. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 12.

16. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 13.

17. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 14.

18. s.u.i.c.a. f.1880, aR.1. saq. 520, gv. 15.

19. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 81.

20. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 82.

21. s.u.i.c.a., f. 600, aR. 18, saq. 95, gv. 83.

22. quTaisis centraluri arqivi (q.c.a.), f. 186, aRw. 1, saq. 210, furc. 22-26

141

2. literatura:2. literatura:2. literatura:2. literatura:

1111.... abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993:abJandaZe 1993: ,,RmerTo mamuli ucocxle”, gamomcemloba ,,merwyuli”,

Tbilisi.

2.2.2.2. ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009:ananiaSvili 2009: gulaber ananiaSvili ,,saqarTvelo da ruseTi

Boris godunovidan boris elcinamde da

v. putinamde”, Tbilisi.

3333.... beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991:beniZe 1991: beniZe valeri, ,,1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi”,

gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.

4444.... bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999:bendianiSvili 1999: bendianiSvili aleqsandre, ,,saqarTvelos

istoria”, gamomcemloba ,,ganaTleba”, Tbilisi.

5.5.5.5. berulava 2011:berulava 2011:berulava 2011:berulava 2011: berulava laSa, 956 wlis 9 marti - `maoxrebeli

gziris~ kidev erTi sisxlis kalo”. (on-lain statia)

(ganTavsebulia 9 martidan, 2011); mis.: http.// www.presa.ge.

6666.... bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011:bibileiSvili 2011: bibileiSvili iuri, ,,saqarTvelosaTvis~,

gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universiteti~, baTumi.

7777.... bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010:bluaSvili 2010: uCa bluaSvili, ,,qarTul istoriografiaSi

Damkvidrebuli zogierTi stereotipis Sesaxeb”,

istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da

propagandis samecniero centris Jurnali

,,analebi” #6, gamomcemloba ,,universali”,

Tbilisi.

8888. bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994:bluaSvili 1994: bluaSvili uCa, ,,politikuri partiebi da erovnuli

moZraoba saqarTveloSi 1988 _1991 ww~,

gamomcemloba ,,xationi~, Tbilisi.

9. 9. 9. 9. buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998:buaCiZe 1998: buaCiZe Tengiz, ,,1956 wlis martis tragedia”, gaz.

,,literaturuli saqarTverlo”, 8 aprili, # 15,

Tbilisi.

10. 10. 10. 10. gamsaxurgamsaxurgamsaxurgamsaxurdia 1990:dia 1990:dia 1990:dia 1990: gamsaxurdia zviad, ,,9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde” gaz.

,,saqarTvelo”, 9 aprili, #7, Tbilisi.

11111111.... gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999:gamsaxurdia 1999: gamsaxurdia zviad, ,,dilema kacobriobis winaSe”,

Jurnali ,,mijna”, #12, Tbilisi.

142

12. 12. 12. 12. gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998:gamyreliZe 1998: gamyreliZe oTar, ,,isev TviTmfrinavis gatacebis

saqmis gamo”, gaz. ,,axali saqarTvelo”, 14-20 maisi,

#12, Tbilisi.

13131313.... gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997:gafrindaSvili 1997: gafrindaSvili mixeil, ,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi

istoria”, Tbilisi.

14141414.... gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990:gociriZe 1990: gociriZe irakli ,,simarTlis kvaldakval”,

gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.

15151515. goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007:goguaZe 2007: goguaZe vaxtang, ,,stalini da saSineli samsjavro”,

gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo-ruseTis megobrobis

kavSiri”, Tbilisi.

16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011:16. gvenetaZe 2011: gvenetaZe ediSer, ,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis

dokumenturi masalebi”, gamomcemloba ,,meridiani”,

Tbilisi.

17171717.... gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990:gvasalia 1990: gvasalia jondo, ,,sisxliani 1956”, gaz.

,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 9 marti, #10, Tbilisi.

18181818. . . . gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990:gverdwiTeli 1990: ,,mixeil sergis Ze gorbaCovs”, 9 aprili, Tbilisi.

19191919. . . . ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili 1989: ecadaSvili ilia, ,,im avadsaxsenebel 56 wels”

gaz. ,,soflis cxovreba”, 18 maisi, #114, Tbilisi.

20202020. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001:. vefxvaZe 2001: vefxvaZe givi, ,,9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT”,

gamomcemloba ,,marji”, Tbilisi.

21212121. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008:. TumaniSvili 2008: TumaniSvili dimitri, ,,qarTuli qristianuli

xelovneba~, gamomcemloba Sps ,,sezani~, Tbilisi.

22222222.... imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989:imnaZe 1989: imnaZe avTandil, ,,erovnuli moZraoba farTo speqtriT”

gaz. ,,saxalxo fronti”, 21 ivnisi, #1, Tbilisi.

23232323. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a:. kveselava 1999a: kveselava igor, ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis

istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi”, gamomcemloba

,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.

24242424. . . . kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b:kveselava 1999 b: kveselava igor, ,,disidenturi moZraoba

saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.

25252525.... kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g:kveselava 1999g: kveselava igor, ,,gardaqmna ("perestroika") da

sazogadoebriv-politikuri procesebi

saqarTveloSi”, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”,

Tbilisi.

143

26262626. . . . kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007:kveselava 2007: kveselava igor, ,,1989 wlis tragedia kremlis mier iyo

dagegmili” gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika”, aprili,

#61, Tbilisi.

27272727. kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe . kvinikaZe 2001:2001:2001:2001: kvinikaZe nestan, ,,amargi”, gamomcemloba ,,saari”,

Tbilisi.

28282828. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999:. kupraSvili 1999: kupraSvili henri, ,,erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis gnoserologiuri aspeqtebi”,

gamomcemloba ,,sazogadoeba codna”, Tbilisi.

29292929. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002:. ligaCovi 2002: ligaCovi egor, ,,Tbilisis saqme”, gamomcemloba

,,respublika”, Tbilisi.

30303030.... maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007:maWavariani 2007: maWavariani zaur, ,,51 wlis winaT, 9 marts, Tbilisis

sanapiroze”, gaz. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 9

marti, #9, Tbilisi.

31313131. . . . miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003:miqautaZe 2003: miqautaZe zaira, ,,9 aprilis sisxliani dila”, gaz.

,,rezonansi”, 9 aprili, #095, Tbilisi.

32323232.... mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999mWedliZe 1999: mWedliZe giorgi, ,,istoria udistanciod”,

gamomcemloba ,,stamba”, quTaisi.

33333333. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995:. mWedluri 1995: mWedluri daviT, ,,Tavisuflebis saxeliT~,

gamomcemloba ,,merani~, Tbilisi.

34343434. . . . naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989:naTaZe 1989: naTaZe nodar, ,,9 marti, 1956” gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”,

14 ivnisi, #28, Tbilisi.

35353535. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991:. naTaZe 1991: naTaZe nodar, ,,sisxliani paraskevi”, gamomcemloba firma

,,ornati”, Tbilisi.

36363636. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004:. naTmelaZe 2004: naTmelaZe mayvala, dauSvili aleqsandre,

,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria”, gamomcemloba

,,mematiane”, თბilisi.

37373737. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992:. nozaZe 1992: nozaZe SoTa, ,,1956 wlis tragikuli 9 marti”,

gamomcemloba ,,merani”, Tbilisi.

38383838. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010:. oqropiriZe 2010: oqropiriZe uCa, ,,zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab

kostavas sasamarTlo procesis istoriisaTvis”,

niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi IX,

gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi.

144

39393939. . . . rafi 1990:rafi 1990:rafi 1990:rafi 1990: rafi serJ, ,,Tbilisi _ barikadebisgan ganTavisuflebis

Jami”, gaz. ,,saqarTvelo”, 29 ivlisi, #14, Tbilisi.

40404040.... saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010:saarqivo 2010: Jurnali ,,saarqivo moambe” 2010 w. #9, Tbilisi.

44441111. saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997:saqarTvelo 1997: ,,tragikuli 9 marti”, gaz. saqarTvelo, 10-13 marti,

#5.

42424242.... saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006: ,,wiTeli imperiis pirveli

Setortmaneba”, gaz.

saqarTvelos respublika, 8

marti, #48, Tbilisi.

43434343.... saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006:saqarTvelos respublika 2006: ,,wiTeli imperiis pirveli

Setortmaneba”, gaz.

,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8


44444444.... saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989:saxalxo ganaTleba 1989: ,,qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba”, gaz.

,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 21 ivnisi, #29,

Tbilisi.

45454545. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995:. saluaSvili 1995: saluaSvili mixeil, ,,zviad gamsaxurdiadan zviad

gamsaxurdiamde”, gamomcemloba ,,xma erisa”,

Tbilisi.

46464646. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996:. saluaSvili 1996: saluaSvili mixeil, ,,mrgvali magidis istoria”,

Tbilisi.

47474747. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001:. samsonaZe 2001: samsonaZe mixeil, ,,saqarTvelo 1921_1991 wlebSi”,

gamomcemloba ,,mematiane”, Tbilisi.

48484848. sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: . sobCaki 2000: sobCaki anatoli, ,,Tbilisis Jamtexili anu 1989 wlis

sisxliani kvira”, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, Tbilisi.

49494949. . . . sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999:sonRulaSvili 1999: sonRulaSvili avTandil, ,,9 aprilis sisxliani

tragedia”, gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi.

50505050. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010:. sonRulaSvili 2010: sonRulaSvili avTandil, ,,istoriuli

narkvevebi”, gamomcemloba ,,universali”,

Tbilisi.

51515151. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990:. surgulaZe 1990: surgulaZe akaki, surgulaZe paata, ,,saqarTvelos

istoria”, Tbilisi.

52525252.... uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005:uruSaZe 2005: uruSaZe oTar, ,,Cemi Taobis revolucia” gaz.

145

,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8 marti, #54, Tbilisi.

53535353. . . . qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990:qinqlaZe 1990: qinqlaZe oTar, ,,mwuxrisa da gankiTxvis Jami”,

gamomcemloba saqarTvelos kp ck-i, Tbilisi.

54545454. . . . qiria 2003:qiria 2003:qiria 2003:qiria 2003: qiria Salva, ,,9 martis sisxliani kvira” gaz. ,,rezonansi”,

10 marti, #065, Tbilisi.

55555555. . . . yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001:yoranaSvili 2001: yoranaSvili guram, ,,9 aprili miTi da sinamdvile”,

gamomcemloba ,,axali saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.

56565656. . . . Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002:Samugia 2002: Samugia medea, ,,masalebi XX saukunis oTxmociani wlebis

saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis istoriis

SeswavlisaTvis (1988 weli)”, kavkasiologiis

saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi

institutis Jurnali ,,amirani”, VI, Tbilisi.

57575757.... SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006:SevardnaZe 2006: SevardnaZe eduard, ,,fiqri warsulsa da momavalze”,

gamomcemloba ,,palitra L”, Tbilisi.

58585858.... SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006:SukakiZe 2006: SukakiZe maka, ,,TviTmfrinavi, romelic caSi darCa”, gaz.

,,axali versia”, 9-15 ianvari, #2, Tbilisi.

59595959. . . . comaia 2003:comaia 2003:comaia 2003:comaia 2003: comaia aleqsandre, ,,saqarTvelo 1956 wlis marti”, gaz.

,,axali 7 dRe”, 10-16 oqtomberi, Tbilisi.

60606060. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007:. ZabiraZe 2007: ZabiraZe vaxtang, ,,erovnuli moZraobis Suq-Crdilebi”,

gamomcemloba Sps ,,Tbiliselebi~, Tbilisi.

61616161. . . . Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990:Wanturia 1990: Wanturia giorgi, ,,erovnuli moZraobis koncepciis

sakiTxebi” gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”,12 aprili, #29,

Tbilisi.

62626262. . . . WanturiSviliWanturiSviliWanturiSviliWanturiSvili 1998:1998:1998:1998: WanturiSvili T., ,,ramdenime faqti erovnuli

moZraobidan” gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 24


63636363.... janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009: janeliZe oTar, ,,saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove

istoria~, gamomcemloba ,,universali~, Tbilisi.

64646464.... janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009:janeliZe 2009: janeliZe Tamaz, ,,rac mogonebad aikinZa” gaz.

,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 7 marti, # 42, Tbilisi.

65656565. . . . jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007:jaxua 2007: jaxua givi, ,,mRelvare gulTa afeTqeba”, gaz.

,,saqarTvelos respublika”, 8 marti, #44, Tbilisi.

66666666. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003:. jojua 2003: jojua dazmir, ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis

146

periodizaciis sakiTxisaTvis XX saukunis II

naxevarSi”, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis

saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis

organizaciis Jurnali ,,saistorio Ziebani”, #6,

Tbilisi.

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