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UNIVERSITATEAHYPERION

FacultateaJurnalism

Lector.univ.drd.SorinaGeorgescu

LIMBAENGLEZMODULNCEPTORI

INTRODUCERENCURSUL DESINTEZ

NVMN

TLA

DISTAN


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INTRODUCERE (INTRODUCTION)

Pentru a facilita nelegerea limbii engleze i a modelelor de presbritanici american de ctre studenii de toate nivelele de la forma de

Frecven Redus, din cadrul Facultii de Jurnalism, i n special pentru aveni n ajutorul nceptorilor, cursul de fa i propune o introducere att

n gramatica i vocabularul limbii engleze, n general ct i n cel cuspecific de pres, structurat dup cum urmeaz: Alfabetuli simbolurilefonetice, Gramatica noiuni elementare, Vocabular generali specific-nivel elementar, Modele de pres britanic i american, Cum s

scriem/gndim un eseu De la paragraf la scrierea academic.


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CAPITOLUL 1 (FIRST CHAPTER)

ALFABETUL SI SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE ALPHABET AND THE

PHONETIC SYMBOLS)

Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena dea pronuna corect suntele limbii engleze.

Subcapitole: 1. Alfabetul2. Simbolurile fonetice

1. ALFABETUL (THE ALPHABET)

A [ei] B [bi] C [si] D [di] E [i:] F [ef]G [di] H [eit] I [ai] J [dei] K [kei] L [el]M [em] N [en] O [u] P [pi:] Q [kju:] R [ar]S [es] T [ti:] U [ju:] V [vi:] W [dbl ju:]X [eks] Y [wai] Z [zed]

2. SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS)

De ce ne trebuie simbolurile fonetice?

Simbolurile fonetice ne trebuie pentru a nelege mai bine cum se pronun uncuvnt atunci cnd l vedem n dicionar. Aceast introducere i propune o mai buntransmitere i receptare a sunetelor limbii engleze i a simbolurilor foneticecorespunztoare, de ctre studenii nceptori, prin echivalarea aproximativ arespectivelor sunete cu cele ale limbii romne.

a)Vocalele (the vowels):

Sunetul n limba englez(the sound in English)

Exemplu de cuvnt n limbaenglez

(Example of EnglishWords)

Sunetul aproximativ nlimba romni pronunia

din romn a cuvntuluienglezesc (the sound inRomanian and the

Romanian pronunciation ofthe English word)

[i:] See [si:] (= a vedea) [ii] [sii][I] His [hIz] (= al lui) [i] [hiz]


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[i] Twenty [twenti] (=20) [i] [tuenti][e] Ten [ten] (= 10) [e] - [ten][] Stamp [stmp] (= timbru) [e-a] (ntre ei a)

[steamp][a:] Father [fa:] (B.E*)/

[fa:r

] (A.E) (= tata)

[aa] [faa+z peltic (cu

limba ntre dini) + + (nengl. americanrretroflex(ndoit spre cerul gurii)

[o] Hot [hot] (= fierbinte) [o] [hot][o:] Morning [mo:ni] (B.E)/

[morni] (A.E) (=dimineaa)

[oo] [moo (o + rretroflexn engl. american) nin ( =ng, cugmai degrab mut)]

[u] Football [futbo:l] (= fotbal) [u] [futbool][u:] You [ju:] (= tu) [uu] [iuu][] Sun [sn] (= soare) [a] [san]

[: ] sau [3:] Learn [l:n] (B.E)/[

lr

n](A.E)sau [l3:n] (= anva)

[] [ln] / [lrn] (r

retroflex)

[] Letter [let] (B.E}/[letr](A.E) (= liter, scrisoare)

[] [let]/ [letr] (rretroflex)

* - B. E, A. E = British English (engleza britanic), American English (englezaamerican)

b) Diftongii (dou vocale mpreun) Diphthongs (two vowels together)

Sunetul n limba englez

(the sound in English)

Exemplu de cuvnt n limba

englez(Example of EnglishWords)

Sunetul aproximativ n

limba romni pronuniadin romn a cuvntuluienglezesc (the sound in

Romanian and theRomanian pronunciation of

the English word)[ei] Name [neim] (= nume) [ei] [neim][u] No [nu] (=nu) [u] [nu][ai] My [mai] ( = al meu) [ai] [mai][au] How [hau] (= cum) [au] [hau][oi] Boy [boi] (= biat) [oi] [boi]

[i] Hear [hi] (B.E.)/ [hir](A.E) (= a auzi)

[i] [hi] / [hir]

[e] Where [we] (B.E)/ [wer](= unde)

[e] [ue] / [uer]

[u] Tour [tu] (B.E)/ [tur](A.E) (= tur)

[u] [tu] / [tur]


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c) Consoanele (the consonants)

Sunetul n limba englez(the sound in English)

Exemplu de cuvnt n limbaenglez

(Example of English

Words)

Sunetul aproximativ nlimba romni pronuniadin romn a cuvntului

englezesc (the sound inRomanian and theRomanian pronunciation of

the English word)[p] Pen [pen] (= stilou) [p] [pen][b] Big [big] (= mare) [b] [big][t] Tea [ti:] (= ceai) [t] [tii][d] Do [du:] (= a face) [d] [duu][k] Cat [kt] (=pisica) [c] [chet][g] Go [gu] (= a merge) [g] [gu][f] Four [fo:] (B.E)/ [fo:r] (A.E)

(= 4)

[f] [foo]/ [foor]

[v] Very [veri] (= foarte) [v] [veri][s] Son [sn] (= fecior, copil) [s] [san][z] Zoo [zu:] (= gradina

zoologic)[z] [zuu]

[l] Live [liv] (= a tri, a locui) [l] [liv][m] My [mai] (= al meu) [m] [mai][n] Near [ni] (B.E)/ [nir]

(A. E) (= lng)[n] [ni] / [nir]

[h] Happy [hpi] (= fericit) [h] [hepi][r] Red [red] (= rou) [r]- [red]

[j] Yes [jes] (= da) [i] [ies][w] Want [want] (= a vrea) [u] [uant][] Thanks [ks] (=

mulumesc)[s peltic, pronunat cu

limba ntre dini] [encs][] The [] (= articolul

hotrt][z s peltic, pronunat cu

limba ntre dini] [][] She [i:] (= ea) [] [ii][3] Television [telivi3n] (=

televiziune)[j] - [telivijn]

[t] Child [taild](= copil) [ce/ci] [ciaild][d3] German [d3:mn] (B.E)/

[d3rmn] (A.E)[ge/gi] [ge-rmn]

[] English [igli] (=Englez())

[ni/ng] [ingli]

Exerciiu: Scriei fonetic, n limba englez, urmtoarele cuvinte:Boy =. Paper = . Journalism = ..Girl = . Newspaper = journalist = .


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CAPITOLUL 2 (SECOND CHAPTER)

GRAMATICA NOIUNI ELEMENTARE (GRAMMAR BASICS)

Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena dea conjuga corect verbele auxiliare ale limbii engleze, de a la utiliza n situaiilecorespunztoare. De asemenea, va nva cum se formeaz timpurile verbale, vorbireaindirect, diateza pasiv, pronumele, ordinea adjectivelor, i pluralul substantivelor

Subcapitole: 1. Verbele auxiliare to be, to do, to have2. Reguli de formare timpurile3. Vorbirea indirect

4. Diateza pasiv5. Pronumele6. Articolul7. Pluralul substantivelor8. Ordinea adjectivelor

1. VERBELE AUXILIARE (THE AUXILIARY VERBS): TO BE (A FI), TO DO(A FACE) , TO HAVE (A AVEA)

Ce sunt verbele auxiliare?

Verbele auxiliare sunt verbele cu care putem construi formele de interogativ(ntrebrile) i de negativ n limba englez.

n aceast introducere verbele auxiliare vor fi conjugate la prezentul simplu(present simple) i la trecut (past tense simple), att cu forma lung (long form), ct i cuforma scurt (short form), care este cea mai utilizat n limba engleza, att n cea scrisct i n cea vorbit. Se va da pentru fiecare caz in parte att transcrierea foneticspecific limbii engleze, ct i o echivalare n limba romn.

a) Verbul to be (The verb to be [tu: bi:] = a fi

1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba englez, forma lung

(Present simple,

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba romn (Present

simple,

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba englez, forma scurta

(Present simple,


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affirmative/statement, longform, English version)

affirmative/statement,Romanian version)

affirmative/statement, shortform, English version)

I am [ai m] / [ai em] (Eu) sunt (I = eu) Im [aim]You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Tu) eti (you = tu) Youre [iur]

He is [hi: iz] / [hi iz] (El) este (he = el) Hes [hiz]

She is [i: iz] / [ii iz] (Ea) este (she = ea) Shes [iz]It is [ it iz] / [it iz] (El/ea) este (it = el/ea cndne referim la obiecte,lucruri din natur sau

bebelui)

Its [i]

We are [wi: a:r]/ [uii ar] (Noi) suntem (we = noi) Were [uir]You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Voi) suntei (you = tu, voi) Youre [iur]

They are [ei a:r] / [zei ar] Ei/ele sunt (they = ei/ele) Theyre [zeir]

b) Negativul (Negative)

Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, forma lung(Present simple, negatives,long form, English version)

Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba romn (Present

simple, negatives,Romanian version)

Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, forma scurta(Present simple, negatives,

short form, English version)I am not (Eu) nu sunt Im not

You are not (Tu) nu eti You arentHe is not (El) nu este He isntShe is not (Ea) nu este She isntIt is not (El/ea) (obiect) nu este It isnt

We are not (Noi) nu suntem We arentYou are not (Voi) nu suntei You arent

They arent (Ei/ele) nu sunt They arent

c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions)

Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limbaenglez, (Present simple, yes/no

questions, English version)

Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limbaromn (Present simple, yes/noquestions, Romanian version)

Am I..? Sunt (eu).?Are you..? Eti (tu)?Is he? Este (el).?

Is she.? Este (ea).?Is it.? Este el/ea (obiecte)..?

Are we..? Suntem (noi).?Are you.? Suntei (voi)?Are they.? Sunt (ei).?


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!!! ATENIE!!!

Dup cum observai, forma de interogativ prezent a verbului to be, se formeazprin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + am (verb),pentru ca la interogativ s avem nti am (verbul) i apoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma

negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aadar I (subiect) + am (verb), la carevom aduga marca negaiei, adic not. Deci I am not.

2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)

a) Afirmativul (Affirmative/ Statements)

Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limbaenglez (Past Tense Simple,

affirmative/statments, English version)

Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limbaromn (Past Tense Simple,

affirmative/statments, Romanian version)I was [ai woz]/[wz] (forma slab) / [ai

uz]

(Eu) am fost

You were [ju: w:r] / [iu: ur] (Tu) ai fostHe was [hi: wz] / [hii uz] (El) a fost.She was [i: wz] / [ii uz] (Ea) a fost.

It was [it wz]/ [it uz] (El/ea) (obiecte) a fost.We were [wi: w:r] / [uii ur] (Noi) am fost.You were [ju: w:r] / [iu: ur] (Voi) ai fost.They were [ei w:r]/ [zei ur] (Ei/Ele) au fost.

b) Negativul (Negatives)

Timpul trecut, forma denegativ, forma lung, limbaenglez (Past Tense Simple,

negatives, long form,English version)

Timpul trecut, forma denegativ, limba romn (Past

Tense Simple, negatives,Romanian version)

Timpul trecut, forma denegativ, forma scurt, limbaenglez (Past Tense Simple,

negatives, short form,English version)

I was not (Eu) nu am fost I wasntYou were not (Tu) nu ai fost You werentHe was not (El) nu a fost. He wasntShe was not (Ea) nu a fost. She wasnt.It was not. (El/ea) (obiecte) nu a fost. It wasnt.

We were not. (Noi) nu am fost. We werent.You were not (Voi) nu ai fost. You werent

They were not. (Ei/ele) nu au fost. They werent.

c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions)

Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba englez,(Past tense simple, yes/no questions,

Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba romn(Past tense simple, yes/no questions,


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English version) Romanian version)Was I? Am fost (eu)?

Were you? Ai fost (tu)?Was he? A fost (el)?Was she? A fost (ea)?

Was it? A fost (el/ea) (obiect)?Were we? Am fost (noi)?Were you? Ai fost (voi)?Were they? Au fost (ei/ele)?

!!! ATENIE!!!

Dup cum observai, forma de interogativ trecut a verbului to be, ca i cea deinterogativ prezent, se formeaz prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, laafirmativ: I (subiect) + was (verb), pentru ca la interogativ s avem nti was (verbul) iapoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aadar

I (subiect) + was (verb), la care vom aduga marca negaiei, adic not. Deci I wasnot.

Cnd folosim verbul to be?

# Cnd vrem s exprimm vrsta

Carlos is eight. (Carlos are opt ani)Anna is ten. (Anna are zece ani)

# Cnd vrem s exprimm naionalitatea

Im English. (Sunt englez)Shes Romanian. (Ea este romnc)

# Cnd vrem s spunem care este meseria cuiva.

Jim is a teacher. (Jim esteprofessor)Are you a student? (Eti student?)

# Cu un adjectiv

Youre right. (Ai dreptate)Im happy. (Sunt fericit)

# Cu this/that [i:s]/ [t], [ziis]/[zeat] (acesta/acela)

This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea)Is that your newspaper? (Este acela ziarul tu?)


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# n ntrebri

Is Tom here? (Este Tom aici?) Are you ten? (Ai zece ani?)Are they Spanish? (Sunt ei spanioli?) Is it easy? (E uor?)Is this your house? (Este aceasta casa ta?)

# Ca verb auxiliar, pentru construirea formelor de continuu.I am learning English at the moment. (n acest moment nv limba englez)

Exerciii: 1. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to be:

1. I..eight.2. He..ten.3. Youright.4. I a student?5.

Jim.a teacher.6. ..they Chinese?

2. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de trecut a verbului to be:

7. I..eight.8. He..ten.9. Youright.10.I a student?11.Jim.a teacher.12...they Chinese?

b) Verbul to do [tu: du:]= a face

1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez,(Present simple, affirmative/statement,

English version)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba romn(Present simple, affirmative/statement,

Romanian version)I do [ai du:]/ [ai duu] (Eu) fac

You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Tu) faciHe does [hi: dz] / [hii daz] (El) faceShe does [i: dz] / [ii daz] (Ea) face

It does [it dz] / [it daz] (El/ea) (obiecte) faceWe do [wi: du:] / [uii duu] (Noi) facemYou do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Voi) faceiThey do [ei du:] / [zei duu] (Ei/ele) fac


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!!! ATENIE!!!

Observai terminaia n s la persoana a treia singular a formei de afirmativ,prezentul simplu, pentru verbul to do (does). O vom ntlni la toate verbele din limbaenglez cu excepia celor modale.


Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, (Present

simple, negative, Englishversion)



Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, forma scurt(Present simple, negatives,

short form, English version)I do not (= auxiliary); I do

not doEu nu (auxiliar); Eu nu

facI dont (auxiliar, rspuns

scurt); I dont doYou do not; You do not do (Tu) nu..; (Tu) nu faci You dont; you dont do

He does not; He does not do (El) nu.; (El) nu face He doesnt; he doesnt do

She does not; She does notdo (Ea) nu.; (Ea) nu face She doesnt; She doesnt do

It does not; It does not do (El/ea) (obiecte) nu.;(El/ea) nu face

It doesnt; it doesnt do

We do not; We do not do (Noi) nu.; (Noi) nu facem We dont; we dont doYou do not; You do not do (Voi) nu....; (Voi) nu facei You dont; you dont doThey dont; They dont do (Ei/ele) nu..; (Ei/ele) nu

fac.They dont; they dont do

!!! ATENIE!!!

Ca verb auxiliar, to do are ca form de negativ, I do not, prescurtat I dont,el ajutnd de fapt la formarea negativului celuilalt verb de conjugat, de exemplu I do notwrite, sau I dont write, Eu nu scriu.

Ca verb de sine stttor, cu sensul de a face, el formeaz negativul cu el nsuipe post de auxiliar, urmat de infinitivul scurt do: I dont do that, Eu nu fac asta.Dup cum se observ n tabelul de mai sus, infinitivul scurt do este valabil pentru toatepersoanele de singulari de plural.

c)Interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions) ca auxiliar, l vom nsoi de aceea deun verb de conjugat: write [rait] ( a scrie)

Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limbaenglez, (Present simple, yes/noquestions, English version)


Do I write? Scriu (eu)?Do you write? Scrii (tu)?Does he write? Scrie (el)?Does she write? Scrie (ea)?Does it write? Scrie (el/ea) (obiecte)?


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Do we write? Scriem (noi)?Do you write? Scriei (voi)?Do they write? Scriu (ei/ele)?

!!! ATENIE !!!

Observai ordinea la interogativ: auxiliarul do + subiect I + verbul la infinitivwrite. Vom ntlni aceast ordine la forma de interogativ prezent a tuturor verbelorlimbii engleze cu excepia celor modale i a verbului to be, pe care l-am conjugat maidevreme.

Observai, de asemenea, faptul c la persoana a treia singular, unde la afirmativavem he/she/it writes, deci cu terminaia s, la interogativ, vom folosi doar s-ul dela persoana a treia singular a verbului auxiliar do, deci does, iar verbul de conjugat,write n cazul de fa, va rmne tot la infinitivul scurt. Aadar, avem Does he/she/itwrite?i NU Does he/she/it writes?


n cazul verbului to do, avem o singur form de trecut (past tense simple)pentru toate persoanele, i anume did.

Afirmativ: I/He/We/You/They did the shopping.(Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au fcut cumprturile).

Negativ: I/He/We/You/They did not do (didnt do) the shopping.(Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au fcut cumprturile).

Interogativ: Did I/he/we/you/they do the shopping?(Am/au fcut eu/el/noi/voi/ei cumprturile?).

!!! ATENIE!!!

Observai i n acest caz forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat, nconstruciile did not do i did I do.

Cnd folosim verbul to do?

# Ca verb auxiliar (auxiliary verb):

-

n ntrebri: Do you like tennis? (Ii place tennisul?)What do you do in the evenings? (Ce faci seara?)- n negaii: I dont like tennis. (Nu-mi place tennisul)

I dont do much in the evenings. (Nu fac prea multeseara)

Dont go. (Nu te duce).

- n emfaze (accentuarea unei pri a propoziiei):


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Do sit down! (Stai jos, te rog!)I do love her. (Chiar o iubesc)

- n inversiune (verb naintea subiectului):At no time did he lose his self-control. (Nu si-a

pierdut controlul nici un moment).

- elipsa (folosim un verb auxiliar n locul unui verb ntreg):You saw Allen, didnt you? (L-ai vzut pe Allen, nu-iaa?)

# Ca verb cu scop general- activiti nedefinite ceva (something [smi] / [samsing]), nimic

(nothing [ni] / [nasing]), orice (anything [enii] /[ enising]):Do something! (F ceva!)

- pentru muncI do the shopping, you do the cooking. (Eu fac cumprturile, tu

gtete)

Exerciii: 1. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to do:1. ......you like tennis?2. I.............like tennis.3. ........she like tennis?4. ............read!5. They............like her!

2. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de trecut a verbului to do:

6. ......you like tennis?7. I.............like tennis.8. ........she like tennis?9. They............like her!

c) Verbul to have [tu: hv] = a avea

1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple)a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba englez, forma lung

(Present simple,affirmative/statement, long

form, English version)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba romn (Present

simple,affirmative/statement,

Romanian version)

Prezentul simplu, afirmativ,limba englez, forma scurt

(Present simple,affirmative/statement, short

form, English version)I have [ai hv] / [ai hev] (Eu) am Ive [aiv]You have [ju: hv] / [iuu

hev](Tu) ai Youve [iuv]


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He has [hi: hz]/ [hii hez] (El) are Hes [hiz]She has [i: hz] / [ii hez] (Ea) are Shes [iz]

It has [it hz] / [it hez] (El/ea) (obiecte) are. Its [i]We have [wi: hv] / [uii

hev](Noi) avem Weve [uiv]

You have [ju: hv] / [iuuhev] (Voi) avei Youve [iuv]

They have [ei hv]/ [zeihev]

(Ei/ele) au Theyve [zeiv]

!!! ATENIE!!!

Observai i n cazul verbului to have terminaia s de la persoana a treiasingular, pentru forma de prezent simplu.


Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, forma lung(Present simple, negatives,long form, English version)



Prezentul simplu, negativ,limba englez, forma scurt(Present simple, negatives,short form, English version)

I have not / I do not have (Eu) nu am I havent/ I dont haveYou have not / You do not

have(Tu) nu ai You havent/ You dont

haveHe has not/ He does not

have(El) nu are. He hasnt/ He doesnt have

She has not/ She does nothave (Ea) nu are. She hasnt/ She doesnthaveIt has not/ It does not have (El/Ea) (obiecte) nu are. It hasnt/ It doesnt haveWe have not / We do not

have(Noi) nu avem. We havent/ We dont have

You have not / You do nothave

(Voi) nu avei. You havent/ You donthave

They have not / They do nothave

(Ei/Ele) nu au. They havent/ They donthave

!!! ATENIE!!!

Verbul to have poate fi verb auxiliar, ajutnd la formarea unor ntrebri pentruformele de perfect, caz n care forma de negativ prezent este I havent., fie carspuns scurt, fie ca urmat de verbul de conjugat, forma a treia: I havent written (Nuam scris).

Ca verb de sine stttor, cu sensul de a avea, to have are ca form de negativI dont have, deci l utilizeaz ca verb auxiliar pe verbul to do despre care am vorbitmai devreme.


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Aceleai observaii sunt valabile i pentru formele de interogativ prezent , pe carele vom vedea n tabelul de mai jos.

c) Interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions

Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limbaenglez, (Present simple, yes/noquestions, English version)


Have I..?/ Do I have? Am..? Am (eu)?Have you..? / Do you have? Ai..? Ai (tu)?Has he..? / Does he have? A.? Are (el)?

Has she..? / Does she have? A.? Are (ea)?Has it..? / Does it have? A.? Are (el/ea) (obiecte)?

Have we..?/ Do we have? Am? Avem (noi)?Have you..?/ Do you have? Ai..? Avei (voi)?Have they..?/ Do they have? Au.? Au (ei/ele)?


n cazul verbului to have avem o singur form pentru timpul trecut (past tensesimple) i anume had, pentru toate persoanele.

Afirmativ : I/He/We/You/They had a car.(Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au avut o main).

Negativ: I/He/We/You/They didnt have a car.(Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/auavut o main)

Interogativ: Did I/he/we/you/they have a car?Am/au avut eu/el/noi/voi/ei/ o main?

!!! ATENIE!!!

Observai formarea negativului i a interogativului verbului to have ca verb desine stttor cu past tense-ul auxiliarului do, deci did, urmat de infinitivul scurt alverbului de conjugat have. Aadar, avem didnt have, i did I havei NU didnt hadi did I had.

Observai de asemenea c n limba englez este obligatorie exprimarea/folosireasubiectului, did I have, pe cnd n limba romn el poate fi omis, Am avut (eu)?

Cnd folosim verbul to have?

# Ca auxiliar1. Pentru formele de perfect (perfect verb forms):

I have read the book. (Am citit/citii cartea) (present perfect prezentperfect)


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I had read the book. (Citisem cartea) (past perfect mai mult caperfectul)

I will have read the book by this time tomorrow. (Voi fi citit cartea pnmine pe vremea asta).(future perfect viitorulperfect)

Id like to have read this book ten years ago. (Mi-a dori s fi citit carteaasta acum zece ani) (perfect infinitive infinitivul perfect)

Having read the book before, he knew what to expect. (Citind/ Dat fiindc citise cartea nainte, tia la ce s se atepte).

2. ntrebri i negaiiHave you read the book? (Ai citit/citii cartea?)I havent read the book. (Nu am citit/ nu citii cartea).

# Cnd vorbim despre posesie, relaii i alte situaii/stri:

They have three newspapers. (Ei au trei ziare).Have you got any brothers or sisters? (Ai frai sau surori?)Do you often have headaches? (Ai des dureri de cap?)

# Cnd vorbim despre aciuni i experiene:Im going to have a shower. (O sfac un du)Were having a meeting next month. (Vom avea o ntrunire luna viitoare).

# Cnd vorbim despre obligaiiI had to read yesterday. (Ieri a trebuit s citesc).

# Cnd vorbim despre cauzarea sau experimentarea unor aciuni i evenimenteHis son had everybody laughing. (Fiul su i-a fcut pe toi s rd)I must have my shoes repaired. (Trebuie s-mirepar pantofii)We had our car stolen last week. (Ni s-a furat maina sptmna

trecut)

Exerciii:1. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to

have:

1. I ..a book.2. He .a car.3. ..youa picture?4. She .not water.5. He..a newspaper.


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2. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu forma corect de trecut a verbului tohave:

6. I ..a book.7. He .a car.8. ..youa picture?9.

She .not water.10.He..a newspaper.

2. REGULI DE FORMARE (FORMATION RULES)- TIMPURILE (TENSES)

1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) obiceiuri, aciuni generaleAfirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/They read He/She/It/ reads

(to read [ri:d] / [riid] = a citi)

Negative: You dont read He doesnt readInterogativ: (Questions): Do you read..? Does he read.?

2. Prezentul continuu (Present continuous): - aciuni care au loc la momentul vorbirii

Afirmativ (Positive): I am reading. You/We/They are reading.He/She/It is reading.

Negative: I am not reading. You arent reading.She isnt reading.

Question: Am I reading? Are you reading?Is she reading?

3. Prezentul perfect (Present perfect): - aciuni din trecutul apropiat, cu consecinevizibile n prezent

Afirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/they have written. He/she/it has written.(to write = a scrie)

Negative (Questions): They havent written. He hasnt written.Interogativ: Have they written? Has he written?

4. Past (Trecut) Simple: aciune desfurat n trecut, cu mrci ale trecutului, caieri, anul trecut, etc.

1. Regulat (Regular):positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They stopped.negative: You didnt stop.interogative: Did you stop?

2. Neregulat (Irregular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They wrote. (towrite wrote- written)


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negative: You didnt write.interogativ: Did you write?

5. Past (Trecut) continuu (Past Continuous): aciune trecut ce se desfoar n timpulaltei aciuni trecute)

(Afirmative) Positive: I/He/She/It was writing. You/We/They/ were writing.Negativ: You werent writing. She wasnt writing.Interogativ: Were you writing? Was she writing?

Exerciiu: Trecei verbele date la infinitiv la timpurile cerute n parantez.

1. I .. (to read prezent simplu).2. You. .(to go prezent continuu)3. He . (to write prezentul perfect)4. We (to watch TV past tense simplu)5.

They.. (to speak past tense continuu)

3. VORBIREA INDIRECT (REPORTED SPEECH)

Direct Reported

Inever eat vegetables He said (that) he never ate vegetables.(Nu mnnc niciodat legume) (Ela spus c nu mnnc niciodat legume)

Im reading. She said (that) she was reading.Ill write to you soon. He said (that) he would write to you soon.Ive read it. She said (that) she had read it.Itook it. She said (that) she had taken it.Iwas reading. She said (that) she had been reading.

Exerciiu: Trecei propoziiile urmtoare la vorbirea indirect:

1. Im writing .2. Ill talk to you soon .3. Ive seen it 4. I ate it ..5. I was laughing. .


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4. DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE)

Active PassiveHe helps. (El ajut) He is helped. (El este ajutat)

He has helped. He has been helpedHe helped. He was helped.He will help. He will be helped.

5. PRONUMELE (PRONOUNS)

# Pronume personale cu funcie de subiect (Subject pronouns [sbd3ekt] [prounauns]/[sabgect pronauns]:

I [ai] = eu She [i:] / [ii] = eaYou [ju:] / [iuu] = tu It [it] = el/ea pentru obiecte sau elemente din naturHe [hi:] / [hii] = el We [wi: ] / [uii] = noiYou [ju:] / [iuu] = voi They [ei] / [zei] = ei/ele

# Pronume personale cu funcie de complement (Object [obd3ekt]/ [obgect] pronouns)

Me [mi: ] / [mii] = pe mine, mie Her [hr] / [hr] = pe ea, eiYou [ju:] / [iuu] = pe tine, ie It [it] = pe el/ea, lui/eiHim [him] = pe el, lui Us [s] / [as] = pe noi, nouYou [ju:] / [iuu] = pe voi, vou Them [em] /[zem] = pe ei/ele, lor

# Pronume posesive (Possessive pronouns):

Mine [main] = al meu Hers [hrz] / [hrz] = al eiYours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al tu its [its] / [i] = al lui/eiHis [hiz] = al lui Ours [aurz] / [aurz]= al nostrumYours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al vostru Theirs [ez] / [zerz] = al lor

# this i that

Singular: this [i:s] / [ziis] = acesta that [t] / [ze-at] = acelaPlural These [iz] / [ziz] = acestea those [ous ] / [zous] = acelea

# one, ones [wn] / [uan]

I like that one = mi place aceea.I dont like the blue ones= Nu-mi plac cele albastre.


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1a Opinie: beautiful1b Mrime: large [lard3] / [largi] = lung1c Vrst: old[ould] = btrn1d Form: round[raund] = rotund1e Temperatur: cold[kould]/ [could] = rece

Poziia: 2. Culori:green [gri:n] / [griin] (verde), blue [blu:] / [bluu] (albastru)3. Materialul (din ce este fcut): wooden [wudn] / [uudn] = din lemn;

plastic4. Scop (pentru ce este): a running shoe [ rniu:] / [ raninguu] = un

pantofpentru alergat5. Substantivul

1c 3 4 5An old, leather, (din

piele)football boot (bocanc)

1c 2 3 4 5Some new(nou),

orange(portocaliu),

lycra, cycling shorts

1a 2 3 5A beautiful, green, silk (mtase) shirt


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CAPITOLUL 3 (CHAPTER THREE)

VOCABULAR (VOCABULARY)

Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena dea se prezenta corect n limba englez, ca i aceea de a utiliza corect cuvinte din cele maifrecvente i uzuale ale limbii engleze, precum i cuvinte specifice jurnalismului.

Subcapitolele: 1. Vocabular general nivel elementar2. Vocabular specific de pres

VOCABULAR GENERAL NIVEL ELEMENTAR (GENERAL VOCABULARY ELEMENTARY LEVEL)

#Prezentarea (Introducing ourselves)

Hello, my name is Tom. = Bun, numele meu este Tom.hello [helou] = bunname [neim] = nume

What is your name? = Care este numele tu?what [wot] /[uo-at] = ce, care

Who are you? = Cine eti tu?who [hu:] / [huu] = cine

I am from Romania = Eu sunt din Romnia.from [from] = din

Where are you from? = De unde eti tu?where [wer] / [ uer] = (de) unde

I live in Bucharest = Locuiesc n Bucureti.to live [tu: liv] / [tuu liv] = a tri, a locui

Where do you live? = Unde locuieti tu?

I am a journalist. = Sunt jurnalist.

journalist [d3

r

nlist] / [gi

r

nlist] = ziaristI am working forAdevrul. = Acum lucrez pentru (ziarul)Adevrul.to work [tu: wrk] / [tuu urc] = a lucra, a munci

What is your job? = Care este meseria ta? (slujba ta acum)job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaia, slujba, etc.

What do you do (for a living)? = Ce faci/lucrezi (ca sa-ti castigi existena)?for [for] = pentruliving [livi] / [living] = existen, trai, mod de via


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I am 24 (years old) = Am 24 de ani.

year [jir] / [iir] = anold [ould] = btrn

How old are you? = Ce vrst ai? Ci ani ai?

What is your age = Ce vrst ai?age [eid3] / [eigi] = vrst

# Cum salutm i cum rspundem la salut(Greeting and replying to greetings)

Good morning! = Bun dimineaa!good [gud] = bun, binemorning [morni] / [morning] = dimineaa

Good afternoon! = Bun ziua (la prnz spre dup-amiaz)afternoon [aftrnu:n] / [aftrnuun] = dup-amiaz

Good evening! = Bun seara!evening [i:vni]/ [iivning] = seara

Good night! = Noapte bun!night [nait] = noapte

Salut formal (Formal greeting)How do you do? = Bun ziua! V salut!; Srut mna!; mi pare bine! ncntat de

cunotin!How do you do?

how [hau] = cum

Salut neoficial/ informal (Informal greeting)Hello, how are you? = Bun, ce mai faci? (Cum mai eti?)Fine, thanks. And you? = Bine, mulumesc. i (Dar) tu?

fine [fain] = bine, bun, frumos, plcut, minunatto thank [tu: k]/ [tuu senc] = a mulumithanks [ks]/ [sencs] = mulumesc - varianta scurt (= mersi)and [end] = i

ntrebri despre sntate (Asking and replying about health)How are you? = Ce mai faci?Im all right, thanks = Sunt bine, mulumesc.Not so good = Nu chiar att de bine.

all right [o:l rait] / [ool rait] = n regulso [sou] = att de

How do you feel? = Cum te simi?


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I feel fine/ great/ awful = Ma simt bine/ minunat/ groaznic.to feel [fi:l ]/ [fiil] = a (se) simigreat [greit] = minunatawful [o:ful] / [ooful] = groaznic

S spunem La revedere (Saying goodbye)Goodbye [gud bai] = la revedereBye! [bai] = PaBye for now = Pa, pe curnd.

now [nau] = acumSee you tomorrow = Pe mine

to see [tu: si:] / [tuu sii] = a vedeatomorrow [tmorou] / [tmorou] = mine

See you soon! = Pa, pe curnd.soon [su:n] / [suun] = curnd

See you! = Pa (ne vedem)# Cum ne cerem scuze (Apologizing, Making excuses)

Im (very) sorry. mi pare (foarte) ru. mi cer scuze.sorry [sori]= scuzai, ntristat, mhnitvery [veri] = foarte

Sorry, it was my fault. = Scuzai, a fost vina mea.fault [fo:lt] / [foolt] = vin

Excuse me = M scuzai (cnd vrem s trecem de cineva care st n drum; lanceputul ntrebrilor adresate persoanelor necunoscute)

to excuse [ tu: ikskju:s] / [tuu icschiuus] = a (se) scuzaIm sorry Im late. = mi cer scuze c am ntrziat.

to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a ntrzia

Never mind = Nu conteaz. Nu are nimic. Las.never [nevr] / [nevr] = nu, niciodatmind [maind] = minte, suflet, raiune, importan.

Thats all right = E n regul.Dont worry = Nu-i f probleme. Nu te ngrijora.

to worry [tu: wri] / [tuu uari] = a se ngrijora

# Cum aprobm sau dezaprobm (Agreeing and disagreeing)

I agree = Sunt de acord.to agree [tu: gri:] / [tuu grii] = a fi de accord.

Thats right = Aa este. Corect.I like this film. So do I. = mi place acest film. i mie.

to like [tu: laik] / [tuu laic] = a(-i) plcea


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I dont like this film. Neither do I. = Nu-mi place acest film. Nici mie.neither [nair] / [naizr] = nici (unul din doi)

I dont agree. = Nu sunt de acord.I dont think so = Nu cred asta. Nu cred c este aa. Nu prea cred

to think [tu: ik] / [tuu sinc] = a crede# Cum cerem informaii (Asking for information)

Do you know the time? (informal) = tii ct e ceasul? (neoficial, informal)to know [tu: nou]/ [tuu nou] = a tithe time [ taim] / [z taim] = timpul, ora

Excuse me, could you tell me the time? = Fii amabil, ai putea s-mi spunei cteste ceasul? (formal, oficial)

could [kud] /[cud] = forma de condiional a verbului can = a puteato tell [tu: tel] / [tuu tel] = a spune

What does this mean, please? = Ce nseamn asta, v rog?to mean [tu: mi:n] / [tuu miin] = a nsemnaplease [pli:z] / [pliiz] = a ruga

How do you say (..) in English? = Cum spui (se spune) () n englez?to say [ tu: sei] / [tuu sei] = a spune

# Cum cerem i cum dm sfaturi? (Asking and giving advice)

What do you think I should do? = Ce crezi c ar trebui s fac?should [ud]/ [ud] = forma de condiional prezent a lui shall, cu sensul

de ar trebuiWhat would you do? = Tu ce ai face?

would [wud] / [uud] = forma de condiional prezent a lui will, cu sensulai (ai face)

I think you should (go.....) = Cred c ar trebui s (te duci.)to go [tu: gou] / [tuu g-ou] = a merge, a se duce

If I were you, I would (go.....) = Dac a fi n locul tu, a (merge.)if [if]= dac

Why dont you (go..)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? De ce nu te duci....?why [wai]/ [uai]= de ce

What about (going.....)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? Ce-ai zice despre mersul....?about [baut] / [baut] = despre

How about (going.....)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? Cum ar fi s te duci/mersul.?Shall we (go for a walk)? = Mergem (la plimbare)?

walk [wo:k] / [uooc] = plimbareLets (go for a walk) = Hai/ S mergem. (la plimbare).


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to be afraid [tu: bi: freid] / [tuu bii freid] = a-i fi team

# Cum oferim (Making an offer)

Can I help (you)?= Pot s (te) ajut?

to help [tu: help]/ [tuu help] = a ajutaShall I help (you) = S te ajut?Do you want (some tea)? (informal) = Vrei (nite ceai)?

some [sm] / [sam] = nitetea [ti: ] / [tii] = ceai

Would you like (some tea)? (formal) = Ai vrea (nite ceai)?

# Cum promitem (Promises)

Ill be home at 8.30. = Voi fi acas la 8.30home [houm] = cas (acas)

I wont be late again! = Noi voi mai ntarzia!to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a intarsialate [leit] = trziuagain [gein] / [ghein] = din nou

# Cum cerem cevai cum rspundem la cereri (Making requests, replying to requests)

Can you (open the window), please? (informal) = Poi (s deschizi fereastra), terog?

Could you (open the window), please? (informal) = Ai putea (s deschizifereastra), te rog?

Would you mind (opening the window), please? (formal) = Ai putea (s deschizifereastra), te rog?

Can you....? Could you...? Of course. Sure. (Bineneles. Sigur)of course [of kors] / [of cors] = bineneles

Would you mind.? Nu prin rspuns, ci prin aciune.

# Cum exprimm preferinele (Preferences)

I prefer (tea) to (coffee) = Prefer (ceaiul) (cafelei)Id rather have (tea) than (coffee) = A vrea/bea mai degrab (ceai) n loc de

(cafea)rather [ra:r] / [raazr] = mai degrabthan [n] / [zen] = n loc de, dect


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# Cum reamintim (Reminders)

Dont forget to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday). = Nu uita s (i aducidicionarul miercuri).to forget [tu: frget] / [tuu frghet] = a uita

to bring [tu: bri] / [tuu bring

] = a adduceWednesday[wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuriRemember to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday) = Amintete-i s (i aduci

dicionarul miercuri).to remember [tu: rimembr] / [tuu rimembr] = a-i aminti

# Cum descriem pe cineva? (Asking for a description and replying)

Whats George like? (Cum este George) Hes very friendly (Este foarteprietenos)

Whats George like? (Cum este Cairo)- Its big city (Este un ora mare)

big [big] = marecity [siti] = oraWhat does Tina look like? (Cum arat Tina?) Shes tall and shes got long hair

(Este nalti are prul lung)to look [tu: luk] / [tuu luc] = a privi, a arta (look like)tall [to:l] / [tool] = nalthas got = has = arelong [lo] / [long] = lunghair [he] /[her] = pr (din cap)

# Cum avertizm (Warning)

Be careful! = Ai grij!careful [keful] / [cherful] = grijuliu

Careful! = Grij!Watch out! = Atenie!

to watch [ tu: wot] / [tuu uo-aci] = a priviLook out! = Atenie!Mind out! = Atenie! Ferete!

# Urri (Greetings)

Happy birthday! = La muli ani!happy [hpi] / [hepi] = fericitbirthday [brdei] / [brsdei] = zi de natere, aniversare

Many happy returns of the day! = Muli nainte!many [mni] / [meni] = multreturns [ritrn] / [ritrn] = reveniri

We wish you a Merry/Happy Christmas! = V dorim Crciun fericit!wish [wi] / [ui] = a dori, a vrea


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merry [meri] = vessel, voiosChristmas [krisms] / [crisms] = Crciun

We wish you a Happy New Year! = V dorim un An Nou fericit!new [nju:] / [niuu] = nou

Happy Anniversary! = Aniversare fericit!

Happy Fourth of July! = La muli ani cu ocazia zilei de 4 iulie! (ziua naional incazul Statelor Unite)

# Calendarul(Calendar)

a) n scris (Writing) British English: 2/ 08/ 10 2(nd) August 2nd AugThursday 2nd August, 2010

American English: 08/ 2/ 10 August 2(nd) Aug 2ndThursday August 2nd 2010

n limba vorbit (Speaking): B.E the second of August, 2010; August the second, 2010

A. E -August second

b) Anii (Years): 1997 (lba scris) = nineteen ninety-seven (lba vorbit)2010 (lba scris) = two thousand and ten (lba vorbit)

c) Zilele (Days): Monday [mndi] / [mandi] = luniTuesday [tju:zdi]/ [tiuuzdi] = mariWednesday [wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuriThursday [:zdi] / [szdi] = joiFriday [fraidi] = vineriSaturday [strdi] / [se-atrdi] = smbtSunday [sndi] / [sandi] = duminic

Ill visit you on Sunday. (Te vizitez duminic)

tomorrow [tmorou] / [t-morou] = minethe day after tomorrow =poimine

after [a:ftr] / [aaftr] = dupnext week [nekst wi:k] / [necst uiic] = saptmna viitoare

week [wi:k]/ [uiic] = saptmnanext Sunday [nekst sndi] / [necst sandi] = dumica viitoare

yesterday [jestdi] / [iestrdi] = ierithe day before yesterday = alaltieri

before [bifo:r] / [bifoor]= naintelast week = saptmna trecut

last [la:st] / [laast] = ultimo, cel din urmlast Sunday = duminica trecut


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d) Lunile (Months): January [d3njuri] / [geaniuri], February [februri] / [februri] ,March [ma:t] / [marci], April [eiprl] / [eiprl] , May [mei], June[d3u:n]/ [giuun], July [d3u:lai] / [giuulai], August [o:gst] / [oogst],September [septembr] / [septembr], October[oktoubr] / [octoubr],November [nouvembr] / [nouvembr], December [disembr] /

[disemb

r

]- formele prescurtate short formsJan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sept Oct Nov

Dec

Ill be backin June. = M voi ntoarce n iunie.back [bk] / [bec] = napoi

next month [mn] /[ mans] = luna viitoarelast month = luna trecut

e) Anotimpurile (seasons): spring = primvara; summer [sm

r

] / [sam

r

] = varaautumn [o:tm] / [ootm] = toamnawinter [wintr] / [uintr] = iarna

Im going to Portugal in the winter.

next summer = vara viitoarelast winter = iarna trecut

# Timpul(Time)

a) Momentele zilei (Parts of the day)

in the morning [in mo:ni] / [in z morning] = dimineaain the afternoon [in i a:ftnu:n] / [in zi aaftrnuun] = dup-amiazain the evening [in i i:vni] / [in zi iivning] = searaat night [t nait] / [et nait] = noaptea, searaat midday (noon) [t middei] / [et middei] = la prnzat midnight [t midnait] / [et midnait] = la miezul nopii

b) a.m i p.mmidnight to midday = a.m 1.00 a.m midnight = 12.00 a.m.midday to midnight = p.m 4,45 p.m midday = 12.00 p.m

c) Sistemul de 24 de ore (24-hour clock)hour [aur] / [aur] = ora clock [klok] / [cloc] = ceas

13.50 thirteen fifty [:ti:n fifti] / [srtiin fifti] = treisprezece cincizeci

d) Cum spunem ora (Telling the time)


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ora 3 fix = three oclock [ri:] / [srii]3 i 5 = five past three [faiv]3 i 10 = ten past three3 i un sfert = a quarter past three3 i 20 =twenty past three [twenty] / [ tuenti]

3 i 25 = twenty-five past three3 i jumtate = half past three [ha:f]/ [haaf[4 fr 25 = twenty-five to four [fo:r] / [foor]4 fr 20 = twenty to four4 fr un sfert =a quarter to four4 fr 10 = ten to four4 fr 5 = five to four

3.12 =twelve minutes past three3.43 = seventeen minutes to four

- Sistemul digital (Digital system)2.10 two ten 1.15 one fifteen4. 26 four twenty-six 5.30 five thirty6. 40 six forty 7. 45 seven forty-five

Cum ntrebm ct e ceasul (Asking the time)

Whats the time? Its five oclock. (E ora cinci)What time is it? Its twenty to nine (E nou fr douzeci)

Nu se poate spune: They are seven oclock!

#Numerele (Numbers)

Numeralul cardinal (Cardinal numbers)

1 = one [wn] / [uan] 16 = sixteen [siksti:n] / [sicstiin]2 = two [tu:] / [tuu] 17 = seventeen [sevnti:n] / [sevntiin]3 = three [ri:] / [srii] 18 = eighteen [eiti:n] / [eitiin]4 = four [fo:r] / [foor] 19 = nineteen [nainti:n] / [naintiin]5 = five [faiv] 20 = twenty [twenti] / [tuenti]6 = six [siks] / [sics] 21 = twenty-one [twenti wn]/ [tuenti-uan]7 = seven [sevn] / [sevn] 22 = twenty-two [twenti tu:] / [tuenti-tuu]8 = eight [eit] 30 = thirty [rti] / [srti]9 = nine [nain] 40 = forty [forti]10 = ten [ten] 50 = fifty [fifti]11 = eleven [ilevn] / [ilevn] 60 = sixty [siksti] / [sicsti]12 = twelve [twelv] / [tuelv] 70 = seventy [sevnti] / [sevnti]13 = thirteen [rti:n] / [srtiin] 80 = eighty [eiti]14 = fourteen [forti:n] / [fortiin] 90 = ninety [nainti]


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15 = fifteen [fifti:n] / [fiftiin] 100 = a/one hundred [hndrd] / [handrd]

0 = nought [no:t] / [noot] sau zero [zirou] / [zirou]= pentru numerele de telefon l pronunm ca pe litera o. La fotbal spunemnil. La tennis spunem love

101 = a hundred and one200 = two hundred (hundred nu este la plural)300 = three hundred999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine1,000 = a thousand / one thousand [auznd] / [sauznd]1,001 = a thousand and one2,250 = two thousand, two hundred and fifty (thousand nu este plural)999,999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine1,000,000 = a million/ one million5,000,000 = five million (million is not plural)

Numeralul ordinal (Ordinal numbers)

1st = first 9th = ninth 17th = seventeenth 25th = twenty-fifth2nd = second 10th = tenth 18th = eighteenth 26th = twenty-sixth3rd = third 11th = eleventh 19th = nineteenth 27th = twenty-seventh4th = fourth 12th = twelfth 20th = twentieth 28th = twenty-eigth5th = fifth 13th = thirteenth 21st = twenty-first 29th = twenty-ninth6th = sixth 14th = fourteenth 22nd = twenty-second 30th = thirtieth7th = seventh 15th = fifteenth 23rd = twenty-third 31st = thirty-first8th = eighth 16th = sixteenth 24th = twenty-fourth

Fracii i zecimale (Fractions and decimals)

= a half (o jumtate) 3 = three and a half 1.5 = one point five = a quarter (un sfert) 1 = one and a quarter 1.25 = one point two five = three quarters 4 = four and three quarters 4.75 = four point seven five

# Culori (Colours)

white [wait] / [uait] = alb black [blk] / [blec] = negruyellow [jelou] = galben orange [orind3] /[oringi] = portocaliupink [pik] / [pinc] = roz red [red] = roumauve [muv] / [muv] = mov green [gri:n] / [griin] = verdeblue [blu:] / [bluu] = albastru


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#Figuri geometrice (Geometrical figures)

square [skwer]/ [schuer] = ptrat circle [srkl]/ [srcl] = cercrectangle [rectgl] / [recteangl ] = dreptunghi rhombus [rombs]/[rombs] = rombtriangle[traigl]/[traieangl] =triunghi

#Flori, fructe, legume (Flowers, fruit, vegetables)

rose [ruz] / [ruz] = trandafir tulip [tjulip] / [tiulip] = laleacarnation[karnein] / [carnein] = garoaf trifoi [trefoil] = trifoigeranium [d3irnim]/ [gireanim] = mucat lily [lili] = crinhyacinth [haisin] / [haisins] = zambildandelion [dndlain] / [deandlain] = ppdieapple [pl] = mr pear [per] = parplum [plm] / [plam] = prun apricot [eiprikot] / [eipricot] = caispeach [pi:t] / [piici] = piersic grape [greip ] = strugure

(sweet) cherry [(swi:t) teri] / [suiit ceri] = cirea blackberry [blk~]/ [blec~] = mur(sour) cherry [(sau) teri] / [(sau) ceri] = viin nut [nt] = nucstrawberry [strobri] / [strobri] = cpun (hazel)nut [heizl ~] = alunraspberry [ra:sberi] / [raasberi] = zmeur lemon [lemn] / [lemn] = lmielemon [lemn] / [lemn] = lmie orange [orind3] / [oringi] = portocal

carrot [krt] / [cheart] = morcov potato [pteitu] / [pteitu] = cartoftomato [tma:tu] / [tmaatu] = roie marrow [mru] / [mearu] =

dovlecel parsley [parsli] = ptrunjeleggplant [egpla:nt] / [egplaant] = vnta dill [dil] = mrarcucumber [kju:kmbr] / [chiuucambr] celery [selri] / [selri] = elin

= castravete parsnip [parsnip] = pstrnacpumpkin [pmpkin] /[pampchin] = dovleac pepper [pepr] = ardeibean [bi:n] / [biin] = fasole peas [pi:z] / [piiz] = mazre

#Detalii personale (Personal details)

name [neim] = nume old [ould] = btrnage [eid3] / [eigi] = vrst to stay [stei] = a stato live [liv] = a tri, a locui house [haus] = casaddress [dres] / [dres] = adres to come [km] / [cam] = a venibirthday [brdei] / [brsdei] = zi de natere birth [br] / [brs] = natereto pass [pa:s]/ [paas] = a trece to work [wrk] / [urc] = a muncijob [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaie boy [boi] = biatgirl [grl] / [grl] = fat child [taild] / [ciaild] = copilfriend [frend] = prieten woman [wumn] /[uumn] = femeieteenager [ti:n eid3r] / [tiin eiger] = adolescent high [hai] = nalttall [to:l] / [tool] = nalt big [big] = mareto use [ju:s] / [iuus] = a folosi to carry [kri] / [cheari] = a duce


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to wear [wer] / [uer] = a purta young [j]/ [iang] = tnrmodern [modrn/ [modrn] = modern new [nju:] / [niuu] = nouto describe [diskraib] / [discraib] = a descrie to look [luk] / [luc] = a privito appear [pir] / [pir] = a aprea to study [stdi] / [staid] = a studiastudent [stju:dnt] / [stiuudnt] = student double [dbl] / [dabl] = dublu

to marry [mri] / [meri] = a se cstori married [mrid] / [merid] = cstoritmarriage [mrid3] / [merigi] = cstorie to get[ get] / [ghet] = a obine, a luawhat [wot] / [uo-at] = ce? where [wer] / [uer] = unde?after [a:ftr] / [aaftr] = dup alike [laik] / [laic] = asemenealike [laik] / [laic] = ca, a plcea

#Familia (Family matters)

family [fmili] / [femili] = familie child [taild] / [ciaild] = copilchildren [tildrn] / [cildrn] = copii parent [pernt] / [pernt] = printedaughter [do:tr] / [dootr] = fiic son [sn][san] = fiu

brother [br

r

] / [braz

r

] = frate sister [sist

r

] / [sist

r

] = sorhusband [hzbnd] / [hazbnd] = so wife [waif] / [uaif] = soiefather [fa:r] / [fazr] = tat mother [mr] / [mazr] = mamgrandfather [grnd~] / [grend~] =bunic grandmother = bunicgrand son = nepot grand daughter = nepoataunt [a:nt] / [aant] =mtu uncle [kl] / [ancl] = unchiniece [niis] = nepoat (de mtu) nephew[ nevju:] / [neviuu] = nepotrelatives [reltiv] / [reltiv] = rude people [pi:pl] / [piipl] = lumeperson [prsn] / [prsn] = persoan know [nou] = a cunoatestranger [streind3r] / [streinger] = necunoscut meet [mi:t] / [miit] = a ntlniforeigner [forinr] / [forinr] = strin, din alt twins[twin] / [tuin] = gemeni

areldest [eldst] / [eldst] = cel mai n vrst dintre

frai

# Timpul liber(Free time)

vacuum cleaner [vkjum kli:nr] / [ve-achium cliinr] = aspiratorto do the housework [hauswrk] / [haus urc] = treburile gospodretialarm clock [larm klok] / [larm cloc] = ceas detepttorto wake up [weikp] / [ueic ap] = a se trezishampoo [mpu:] /[empuu] = amponto wash your hair [wo] / [uo-] = a te spla pe capcompact disk (CD) [sidi] = CD(video) cassette = caset (video)to listen to music [ lisn] / [lisn], [mju:zik]/ [miuuzic] = a asculta muziccamera [kmr] / [cheamr] = aparat de fotografiat, camer de televiziuneto take photos [teik foutous] / [teic foutous] = a face pozepiano [pja:nou] / [piaanou] = pianto play the piano [plei] = a cnta la pian


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television [telivi3n] / [telivijn] = televiziunetelevision set = televizorto watch television [wot] / [uo-ci] = a privi , a se uita la TVbrush [br] / [bra] = pensulto paint a picture = a picta un tablou

to paint [peint] = a pictapicture [ piktr] / [piccir] = tabloubook [buk] / [buc] = cartebest [best] = cel/cea mai bun()favourite [feivrit] / [feivrit ] = favoritto make [meik] / [meic] = a face to join [d3oin] / [gioin] = a se alturato spend [spend] = a petrece (timpul liber) fun [fn] / [fan] = haz, glum, distracieto have fun = a se distra hobby [hobi] = hobi, pasiuneempty [empti ] = gol member [membr] / [membr] = membruspare [sper] / [sper] = liber team [ti:m] / [tiim] = echip

(spare time- timp liber) the cinema [sinim] / [sinim] = cinema

to walk [wo:k] / [uooc] = a se plimba to travel [trvl] / [trevl] = a cltorito enjoy [ind3oi] / [ingioi] = a se bucura de to draw [dro:] / [droo] = a desenadanger [deind3r] / [deinger] = pericol dangerous = periculosstamp [stmp] / [stemp] = timbru song [so] / [song] = cntecto sing [si] / [sing] = a cnta game [geim] / [gheim] = joc

# Camerele (Rooms)

ceiling [si:li] / [siiling] = tavan door [do:r] / [door] = ufloor [flo:r] / [floor] = podeaua wall [wo:l] / [uo-ll] = zidlight [lait] = lumin chair [ter] / [cer] = scaunarmchair = fotoliu window [windou] / [uindou] = fereastrradiator [reidieitr] / [reidieitr] = radiator kitchen [kitin] / [chicin] = buctriadining room [daini ru:m] / [daining ruum] bedroom [bedru:m] / [bedruum] = pat

= sufragerie bathroom [ba: ~] [baas ~] = baieliving-room [livi ru:m] / [living ~] study [stdi]/ [staid] = camer de studiu

= camer de zi to turn off [trn] / [trn] = a stinge (lumina)to close [klouz] / [clo-uz] = a nchide to shut [t] / [at] = a nchide, a zavorto stop [stop] = a opri lunch [lnt] / [lanci] = prnzbreakfast [brekfst] / [brecfst] = mic dejun dinner [dinr] / [dinr] = cinto hit [hit] = a lovi to knock [nok] / [noc] = a bate (la u)to put [put] = a pune to open [oupn] / [oupn] = a deschideto turn on = a porni desk [desk] / [desc] = biroufurniture [frnitr] / [frnicir] = mobil upstairs [psterz] / [apsterz] = la etajplace [pleis] = loc space [speis] = spaiuarea [eri] / [eri] = suprafa bedsit [bedsit] = garsoniercottage [kotid3] / [cotogi] = vil saloon [slu:n] / [sluun] = salon

cas mirror [mirr]/ [mirr]= oglindacurtain[krtn] / [crtn] = perdea office [ofis] = biroubookcase [buk keis] / [buc cheis] library [laibrri] / [laibrri]= bibliotec


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= bibliotec, dulap pt cri carpet [ka:rpit] / [carpit] = covorcupboard [kbd] / [cabd] = buffet to share [er] [ er] = a mpriwardrobe [wordroub] / [uordroub] hostel [hostl / [hostl] = cmin

= garderob, ifonier home [houm] = (a)cascollege [kolid3] / [coligi] = colegiu

accommodations[komdein]/ [comdein] = locuin

#Locuri (Places)

greengrocer [gri:n grousr] / greengrocers = la aprozar[griingrousr] = zarzavagiu market [markit] / [marchit] = piabank [bk] / [benc] = banc chemist [kemist] / [chemist] = farmacistchemists = la farmacie baker [beikr] / [beicr] = brutarbutcher [butr] / [bacer] = mcelar post office [poust ofis]= potnewsagent [nju:z eid3nt] / [niuuz eigent] city [siti] = ora

= agent de pres, vnztor de ziare country [kntri] / [cantri] = (la) arfield [fi:ld]/ [fiild] = cmpie capital [kpitl] / [cheapitl] = capitalacentre [sentr] / [sentr] = centru town [taun] = oravillage [vilid3] / [viligi] = sat villa [vil]/ [vil] = cas de vacanland [lnd] / [lend] = pmnt earth [r] / [rs] = planeta pmntmountain [mauntin]= munte world [wrld] / [urld] = lumeto find [faind] = a gsi to leave [li:v]/ [liiv] = a plecaroad [roud] = drum, cale, osea way [wei] /[uei] = drum, caledirection [direkn] / [direcn] far [fa:r] / [faar] = departe

= direcie, sens distance [distns] / [distns] = distanjourney [d3rni] / [girni] = cltorie over [ouvr] / [ouvr] = pestestraight on [ streit] = drept nainte through [ru:]/ [sruu] = prinon = pe at [t] / [et] = laby [bai] = pe la, de ctre station [stein] / [stein] = staie, garblock of flats [blok of flt] / hotel [houtel] = hotel

[bloc of flet] = bloc de apartamente restaurant [restr] / [restrn] = restaurantpolice station[pli:s]/ [pliis] = secie de theatre [itr] / [sitr] = teatru

poliie

# Ocupaii, meserii (Jobs)

job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaie, meserie company [kmpni] / [campni] = firmtypewriter [taipraitr] / [taipraitr] typist [taipist] = dactilograf

main de scris doctor [doctr] / [doctr] = doctordentist [dentist] = dentist electric [ilektrik] / [ilectric]= = electricelectrician [ilektrin] / [ilectrin] cook [kuk] / [cuc] = buctar

= electrician cooker [~r] / [~r] = cuptorteacher [ti:tr] / [tiicir] = nvtor, professor [prfesr] / [prfesr] = prof univ

profesor de liceu vet [vet] = medic veterinarjournalist [d3rnlist] / [girnlist] judge [d3d3] / [geagi] = judector


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= jurnalist tailor [teilr] /[teilr] = croitormechanic [miknik] / [micheanic] plumber [plmr]/ [plamr] = instalator

= mechanic farmer [farmr] / [farmr] = fermiercarpenter [karpintr] / [carpintr] actor [ktr] / [e-actr] = actor

= dulgher, templar sailor [seilr] / [seilr] = marinar

plumber [plm

r

]/ [plam

r

] = instalator soldier [sould3

r

] / [souldge

r

] = soldatarchitect [arkitekt] / [architect] = arhitect gardener[gardnr] / [gardnr] = grdinarsteward [stjurd] / [stiurd] = administrator lawyer [lo:jr] / [lo:ir] = avocat

de moie, intendent nurse [nrs] / [nrs] = asistentmusician [mju:zin]/[miuuzin] scientist [saintist] / [saintist]

= musician student [stju:dnt]/ [stiuudnt] = studentscientist [saintist] / [saintist] waiter [weitr] / [ueitr] = chelner

= om de tiin writer [raitr] / [raitr] = scriitorsale assistant [seil sistnt] / [seil sistnt] builder [bildr] / [bildr] = constructor

= vnztor sign [sain] = semnemployment [imploimnt] / [imploimnt] notice [noutis] = aviz, ntiinare

= serviciu, slujba previous [pri:vis] / [priivis] = anterioradvertisement [ dvrtismnt] / manager [mnid3r]/[meniger] = manager[dvrtismnt] = reclam, anun review[rivju:]/ [riviuu] = revist, bilan

experience [ikspirins] / [icspirins] to offer [ofr] / [ofr] = a oferi, ofert= experien referee [refri] / [refri] = arbitru, persoan

interview[intvju:]/ [intviuu] = interviu care d referinereferences [refrns] / [refrns] = raport,

referin, trimitere

#n cas (Inside the house)

poster [poustr] / [poustr] = afi shelf [elf] / [elf] = raftlamp [lmp] /[lemp] = lamp table [teibl] / [teibl] = massofa [souf]/ [souf] = canapea fridge [frid3] / [frigid] = frigiderblanket [blkit] / [blenchit] = cuvertur, dustbin [dstbin] / [dustbin]=

ptur lad de gunoipillow [pilou] = pern shower [aur]/ [aur]= dubookshelf [bukelf] / [bucelf] = bibliotec, stove [stouv] = sob, cuptor

rafturi de cri seat [si:t]/[siit] = loc de ezutcentral heating [sentrl hi:ti] / [sentrl hiiting] chimney [timni] / [cimni] = emineu

= nclzire central fireplace [fairpleis] / [fairpleis] =basin [beisn] = lighean, chiuvet = cmin, emineutap [tp] / [tep] = robinet

# Mncare i butur (Food and drink)

biscuits [biskits] / [bischits] = biscuii chips [tips] / [cips] = cartofi tiaisalad [sld] / [se-ald] = salat felii subirisausage [sosid3] / [sosigi] = crnat, salam chicken [tikin]/ [cichin] = puifruit [fru:t] / [fruut] = fruct bread [bred] = pine


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food [fu:d] / [fuud] = mncare meal [mi:l]/ [miil] = mas, mncaremenu[ menju:] / [meniuu] = meniu picnic [piknik] / [picnic] = picnicsnack [snk] / [snec] = aperitiv, gustare course[kors] / [cors] = fel de mncareto boil [boil]= a fierbe cook [kuk]/ [cuc] = a gtiwater [wo:tr] / [uootr] = ap to pour [po:r] / [poor] = a turna

cup [cp]/ [cap] = can to bake [beik] / [beic] = a coaceto fry [frai] = a prji, a frige fish [fi] / [fi] = peteoil [oil] = ulei, petrol bill [bil] = nota de platfresh[ fre] / [fre] = proaspt frozen [frouzn] / [frouzn] =meat [mi:t]/ [miit] = carne ngheatvegetable [ved3tbl] / [vegetbl] = legum oven [vn] / [avn]= cuptorvegetarian [ved3iterin] / [vegiterin]= loaf [louf] = franzel

= vegetarian jug [d3g]/ [geag] =ulciorfork [fork] / [forc] = furculi knife [naif] = cuitplate [pleit] = farfurie spoon [spu:n] / [spuun] = lingurstraw [stro:] / [stroo] = pai tray [trei] = tav

#Animale (Animals)

horse [hors] = cal dog [dog] = cnecat [kt] / [chet] = pisic bird [brd] / [brd] = pasremonkey [mki] / [manchi] = maimu lizard [lizrd] / [lizrd] = oprlpet [pet] = copil, animal favorit toy [toi] = jucrieto shout [aut] / [aut] = a striga to bark [bark] / [barc] =a ltrato run [rn] / [ran] = a alerga to fly [flai] = a zburalion [lain] / [lain]= leu tiger [taigr] / [taigr] = tigruwild [waild]/ [uaild] = slbatic ride [raid] = a clrito feed [fi:d] / [fiid] = a hrni to climb [klaim] / [claim] = a seto eat [i:t] = a mnca cralow [lou] =jos deep [di:p]/ [diip] = adncdeep [di:p]/ [diip] = adnc sea [si:] / [sii] = mare (litoral)tail [teil] = coad to bite [bait] = a mucato jump [d3mp] / [geamp] = a sri to bite [bait] = a mucasnake [sneik] / [sneic] = arpe parrot [prt] / [pert] = papagalsleep [sli:p]/ [sliip] = a dormi to hunt [hnt] = a vnamouse [maus] = oarece duck [dk] / [dac] = rahen [hen] = gin goose [gu:s] /[guus] = gsc

cock[kok] / [coc] = coco

#Hainele (Clothes)

skirt [skrt] / [scrt]= fust beard [bird] / [bird] = barblong [lo] / [long] =lung hair [her] / [her] =prglasses[gla:sis] / [glaasis] = ochelari jeans [d3i:ns] / [giins] = blugipullover [pulouver] = pullover tracksuit [trksu:t]/[trecsuut]suit [su:t] / [suut] = costum =trening


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ear-rings [ir- ri] / [ir-ring] = cercei hat [ht] / [het] = plriebelt [belt] = curea, centur glove [glv]/ [glav] = mnucostume [kostju:m] / [costiuum] = costum sock [sok] / [soc] = osetovercoat [ovrkout] / [ovrcout] = palton to dress [dres] = a se mbrcaunderwear [ndwer] / [andruer] = izmene blouse [blauz] = bluz

shirt [

r

t] / [

r

t] =cma trouser [trauz

r

]/[trauz

r

] = pantalonsize [saiz] = mrime, dimensiune large [lard3]/ [largi] = larg, marelabel [leibl] / [leibl] = etichet bargain [bargin] / [barghin] = trg

#Vremea (Weather)

its hot [hot] =foarte cald its cold [kould] = receits snowing [snoui] /[snouing] = ninge its windy[windi]/ [uindi] = bate vntits raining [reini] / [reining] = plou its cloudy [klaudi] / [claudi]= norsky[ skai] / [scai] = cer cloud [ klaud]/ [claud] = norrain [rein] = ploaie dark [dark] / [darc] = ntuneric

storm [sto

r

m] = furtun thunder [nd

r

] / [sand

r

] = tunetshower [aur] / [aur] = avers wind [wind] / [uind]= vntto blow [blou] = a sulfa, a bate wet [wet] / [uet] = udsunshine [snain] / [sanain] = lumina soarelui sunny [sni] / [sani] = nsoritlightning [laitni] / [laitning] = fulger to freeze [fri:z] / [friiz] = a ngheaheavy [hevi] = greu (ploaie mult) watery [wo:tri] / [uootri] = apossunburn [snbrn] / [sanbrn] = bronzare

# Corpul(The body)

eye [ ai] = ochi mouth [mau] / [maus] = gurarm [arm] = bra hand [hnd] / [hend] = mnleg [leg] = picior (de la old la glezn) foot [fut] =picior (de la glezn n jos)finger [figr] / [fingr] = deget (mn) nose [nouz] = nasear [ir] / [ir] = ureche back [bk] / [bec] = spinarehead [hed] = cap knee [ni:] / [nii] = genunchinose [nouz] = nas toe [tou] = deget de la piciorneck [nek] / [nec]= gt waist [weist] / [ueist] = talieto laugh [la:f] / [laaf] = a rde to kick [kik]/[chic] = a da din piciorto bite [bait] = a muca to smell [smel] = a mirosito wink [wik] / [uinc] = a clipi, a face cu ochiul to blink [blik] / [blinc] = a clipito kiss [ kis] / [chis] = a sruta to shout [aut] / [aut] = a striga

# S ne meninem sntoi (Staying healthy)

soap [soup] = spun to wash [wo] / [uo] = a (se) splaoperation [oprein] / [oprein] = operaie a cold [ kould] / [ could] = rcealill [il] = bolnav pain [pein] = durerehospital [hospitl] / [hospitl] = spital medicine [medisin] = medicament]accident [ksidnt] / [ecsidnt] = accident heat [hi:t] / [hiit] = cldur


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temperature [tempritr] / [tempricer] earache [ireik] / [ireic] = durere= temperatur de ureche

thermometer [rmomitr] / [srmomitr] patient [peint] / [peint] = pacient= termometru to fell [fel] = a cdea

to sneeze [sni:z] / [sniiz] = a strnuta to bleed [bli:d] / [bliid] = a sngera

wound [wu:nd] / [uund] = ran plaster [pla:st

r

] / [plast

r

] = plastureto smoke [smouk] / [smouc] = a fuma to fit [fit] = a se potrividangerous [deind3rs] / [deingers] = periculos healthy [heli] / [helzi] = sntosinjured [ind3d] [ingerd] = rnit sore [so:r] / [soor] = durerosheadache [hedeik] / [hedeic] = durere de cap fever [fi:vr]/ [fiivr] = febrsore throat [so:rrout] / [soorsrout] = durere de gt dizzy [dizi] = ameitback ache [bk eik] / [bec eic] = durere de spatestomach ache [stmk ~]/ [stamc ~] = durere de

stomacbroken arm [broukn arm]/ [broucn arm]

= bra rupt

#Lumea din jurul nostru (The world around us)

bush [bu] / [bu] = tufi fence [fens] = gardfield [fi:ld] / [fiild] = camp flower [flaur] / [flaur] = floarelake [leik]/ [leic] = lac hill [hil] = dealstream [stri:m]/ [striim] = ru, uvoi tree [tri:] / [trii] = pomriver [rivr]/ [rivr] = ru garden [gardn]/ [gardn] = grdinisland [ailnd] / [ailnd] = insul land [lnd] / [lend] = pmntlake [leik] / [leic] = lac ocean [oun] / [oun] = oceanbeach [bi:t] / [biici] = plaj seaside [si:said] / [siisaid] = litoraloutside [autsaid] = afar country [kntri] / [cantri] = (la) arcoast [koust] / [coust] = coast side [said] = parte, laturcastle [ka:sl] / [caasl] = castel forest [forist] = pdurebridge [brid3] / [brigi] = pod

# Transportul(Transport)

bus [bs] / [bas] = autobus station [stein]/ [stein] = staiestop [stop] = staie de autobus car [ka:r] / [caar] = mainto drive [draiv] = a conduce (maina) trip [trip] = excursieon foot [on fut] = pe jos to arrive [raiv] /[raiv] = a sosireturn ticket [ritrn tikit]/ [ritrn tichit] = to leave [li:v] / [liiv] = a pleca

billet dus-ntors to lose [lu:z] / [luuz] = a pierdeto miss [mis] = a pierde (autobuzul), a-i fi dor to hurry [hri] / [hari] = a se grbiairport [erporrt] / [erport] = aeroport train [trein] = trenwelcome [welkm]/ [uelcm] = bine ai venit to fly [flai] = a zburavoyage [voiid3] / [voiigi] = cltorie, voiaj journey [d3rni]/ [gerni] = cltorieto run [rn] / [ran] = a alerga to lead [li:d] / [liid] = a ndruma, a


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to reach [ri:t] / [riici] = a ajunge pn la, conduce (pe cineva)a atinge street [stri:t] / [striit] = strad

path [pa:] / [paas] = potec way [wei] / [uei] = drumplane [plein] = avion to fine [fain] = amendaflight [flait] = zbor bike [baik] / [baic] = biciclet

boat [bout] = barc ship [ip] / [ip] = vaporto take off [teik] / [teic] = a decola to row [rou] = a vslimotorway [moutrwei] / [moutruei] = autostraddouble-decker bus [dbl dekr] / [dabl decr]

= autobus cu dou etaje

#Lucruri utile (Useful things)

tin opener [tin oupnr] / [tin oupnr] camera [kmr] / [cheamr]= deschiztor de conserve = aparat foto

dishwasher [di wor] / [di uor] = maina de kettle [ketl] / [chetl] = ceainic

splat vase phone [foun] = telefonmobile phone [moubail ~] = telefon mobil can [kn] / [chen] = conservpencil [pensl] / [pensl] = creion pen [pen] = stilousharpener [arpnr] / [arpnr] = ascuitoare to lock [lok] / [loc] = a ncuiascissors [sizr] / [sizr] = foarfec key [ki:] / [chii] = cheielight [lait] = lumin tissue [tisju:] / [tiiuu] = stof,washing machine [woi mi:n]/ [uoing min] batist

= maina de splat rufe ruler [ru:lr] / [rulr] = linie, riglenvelope [envloup] / [envloup] = plic bowl [boul] = castronfrying pan [frain pn] / [fraing pe-an] = tigaie bulb [blb]/ [balb] = beccandle [kndl] / [cheandl] = lumnare mug [mg] / [mag] = can, paharsaucepan [so:s pn] / [soos pe-an] = oal, crati

#Alte ri (Other countries)

passport [pa:sport] /[paasport] = paaport country [kntri] / [cantri] = arcontinent [kontinnt] / [continnt] = continent map [mp] / [meap] = hartEurope [jurp]/[iurp] = Europa abroad [bro:d]/ [brood] = n

strintateAnthem [nm]/ [ensm] = imn dish [di] / [di] = fel de mncarenational [nnl] / [nenl] =naional South [sau]/ [saus] = Sudthe Alps [lps] [ealps] = Alpii range [reind3] / [reingi] = lanTurkey [trki] / [trchi]= Turcia Turkish [trki]/ [trchi] = turc(esc)Italian [itljn] / [ite-alin] = italian Italy [itli] / [itli] = ItaliaSpanish [spni] / [speni] = spaniol(esc) Spain [spein] = SpaniaGermany [d3rmni] / [germni] = Germania German [d3rmn] / [germn] =

neam, nemesc, germanFrench [frent]/ [frenci] = francez, franuzesc France [fra:ns] / [fraans] = FranaGreek [gri:k] / [griik] = grec, grecesc Greece [gri:s]/ [griis] = GreciaBrazilian [brzilin] / [brzilin] = brazilian Brazil [brzil] / [brzil] = Brazilia


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Swiss [swis] / [suis] = elveian Switzerland[switsrlnd]/[suitsrlnd] = Elveia

Polish [poli] / [poli] = polonez Poland[poulnd]/[poulnd] = PoloniaArgentinian [ard3ntinjn]/[argentinin] Argentina [ard3nti:n] /[argentiin]

= argentinian = Argentina

Norwegian [no

r

wi:d3n] / [nor

uiigen] = Norway[nor

wei]/ [no

r

uei] = Norvegianorvegian

Hungarian [hgerin] / [hangherin] Hungary [hgri] / [hangri]= ungur(esc) = Ungaria

Mexican [meksikn] / [mecsicn] = mexican Mexico [meksikou] / mecsicou]= Mexic

Dutch [dt] / [daci] = olandez Holland [holnd] / [holnd] = OlandaIrish [airi] / [airi] = irlandez Ireland [airlnd]/[airlnd] = IrlandaSwede [swi:d] / [suiid] = suedez Sweden [swi:dn]/[suiidn] = SuediaEgyptian [i:d3ipn] / [iigipn] = egiptean Egypt [i:d3ipt] / [iigipt] = Egipt

Scot [skot] / [scot] = scoian Scotland [skotlnd] / [scotlnd] =ScoiaWarsaw [worso:] / [uorsoo] = Varovia Budapest [bju:dpest] / [biuudpest]

= BudapestaLisbon [lizbn] / [lizbn] = Lisabona London [lndn]/ [landn] = LondraAthens [inz] / [easinz] = Atena Japan [d3pn] /[gepen] = JaponiaAustria [ostri] / [ostri] = Austria England[iglnd]/[inglnd] = Anglia

#In clas (In the clasroom)

to read [ri:d]/ [riid] = a citi to study [stdi] / [stadi] = a studiatest [test] = test hard [hard] = din greudictionary [diknri] / [dicnri] = dicionar absent [bsnt] / [ebsnt] = absentexercise [ekssaiz] / [ecssaiz] = exerciiu to fail [feil] = a eua, a pica

un examenhomework [houmwrk] / [houmurc] = tem to teach [ti:t] / [tiici] = a predato learn [lrn] / [lrn] = a nva lesson [lesn] / [lesn] = leciegeography [d3iogrfi] / [giogrfi]= geografie maths [ms] / [meas] = matebiology [baiold3i] / [baiolgi] = biologie history [histri] / [histri] = istoriechemistry [kemistri] / [chemistry] = chimie physics [fiziks] / [fizics] = fizicto mean [mi:n] / [miin] = a nsemna word [wrd] / [urd] = cuvntto answer [a:nsr] / [aansr] = a rspunde to guess [ges] / [ghes] = a ghicimeaning [mi:ni] / [miining] = sens to ask [a:sk] / [aasc] = a ntrebaknowledge [nolid3] / [noligi] = cunoatere model [modl] / [modl] = modelattention [tenn] / [tenn] = atenie sample[sa:mpl] /[saampl] = mostrexample [igza:mpl]/ [igzaampl] = exemplu to behave [biheiv] = a se purtabehaviour [biheivjr] / [biheivir] = purtare to hear [hir] / [hir] = a auzito realize [rilaiz] / [rilaiz] = a nelege to attend [tend] = a fi prezentto repeat [ripi:t] / [ripiit] = a repeat to retell [ri:tel] / [riitel] = a repovestito explain [iksplein] / [icsplein] = a explica to copy [kopi] / [copi] = a copia


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to practise [prktis] / [prectis] = a exersa exam [igzm] / [igzem] = examento underline [ndrlain]/[andrlain] = a sublinia break [break] / [breic] = pauzattendance [tendns] / [tendns] = prezen class [kla:s] / [claas] = clastimetable [taim teibl] = orar, program note [nout] = notiproject [prod3ekt]/[ progect] = proiect term [trm] / [trm] = semestru

uniform [ju:nifo

r

m] / [iuunifo

r

m] = uniform report [ripor

t] = raportsubject [sbd3ikt] ] / [sabgict] = subiect, materie chapter [tptr] / [ceaptr] = capitol

information [infrmein] / [infrmein] school [sku:l] / [scuul ] = coal= informaie

# S ieim afar(Going out)

to record [riko:d] / [ricord] = a nregistra tape [teip] = bandto swim [swim] / [suim] = a nota singer [sir] / [singr]= cntrecartoon [kartu:n] / [cartuun] = desen animat to win [win] / [uin] = a ctiga

party[pa

r

ti] = petrecere keen on [ki:n] / [kiin] = mort dupto discuss [disks] / [discas] = a discuta to find [faind ]= a gsito change [teind3] [ceingi] = a schimba to hate [heit] = a urto admire [dmair] / [dmair]= a admira club [klb] / [clab] = clubstadium [steidim] / [steidim] = stadion court [kort] / [cort] = curtepool [pu:l]/ [puul] = iaz, piscin trak [trk] / [trec] = pistcompetition [kompitin] / [compitin] diving[daivi]/[daiving] = scufundri

= competiie cup [kp]/[cap] = cupamarathon [mrn]/ [marsn] = maraton final [fainl] / [fainl] = finaladoubles [dbls] / [dabls] = la dublu match [mt] / [meci] = meci

#La cumprturi (Shopping around)

to buy [bai] = a cumpra shoe [u:] / [uu] = pantofreceipt [risi:t] / [risiit] = chitan to cost [kost] / [cost] = a costamoney [mni] / [mani] = bani cash [k] / [che] = bani gheato try [trai] = a ncerca shop [op] / [op] = magazineto close [klouz] / [clouz] = a nchide to sign [sain] = a semnabag [bg] / [beg] = sac, geant sack [sk] / [se-ac] = sac (de pnz)price [prais] = pre cheque [tek] / [cec] = cecto spend [spend] = a cheltui parcel [parsl] / [parsl] = pachetto book [buk] / [buc] = a nregistra bottle [botl] = sticlbunch [bnt] / [banci] = buchet pile [pail] = grmadcrowd [kraud] / [craud] = mulime box [boks] / [bocs] = cutiepacket [pkit] / [pechit] = pachet (de igri) tube [tju:b] / [tiuub] = tublump [lmp] = bulgre, calup bar [bar] = lingou, bucatcube [kju:b] / [chiuub] = cub kilo [ki:lou] / [chiilou] = kgcontainer [konteinr] / [conteinr] = recipient trolley [troli] = crucior vagonetcustomer [kstmr] / [castmr] = client sale [seil] = vnzarepocket [pokit] / [pochit] = buzunar cheap [ti:p] / [ciip] = ieftin


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various [veris] / [veris] = divers, variat often [ofn] / [ofn] = adeseaexpensive [ikspensiv] / [icspensiv] = scump square [skwer] / [scuer] = pia,

ptratmarket [markit] / [marchit] = pia, trg

2. VOCABULAR SPECIFIC DE PRES

#Presa, ziarele, televiziunea, radioul(Press, Newspapers, Tv, Radio)

news [nju:s]/ [niuuz] = tirenews agency [~ eid3nsi] / [~ eigensi] = agenie de tirinews agent [~ eid3nt] / [~ eigent] = agent de pres, vnztor de ziarenewsboy [~boi] = vnztor de ziare (biat sau tnr)newscast [~ka:st] / [~ caast] = (rad, telev) buletin de tiri; radiojurnal sau telejurnalnewscaster [~r] / [~r] = (rad, tv), crainic (care transmite tirile)

news conference [~ konfrns] / [~ confrns] = conferin de presnewsman [~mn] / [~mn] = reporter, corespondent; vnztor de ziarenews media [~mi:di] / [~miidi] = mass medianews monger [~ mgr] / [ ~ mangr] = colportor, brfitornewsmongering [~mgri] / [~mangring] = tiri necontrolate, zvonurinewspaper [~peipr] / [~peipr] = ziar, gazetnewspaper man [~~ mn] / [~~mn] = ziarist, gazetarnewsprint [~print] = hrtie de ziarnews reel [~ ri:l] / [~ riil] = (rad, cin, telev) (jurnal de ) actualitinews room [~ ru:m] / [~ruum] = sal de lectur a periodicelor; redacie de actualiti, tirinews sheet [~ i:t] / [~iit] = foaie de ziar

news stall [~ sto:l] / [~ stool] = chioc de ziarenews stand [~ stnd] / [~ steand] = chioc de ziare (A.English)news vendor [~ vendr] / [~ vendr] = vnztor de ziarenewsworthy [~ w:i] / [~ ursi] = important, care merit s fie publicatnewsy [~zi] = plin de nouti

Whats the latest news? = Care sunt ultimele tiri?Here is the news = Iattirile.Thats no news to me = Asta nu e o noutate pentru mineNo news (is) good news. = Lipsa de veti nseamn veti buneIll news flies fast/apace = vestea rea alearg repede

He is in the news = se vorbete despre el n ziare; e n centrul aten iei

press [pres] = pres, publicitatepress agency [~eid3nsi] / [~ eigensi] = agenie de tiri/ prespress agent [~eid3nt] / [eigent]= agent de publicitatepress conference [~konfrns]/ [confrns] = conferint de prespress officer [~ofisr]/ [ofisr] = ataat de pres


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press release [~rili:s]/ [riliis] = declaraie de prespress review [~rivju:] / [riviuu] = revista preseipress room [~ru:m] / [ruum] = camera (rezervat) ziaritilor

radio [reidiou] = radio (difuziune), aparat de radio, a transmite prin radio

radio announcer [~nauns

r

] / [~ nauns

r

] = crainic (de radio)radio broadcasting [~bro:dka:sti]/ [~broodcaasting] = radiodifuziuneradio communication [~ kmju:nikein] = radiocomunicaieradio drama [~dra:ma] [~draama] = teatru radiofonicradioreceiver [~risi:vr] / [~risiivr] = (radio)receptor

television [telivi3n]/ [telivijin] = televiziuneteleprompter [~promtr] / [~promtr] = telepromptertelerecord [~riko:d]/ [~ricord] = a nregistra pe band videotelethon [telon]/ [telson] = program Tv foarte lungteleview [~vju:]/ [~viuu] = a viziona, a urmri (un program televizat)

televiewer [~vju:

r

] / [~viuu

r

] = telespectatortelevision set [telivi3n set] / [telivijin set] = televizortelevisional [~l]/ [~l] = televizat, transmis prin televiziunetelevision buff [~bf] = telespectator pasionat, maniactelevisor [telivaizr] / [telivaizr] = televizor

bulletin [ bulitin] = buletin (de tiri)forecast [forka:st] / [forcaast] = prevdere (meteo)

actuality [ktjuliti] / [eactuealiti] = nregistrarea unui eveniment actual sau a a cuivacare vorbete

ad [d] / [ead] = prescurtare pentru advertisment ( = reclam)audio[o:dio] / [oodio] = material sonorbroadsheet [bro:di:t] / [broodiit] = foaie de ziar (23 inchi/16inchi) pres de calitatebulletin [bulitin] = program de tiri (UK); tire (US)byline [bailain] = numele reporterului care apare cu un articolclassified [klsifaid (ad) ] / [cleasifaid (ad)] = mica publicitatecopy [kopi] / [copi] = materialul scris produs de jurnalitii de la ziare; uneori folosit i de

cei din radiocopy flow [~ flou] = drumul parcurs de materialcorrespondent = 1. jurnalist care acoper un anumit loc sau o anumit regiune (ex:

corespondent la Paris, sau ntr-un sat)2. jurnalist specialist (corespondent politic, de afaceri, etc)

deadline [dedlain] = termenul limit pn la care trebuie scris articoluldisplay [displei] = reclamele maridub [db] / [dab] = un articol nregistrat de pe o caset pe altaedit = a edita, a pregti pentru tipar, a publica, a redactaediting = mbuntirea i verificarea unui articol sau a unei nregistrri; munca unui

editor


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editor = responsabil, din punct de vedere legal, la un ziar, pentru ntregul coninut alziarului; editor de carte; redactoref

edition [idin] / [idin] = ediieeditorial = articol de fond, editorialeditorial board = comitet de redacie

editorialize = A.E. a-i exprima prerile n articole de fond; informaii tendenioase (nziare)editorial office = redacie de ziareditorial staff = personal de redacieeditor-in-chief = redactoref; redactor responsabileditorship = conducere redacionaledit out = a elimina cuvinteeditress = editoare de carte, responsabil de ediie; redactoare efembargo = interzicerea de a publica naintea unei perioade de timp specificate;

declaraiile de pres sunt adesea distribuite n avans sisupuse embargoului

feature = articol dintr-un ziar care nu este tirefeature writer = jurnalist care scrie astfel de articole, deci nu tiri (scrise de reporteri)freelance = jurnalist care nu aparine personalului de redacie, liber profesionistheadline = titlul unui textinside back = penultima paginlayout = desingn-ul unei pagini de ziarmiddle-market = presa dintre ziarele de calitate i tabloide:Daily Mailnewsprint = hrtia pe care sunt tiparite ziarelenib = paragrafe ale tirilor scrie de obicei ntr-o coloane (< news in brief)package = raport fcut din contribuia unui jurnalist i dintr-un eveniment de actualitatepagination = numr de paginipictures = fotografiiproducer = persoan din radio responsabil cu transmiterea buletinului de tiriquality = ziare serioade (broadsheet, up-market)reporter = jurnalist preocupat n principal de colectarea tirilorscript = exemplarul jurnalistului din radiostory = articol, sau potenial articolsub-editor = jurnalist care verific, corecteazi pregtete exemplarul pentru tiprittabloid = dimensiunea paginii (jumtate din broadsheet), folosit pentru a descrie presa de

slab calitatetext = principalul material tiprit ntr-un ziar, ca diferit de titluri, grafice, fotografii, etc.


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Exerciiu: Completai urmtoarele texte:

A. My nameJohn. Who .you?B. I..Maria. I..20 years old. And you?A. I.22 years old.

B. How..you do! Nice to meet .A. Nice to meet you, too. How.you?B. I am .thanks!

Hello, everybody! I..Maria, and I .20 years old.Ifrom Deva and right now I..living in Bucharest. I ama, so I interview people.


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CAPITOLUL 4 (CHAPTER 4)

MODELE DE PRES ANGLO-AMERICAN

Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena dea nelege corect prima pagin, titlul, i lumea presei anglo-americane.

Subcapitole: 1. Prima pagin a unui ziar2. Titlurile de ziare3. Tipuri de ziare n lumea anglo-saxon

1. PRIMA PAGIN A UNUI ZIAR (= FRONT PAGE)

Avei n imagine prima pagin din ziarul american The New York Times variantaonline, cci pe acest tip de variant se va baza tot restul cursului. (www.nytimes.com).

masthead [ma:sthed] / [maasthed] = numele primei pagini (numele ziarului)= cutia de pe pagina editorial cu numele celor maiimportan redactori= cutia cu numele, numerele de telefoane si adresede pe primele pagini ale ziarului

headline [hedlain] = titlul unui articol de ziarcrosshead [kroshed] / [croshed] = cteva cuvinte folosite pentru a despri fragmente mari

de text, i care sunt, n mod normal, luate din textul principal. Acestea

se folosesc adesea n interviuribyline [bailain] = numele jurnalistului la nceputul articoluluidateline [deitlain] = un rnd la nceputul articolului indicnd locaia povestiriicaption [kpn] / [cheapn] = un text tiprit folosit sub o poz pentru a o descrie (=

cutline)infographics [infou grfiks] / [infou greafics] = reprezentaii vizuale ale informaiei,

datelor sau cunotiinelor (ex: a hart a metroului)diagram [daigrm] / [daigream] = desen sechematic sau tehnicbox [boks]/ [bocs] = material ncadrat, complet sau parial, de un dreptunghilead-story [li:d sto:ri] / [liid stoori] = tire de importan majorsubhead [sb hed] / [sabhed] = un titlul mai scurt/mic, de un rnd, pentru un articol

subheading [sbhedi]/ [sabheding] = subtitlu


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2. TITLURILE DE (ARTICOLE) DE ZIARE ( = HEADLINES)

a. Titlurile de ziare nu sunt ntotdeauna propoziii complete. Multe titluri constdin expresii substantivale fr verbe:

ex: More Wage Cuts = Mai multe reduceri la salariimore = mai multewage = salariicuts = reduceri

b. Titlurile conin adesea iruri de trei, patru, sau mai multe substantive;substantivele de la nceputul irului le modific pe cele care urmeaz:

ex: Furniture Factory Pay Cut Row = a row ( = un dezacord) despre ocut (= reducere) n ce privete plata (pay) la o fabric factory de mobil (furniture)

furniture = mobilfactory = fabric

(to) pay = a plti(to) cut = a tiarow = dezacord

c. Adesea, titlurile las la o parte articolele i verbul to beex: Woman Walks on Moon = O femeie / Femeia merge pe Lun (n mod

normal the moon)woman = femeie(to) walk = a se plimba, a merge, a pi(the) moon = luna de pe cer

d. n titlurile de ziare, timpurile simple sunt adesea folosite n locul formelorprogresive sau continue. Prezentul simplu este folosit att pentru evenimentele prezentect i pentru cele trecute:

Ex: Blind Girl Climbs Everest = .has climbed.= O fat oarb s-a crat pe Everest.

blind = orbgirl = fat(to) climb = a se cra

Students Fight For Course Changes = are fighting.= Studenii lupt pentru schimbarea cursurilor

(to) fight = a (se) luptacourse = curschanges = schimbri

Prezentul continuu poate fi folosit, n special pentru a vorbi despre schimbri. Deobicei nu folosim i be.

Britain Getting Warmer, Say Scientists = is getting


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= Marea Britanie se nclzete (devine mai) cald, spunoamenii de tiin.

Warm = cald warmer = mai cald(to) say = a spune

scientists = oamenii de tiine. Multe cuvinte din titluri sunt folosite fie ca substantive, fie ca verbe, iar

substantivele sunt adesea folosite pentru a modifica alte substantive (a se vedeaparagraful b de mai sus). Aadar, nu este ntotdeauna uor s ne dm seama destructura unei propoziii sau fraze. Comparai:

U.S. CUTS AID TO THIRD WORLD ( = The U.S. reduces itshelp..CUTS este verb, AID este substantiv) = [S.U.A reduce ajutorul dat lumii a treia]

(to) cut = a tia, a reduceaid = ajutorthird = a(l) treia/treilea

world = lumeAID CUTS ROW ( There has been a disagreement about the reduction inaid AID i CUTS sunt ambele substantive) = [A fost a nenelegere n ce privetereducerea ajutorului acordat)

Aid = ajutor(to) cut = a tia, a reducerow = dezacord, nenelegere

CUTS AID REBELS (= The reduction is helping the revolutionaries.CUTS este substantiv, AID este verb) = [Reducerea i ajut pe revoluionari]

(to) cut = a tia, a reduceaid = ajutorrebels = rebeli, revoluionari

f. Titlurile folosesc adesea infinitivul pentru a se referi la viitor.HOSPITALS TO TAKE FEWER PATIENTS. (Spitalele vor lua/primi

mai puini pacieni)Hospital = spitalTo take = a lua (primi) sens de viitorFewer < few = puini = mai puiniPatient = pacient

Putem folosi for pentru a ne referi la aciuni sau planuri viitoare:TROOPS FOR GLASGOW? ( = Vor fi soldai trimii la Glasgow?)

g. n ce privete structurile pasive, de regul nu sunt folosite verbele auxiliare, cidoar participiile trecute.

SIX KILLED IN EXPLOSION ( = Six people have been killed inexplosion) = (6 persoane au fost ucise n explozie)

Six = 6Killed


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Observai c forme ca held (a fi deinut), killed(a fi ucis), attacked(a fi atacat),sunt de obicei participii trecute cu sens pasiv, nu timpuri trecute (acestea fiind rare ntitlurile de ziare)

Comparai:

AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKED ( = the President has beenattacked) = (Preedintele a fost atacat)AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKS CRITICS (= the President has

attackedhis/her critics) = (Preedintele i-a atacat criticii)

h. Semnul de punctuaie dou puncte este adesea folosit pentru a separasubiectul dintr-un titlu de ceea ce se spune despre subiect:

MOTORWAY CRASH: DEATH TOLL RISES (A avut lot o ciocnire peautostrad: numrul victimelor crete)

Motorway = autostrad(to) crash = a se ciocni, a se prbui

death = moartetoll = victime(to) rise = a crete

Semnele citrii (ghilimelele) sunt folosite pentru a arta ca altcineva a spuscuvintele respective, i c ziarul nu i asum n mod necesar adevrul lor:

CRASH DRIVER HAD BEEN DRINKING = They said that the driverinvolved in the crash had been drinking (Se spune/ Lumea spune coferul implicat naccident buse alcohol/era beat)

Driver = ofer(to) drink = a bea

Semnul de ntrebare este adesea folosit cnd ceva nu este sigur:CRISIS OVER BY SEPTEMBER? (Criza se va termina n septembrie?)

Crisis = crizaOver = gata

3. TIPURI DE ZIARE N LUMEA ANGLO-SAXON (AMERICAN/BRITISHTYPES OF NEWSPAPERS)

A. n Marea Britanie:Se vnd sptmnal cam 200 de milioane de ziare, i multe alte milioane sunt

citite pe gratis. Marea Britanie are 21 de ziare naionale, 89 de ziare regionale, i maimult de 1500 de ziare sptmnale locale. De fapt, nicieri n lume nu se citesc att demulte ziare de exemplu, britanicii cumpr de trei ori mai multe ziare pe cap de locuitordect francezii.

Ziarele publicate n Marea Britanie se ncadreaz n una din urmtoarele categorii:


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- ziare naionale se vnd n toat ara i abordeaz att subiecte careafecteaz sau sunt relevante pentru ntreaga naiune, ct i subiecte dinstrintate;

- ziare regionale - abordeaz ntmplri i evenimente care afecteaz o parte arii sau oraului, dari probleme majore naionale sau internaionale ale zilei;

cu una sau dou excepii, ca acelea distribuite gratuit navetitilor din metroullondonez, acestea se pltesc- ziare locale vorbesc despre o zon sau o comunitate mai mic, mai detaliat

dect cele regionale sau naionale. Din ce n ce mai multe ziare locale suntfinanate prin publicitate i sunt distribuite gratuit tuturor caselor saucompaniilor din zona respectiv. Pentru altele se pltete.

Probleme neobinuite sau foarte importante, cum ar fi o crim, vor fi abordate ntoate cele trei tipuri de ziare, dar o ntru

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