Leptospirosis Publicacion en Ingles

8/6/2019 Leptospirosis Publicacion en Ingles

1/13


2/13

Problem Statement:

We performed our approach based on accurate information we have collected from

several points of information.

Our research will be divided into a series of steps which we will show in due time as well,

presenting the assessment and justification of the document, then we talk about the points

of our research, our hypothesis the objective of the project among other things.

Hypothesis

In the hypothesis established relationship between the facts, for example talk about thecare that must be one not to get this type of bacteria, as we will also see consciousness in

each of the people in order to have a positive significance to form a culture of hygiene .

It also will make it known how and in what form against this bacterium, just as we tell them

how to avoid infection, and if they become infected someone also tell them how they can

fight this disease through the best treatments that help give relief in these cases.

We will make a campaign in which surveys were conducted to find out how informed the

people about the bacteria, if they know who is, or if they have ever heard of it, so also do

quantitative research to strengthen our research.

Objective

The project aims to find and publicize the problem and locate the key points with which

resorb the problem as best as possible.

This project will be quantitative and that through graphics, questions, surveys, opinion

among others will know to what level our society is informed so we can actually prevent a

contagion, as in the institution in the cafs or food stalls where buy products sold Canned

soft drinks or sometimes as people serving the cafeteria food is prepared with products

such as canned tuna, corn shelled, peas and carrots in salted to develop among manyother things.


3/13

Justification

The purpose of this project is prevention and awareness to be aware when consuming

canned products and that schools have a high consumption of these products, as is the

case of coca cola in a can and have students eat by such high temperatures that occur

today, just as in our homes or at a party in which they offer to take beer in cans and

sometimes these products are purchased in large quantities and are sometimes of dubious

precedence and we are very keen young people to buy these products in warehouses

where the price is lower and in some cases discounts are for selling.

Later I'll talk about the places which are usually canned goods, which are nothing hygienic

and are not isolated so that they are 100% clean at the time of the customer to buy and

consume such products, same way about the rest of canned goods sold in the market, so

before taking any pre-canned product wash the surface and the rest of the container for

your safety.

Delimitation

The delimitation who takes over my project will be based and applied only to the student

area of technology, and build awareness and care and prevention of MRSA.

The surveys made by ourselves where things encenceles ask as you know what is

leptospirosis? Have you ever heard of leptospirosis?, Between or after questions we put to

the student community.

They applied this survey in school hours or during free hours and so we know through

graphics on level of information we have as a student community on issues that threaten

our institution and the entire community in an almost unpredictable

Impact ethical, social, economic and environmental technology

The impact of ethics that represent the application and dissemination of this project would

be favorable for the community in general mainly in the student area of the institution, so

we know from an early age that there are viruses and bacteria diseases that are fatal.

Some may wonder that this is not necessary even say it has to do this project in a career

as industrial engineering, as this is mainly applied in one area such as medicine orindustry or bacteriology among others, which are fully outside engineering.

The social impact would be favorable and that society would care to wash this canned

goods either at home with products like pepper cream sauce tuna sardines leguminous

fruits in syrup, among others, also in the school or office, recalling that most frequently

consumed products are soft drinks juice or beer cans.


4/13

I also speak of the technological impact that this could also call it a favorable impact on the

community and that through medical technology will find new and better treatments to

combat the bacteria and the diseases they cause and prevent deaths in the which

consume products that are not properly disinfected and probably carry this bacteria, but

also not forget that in cases of natural disasters or the stagnant waters polluted rivers are

carriers of the deadly bacteria to the health of humans, living with wildlife and household

must also be careful because they are also carriers of the bacteria as are the dogs in the

domestic case and rats in the case of wild animals.

The economic impact is also affected because when people have symptoms from the

bearing of these bacteria are too expensive treatments soften monetarily in some other

cases when there are disasters like floods, the government is responsible for giving

medical care to thousands and thousands of popular insurance program beneficiaries

spend much money on the recovery of people with these problems, so it can prevent thesediseases grabbing awareness campaigns and disaster prevention or in cases when we

consume daily and canned goods we do not know if they are completely clean and fit for

human consumption.

Finally, the environmental impact is the most vulnerable because as we mentioned when

natural disasters such as tsunamis that devastated known to many cities around the world

to leave many parts prone to reproduction or creation of these types of bacteria which are

always active in the Aguan in which people who are hurt in flooding or in some cases they

have to drink water which are tested for bacteria and used for bathing or washing dishes to

wash or rod for personal consumption.

Methodology to use

The methodology used will be quantitative and that We will make our research through

surveys that will take place on campus for the entire student community in the area of

industrial engineering.


5/13

Proposed schedule

2.1.1-Introduction

2.1.2 .- Development of theoretical framework

2.1.3 .- THE PROBLEM

Hypothesis 2.1.4 .-

Conducted from January 29 to February 18, 2011

Objective 2.1.5 .-

2.1.6 .- Justification

2.1.7 .- Boundary

Held from February 23 to March 25, 2011

2.1.8 .- Impact ethical, social, technological, economic and environmental

2.1.9 .- Methodology to use

Proposed Schedule 2.1.10 .-

Held from March 31 to April 22, 2011

2.1.11 .- Sources of information used

Research Questions 2.1.12 .-

Held from May 2 to May 27, 2011


6/13

Sources of information used

- Circular Leptospirosis (in preparation) Department of Epidemiology, MINSAL.

- Leptospirosis. Technical Papers Series. Dept. Web page. Epidemiology MINSAL.

- Control of Communicable Diseases. Seventeenth edition, 2001. Scientific and Technical

Publication No. 581. PAHO, WHO.

- Leptospirosis. www.ops.org.ni/desastre/d-civil/1998/mitch/opsnic/leptospirosis_new.html

- Leptospirosis. Disease Information. And Division of Bacterial Mycotic Diseases,

CDC.www.cdc.gov / ncidod / dbmd / diseaseinfo / leptospirosis_g.htm

- Leptospirosis and Your Pet. www.cdc.gov / ncidod / dbmd / diseaseinfo /

leptospirosis_g_pet.htm

- Leptospirosis of Domestic Animals. NebGuide. University of Mebraska-

Lincoln.www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/animaldisease/g417.htm

- Leptospirosis. New York State Department of Health. www.health.state.ny.us / nysdoh /

consumer / lepto.htm

- Leptospira, Russell C. Johnson. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch035.htm

Research Questions

What is leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease associated with wild and domestic animals. There are

only a few reports of cases each year in the State of New York.

Who gets leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is primarily an occupational disease that affects farmers, veterinarians,

workers in wastewater services and others whose occupation involves contact with

animals, especially rats.

How is it spread?Leptospirosis is spread mainly through the urine of infected animals and generally not

transmitted from person to person.

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis?

Symptoms of leptospirosis include fever, headache, chills, vomiting, jaundice, anemia and

sometimes rash. In general, people with leptospirosis are usually quite ill and often require

hospitalization.

How soon after exposure do symptoms appear?

The incubation period is usually 10 days, there may be between four and 19 days.

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?


7/13

The disease is diagnosed using specific blood tests available through public health

laboratories.

Does past infection with leptospirosis make a person immune?

There are different strains of the organism. Infection with one usually provides immunity to

that organism but not other varieties.

What is the treatment for leptospirosis?

The antibiotics of choice are penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin. In

some cases it may be necessary to perform kidney dialysis.

What are the complications associated with leptospirosis?

If untreated, the patient could develop kidney damage. In rare cases, death may occur.

What can be done to prevent the spread of leptospirosis?

Prevention of disease is good sanitation. The use of boots and gloves in hazardouslocations and rodent control can also minimize the risk of contagion.

My dog has leptospirosis. Is there a risk you can get it?

Because of their activities outdoors and frequent contact with water or soil contaminated

with the organism, infections are not uncommon in dogs. The dog's immunization is not

fully effective due to the limited coverage of the vaccine of the many strains of the

organism. In theory, infected dogs pose a risk of transmission to its owner through contact

with urine, although the documentation for direct transmission has been rare. It is advised

that owners of infected dogs:

Work with a veterinarian to treat infection of your dog.

Be careful when handling the dog's urine and wash their hands whenever you suspect

they have had contact with the urine.

Until the infection is gone the dog, do not let them walk or urinate in high risk areas such

as parks frequented by children, beaches, close to waters used for recreation and drinking,

and so on.

78% of the people who were administered the survey said they did not know about

bacteria.

And the remaining 32% said that if they knew of the bacteria.Research Information

What is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness, which affects some animals and humans. It is

caused by a spirochete bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The disease can be mild or

deadly, especially when involving the liver, kidneys or nervous system. The first human

case of leptospirosis was described in 1886 as a disease with severe jaundice and was

referred to as Weil's disease. Hence, often also use this name, mainly during the second

phase of the disease. However, the disease is not always present with jaundice or organic

complications and may not even resemble symptoms or flu.


8/13

What is the Leptospira bacteria?

Spirochete, owes its

Name your pigtail

Leptospira interrogans is the leptospira biflexa

Spirochetes are flexible helical cells, measuring from 0.1 um (micrometer squared) in

diameter and 6 to 24 um (micrometer squared) long. Leptospira is a tightly coiled bacteria,

aerobic, long living in fresh water, manure, mud and marine environments in association

with animals and humans.

There are two known types of Leptospira: L. interrogans pathogenic for humans andanimals, and L. biflexa, which does not cause disease.

L. interrogans in turn has more than 200 variants serological associated with different

animals and affect different organs, each being responsible for disease states more or less

benign. However, genetic studies have shown that Leptospira in the same gene pool can

be several different serotypes.

How is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is classified as a zoonosis, as part of the group of diseases transmitted

between animals and humans.

Leptospira is associated with domestic and wild animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, goats,

pigs, horses, rodents and marine mammals (sea lions), among others.

The bacterium is transmitted primarily through the urine of infected animals, but can alsobe found in other body fluids. Infected animals, especially rodents and wild animals,

usually no symptoms. Leptospira is rapidly cleared from all tissues except the brain, eyes

and kidneys, where it survives and multiplies and then eliminated through the urine. The

bacteria remain in the host for weeks or months and, in the case of rodents can reproduce

and be eliminated during a lifetime.


9/13

Once it is excreted by the host alive, survive for weeks or months in water and soil. Both

humans and animals are infected by direct contact with contaminated water, from where it

enters the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and mucous membranes of eyes,

nose and mouth. Humans can also contract the disease by direct contact with blood,

tissues, organs and urine of infected animals. Although uncommon, it is possible to

become infected by eating contaminated food or water. The person to person transmission

is extremely rare.

Rodents are the main reservoirs of the bacteria and, therefore, animals that most

commonly transmitted to humans. Rats are a reservoir for the serovar icterohemorrhagiae,

causing jaundice and causes one of the most severe forms of the disease.

How is the disease?

In humans, the bacteria follows a cycle similar to that done in other guests.

The bacteria enters the body through the skin or mucosa, spreads through the blood to

attack various organs and is excreted in the urine.

The incubation time is, since the bacteria enters the body until the first symptoms ranges

from 2 days to 4 weeks. The disease occurs suddenly, with symptoms similar to those of

flu:

fever,

headache,

myalgia (mainly calves and lower back)

malaise and prostration

nausea or vomiting;

abdominal pain

diarrhea and

arthralgia.


10/13

After this first phase and a period without discomfort may be a more serious phase,

depending on the bacteria infecting serogroup. This second period is also called Weil's

disease. Among its symptoms can occur:

Conjunctival irritation,

meningeal irritation and a stiff neck,

kidney failure

Jaundice

Hemorrhagic manifestations intestinal or pulmonary

arrhythmia or heart failure or dyspnea,

The illness lasts from a few days to three weeks or more, depending on its severity. Most

people have only a first phase, with mild symptoms or no discomfort. The second phase

can be serious if not treated properly and on time, can have a slow recovery, up to several

months, and renal sequelae or result in death.

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis is difficult because of its similarity to other diseases such as encephalitis,

influenza, hepatitis and meningitis, but the number of people who die in relation to the total

of patients (CFR) is low. Diagnostic confirmation is made by serological tests in blood

during the first week of illness or urine in the second stage.

What is the treatment?

The treatment with antibiotics such as doxycycline, penicillin, erythromycin or other, is

more effective when administered after the first week from onset of symptoms depending

on severity, may be oral or intravenous. In some cases of renal dialysis is necessary,

because renal failure is the leading cause of death due to leptospirosis.

Doxycycline has been used successfully as a preventive treatment (prophylaxis) for

training military personnel in the tropics.

Where and who is affected?

The disease is distributed worldwide in both rural and urban areas. It is more common in

regions of subtropical and tropical humid climate. Thus, in countries with high rainfall is

highly prevalent. In temperate climates such as ours, is rather an occupational health

problem that mostly affects paddy workers, farmers, miners, people who are in contact

with sewage, animal breeders, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers. There is a risk

for swimmers, athletes and hikers camping or bathing places visibly unfit.


11/13

The situations of internal disturbances, earthquakes, floods, periods of heavy rains or

other disasters increase the risk of outbreaks of disease due to increased rodent

populations and / or ground for the survival of the bacteria. In case of an epidemic is

necessary to identify the likely sources of infection, such as swimming pools or other

contaminated water sources, industrial sources or occupational contact with animals group

of patients, to prevent new infections.

Leptospira is likely to die in adverse conditions such as dehydration, exposure to

detergents and temperatures above 50 C.

How does the disease to domestic animals?

Although the primary hosts are wild animals, pets, like dogs, are a possible source of

infection for humans. There are some cases of leptospirosis in cats, although not a

common disease in these animals. Leptospira have been isolated from about 160 species

of mammals in temperate zones. For this reason, a way of controlling the disease is

reducing its prevalence in domestic animals through vaccination, keeping rodents away

from populated places and avoiding the accumulation of stagnant water.

The immunity produced by the infection can last a lifetime, but is specific only to the

infecting serotype, likewise, the vaccine serotypes never contains all existing and confers,

therefore, 100% protection. For this reason, should be administered if the disease is

diagnosed the animal above.

Dogs become infected mainly through contact with water contaminated with urine of other

dogs and infected rodents. Symptoms of Leptospirosis in dogs are varied and nonspecific

and may include fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, yellow eyes, loss of appetite,

changes in urinary habits, dark urine, and lethargy. Usually young animals have more

problems than the old. As in humans, the diagnosis is difficult because it does not

necessarily have all these signs and, moreover, are similar to other disease states. The

disease is treated with antibiotics.

If confirmed leptospirosis in a pet or pets, steps to take depend on the nature of familycontacts with the animal. Daily activities mean no risk of transmission. However, you

should avoid direct or indirect contact with urine, blood and other tissues during

infection. For example, helping a birth is a high risk activity in case of an infected female.

Preventive measures

To prevent infection must be kept sanitary measures as:

- Control of rodents around homes,


12/13

- Drain standing water

- Use of gloves and rubber boots in risk industries

- Proper management of solid waste

- Protecting sources of drinking water, avoiding contamination with animal urine

- Maintenance of water supply systems and sewers.

- Maintenance of watercourses

Immunization of domestic and farm animals minimizes the risk of infection.

At-risk occupations, we recommend vaccination of exposed workers.

A recent medical study shows that the tops of canned products are more contaminated

than a public toilet because they are full of bacteria and the schools thousands of germs

can not perceive with the naked eye.Remember:

Wash hands thoroughly after handling urine or feces or after contact with body fluids of

an infected animal.

Wear gloves and rubber boots, especially if you work with animals.

Clean contaminated surfaces with a solution of 1 part household bleach to 10 parts

water.

Ensure that infected animals receive the treatment prescribed by the veterinarian

correctly.

In risk areas, have food in rodent-proof containers.

early consultation in case of appearance of symptoms, especially if done or made some

risky activity.

Important Data

The incubation of the bacteria (leptospirosis) is 2 to 26 days or so.

In some cases it may be much faster than we expect.

Leptospira was first observed in 1907 on a slide of an autopsy kidney tissue.

This disease is transmitted mainly by the urine of rats and some other animals, the rat

urine contains toxic and deadly substances not known to many people.


13/13

Means of transmission

The primary means of infection is non-perishable products which are:Cans of beer Sodas Tuna Milk VegetablesSardina Juices (Jumex the valley) and so on.Standing water Flood Rivers and lakes contaminated

The excessive contact with animals (domestic) dogs cats etc.

Recommendations

Every time a product can acquire as beer, milk, tuna, soda, and finally any product or non-

perishable canned "Laven upper lids of the can go to open."

Documents

Leptospirosis Publicacion en Ingles