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n= c

vp

n,c,vp

n0

sin(i) = n1

sin(t)

sin(c) =n2n1

c= imax= sin1

n1 cos

sin1

n2n1

c

AN=

n21 n2

2

AN=n0 sin(i) = n1 cos(c) n1 n2,

AN=n12, = (n1 n2)

n1n2 = n1 (1 )

V =2a

AN

V a, T

T=n1

c

L

sin(c) L

=

L

c n

2

1

n2

L

B

B T

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Pout = PineL

L

[dB/km] = 10L log

PoutPin

4.343

R[W/A] =tot h

q =

PeI

R tot h q= 1.6 1019 = C

Pe

Iumb= I0eT

T0

Iumb

I0

T

T0

Pe= dh

2q (I Iumb) ext=

2q

h PeI

R= I

PabsPabs= Pin Pout

=h

q R

Prec = h Np B

Prec N B = C