Glosario Mineral

8/13/2019 Glosario Mineral

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GLOSARIO

Lixiviacin Natural

La lixiviacin produce el desplazamiento de sustancias solubles o dispersables (arcilla,sales, hierro, humus, etc.); y es por eso caracterstico de climas hmedos (Pluvisilva,etc.). Esto provoca que los horizontes superiores del suelo pierdan sus compuestosnutritivos, arrastrados por el agua; se vuelvan ms cidos, ya que queda compuestosinsolubles (Aluminio); y a veces, tambin se origine toxicidad. Tambin se pierdengrandes cantidades de fertilizantes, al igual que los compuesto nutritivos.

En climas muy hmedos, la vegetacin natural (sobre todo la forestal) sirve deproteccin contra lixiviacin. Cuando el hombre la destruye, este proceso se acelera

considerablemente y la retencin de nutrientes en la zona radical se interrumpe (ya nohay races). Otras formas de contribuir a la lixiviacin son mediante el empleo defertilizantes con elevada acidez, el riego excesivo y cultivos que retienen muchosnutrientes del suelo. Este proceso se ve asociado tambin a los fenmenos deMeteorizacin.

Otro efecto de este proceso natural se produce cuando determinadas concentraciones desustancias y componentes txicos que se encuentran en el suelo, al entrar en contacto

prolongado con el agua, se difunden al medio y lo agreden.

phonolite, any member of a group of extrusive igneous rocks (lavas) that are rich in

nephelineand potashfeldspar.The typical phonolite is a fine-grained, compactigneous

rockthat splits into thin, tough plates which make a ringing sound when struck by a

hammer, hence the rocks name.

The most important constituent of phonolite is alkali feldspar, eithersanidineor

anorthoclase,which forms not only the bulk of the groundmass (matrix) but most of the

large crystals (phenocrysts) in porphyritic varieties. Nepheline rarely appears in large

crystals but may occur either interstitially or in well-formed microphenocrysts.

Laterite.A red, porous, claylike soil formed by the leaching of silica-rich components andenrichment of aluminum and iron hydroxides. They are especially common in humid climates.Laterites that are poor in iron oxides and rich in aluminum oxides are called bauxites. Alsocalled latosol

Vermiculiteis ahydrous,silicatemineralthat is classified as aphyllosilicateand thatexpands greatly when heated.Exfoliationoccurs when the mineral is heatedsufficiently, and the effect is routinely produced in commercial furnaces. Vermiculite isformed byweatheringorhydrothermalalteration ofbiotiteorphlogopite.[1]Largecommercial vermiculite mines currently exist inRussia,South Africa,China,andBrazil
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409227/nephelinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409227/nephelinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203864/feldsparhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203864/feldsparhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203864/feldsparhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522446/sanidinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522446/sanidinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522446/sanidinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26648/anorthoclasehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26648/anorthoclasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26648/anorthoclasehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522446/sanidinehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282318/igneous-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203864/feldsparhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409227/nepheline


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Phlogopiteis a yellow, greenish, or reddish-brown member of themicafamily ofphyllosilicates.It is also known asmagnesiummica.

Phlogopite is the magnesiumend memberof thebiotitesolid solutionseries, with thechemical formula KMg3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2. Iron substitutes for magnesium in variable

amounts leading to the more common biotite with higher iron content. For physical andopticalidentification, it shares most of the characteristic properties of biotite.

Maficis an adjective describing asilicate mineralor rock that is rich inmagnesiumandiron;the term is aportmanteauof the words "magnesium" and "ferric".[1]Most maficminerals are dark in color and therelative densityis greater than 3. Common rock-forming mafic minerals includeolivine,pyroxene,amphibole,andbiotite.Commonmafic rocks includebasalt,doleriteandgabbro.

Felsic rocks, Ingeologyfelsicrefers toigneous rocksthat are relatively rich in

elements that formfeldsparandquartz.[1]

It is contrasted withmaficrocks, which arerelatively richer inmagnesiumandiron(ferric). It refers to those rocks rich insilicateminerals,magma,androckswhich are enriched in the lighter elements such assilicon,oxygen,aluminium,sodium,andpotassium.

They are usually light in color and havespecific gravitiesless than 3. The mostcommon felsic rock isgranite.Common felsic minerals include quartz,muscovite,orthoclase,and the sodium-richplagioclasefeldspars. In terms of chemistry, felsicminerals and rocks are on the other end of the elemental spectrum from themaficminerals and rocks.

In modern usage, the term acid rock, although sometimes used as a synonym, refers to ahigh-silica-content (greater than 63% SiO2by weight)volcanic rock,such asrhyolite.The term was used more broadly in older geologic literature. It is considered archaicnow, as the terms "acidic" and "basic rock" were based on an incorrect idea, dating fromthe 19th century, thatsilicic acidwas the chief form of silicon occurring in rocks.

The term "felsic" combines the words "feldspar" and "silica". The similarity of the termfelsicto the German wordsFels, meaning "rock", andfelsig, meaning "rocky", is purelyaccidental, asfeldsparis a borrowing from GermanFeldspat, which derives fromGermanFeld, meaning "field".[2]

What do the terms mafic and felsic mean?

These are both made up words used to indicate the chemical composition ofsilicateminerals,magmas, andigneous rocks.

Mafic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in theheavier elements. The term is derived from using the MA from magnesium and the FICfrom the Latin word for iron, but mafic magmas also are relatively enriched in calciumand sodium. Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have relatively highspecificgravities(greater than 3.0).Common rock-forming mafic mineralsinclude olivine,

pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and the plagioclasefeldspars.Mafic magmas are
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic#cite_note-2http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry34.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry34.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry34.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry34.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry7.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry13.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry30.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoclasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic#cite_note-EG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldsparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rockshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doleritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafic#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endmemberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica


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usually produced at spreading centers, and represent material which is newlydifferentiatedfrom the uppermantle.Common mafic rocks includebasaltand gabbro.(Please note that some geologists with questionable motives switch the order of themagnesium and iron and come up with the term "femag." This term is not to beconfused with Femag, the dull-witted henchman of the Diabolical Dr. Saprolite.)

Felsic, on the other hand, is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have alower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in thelighter elements, such assilicon and oxygen,aluminum, and potassium. The term comesfrom FEL for feldspar (in this case the potassium-rich variety) and SIC, which indicatesthe higher percentage of silica. Felsic minerals are usually light in color and havespecific gravities less than 3.0. Common felsic minerals include quartz, muscovite mica,and the orthoclasefeldspars.The most common felsic rock isgranite,which representsthe purified end product of the earth's internal differentiation process.

It is important to note that there are many intermediate steps in the purification process,and many intermediate magmas which are produced during the conversion from maficto felsic. We call the magmas associated with these intermediate stages "intermediate."Clever, huh?

Dolerita

Roca gnea bsica hipoabisal de grano medio, con la mismacomposicin qumica y mineralgica que elgabroy elbasalto.Se utiliza algunas veces la denominacin sinnima demicrogabro (cf.diabasa). Las doleritas porfdicas son pococorrientes, pero frecuente la aparicin de texturas ofticas. A lasdoleritas cuarzosas se las denominatholetas.Las doleritashiperstnicas (micronoritas) son poco frecuentes, si bienalgunas doleritas contienen dos o aun trespiroxenos,lo quehace difcil su denominacin.

Para las doleritas que contienen feldespatos alcalinos y / ofeldespatoides,gabrosalcalinos. La dolerita - picrita o

picrodolerita es una variedad pobre de plagioclasa, unameladolerita.

Roca gnea bsica (plutnica) de grano grueso formada porplagioclasas bsicas (de labrador a anortita;feldespato), unpiroxeno(augita y/o hiperstena) y, muy corrientemente,olivino, en proporciones considerables. La hornblenda, labiotitay el cuarzo pueden aparecer como accesorios. Lamagnetita,lailmenita,son accesorios comunes. Con el aumento

deminerales ferromagnesianoslos gabros pasan a picritas yotros tiposultrabsicos;pueden convertirse enanortositascon
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el aumento de feldespato; y con la introduccln de feldespatosalcalinos y/o feldespatoides, los gabros pueden derivar amonzonitasolivnicas y engabros alcalinos.(Para el lmitediorita - gabro,Diorita).

Los gabros son los equivalentes de grano grueso de losbasaltosvolcnicos y de los doleritas.

Desde el punto de vista qumico, los gabros tienen poca slice ymucho Mg y Ca. Tienen muy poco Na y K. El Fe vara desdevalores bajos, en los tipos feldespticos, a valoresextremadamente altos, en los ferrogabros ricos en Fe.

La tabla adjunta fija la composicin de los tipos msimportantes de roca que se pueden denominar gabro:

Piroxeno

Plagioclasa

Labrador Bitownita - Anortita

Sin Olivino Con Olivino Sin Olivino Con Olivino

AugitaOrtogabro Gabro

olivnicoEucrita Eucrita Olivnica

Augita yortopiroxeno

Gabrohiperstnico

Gabrohipertnico

yolivnico

Ortopiroxeno Norita NoritaOlivniva

Eucritahiperstnica

Eucritahiperstnicaolivniva

Sin Piroxeno (Anortosita) Troctolita (Anortosita) Allivanita

Los gabros son texturalmente equigranulares, siendo raros lostipos porfdicos. Se conocen variedades detextura ofticade tipogrueso. (Para micrograbo,Dolerita). Adems de los nombres delcuadro tambin pueden utilizarse los siguientes trminos: bojita
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gabro que contiene principalmente anfibol barkevicita uhornblenda -, en oposicin a muchos llamados gabroshornblndicos en los que el anfibol es secundario. Hiperita esun trmino en decadencia para un gabro con hiperstena y

augita; leucogabro y leuconorita son variedades ricas enfeldespato; melagabro y melanorita son variedades ricas enpiroxeno y/o olivno. La beerhachita (berbaquita) es unaaplitagabroide.

Los gabros se encuentran, bien en forma de grandeslopolitos,como el de Bushveld, frica del Sur; Stlllwater, Montana; yDuluth, Minnesota, como complejos anulares o circulares; p. ej.,Ardnamurchan, Escocia; o como complejosestratigrficos,p.ej., en Skaergaard, Groenlandia.

Las doleritas se presentan principalmente comodiques(casisiempre en sistemas), comosillsy como pequeospitones,que

suelen ser antiguos cuellos volcnicos. Debe tenerse en cuentaque cuando una roca bsica, de grano fino, se presente en formade dique o sill, debe denominarse basalto, independientementede su modo de aparicin.

Basalto

Tipo gneaVolcnica

Textura Fino, vidrio

Serie gnea Subalcalina, alcalina

Color Gris oscuro, negro1

Minerales
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Minerales esenciales Olivino,plagioclasa

Minerales accesorios Augita

El basaltoes unaroca gneavolcnicade color oscuro, de composicinmficaricaensilicatosdemagnesioyhierroy bajo contenido enslice, que constituye una de lasrocas ms abundantes en lacorteza terrestre.Tambin se encuentra en las superficies delaLunay deMarte,as como en algunosmeteoritos.Los basaltos suelen tener unatextura[afantica]. En ocasiones puede presentarse en forma devidrio,denominadosideromelano,con muy pocos cristales o sin ellos.

El basalto es la roca volcnica ms comn y supera en cuanto a superficie cubierta de laTierraa cualquier otra roca gnea, incluso juntas:1forma la mayor parte de los fondosocenicos.Tambin hay grandes extensiones de basalto llamadastrapssobre los

continentes.Islas ocenicasy arcos volcnicoscontinentaleseinsularesson otroslugares donde se puede hallar basalto.

Rocas similares y a menudo emparentadas con basaltos incluyen ladiabasa,elgabroylaandesita.

GNEISS

Se denomina gneisa unaroca metamrficacompuesta por los mismosmineralesque elgranito(cuarzo,feldespatoy mica)pero con orientacin definida en bandas, con capasalternas de minerales claros y oscuros. A veces presenta concreciones feldespticasdistribuidas con regularidad, denominndose en este caso gneis ocelado.

Los gneis reciben diferentes denominaciones en funcin de los componentes (gneisbiottico,moscovtico), el origen (ortognis si es producto del metamorfismo derocasgneasy paragnis, si lo es derocas sedimentarias); o la textura (por ej. gneis ocelados).

Peat(turf)is an accumulation of partiallydecayedvegetation.One of the mostcommon components isSphagnummoss, although many other plants can contribute.

Soils that contain mostly peat are known as ahistosol.Peat forms inwetlandconditions,where flooding obstructs flows of oxygen from the atmosphere, slowing rates ofdecomposition.[1]

Mires,particularlybogs,are the most important source of peat,[2]but other less commonwetland types also deposit peat, includingfens,pocosins,andpeat swamp forests.Otherwords for lands dominated by peat includemoors,ormuskegs.Landscapes covered in

peat also have specific kinds of plants, particularly Sphagnummoss,Ericaceousshrubs,andsedges(seebogfor more information on this aspect of peat). Since organic matteraccumulates over thousands of years, peat deposits also provide records of pastvegetation and climates stored in plant remains, particularly pollen. Hence they allow

humans to reconstruct past environments and changes in human land use.[3]
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_esencialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_accesoriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgneahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgneahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A1nicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A1nicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A1nicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlicehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlicehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_terrestrehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_terrestrehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_terrestrehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textura_(petrolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textura_(petrolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideromelanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideromelanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto#cite_note-nat-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto#cite_note-nat-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto#cite_note-nat-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_caliente_(geolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_caliente_(geolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_caliente_(geolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_volc%C3%A1nico_continentalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_volc%C3%A1nico_continentalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_volc%C3%A1nico_continentalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rficahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rficahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rficahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_sedimentariashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_sedimentariashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_sedimentariashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Gorham.2C_E._1957-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Gorham.2C_E._1957-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Gorham.2C_E._1957-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Gorham.2C_E._1957-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_sedimentariashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocas_%C3%ADgneashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldespatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarzohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_metam%C3%B3rficahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_volc%C3%A1nico_continentalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_caliente_(geolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto#cite_note-nat-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideromelanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textura_(petrolog%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoritohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_terrestrehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlicehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierrohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A1nicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgneahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augitahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_accesoriohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclasahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_esencial


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Peat is harvested as an important source offuelin certain parts of the world. By volume,there are about 4 trillion m of peat in the world covering a total of around 2% of globalland area (about 3 million km), containing about 8 billionterajoulesof energy.[4]Overtime, the formation of peat is often the first step in the geological formation of otherfossil fuelssuch ascoal,particularly low grade coal such aslignite.[5]

Depending on the agency, peat is not generally regarded as arenewable source ofenergy,due to its extraction rate in industrialized countries far exceeding its slowregrowth rate of 1mm per year,[6]and as it is also reported that peat regrowth takes placeonly in 30-40% of peatlands.[7]Because of this, theUNFCCC,[8]and anotherorganization affiliated with theUnited Nationsclassified peat as afossil fuel.[9]However, theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) has begun to classify

peat as a "slow-renewable" fuel.[10]This is also the classification used by many in thepeat industry.[8]

At 106 g CO2/MJ,[11]

the carbon dioxideemission intensityof peat is higher than that ofcoal (at 94.6 g CO2/MJ) andnatural gas(at 56.1) (IPCC).

Peat fires have been responsible for some large public health disasters, including the1997 Southeast Asian haze.

Perliteis anamorphousvolcanic glassthat has a relatively highwatercontent, typicallyformed by the hydration ofobsidian.It occurs naturally and has the unusual property ofgreatly expanding when heated sufficiently. It is anindustrial mineraland a commercial

product useful for its light weight after processing.

When it reaches temperatures of 850

900 C (1560-1650 F), perlite softens (because itis a glass). Water trapped in the structure of the material vaporises and escapes, and thiscauses the expansion of the material to 716 times its original volume. The expandedmaterial is a brilliant white, due to the reflectivity of the trapped bubbles. Unexpanded("raw") perlite has abulk densityaround 1100 kg/m3(1.1 g/cm3), while typicalexpanded perlite has a bulk density of about 30150 kg/m3(0.03-0.150 g/cm3).

Typical analysis of perlite

7075%silicon dioxide:SiO2 1215%aluminum oxide:Al2O3

3

4%sodium oxide:Na2O 35%potassium oxide:K2O 0.5-2%iron oxide:Fe2O3 0.20.7%magnesium oxide:MgO 0.51.5%calcium oxide:CaO 35% loss on ignition (chemical / combined water)

Vermiculiteis ahydrous,silicatemineralthat is classified as aphyllosilicateand thatexpands greatly when heated.Exfoliationoccurs when the mineral is heatedsufficiently, and the effect is routinely produced in commercial furnaces. Vermiculite is

formed byweatheringorhydrothermalalteration ofbiotiteorphlogopite.[1]

Largecommercial vermiculite mines currently exist inRussia,South Africa,China,andBrazil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Keddy.2C_P.A_2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Keddy.2C_P.A_2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Keddy.2C_P.A_2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFCCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFCCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-imcg.net-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-imcg.net-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-imcg.net-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogopitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-imcg.net-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-seai.ie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFCCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-Keddy.2C_P.A_2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel


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Vermiculite was first described in 1824 for an occurrence inMillbury, Massachusetts,USA. Its name is fromLatinvermiculare,to breed worms,for the manner in which itexfoliateswhen heated.[1]

It typically occurs as an alteration product at the contact betweenfelsicandmaficor

ultramaficrocks such aspyroxenitesanddunites.It also occurs incarbonatitesandmetamorphosedmagnesium richlimestone.Associated mineral phases include:corundum,apatite,serpentineandtalc.It occurs interlayered withchlorite,biotite and

phlogopite.[2]

StructureVermiculite is a 2:1clay,meaning it has 2tetrahedralsheets for every oneoctahedralsheet. It is a limited expansion clay with a mediumshrink-swell capacity.Vermiculitehas a highcation exchange capacityat 100-150meq/100 g. Vermiculite clays areweatheredmicasin which thepotassiumions between themolecularsheets are replaced

bymagnesiumandironions.

Soilless growing media: exfoliated vermiculite is combined with other materialssuch as peat or composted pine bark compost to produce soilless growing mediafor the professional horticulturalist and for the home gardener. These mixes

promote faster root growth and gives quick anchorage to young roots. Themixture helps retain air, plant food and moisture, releasing them as the plantrequires them. These mixes were pioneered by Boodley and Sheldrake

Seed germination: either used alone or mixed with soil or peat, vermiculite isused to germinate seeds. Very little watering is required. When vermiculite isused alone, seedlings should be fed with a weak fertilizer solution when the firsttrue leaves appear. A tablespoon of soluble fertilizer per one imperial gallon(3.78 : 1) of water is the recommended mix

Storing bulbs and root crops: pour vermiculite around bulbs placed in container.If clumps are dug, allow to dry for a few hours in the sun and then place incartons or bushel baskets and cover with vermiculite. The absorptive power ofvermiculite acts as a regulator that prevents mildew and moisture fluctuationduring the storage period. It will not absorb moisture from the inside of storedtubers, but it does take up free water from the outside, preventing storage rot.

As asoil conditioner:Where the native soil is heavy or sticky, gentle mixing ofvermiculite up to one-half the volume of the soil is recommended. This creates

air channels and allows the soil mix to breathe. Mixing vermiculite in flower andvegetable gardens or in potted plants will provide the necessary air to maintainvigorous plant growth. Where soils are sandy, mixing of vermiculite into the soilwill allow the soil to hold water and air needed for growth.

Celestineor celestite[4](SrSO4) is amineralconsisting ofstrontium sulfate.Themineral is named for its occasional delicate bluecolor.Celestine is the principal sourceof theelementstrontium,commonly used infireworksand in variousmetal alloys.
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g/wiki/Soil_conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation_exchange_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-swell_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Handbook-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxenitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramafichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite#cite_note-Mindat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exfoliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbury,_Massachusetts


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Contents[hide]

1Occurrence 2Geodes 3See also 4References

Occurrence[edit source|editbeta]

Celestine from the Machow Mine, Poland.Celestine occurs ascrystals,and also in compact massive and fibrous forms. It is mostlyfound insedimentaryrocks, often associated with the mineralsgypsum,anhydrite,andhalite.

The mineral is found worldwide, usually in small quantities. Pale blue crystal specimensare found inMadagascar.

The skeletons of theprotozoanAcanthareaare made of celestine, unlike those of otherradiolarianswhich are made ofsilica.

In carbonate marine sediments, burial dissolution is a recognised mechanism ofcelestine precipitation.[5]

Celestine crystals are found in some geodes. The world's largest knowngeode,acelestine geode 35 feet (10.7 m) in diameter at its widest point, is located near thevillage ofPut-in-Bay, Ohio,onSouth Bass IslandinLake Erie.The geode has been

converted into a viewing cave,Crystal Cave,with the crystals which once composed thefloor of the geode removed. The geode has celestine crystals as wide as 18 inches(46 cm) across, estimated to weigh up to 300 pounds (135 kg) each.
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Documents

Glosario Mineral