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Qualitat de l’aigua litoral i ús del territori
Jordi Camp, Eva Flo i Esther GarcésCoastal Biological Processes Research Group
Observació de la Terra i aplicacions en l’àmbit de la salutInstitut Cartogràfic de Catalunya i Geològic de Catalunya
Barcelona, 15 Desembre 2016
SEA
CONTINENT
N P
19502000
Catalunya 1950 2000Harbours (Num) 12 42
Barcelona Harbour
Palamós Harbours
Cambrils Beach
Harbours in
Catalunya
Modification of the naturalcoastline and the subsequentincrease in confined water areas
D.Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, F. Torres Jr. Fishing Down Marine Food Webs Science 1998: 279 (5352), 860-863
Time
Trop
hic
leve
l
Bottom-up and top-down
Fotosíntesis
CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O
Respiración
(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía
Composición de la materia viva
C H O N P … Fe … Mg … Si … etc.
106 CO2 + 90 H2O + 16 NO3 + 1 PO4 + Oligoelementos + 1300 Kcal Luz
1287 Kcal Calor + 150 O2 + 3,4 Kg Biomasa
25 g Chl
Fotosíntesis
CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O
Respiración
(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía
Fuentes de oxígeno
Oxígeno disueltoNitratoSulfato
HipoxiaNitritoSulfhídrico
R. J. Diaz and R. Rosenberg. Science, 2008
Antropización y condiciones de hipoxia
Distribución global de 400 “zonas muertas”por eutrofización
Autumn
Summer
Winter
Spring
Temporal variability Coastal Zone Color Scanner NIMBUS-7, 1979-1986
development of an upper mixed layer by summer solar heating
convective processes caused by winter cooling and strong winds
Nutrient supply in the photic zone
Black SeaAtlantic
Gibraltar Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
N
0.13
P
P
0.3
Photic layer1N
Flow (Tm x 106 x Year -1)
1 10
P N
Percentual nutrient supply in the photic zone of the Mediterranean Sea
10%15%
75%
Atmospheric input
Continental input:river, storm, groundand waste waters
Oceanic input:seasonal mixing,upwelling andAtlantic input
Shore Sea level
Oceanic watersCoastal waters
Continental shelf
Continental slope
x5
≈ 15%(mainly continental)
Extension
Inputs ≈ 85%(mainly oceanic and atmospheric)
≈ 97%≈ 3%
RATIO x1
Median25%-75%10%-90% n=9823
Inshore Nearshore Offshore0
1
2
3
4
5
Inshore Nearshore Offshore0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Nearshore – offshore gradient Catalan Coast
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DIN (µM)PO4 (µM)
Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)
Nearshore Oceanic waters Nearshore Oceanic waters
Nearshore Oceanic watersFlo E, Garcés E, Manzanera M, Camp J (2011) Coastal inshore waters in the NW Mediterranean: physicochemical and biological characterization and management implications. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 93:279–289
Percentual nutrient suply in the coastal zone
20%
30%20%
5%
25%OceanicRunoffRiverGroundwaterWastewater
Tendency of the nutrient inputs in the Mediterranean Sea
Ludwig et al. 2009
Mediterranean rivers suffer from a significant reduction in freshwater discharge(20 %, 1960- 2000)
A similar decrease has been observed for the fluxes of dissolved silica but ….what are the dynamics in the fluxes of N and P?
Sensors OLS of DMSP NOAA 1994 - 1995
COMPOSITION AND MASS LOADING RATES FOR STORMWATERS
Percentual nutrient suply in the coastal zone
20%
30%20%
5%
25%OceanicRunoffRiverGroundwaterWastewater
Nearshore Mediterranean blooms
FACTOR 1 N (-1)
1 0,74 0,48 0,22 -0,04 -0,3 -0,56 -0,82
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga*Fluvià
L'Estartit*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat
Tarragona*Francolí
L'Ametlla*Ebre
St.Carles
FACTOR 1 R
0,71 0,53 0,35 0,17 -0,01 -0,19 -0,37 -0,55
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga*Fluvià
L'Estartit*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat
Tarragona*Francolí
L'Ametlla*Ebre
St.Carles
FACTOR 2 R
1,54 1,2 0,86 0,52 0,18 -0,16 -0,5 -0,84
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga*Fluvià
L'Estartit*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat
Tarragona*Francolí
L'Ametlla*Ebre
St.Carles
Surfer Eva + foto + cluster?
N
. . .
Distance from the coast (m)0 1500 2000
Barcelona
Fluvià, Muga and Ter Rivers
Ebre River
Inshore Nearshore Offshore
Catalan coast as an example: dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll a
Chl-a (µg * L-1)
River influence= NO3, Si
Anthropogenic influence = P, NO2, NH4
Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)
Quality
Num
ber o
f sam
ples
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad0
50
100
150
200
250
300
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad
High global qualityCambrils-Montroig del Camp (C30)
Bad global qualitySant Adrià de Besòs-Barceloneta (C19)
Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)
Num
ber o
f sam
ples
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad30
80
400
900
5000
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad30
80
400
900
5000
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad
ModerateGoodHigh
Poor Bad Global Qualityof
Water Bodies
Qualityof
samples
59% 25% 10% 4% 2% 46% 26% 14% 6% 7% 29% 25% 20% 9% 17%
32% 21% 15% 7% 25% 11% 13% 15% 12% 49%
LUSI = (Score urban + score agricultural + score industrial + score riverine)
* Correction number
Low LUSI value High LUSI value
LAND USES SIMPLIFIED INDEX (LUSI)
Flo et al. (2011)
Pressure-impact relationship:LUSI and Chlorophyll-a (µg/L)
CHLA=0.11*LUSI+0.21 (R2=0.61 and p=8.18*10-5)
Garcés, E. and J. Camp. 2012. In “Life in the Mediterranean Sea: A look at habitat changes” Noga Stambler editor, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, US, pp. 519-541
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20102
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Nitr
ate
(uM
)
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Amm
oniu
m (u
M)
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Phos
phat
e (u
M)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Chl
orop
hyll-
a (u
g/l)
Ammonium (µM) PO4 (µM)
Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)Nitrate (µM)
Tendency in the nearshore Catalan Coast 1980-2008
r=-0.88p<0.01
annual Meansn=9823
¿Qué nos preocupa?