Estudio y análisis de las decisiones estratégicas de Operaciones en organizaciones de alojamiento

8/10/2019 Estudio y análisis de las decisiones estratégicas de Operaciones en organizaciones de alojamiento

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/estudio-y-analisis-de-las-decisiones-estrategicas-de-operaciones-en-organizaciones 1/55





NZEDI MO T]ZLPAI

GE@]HTED DM T]ZLPAI \ GLOEO[EP

TZEJEKI GLO DM NZEDI

@]ZPI E@EDÌAL@I S:65:-:650Q

TÁT]HI;

MPT]DLI \ EOÅHLPLP DM HEP DM@LPLIOMP MPTZETÌNL@EP DM IVMZE@LIOMPMO IZNEOL[E@LIOMP DM EHIKEALMOTI

E]TIZ;

ALN]MH DL AEPPLAI OLMTI

T]TIZ;

WL@TIZLE M]NMOLE Z]L[ IZ@EZE\3 K]EO EOTIOLI NEZ@ÁE NZENMZE

DMVEZTEAMOTI;

M@IOIAÁE GLOEO@LMZE \ DLZM@@LÐO DM IVMZE@LIOMP

ÅZME DM @IOI@LALMOTI;

IZNEOL[E@LÐO DM MAVZMPEP

ZMP]AMO;

Mh prmsmotm trejeki dm èapi ìostltuym uo eoåhlsls dm hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès dmIpmre`lioms mo uoe irneolze`lðo dm ehikealmoti turástlì, ìo`rmteamotm mh bitmhJì`qumr, hièhlzedi mo he `luded dm Pmvlhhe. Mo mh trejeki sm treteråo his prlo`lpehms

espm`tis mstretìnlìs dm he irneolze`lðo, piolmodi mspm`leh ìogesls mo his mhmamotisqum lotmnreo he mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms.

VEHEJZEP @HEWM;

@ehlded3 Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms3 Mstretmnle3 Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms3 Pmrvl`li.





TGN-T]Z. Mstudli y eoåhlsls dm hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms mo irneolze`lioms dm ehikealmoti

-L-

ÁODL@M

LOTZID]@@LÐO ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................5AMTIDIHINÁE \ IJKMTLWIP ..............................................................................................................................................................................0

K]PTLGL@E@LÐO DM HE ZMHMWEO@LE DMH TMAE MHMNLDI ............................................................................... =

@EVÁT]HI 5. @]MZVI TMÐZL@I...................................................................................................................................................................... <5.5. Mh pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðo Maprmserleh................................................................................................... <

5.:. Mogiqum Plstìalì y Mogiqum Kmrårqulì Maprmserleh ........................................56

5.0. He Mstretmnle Nhijeh ................................................................................................................................................... 55

5.4. He Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms. Mh Vheo Mstretìnl i dm Vridu``lðo .50

5.4.5. Ijkmtlvis dm he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms ...................................................... 50

5.4.:. Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms ............................................................5=5.=. Dmsenrmne`lðo dmh Vheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi ......................................52

@EVÁT]HI :. EOÅHLPLP @IZVIZETLWI ...........................................................................................................................................:5

:.5. Jrmvm blstirle dmh bitmh Jì`qumr ............................................................................................................:5

:.:. Girauhe`lðo dm he Mstretmnle Maprmserleh.............................................................................. :5

:.:.5. Dmhlalte`lðo dm e`tlvldedms y omni`lis .................................................................. :5

:.:.:. Alslðo, Wlslðo y Ijkmtlvis ............................................................................................................::

:.:.0. Dlenoðstlì dm he sltue`lðo dmh bitmh Jì`qumr .............................................:0

:.:.4. He Mstretmnle maprmserleh dmh bitmh Jì`qumr ................................................. :4

@EVÁT]HI 0. EOÅHLPLP MPTZETÌNL@I DMH ÅZME DM IVMZE@LIOMP ..................................:>0.5. He Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms ................................................................................................................... :>

0.5.5. Espm`tis Mstretìnl is dmh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms ............:>

0.5.:. Dm`lslioms Mstretìnl es dm Ipmre`lioms........................................................... :2

0.5.:.5. Mstretmnle dm Jlmoms y Pmrvl`lis ............................................................ 06

0.5.:.:. Mstretmnle dm Vri`msis .........................................................................................0:

0.5.:.0. Mstretmnle dm @epe`lded..................................................................................... 00

0.5.:.4. Mstretmnle dm Hièhlze`lðo................................................................................ 040.5.:.=. Mstretmnle dm Dlstrlju`lðo mo Vheote................................................. 0=

0.5.:.7. Mstretmnle dm @ehlded ...............................................................................................07

0.5.:.>. Mstretmnle dm Vheolglè`lðo y @iotrih y Eprivlslioealmoti ........................................................................................................45

0.5.:.2. Mstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh........................................................................................... 45

@IO@H]PLÐO GLOEH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4=

JLJHLINZEGÁE \ ZMGMZMO@LEP ...................................................................................................................................................................4>

EOMRIP..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4<






-5-

LOTZID]@@LÐO

Mh prmsmotm trejeki tlmom ìai ijkmtlvi prlo`lpeh mxpiomr he lapirteo`le dmhPujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms y su nmstlðo mo hes maprmses turástlès dm ehikealmoti,

pere hi ùeh sm rmehlzerå uo rmìrrldi pir his dlstlotis guodeamotis jåslìs dm heDlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms ìo mh glo dm ìoi`mr su msmo`le y sus prlo`lpehmsìamtldis.

Eslalsai, sm pmrslnum dmaistrer `ðai sm ephl eo hes prlo`lpehms dm`lslioms dm heDlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms mo his mstejhm`lalmotis bitmhmris, esá ìai ùåhms sio hispisljhms ge`tirms qum pumdmo loghulr sijrm he mhm``lðo dm hes alsaes. Teajlìo smprmtmodm piomr dm aeolglmsti `ðai uoe edmùede nmstlðo dm he pridu``lðo ìotrljuymdlrm`teamotm eh ìxlti y prispmrlded dm mstes irneolze`lioms.

@iai ijkmti dm mstudli sm be utlhlzeodi uo mstejhm`lalmoti bitmhmri rmeh, mh bitmhJì`qumr , maprmse gealhler qum pismm uoe mxltise treym`tirle dm aås dm =6 eõis mo helodustrle bitmhmre smvlhheoe. Dl`bi bitmh be hinredi loìrpirer mh ìo`mpti dm èhlded e

he pridu``lðo dm sus smrvl`lis, iùpeodi uoe pisl`lðo gevirejhm mo uo amrèdi mo mhqum neoer uo `hlmotm sm be vumhti uoe terme ùeoti amois ìaphlède mo mstis dáes,dmjldi e he dlgá`lh ìyuoture mìoðalè qum Mspeõe, Muripe y mh Auodi mståetrevmseodi.

Pm eoehlzeråo, mo he amdlde qum he logirae`lðo dlspioljhm hi pmralte, hesdm`lslioms mstretìnlès aås lapirteotms laphlèdes mo he pridu``lðo y prmste`lðo dmsmrvl`lis dm mste maprmse bitmhmre, pir ìosldmrer qum sio bmrrealmotes `hevm mo heìosmù`lðo dm vmotekes iapmtltlves.

He mstru`ture dmh prmsmotm trejeki mstå giraede pir uetri pertms dlgmrmo`ledes.

5. Mo mh prlamr èpátuhi, sm mxpiodråo y dmserrihheråo his prlo`lpehms

guodeamotis tmðrlìs dm he Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms, his ùehmsìostltulråo mh ùmrpi tmðrlì qum sustmoterå mh trejeki. Mo ìh, sm dms`rljlråohes prlo`lpehms mtepes dmh pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðo Maprmserleh, his mhmamotisqum ìogiraeo he Mstretmnle @irpiretlve y, gloehamotm, his ijkmtlvis ydm`lslioms mstretìnlès qum prmsldmo he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms.

:. Mo mh smnuodi èpátuhi, sm hhmverå e èji uoe dmhlalte`lðo y eoåhlsls dm hee`tlvlded dmh mstejhm`lalmoti, esá ìai dm he Mstretmnle @irpiretlve dmhalsai. Dl`bi eoåhlsls ìamozerå ìo he dmglol`lðo dm mhmamotis ìai healslðo, vlslðo y vehirms dm he maprmse. Pmnuldeamotm, tmodrå huner uomstudli dm his rmùrsis y èpe`ldedms dmh bitmh, pere mh ùeh sm rmehlzerå uoeoåhlsls DEGI qum dms`rljlrå ùåhms sio hes prlo`lpehms dmjlhldedms,eamoezes, girtehmzes y ipirtuoldedms dmh alsai. Vir ûhtlai, sm pri`mdmrå eeoehlzer he Mstretmnle Nhijeh qum mh bitmh slnum pere nmomrer vmotekesìapmtltlves, slmaprm e irdm ìo sus ijkmtlvis y glhisigáe maprmserleh.

0. Mo mh tmr`mr èpátuhi, uoe vmz aistredis his espm`tis nhijehms, smpri`mdmrå e rmehlzer uo mstudli `motredi mo mh Dmperteamoti dmIpmre`lioms. Mh mstudli ìamozerå ìo he dms`rlp`lðo dm his ijkmtlvis qumprmsldmo mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms, dmtmraloeodi ùåh ms mh nredi dmùaphlalmoti dm ède uoi dm mhhis y ùåhms sio hes prlirldedms ìapmtltlvesdmh bitmh mo he e`tuehlded. Vistmrliramotm, tmolmodi mo ùmote he logirae`lðodlspioljhm, sm eoehlzeråo hes prlo`lpehms Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dmIpmre`lioms, smõeheodi `ðai ède uoe dm mhhes ìotrljuym eh ùaphlalmotidm his ijkmtlvis dm Ipmre`lioms y mo ìosmùmo`le, e he ìosmù`lðo dm he

Mstretmnle Nhijeh.4. Mo he ûhtlae pertm dmh trejeki sm mxpiodråo hes ìo`huslioms y

ìosldmre`lioms dmrlvedes dmh mstudli rmehlzedi.



Dl Aesslai Olmti, Alnumh

-:-




-0-

AMTIDIHINÁE \ IJKMTLWIP

AMTIDIHINÁE

Mh prlo`lpeh ìamtldi dm mstm trejeki ms eoehlzer hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès dmipmre`lioms mo maprmses turástlès dm ehikealmoti. Vere mhhi, mre om`mserli ijtmomrlogirae`lðo e`mrè dm he nmstlðo (teoti e olvmh nhijeh ìai dmperteamoteh) dm mstesirneolze`lioms, esá ìai dm hes dlrm`trl`ms mstretìnlès y his pri`msis pridu`tlvis dmhPujslstmae dm Ipmre lioms dm hes alsaes.

Tmolmodi mo ùmote hi eotmrlir, mh pri`msi sm lol`lð ìo he mhm``lðo dm heirneolze`lðo ijkmti dm mstudli qum ìostltulráe mh oû`hmi `motreh dm he lovmstlne`lðo.@iosldmreodi hes om`msldedms y rmqumrlalmotis dmh mstudli qum sm pheotme, dl`beirneolze`lðo dmjáe uaphlr dis ìodl`lioms;

Vir uo hedi, qum su ètmniráe gumsm ìai aáolai dm ùetri mstrmhhes, tmolmodiuo vihuamo dm e`tlvlded y uoes dlamoslioms sugl`lmotms ìai pere hhmver e

èji mh trejeki. Vir itri hedi, qum oi pmrtmom`lmsm e olonuoe èdmoe bitmhmre. Dmjldi e he

movmrnedure dm ìstis omni`lis y he ìaphmklded dm su mstru`ture kmrårqulè, henmstlðo dm ède bitmh dmpmodm dm he dlrm``lðo `motreh dm he èdmoe e he qumpmrtmom`mo, pir hi qum smhm``lioer uo bitmh dm mstes ère`tmrástlès pidráepheotmer dlglùhtedms e he bire dm rmèjer he logirae`lðo om`mserle, ye qum ìstesumhm smr dm èrå`tmr lotmroi y iogldmo`leh.

Tres verlis ìote`tis hejirehms qum ge`lhlterio mh mstejhm`lalmoti dm rmhe`liomsdlrm`tes ìo his dlrm`tlvis dm he maprmse, mhmnlais ìai motlded ijkmti dm mstudli mhbitmh Jì`qumr , eh iosldmrer qum rmuoáe his rmqulsltis aáolais mxlnldis.

]oe vmz bm`be mste smhm``lðo, he slnulmotm mtepe dmh pri`msi amtidihðnlììoslstlð mo rmèjer he logirae`lðo qum ìostltulráe he mvldmo`le mapárlè dm mstmtrejeki, he ùeh pri`mdm prlo`lpehamotm dm dis gumotms;

5. Gumotms dm logirae`lðo prlaerle; ijtmolde dlrm`teamotm dmh pmrsioeh dmh bitmh,amdleotm motrmvlste pmrsioeh ìo su Dlrm`tir @iamr`leh, Dio EhmkeodriZidránumz, y teajlìo e trevìs dm ìrrmis mhm`trðolìs, mo his ùehms smedkuotejeo er`blvis qum ìotmoáeo logirae`lðo ûtlh pere he mhejire`lðo dmhtrejeki.

:. Gumotms dm logirae`lðo smùoderle; prlo`lpehamotm dm phetegiraes ìaipmrlðdlìs mo vmrslðo dlnlteh (DlerlidmPmvlhhe.ms, mhauodi.ms, mt`.), rmvlstesmspm`lehlzedes mo mh sm`tir turástlì (Piais Turlsai, BistmhAercmt, Ehlaercmt,

mt`.), ìosuhtires turástlès (Ljmrehte y K@H @iosuhtirms), motrm itris.@io he logirae`lðo ijtmolde y ephlèodi his ìo`mptis eprmodldis e hi herni dmh

Nredi ]olvmrslterli dm Turlsai, sm be mhejiredi mh prmsmotm mstudli, mh ùeh pmrslnumehèozer his ijkmtlvis qum sm mxpiomo e ìotloue`lðo.

IJKMTLWIP

@ioi`mr his espm`tis aås nmomrehms dm he Mstretmnle @irpiretlve dm hemaprmse, ìosteteodi `ðai ìste ìodl`lioe he girauhe`lðo y ephlè`lðo dmhrmsti dm mstretmnles dmperteamotehms, `motråodism mspm`lehamotm mo mh årmedm Ipmre`lioms.

Eoehlzer `ðai sm ephlèo hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms mo hesmaprmses turástlès dm ehikealmoti y he rmhe`lðo qum nuerdeo io hes dm`lsliomstiaedes mo mh rmsti dm årmes dm he maprmse.




-4-

Viomr dm aeolglmsti he lapirteo`le qum tlmom mh Dmperteamoti dm Ipmre`liomspere he titehlded dm he maprmse.

@iaprijeodi `ðai he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms y mh nredi dmùaphlalmoti dm sus ijkmtlvis pumdm loghulr mo hes prlirldedmsìapmtltlves dm he irneolze`lðo e olvmh nhijeh.

Pmõeheodi `ðai uoe jumoe edalolstre`lðo dm he èhlded, his pri`msispridu`tlvis, his rmùrsis buaeois, he smhm``lðo y dlsmõi dm hispridu`tis, he hièhlze`lðo dmh omni`li y he dlstrlju`lðo dm heslostehe`lioms y aequloerle sm be`m guodeamoteh pere mh dmserrihhimglèz m lolotmrruapldi dm he e`tlvlded dm he maprmse.

@iosteteodi `ðai uoe edmùede Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms loghuymoitejhmamotm mo mh ìxlti dm hes irneolze`lioms turástlès dmehikealmoti, nmomreodi vmotekes ìapmtltlves ìo rmspm`ti e itresìapeõáes dm áodihm slalher.

Aistreodi he lapirteo`le qum tlmom pere he maprmse he prmste`lðo dmuois smrvl`lis dm èhlded ìai mhmamoti dmtmraloeotm dm he

setlsge``lðo dmh `hlmotm, loghuymodi pisltlveamotm sijrm hes mxpm`tetlvesdm his alsais rmspm`ti e he maprmse.

Ijsmrveodi `ðai uo aeh smrvl`li pumdm tremr ìosmùmo`les omnetlvespere he maprmse tehms ìai pìrdldes dm dmaeode, ìstms dmrlvedis dmuo loedmùedi olvmh dm smrvl`li i pìrdlde dm vmotekes ìapmtltlvesmotrm itres.




-=-

K]PTLGL@E@LÐO DM HE ZMHMWEO@LE DMH TMAE MHMNLDI

HE LAVIZTEO@LE DMH P]JPLPTMAE DM IVMZE@LIOMP VEZE MH PM@TIZT]ZÁPTL@I

Au`bi be èajledi he pmr`mp`lðo dmh årme dm Ipmre`lioms dmsdm his eõis 76 beste hee`tuehlded. Be`m ye ùetri dìèdes, mxpmrtis mo he aetmrle y maprmserlis esi`lejeomh pidmr ìapmtltlvi dm hes irneolze`lioms eh pitmo`leh ìamr`leh y gloeo`lmri qumìstes tmoáeo, ijvleodi he lapirteo`le qum mh dmperteamoti dm pridu``lðo tlmom dmotridmh slstmae maprmserleh, ìai sm eglraeráe mo his eõis pistmrlirms.

Mo mgm`ti, hi qum eotms mre ìosldmredi ìai uo sujslstmae smùoderli y dm amrièrå`tmr ipmretlvi, biy dáe ms tretedi ìai uoe dm hes årmes guo`lioehmslaprms`lodljhms pere mh jumo guo`lioealmoti y prispmrlded dm hes maprmsesìotmapiråomes. Ìstm èajli mapmzð e nmstersm mo his eõis >6 ìai gruti dm heìajloe`lðo dm dis eìotm`lalmotis. Vir uo hedi, Eaìrlè sugrlð uoe nrevm `rlslsgloeo`lmre priviède pir his ehtis olvmhms dm dmude mxtmroe qum aeotmoáe mo equmhhisaiamotis, hi qum pripl`lð, motrm itres au`bes ìosmùmo`les, he qulmjre dm uo nreooûamri dm maprmses. Vir itri hedi, sm priduki uo lotmrèajli ùhtureh privièdiguodeamotehamotm pir he nhijehlze`lðo, hi qum pripl`lð uo e`mrèalmoti motrm hesglhisigáes dm i``ldmotm y irlmotm. Msti tuvi su rmpmrùslðo mo mh åajlti maprmserleh.Ouamrisis dlrm`tlvis dm maprmses i``ldmotehms ijsmrverio ìai hes kepiomses, ìouois amdlis pridu`tlvis y uoe ìyuoture mìoðalè slalher e he suye eotms dm he`rlsls, ijtmoáeo amkirms rmsuhtedis ìaperetlveamotm.

Ehnuois eutirms m lovmstlnedirms ìai Teyhir, Mamrsio i Nlhjrmtb, tres verlismstudlis, hhmnerio e he ìo`huslðo dm qum he msmo`le dmh ìxlti dm hes maprmses

kepiomses mre he amkire mo his slstmaes pridu`tlvis, his oumvis aìtidis dm dlrm``lðo,pheolglè`lðo y ìotrih dm ipmre`lioms y he nmstlðo dm his rmùrsis buaeois. Ms dm`lr,

guo`lioms mstrm`beamotm hlnedes eh Dmperteamoti dm Ipmre`lioms, ùye dlrm``lðo smìovmrtlráe e pertlr dm msm aiamoti, mo uoi dm his plherms jåslìs pere mvlter mhgreèsi maprmserleh.

Ìste ìo`mp`lðo mapmzð e ephlèrsm e hes maprmses lodustrlehms y aeouge`turmresqum, e trevìs dm hes oumves edepte`lioms ìo`mptuehms, ìamozerio e gejrlèrpridu`tis dm ehte èhlded amdleotm pri`msis pridu`tlvis aås råpldis y mgl`lmotms. Plomajerni, he mxpeoslðo dm hes e`tlvldedms dm smrvl`lis qum be tmoldi huner dureotm hisûhtlais eõis mo mh ìotmxti dm hes mìoiaáes dmserrihhedes, be bm`bi qum msteglhisigáe teajlìo sm ephlère e hes maprmses dmh sm`tir tmr lerli. ]o `heri mkmaphi dmmhhi ms he maprmse Berd Zi`c @egì, ùyi prlamr rmsteureotm gum ejlmrti mo Hiodrms mo5<>5. Mo mste maprmse, he Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms be sldi ìosldmrede ìai uoe

guo`lðo laprms`lodljhm dmsdm mh ìalmozi dm su e`tlvlded, ùldeodi eh aåxlai mhpri`msi dm dlsmõi y pridu``lðo dm his smrvl`lis, vmheodi pir he èhlded dm his alsaisy ijtmolmodi esá ehtis olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo mo his alhhioms dm `hlmotms qum hms vlslteoède eõi.

Dmotri dm his smrvl`lis, mh sm`tir turástlì ms uoi dm his aås lapirteotms eìosldmrer, dede su movmrnedure y ìaphmklded. He mvihu`lðo qum dl`bi sm`tir besugrldi mo hes ûhtlaes dìèdes hi be ìovmrtldi mo uoe e`tlvlded dm he qum dmpmodmnreo pertm dm he mìoiaáe dm au`bis peásms. Esá, mo Mspeõe, supiom uoe ehteìotrlju`lðo mo tìralois mìoðalìs, nmomreodi 2<4.666 pumstis dm trejeki mo :65:y uoe ìotrlju`lðo eh VLJ dm 5=,:% mo mh alsai eõi, smnûo îrhd Trevmh & Tiurlsa@iuo`lh.

Vmri mh sm`tir turástlì oi sðhi supiom uo aitir dm lapuhsi pere mh dmserrihhimìoðalì dm his peásms, sloi qum teajlìo ìostltuym uo nreo ehl`lmotm pere alhms dm




-7-

oumves maprmses qum vmo mo ìh uoe rmotejhm ipirtuolded dm omni`li, hi qum privièqum mh amrèdi turástlì mstì prmsldldi pir uoe ìapmtmo`le gmriz.

Msti sm e`motûe mspm`lehamotm mo mh èsi dm his bitmhms, pums mo he VmoáosuheLjìrlè mxlstm uoe nreo e`tlvlded bitmhmre dmjldi e he mxtmose eghumo`le dm turlstes qumetrem (ìo`motreodi, smnûo Muristet, mh 50% dm his vlekms dm his muripmis gumre dmsus peásms, y rm`ljlmodi =2 alhhioms dm vlsltes dm turlstes lotmroe`lioehms mo :65:,smnûo he IAT).

Vir teoti, ìo mh glo dm ìosmnulr ehtis olvmhms dm èhlded mo mh åajlti maprmserleh,diter dm ìapmtltlvlded eh sm`tir y pripir`lioer vehir eõedldi eh dmstloi, sm be`mom`mserle uoe jumoe dlrm``lðo dmh Pujslstmae dm Vridu``lðo dm hes maprmsesturástlès qum amkirm he prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis dm hes alsaes y ìo mhhe, hesìodl`lioms dm he igmrte turástlè.

HE LAVIZTEO@LE DM HE DLZM@@LÐO DM IVMZE@LIOMP MO HIP BITMHMP

‟’He guo`lðo dm he lodustrle bitmhmre ms mh ehikealmoti dm buìspmdms, eìapeõedi moau`bis èsis dm itris smrvl`lis ìai ehqulhmr dm sehioms, treospirtm dm mqulpekms,

sualolstri dm ìalde y jmjlde dmotri dmh ehikealmoti, mt`.’’ (@iuslos, 5<<:; p.:<6).Vere rmehlzer mste guo`lðo, his bitmhms dmjmo treosgiraer uois loputs (lostehe`lioms,trejekedirms, ehlamotis, mt`.) mo his smrvl`lis qum dmaeode mh `hlmotm (iutputs). Msteguo`lðo dm treosgirae`lðo dm rmùrsis mo jlmoms y smrvl`lis pere su ìosuai ms mhijkmti dm mstudli dm he Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms (Jurnis3 @ìspmdms y Åhvermz, :662 ).Plo majerni, dl`be guo`lðo ms dlgmrmotm mo irneolze`lioms pmrtmom`lmotms eh sm`tirtmr`lerli mo ìapere`lðo ìo hes maprmses aeouge`turmres, prlo`lpehamotm pir hesère`tmrástlès dm his smrvl lis;

Tejhe 6.5. @ere`tmrástlès dm his smrvl`lisGumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm Jeyðo y Aertlo :664.

Edmaås dm mstes ère`tmrástlès, nmomrehms pere he aeyiráe dm his smrvl`lis, iovlmomdmsteèr trms espm`tis pertlùherms dmh sm`tir turástlì; uoe gumrtm mste`lioehlded, qummxlnm e hes maprmses turástlès tmomr he ghmxljlhlded sugl`lmotm pere edeptersm e he

dmaeode mo guo`lðo dm he ìpiè dmh eõi, uoe gumrtm ìapmtltlvlded, qum ijhlne ee`tuer e auy ìrti phezi y pir ûhtlai, uoe nreo verlmded dm `hlmotms, hi qum dlglùhte mhtretealmoti pmrsioehlzedi.

@ere`tmrástlès @iosmùmo`le pere he pridu` lðo

Loteonljlhlded

Dlglùhte he dmglol`lðo dmh smrvl`li m laphlè

`lmrte dlglùhted pere amdlr he èhlded, ye qumìste sm rlnm pir mhmamotis teo sujkmtlvisìai hes mai`lioms y mxpm`tetlves dmh

`hlmotm.

BmtmrinmomldedPmrvl`lis gumrtmamotm pmrsioehlzedis qum

dlglùhteo aeotmomr mståoderms dm ùehqulmrtlpi.

@edu`ldedMh smrvl`li qum oi sm vmodm e gm`be dm biy,oi sm pidrå vmodmr mo gm`bes pistmrlirms.

Aeoi dm ijre lotmoslve

He prlo`lpeh verlejhm pere ìosmnulr hesetlsge``lðo mo uo smrvl`li ms he

prigmslioehlded y èpe`lded dmh pmrsioeh, hiqum dlglùhte he amèolze`lðo y

eutiaetlze`lðo dm he prmste`lðo.

Ehte lotmre``lðo ìo mh `hlmotmZmqulmrm uo tretealmoti pmrsioehlzedi yehtis olvmhms dm girae`lðo dm rmùrsis

buaeois.




->-

Mo mstm smotldi, mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms kumne uo pepmh dm`lslvi mo mh ìxltidm he irneolze`lðo, dedi qum;

5. Mh ijkmtlvi jåslì dm ùehqulmr irneolze`lðo mìoðalè ms he `rme`lðo dmjlmoms y smrvl`lis. Pl sm aeotlmomo uois jumois olvmhms dm pheolglè`lðo,nmstlðo y ìotrih dm hes prlo`lpehms verlejhms pridu`tlves, he maprmse pidrå

hhmver e èji su e`tlvlded dm aeomre oiraeh m lolotmrruaplde, ehni qumlodudejhmamotm priviè jmomgl`lis e olvmh irneolze`lioeh.

Vertlmodi dm his ijkmtlvis e herni phezi, eìrdms ìo his nhijehms dm heirneolze`lðo y ìo his dm hes dlvmrses årmes guo`lioehms y tmolmodi mo ùmotehes prmvlslioms dm dmaeode, his ijkmtlvis dm vmote y his gloeo`lmris, rmsihvmråùmstlioms ìai hes rmgmrldes e lovmoterlis, ìapres, aeotmolalmoti dmmqulpis m lostehe`lioms, peolglè`lðo dm his smrvl`lis y prinreae`lðo dm hesipmre`lioms. Tidi mhhi slo ijvler mh motiroi, teoti nmomreh ìai mspm`áglì, momh qum he irneolze`lðo dmsmapmõe su e`tlvlded.

:. He pridu``lðo ms gumotm dm vmotekes ìapmtltlves; mo uo amrèdi ìai mhturástlì mo mh qum ipmreo alhms dm maprmses, verlejhms ìai he èhlded i he

looive`lðo dm his pridu`tis y smrvl`lis pumdm smr he amkir jeze pere ijtmomruoe jumoe pisl`lðo iapmtltlve io rmspm`ti e hes irneolze`lioms rlvehms.

Esá, uo dlsmõi ghmxljhm dm he èpe`lded mvlterå loùrrlr mo ìstms dmlogreutlhlze`lðo i sijrmutlhlze`lðo dm hes lostehe`lioms, pmraltlmodi edepter hisvihûamoms dm pridu``lðo e hes om`msldedms rmehms dm dmaeode. Dm lnuehaeomre, uoe e`mrtede dlstrlju`lðo mo pheote dm hes lostehe`lioms iptlalzerå heutlhlze`lðo dmh mspe`li, alolalzeodi mh ìstm dm treospirtm. @io tidi mhhi, smhinrerå uo eprivm`bealmoti aås mgl`lmotm dm his loaivlhlzedis, amkireodi e hevmz itris espm`tis ìai he ìaidlded, mstìtlè y smnurlded dm his alsais, hiqum rmpmrùtlrå mo he èhlded pmr`ljlde pir his `hlmotms.

Vir itri hedi, dmjldi eh èrå`tmr lotmoslvi mo aeoi dm ijre qum rmqulmrmo his

smrvl`lis turástlìs y e he ehte lotmre``lðo qum ìste tlmom ìo mh `hlmotm, hespmrsioes qum lotmnreo he maprmse sio uoi dm his e`tlvis aås lapirteotms dmhe alsae. Hes ipmre`lioms rmehlzedes pir ìstes lråo dlrlnldes e he setlsge``lðodm his `hlmotms mo he amdlde qum sm lovihu`rmo mo he lapirteo`le dm ède uoedm mhhes. Vir teoti, he laphlè`lðo, prigmslioehlded y mapetáe dm his rmùrsisbuaeois ìotrljulråo e he èhlded nhijeh dm he maprmse. Eslalsai, uoe jumoenmstlðo dm he pheotlhhe eyuderå e be`mr grmotm e his èajlis dm dmaeode y eaeotmomr edmùedis olvmhms dm prmste`lðo, epirteodi ghmxljlhlded y èpe`ldeddm rmspumste e he irneolze`lðo.

Lnuehamotm, dlsmõer his smrvl`lis eìrdm ìo hes om`msldedms dm his `hlmotmspisljlhlterå he setlsge``lðo dm his alsais y pir teoti, euamoterå his olvmhms dm

èhlded dm he maprmse. Mh dlsmõi dm his smrvl`lis ìostltuym mh lol`li dmhpri`msi dm prmste`lðo, ìoglnureodi hes prlo`lpehms verlejhms dmh slstmaepridu`tlvi (om`msldedms dm aeoi dm ijre, aetmrleh om`mserli, olvmhms dmlovmoterli, èpe`lded rmqumrlde, mt`.). ]o jumo dlsmõi ìotrljulrå pir teoti elo`rmamoter he pridu`tlvlded dm he irneolze`lðo, ehni guodeamoteh pere suìapmtltlvlded.

0. Ms mh amdli pere setlsge`mr hes om`msldedms dm he dmaeode; ìai sm `ltðeotmrliramotm, he pridu``lðo dm jlmoms y smrvl`lis ms he prlo`lpeh rezðo dm smrdm hes maprmses. Amdleotm he e`tlvlded maprmserleh sm prmtmodmo setlsge`mr hesom`msldedms dm he dmaeode, hi ùeh oi ms pisljhm slo uo Pujslstmae dmIpmre`lioms qum sm moèrnum dm he guo`lðo pridu tlve dm he irneolze`lðo.

4. Mh årme dm ipmre`lioms mstå rmhe`lioede ìo hes rmsteotms årmesguo`lioehms. Vir teoti, hes aehes dm`lslioms qum sm tiamo mo su dlrm``lðoegm`teråo omnetlveamotm eh rmodlalmoti y rmotejlhlded dm tide he irneolze`lðo,




-2-

treymodi ìosmùmo`les omnetlves ìai ìhepsis dmh slstmae pridu`tlvi, aeheutlhlze`lðo dm his rmùrsis i pìrdldes dm `hlmotms pir uo aeh smrvl`li motrmitres.

=. He aeyiráe dm his ìstms m lovmrslioms dm he maprmse sm nmomreo mo mhårme dm Ipmre`lioms; pere qum mh slstmae pridu`tlvi guo`liom, ms om`mserlidmstloer uo nreo vihuamo dm rmùrsis e he ìapre dm aetmrles prlaes,lostehe`lioms, aequloerle y aeoi dm ijre. Dm ebá he om`mslded dm ìoi`mrùehltetlve y ùeotltetlveamotm ède verlejhm pridu`tlve pere mvlter rmehlzerlovmrslioms loom`mserles y utlhlzer his rmùrsis dm he aeomre aås mgl`lmotmpisljhm

Uumde `here, pir teoti, he om`mslded dm hhmver e èji uoe edmùede nmstlðo dmhPujslstmae dm Ipmre lioms pere nereotlzer uo usi mgl`lmotm y mglèz dm his rm ursisy pri`mdlalmotis laphlèdis mo he `rme`lðo dmh smrvl`li, ehni laprms`lodljhm pere heijtmo`lðo dm his ijkmtlvis dmh dmperteamoti y, ìosmùmotmamotm, dm he maprmse.




-<-

@EVÁT]HI 5

@]MZVI TMÐZL@I

5.5. MH VZI@MPI DM DLZM@@LÐO MAVZMPEZLEH

He e`tlvlded dmserrihhede pir hes irneolze`lioms be dm smr ìirdloede y supmrvlsedepir he ehte dlrm``lðo dm he motlded, hi ùeh mxlnm mhejirer hes dlrm`trl`ms om`mserles perehe ìosmù`lðo dm his ijkmtlvis e olvmh ìrpiretlvi y be`mr qum he logirae`lðo ghuyemotrm hes dlstlotes årmes qum lotmnreo he maprmse. @io mstm glo, he dlrm``lðo hhmve eèji uo pri`msi ìaphmki dmstloedi e nmstlioer his dlvmrsis rmùrsis pridu`tlvis dmhe maprmse, ìo he gloehlded dm ehèozer his ijkmtlvis aerèdis ìo he aeyir mgl`lmo`lepisljhm. Dl`bi pri`msi sm dmoialoe Dlrm``lðo Maprmserleh y mstå ìapumsti pir hesslnulmotms gesms (Peloz, :66<);

5. Vheolglè`lðo; @ioslstm mo rmehlzer uoe prmvlslðo dmh guturi dm he maprmse, esáìai dmtmraloer tidis his rmùrsis om`mserlis pere rmehlzer y ehèozer susamtes;

Mstejhm`lalmoti dm ijkmtlvis.

Mhejire`lðo dm Vheoms dm e`tue`lðo

Mstejhm`lalmoti dm Vihátlès dm maprmse i prlo`lplis jåslìsqum slrvmo dm nuáe mo he tiae dm dm`lslioms.

Vri`mdlalmotis y pesis qum sm dmjmo smnulr pere rmehlzer uotrejeki.

Oiraes i rmnhes qum logiraeo dm hi qum sm pumdm rmehlzer y hiqum oi.

Vrmsupumster y vehirer mìoðalèamotm tidi hi pheolglèdi.

:. Irneolze`lðo; Pm trete dm dlsmõer he mstru`ture dm he maprmse ìo mhìoslnulmotm rmperti dm guo`lioms y rmspiosejlhldedms. Mo mste gesm sm dlvldmmh trejeki y sm dlsmõeo his amèolsais dm ìirdloe`lðo dmh alsai. Purmprmsmote`lðo nråglè sm rmehlze amdleotm mh Irneolnreae, qum rmghmke hisèoehms dm iauolè lðo y dm rmhe`lðo mxlstmotms mo he maprmse.

0. Mkmù`lðo; @ioslstm mo hhmver e he e``lðo tidi hi pheolglèdi prmvleamotm,amdleotm he rmehlze`lðo dm hes termes om`mserles pere ehèozer his ijkmtlvisaerèdis.

4. @iirdloe`lðo; Pm trete dm euoer tides hes e`tue`lioms, dm aeomre qum tidis

his dmperteamotis trejekmo dm girae slo`riolzede pmrslnulmodi uo ijkmtlviìaûo.

=. @iotrih; Pm rmglmrm e he e``lðo dm vmrlglèr qum tidi hi mkmùtedi ìlo`ldm ìohi pheolglèdi prmvleamotm dm aeomre qum sm pumdeo dmtm`ter y ìrrmnlr, mo suèsi, hes pisljhms dmsvle`lioms qum pumdeo mxlstlr, hhmveodi esá uo ìotrih dmhùaphlalmoti dm his ijkmtlvis.

Vir itre pertm, mh pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðo Maprmserleh sm mstru`ture mo trms olvmhms dme`tue`lðo dm eùmrdi ìo mh birlziotm tmapireh ìosldmredi. Mo ìo`rmti, sm pumdmoldmotlglèr mo mh pri`msi his slnulmotms (Oeveki, :66<);

5. Olvmh mstretìnlì; ms mh aås mhmvedi y bejltuehamotm sm rmglmrm e he

pheolglè`lðo rmehlzede pir qulmo iùpe his olvmhms supmrlirms dm he mstru`tureirneolzetlve. E mstm olvmh sm glkeo his ijkmtlvis nmomrehms, hes pihátlès y heìodu`te dm he irneolze`lðo, sm lodlèo hes háomes guodeamotehms dm hisprinreaes aås lapirteotms pere he vlde dm he irneolze`lðo, sm glkeo his tlmapis




-56-

y his phezis, sm prmvì he ìirdloe`lðo y mh ìotrih dm hes e`tlvldedms y smeslnoeo rmspiosejlhldedms nmomrehms.

:. Olvmh tå`tlì; dmglom his ijkmtlvis mspm`áglìs y his ijkmtlvis ìo`rmtis pere hisdlstlotis dmperteamotis, sm`tirms y årmes dm he irneolze`lðo. Ms dm`lr, hesháomes dm e``lðo e hes qum etmomrsm pere ehèozer his ijkmtlvis dmsmedis,mhejirer hes oiraes dm e``lðo y his prinreaes ipmretlvis dmtehhedis, mstudlery dm`ldlr his amdlis y rmùrsis e maphmer y mstejhm`mr his pri`mdlalmotis,oiraes y tlmapis.

0. Olvmh ipmretlvi; ]olded amoir mo qum sm pumdmo smperer hes e``liomsìoùrrmotms pere mh ùaphlalmoti dm his ijkmtlvis dm uo prinreae. Zmaltm ehe ldme dm ephlèjlhlded, dm pumste mo aer`be m lo`husi dm guo`lioealmoti.

@ede uoi dm mstis olvmhms qumde aetmrlehlzedi i giraehlzedi mo diùamotisdlgmrmotms, ìai pumdm vmrsm mo he Tejhe 5.5. He dlgmrmo`le motrm mhhis rmsldm mo suolvmh dm ìaphmklded y enrmne`lðo. Esá, mh Vheo, ìrrmspiodlmotm eh olvmh Mstretìnlì,dmglom e nreodms resnis hes dlrm`trl`ms qum veo e irlmoter eh rmsti dm olvmhms dm hepheolglè`lðo. Mh Vrinreae, pripli dm he gesm Tå`tlè dm he pheolglè`lðo, ìo`rmte his

ijkmtlvis qum sm rmìnmo mo mh pheo, irdmoeodi his rmùrsis dm girae mspm`áglè pereìosmnulr dl`bes amtes pripumstes. Vir ûhtlai, y mo mh olvmh Ipmretlvi, mh Vriym`tidmglom his rmsuhtedis y pri`msis pere ehèozer hes prmalses aerèdes mo hisVrinreaes e trevìs dm e``lioms prå`tlès y ìo`rmtes.

Tejhe 5.5. Olvmhms dm dm`lslðo Gumotm; Tiaedi dm Amdloe (5<<=)

5.:. MOGIU]M PLPTÌAL@I \ MOGIU]M KMZÅZU]L@I MAVZMPEZLEH

Werlis sio his mogiqums y ìrrlmotms dm pmosealmoti mxlstmotms qum ìotmapheo hermehlded maprmserleh y su prijhmaåtlè, pmri olonuoi dm mhhis hhmne e ejerèr heìaphmke titehlded dm he alsae (Diaáonumz mt eh. 5<<=, j). Vir teoti, ms om`mserli yìovmolmotm qum mh pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðo Maprmserleh sm dmserrihhm jeki uo MogiqumPlstìalì dm he maprmse. ]o slstmae sm dmglom ìai uo ‟’ìokuoti dm mhmamotisrmhe`lioedis motrm sá qum sm moùmotreo dmjldeamotm irdmoedis, diodm ède uoitlmom uoe guo`lðo y uo glo dmtmraloedi pere mh ùaphlalmoti dm his ijkmtlvis nhijehms

dm he irneolze`lðo’’ (Msploi, :65:). Dm eùmrdi ìo mhhi, he irneolze`lðo e`tûe ìaiuo slstmae ejlmrti rmhe`lioeodi uoes motredes y sehldes, treosgiraeodi loputs moiutputs m lotmre`tueodi ìo su motiroi lotmrèajleodi aetmrle, momrnáe m logirae`lðo

Olvmh Dure`lðo GloE`tlvldedms y

pri`msiGiraehlze`lðo

Mstretìnlì =-56 eõis

Dmtmraloe`lðodm he rezðo dm

smr, dm hesnreodms

irlmote`lioms y

gloms dm hemaprmse

Irlmote`lðo yprlirldedms.

Vheo

Tå`tlì 0-= eõis Dlspisl`lðo dmhis rmùrsis

Dlstrlju`lðo dmhis rmùrsis y

e`tlvldedms pereehèozer his

ijkmtlvis

Vrinreae

Ipmretlvi ]o eõi]tlhlze`lðo dm his

rmùrsis

Dmserrihhi dm hese`tlvldedms mo mhmspe`li y mo mh

tlmapi

Vriym`ti




-55-

(Ehiosi, :66>). Mo mstm smotldi, èjm dmsteèr dlgmrmotms årmes dmhlaltedes pir supriple e tlvlded (Diaáonumz mt eh. 5<<=, j);

Pujslstmaes rmhetlvis e hes guo`lioms jåslès; Ipmre`lioms,Lovmrslðo/Gloeo`le`lðo y @iamr`leh.

Pujslstmae dm Dlrm` lðo y Nmstlðo, qum pmomtre mo his eotmrlirms e olvmhmstretìnlì, tå`tlì y ipmretlvi y sm moèrne dm ìirdloerhis.

Pujslstmae dm Vmrsioeh, qum pripir`lioe his rmùrsis buaeois eh slstmaetiteh.

Pujslstmae dm logirae`lðo, qum rmhe`lioe his dlstlotis mhmamotis dmh slstmaemotrm sá, e`tueodi ìai mh ‟’tmkldi omrvlisi’’ dm he irneolze`lðo.

Puaedi e msti, y pere ìaphmter mste ìo`mp`lðo nhijeh m lotmnreh, sm dmjmìotmapher uo smnuodi mogiqum rmhe`lioedi ìo mh ìo`mpti dm Dlrm``lðoMaprmserleh, he maprmse y sus dmperteamotis; mh Mogiqum Kmrårqulì. Dl`bepmr`mp`lðo pmraltm qum he ìirdloe`lðo motrm his ijkmtlvis, pheoms y e`tlvldedms dm hisolvmhms mstretìnlì, tå`tlì y ipmretlvi sme pisljhm. ‟’Mhhi qulmrm dm`lr qum ède

dmperteamoti pmrsmnulrå sus priples amtes, pmri tmolmodi slmaprm mo ùmote hes dmolvmh supmrlir, dm hes ùehms dmpmodmo, y hes dm olvmh logmrlir, e hes qum rmstrlonmo. Plodl`bi mogiqum smrå dlgá`lh, ùeodi oi lapisljhm, hhmner e he lotmnre`lðo dm guo`lioms’’(Diaáonumz mt eh. 5<<=, j).

5.0. MPTZETMNLE NHIJEH

Dmjldi e he lotmrìomxlðo dmh nreo oûamri dm mhmamotis qum ìapiomo he maprmse ye he rmhe`lðo qum ìstis tlmomo ìo mh motiroi mo mh qum sm sltûe he alsae, sm be`mom`mserli edipter uoe vlslðo nhijeh y e herni phezi qum bene dm mstes rmhe`lioms ehniguodeamoteh pere mh ìxlti maprmserleh.

Esá, oe`m mh ìo`mpti dm Mstretmnle, qum logirae eh rmsti dm hes guo`lioms y termesdlrm`tlves dm hes nreodms amtes dm he irneolze`lðo, hes ùehms sm beo priym`tedi perequm hes dlstlotes årmes y ède uoe dm hes pmrsioes qum ìogiraeo he maprmse slneo mhèaloi edmùedi pere ehèozerhes, slmaprm tmolmodi mo ùmote he pitmo`leh loghumo`ledmh motiroi (@eseoumve y Nehhmni, :65:). Dm girae aås prm`lse, he mstretmnle smpumdm dmglolr ìai mh ‟’aidmhi dm`lslioeh qum rmvmhe hes alslioms y ijkmtlvis dm hemaprmse, esá ìai hes pihátlès y pheoms msmo`lehms pere hinrerhis, dm teh girae qum smdmgloe he pisl`lðo ìapmtltlve ìai rmspumste e he `hesm dm omni`li mo qum he glraemstå i qulmrm mster y e he `hesm dm irneolze`lðo qum qulmrm smr’’ (Jumoi, 5<2>).

Mh pri`msi dmserrihhedi pere he mhejire`lðo y girauhe`lðo dm he mstretmnle sm hheaeVheolglè`lðo Mstretìnl e. Ìstm ìalmoze ìo uo dlenoðstlì dm he maprmse y sumotiroi, qum ìostltuym mh guodeamoti dmh pri`msi dm he Vheolglè`lðo Mstretìnlè. Ehmstudli dm he maprmse sm hm dmoialoe eoåhlsls lotmroi, y eh dmh motiroi, eoåhlslsmxtmroi. Mo mstm ûhtlai, mh ijkmtlvi ms ldmotlglèr hes ipirtuoldedms y eamoezes qumpumdeo egm`ter dlrm`te i lodlrm`teamotm e he maprmse. Esá alsai, y motmodlmodi pirmotiroi mh ìokuoti dm verlejhms mxtmroes qum he maprmse oi pumdm ìotriher, smpumdm dlstlonulr motrm al`rimotiroi, mh ùeh sm rmglmrm eh åajlti sm`tirleh mo mh qume`tûe he maprmse, y ae`rimotiroi, qum be`m rmgmrmo`le e ge`tirms pihátlìs,amdlieajlmotehms, hmnehms, dmainråglìs, mìoðalìs y si`li uhturehms qum egm`teo etides hes maprmses mo nmomreh (Bumrtes y Diaáonumz, :662).

Vir su pertm, mh eoåhlsls lotmroi laphlè uo rmùmoti dm his rmùrsis, pitmo`lehldedmsy èpe`ldedms dm he maprmse pere ldmotlglèr sus girtehmzes, dmjlhldedms,ipirtuoldedms y eamoezes.

@io mstm dlenoðstlì sm prmtmodm glker mh puoti dm pertlde dm he girauhe`lðomstretìnlè y dmtmraloer ùåh ms he rmehlded e`tueh dm he irneolze`lðo.




-5:-

Mh slnulmotm pesi mo he girauhe`lðo dm he mstretmnle ìoslstm mo pheotmer his gloms yamtes qum pmrslnum he maprmse turástlè, ye qum mh pri`msi dm dlrm``lðo ìoslstm mo mhplhitekm dm uoe irneolze`lðo pere ùaphlr sus ijkmtlvis. Mo mste gesm sm dmjmoìo`rmter trms mhmamotis (@eseoumve y Nehhmni, :65:).

Alslðo; ms he amte nmomreh dm he irneolze`lðo, guodeamotede mo sus vehirms ymstejhm`lde tmolmodi mo ùmote his lotmrmsms dm his dlgmrmotms Ptecmbihdmrs(nrupis dm lotmrìs qum egm`teo i pumdmo egm`ter e he maprmse) qum he ridmeo.@iostltuym he rezðo dm smr y motlded dm he maprmse, esá ìai uoe nuáe mstejhmpere sus e`tue`lioms. ]oe dmglol`lðo edmùede y `here dm he alslðo pmraltlrådm`ldlr mo quì omni`lis i ìokuoti dm omni`lis sm moùmotre he maprmse.

Wlslðo; he vlslðo dm he maprmse ms he ìo`mp`lðo qum tlmom dm sá alsae mo mhherni phezi. Lotmote dlhu`lder qulìo sm qulmrm smr i dðodm sm qulmrm hhmner,pertlmodi dm hi mstejhm`ldi prmvleamotm mo he alslðo. Mste prispm`tlve aerèråhes nreodms háomes mstretìnlès dm he maprmse y smrvlrå pere ìosmnulr qum hismsgumrzis dmh ìokuoti dm he irneolze`lðo smeo ìovmrnmotms be`le msm puoti.

Ijkmtlvis; Pmnûo Uuloo (5<<0) his ijkmtlvis ‟’sio mouo`ledis qum mstejhm`mo

quì sm ve e hinrer, pmri oi `ðai’’. Dl`bi dm itri aidi, his ijkmtlvis sio henuáe dm he e`tue`lðo ipmre`lioeh y tå`tlè dm he maprmse. Pm dmrlveodlrm`teamotm dm he alslðo y vlslðo, y ms guodeamoteh qum sm priduzè uomstrm`bi váoùhi y msèhealmoti motrm his olvmhms dm ijkmtlvis rmspmteodislmaprm mh Mogiqum Kmrårqulì qum eotms sm `ltð. Mste kmrerqulze`lðo vlmommstejhm`lde pir his dlrm`tlvis y pir he loghumo`le qum pumdeo mkmr`mr itristmr`mris lotmrmsedis.

Mo rmhe`lðo ìo hi eotmrlir, sm dmjm dm`lr qum mh glo dm he mstretmnle y dm he dmglol lðodm his ijkmtlvis ms `rmer i nmomrer vmotekes ìapmtltlves. Ìstes ûhtlaes sm pumdmodmglolr ìai ‟’ùehqulmr sltue`lðo qum pione e he irneolze`lðo pir dmheotm dm susrlvehms mo mh amrèdi. He vmoteke ìapmtltlve sm pumdm jeser mo èpe`ldedms ière`tmrástlès dm he irneolze`lðo i mo su pripli pisl`lioealmoti ìo rmspm`ti eh qumtlmomo sus rlvehms’’ (@eseoumve y Nehhmni, :65:).

]oe vmz qum ìo he gesm eotmrlir he irneolze`lðo be glkedi be`le dðodm qulmrmdlrlnlrsm y quì qulmrm ìosmnulr, he slnulmotm gesm ìoslstm mo dm`ldlr `ðai be`mrhi3 msdm`lr, mhmnlr he mstretmnle aås edmùede pere he irneolze`lðo y tiaer dm`lslioms sijrmmh èaloi aås ìovmolmotm pere ehèozer hes amtes aås prlirlterles m lapirteotms. Ehe bire dm mhmnlr he mstretmnle, sm dmjm tmomr mo ùmote qum mxlstmo trms åajltismstretìnlìs;

Mstretmnle irpiretlve; Ejirde hes dm`lslioms qum, pir su oeturehmze, tlmom mhaeyir ehèo`m pisljhm, monhijeodi he titehlded dm he maprmse. Dm`ldm hisomni`lis e dmserrihher y his omni`lis e mhlaloer.

Mstretmnle dm omni`lis; ms he mstretmnle mspm`áglè pere ède omni`li. Equásm mstejhm`mo quì prmste`lioms lotmnrereo he èrtmre dm smrvl`lis dm hemaprmse, e quì prm`li sm vmodmråo, ùåhms smråo his ìapmtldirms dmhomni`li y quì sm ve e be`mr pere ijtmomr uoe vmoteke ìapmtltlve grmotm emhhis.

Mstretmnles guo`lioehms; sio hes mstretmnles ìrrmspiodlmotms e hesdlgmrmotms årmes guo`lioehms qum lotmnreo he maprmse, ìai he Mstretmnle dmAercmtlon, he Mstretmnle dm Vridu``lðo i he Mstretmnle dm Gloeozes. Piolaphmamotedes y dmserrihhedes pir hes årmes, pmri slmaprm dm`ldldes mo mhåajlti dm he mstretmnle ìrpiretlve, rmspmteodi ìo mhhi mh mogiqum

kmrårqulì m lotmnredi qum dmjm smnulr he maprmse. Pm priguodlzerå mo mhhes

uo piì aås edmheotm.@iai ûhtlae gesm, uoe vmz qum sm be dmgloldi he mstretmnle mo his dlgmrmotms

åajltis, sðhi qumde lapheoterhe y vlnlher qum tidi aer`bm smnûo hi pheomedi,




-50-

hhmvåodism e èji uo ìotrih dm his ijkmtlvis qum vmrlglqum qum ìstis sm mståoùaphlmodi rmehamotm y edipteodi hes amdldes ìrrm`tires qum gumreo om`mserles(@eseoumve y Nehhmni, :65:).

5.4. HE MPTZETMNLE DM IVMZE@LIOMP. MH VHEO MPTZETÌNL@I DM

VZID]@@LÐO.

@iai sm be prm`lsedi eotmrliramotm, ms om`mserli dlstlonulr motrm he Mstretmnle Nhijehi @irpiretlve y he Mstretmnle e olvmh Dmperteamoteh (edmaås dm he Mstretmnle dmOmni`li). Dm mste aeomre, mh Dmperteamoti @iamr`leh tmodrå su priple Mstretmnle,lnueh qum mh årme dm Zmùrsis Buaeois i he Gloeo`lmre. Ìstes, slo dude, siomstretmnles auy e tmomr mo ùmote pere ùehqulmr maprmse, pmri mo hi qum rmspm`te ehprmsmotm mstudli, sm dmjmo eoehlzer hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès, dm uoi dm hissujslstmaes jåslìs dm he irneolze`lðo; mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms. Vir teoti,tides hes eprm`le`lioms y aetlze`lioms qum sm rmehl`mo mo mstm trejeki lråomoèaloedes e dms`rljlr tidi hi rmhe`lioedi io dl`bi sujslstmae.

Mh ijkmtlvi jåslì dm ùehqulmr irneolze`lðo mìoðalè ms he `rme`lðo dm jlmoms ysmrvl`lis, hi qum sm dmoialoe ‟’pridu``lðo’’. Mstm ìo`mpti be`m rmgmrmo`le eh ìokuotidm termes y e`tlvldedms qum sm dmjmo hhmver e èji pere he treosgirae`lðo dm rmùrsismo pridu`tis. Mo tides hes irneolze`lioms mxlstmo e`tlvldedms dm pridu``lðo teoti slnmomreo jlmoms ìai smrvl`lis. Vir teoti, smrå he Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms, ìaipertm dmh Pujslstmae dm Dlrm``lðo, qulmo sm moèrnum dm su nmstlðo y, pir teoti, dmpheolglèr, irneolzer, nmstlioer mh pmrsioeh, dlrlnlr y ìotriher his ijkmtlvis dmpridu``lðo (Bumrtes y Diaáonumz, :662).

He maprmse, e olvmh nhijeh, om`mslte uoe mstretmnle qum ìotmaphm he alslðo, vlslðoy ijkmtlvis e ùaphlr pere ehèozer vmotekes ìapmtltlves sistmoljhms. ‟’]oe vmz qummste mstì dmglolde, hes dlgmrmotms årmes guo`lioehms dmtmraloeråo su priple mstretmnledmglolmodi `ðai utlhlzeråo sus rmùrsis y èpe`ldedms pere laphmamoter he Mstretmnle@irpiretlve. He Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms, pir teoti, dmjm dmglolr he mstretmnle qumsmnulrå io his rmùrsis dlrm`tis dm pridu``lðo’’ (Bumrtes y Diaáonumz :662).

He Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms sm `motre, pir teoti, mo he ‟’mhejire`lðo dm pihátlès ypheoms pere he utlhlze`lðo dm his rmùrsis dm he maprmse mo epiyi dm he ìapmtltlvldeddm he glrae e herni phezi’’ (@besm3 Keìjs y Equlheoi, :66=). Ìste sm pumdm dmglolrteajlìo, dm girae aås prm`lse, ìai uo ‟’pheo e herni phezi pere mh sujslstmae dmIpmre`lioms, mo mh qum sm rmìnmo his ijkmtlvis e hinrer y his ùrsis dm e``lðo, esáìai he eslnoe`lðo dm rmùrsis e his dlgmrmotms pridu`tis y guo`lioms. Tidi mhhi dmjmpmrsmnulr mh hinri dm his ijkmtlvis nhijehms dm he maprmse mo mh aerì dm su mstretmnle@irpiretlve, ìostltuymodi edmaås, uo petrðo ìoslstmotm pere mh dmserrihhi dm hesdm`lslioms tå`tlès y ipmretlves dmh sujslstmae’’ (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, e).

5.4.5. Ijkmtlvis dm he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms

@iai sm mxphlèje mo pårregis eotmrlirms, tidi pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðo ìalmoze ìo heglke`lðo dm uois ijkmtlvis (quì ìosmnulr), pere humni glker hes mstretmnles (`ðaiìosmnulr). Vir teoti, he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms mstå ìodl`lioede pir his ijkmtlvisnhijehms e ehèozer pir mh sujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms. Ìstis ijkmtlvis sm pumdmoìo`rmter mo his slnulmotms (Diaáonumz mt eh, 5<<= j);

@istm; mstm ijkmtlvi pmrslnum pridu`lr e uo olvmh dm ìstms logmrlir qum hisrlvehms. Ms uo ijkmtlvi lapirteotm, ye qum he rmdu``lðo dm ìstms pumdmnmomrer `lmrtes vmotekes ìapmtltlves pere he irneolze`lðo, ìai uo usi

aås mgl`lmotm dm sus rmùrsis i he ijtmo`lðo dm uoe aeyir ùite dmamrèdi pir pridu`lr e amoir ìstm qum his ìapmtldirms. Mh ge`tir ìstmms uoi dm his ìodl`lioeotms guodeamotehms dmh prm`li dm his pridu`tis ysmrvl`lis qum vmodmo hes maprmses y, euoqum mstm ûhtlai oi sme slmaprm mh




-54-

ge`tir dmtmraloeotm e he bire dm ìapmtlr, aeotlmom uo pepmh rmhmveotm. Edmaås, he dlsalou`lðo dmh ìstm euamoterå mh jmomgl`li maprmserleh, pir hiqum ms uo ijkmtlvi jåslì pere nereotlzer he supmrvlvmo`le dm heirneolze`lðo mo mh amrèdi.

Motrmne; mstm ijkmtlvi pmrslnum guodeamotehamotm dis espm`tis; ìosmnulrmh amoir tlmapi dm motrmne pisljhm y motrmner his smrvl`lis y pridu`tis mohe gm`be pe`tede ìo mh `hlmotm.

@ehlded; sm prmtmodm aexlalzer he setlsge``lðo dm his `hlmotms ìaibmrrealmote dm gldmhlze`lðo, amkireodi esá he dmoialoede èhlded dmsmrvl`li. Edmaås, ìo uois jumois olvmhms dm èhlded teajlìo sm ìoslnumuoe dlsalou`lðo dm his ìstms nmomredis pir smrvl`lis y jlmomsdmgm`tuisis.

Ghmxljlhlded; @ioslstm mo dmserrihher he aåxlae èpe`lded dm edepte`lðo ehis èajlis. @io mstm ijkmtlvi sm prmtmodm dmserrihher he bejlhlded perebe`mr grmotm dm girae aås mgl`lmotm y mglèz e hes `lrùosteo`lesèajleotms ìo hes qum sm mogrmote he irneolze`lðo. Mstis èajlis pumdmo

edipter dlvmrses giraes, ìai ehtmre`lioms mo he dmaeode, mo mhsualolstri dm his privmmdirms, mo his pridu`tis, mo mh pri`msi pridu`tlvi imo mh mqulpealmoti y aeoi dm ijre.

Pmrvl`lis; ]o smrvl`li ms uoe e`tlvlded i uoe smrlm dm e`tlvldedms dmoeturehmze aås i amois loteonljhm qum, pir rmnhe nmomreh, euoqum oiom`mserleamotm, sm nmomre mo he lotmre``lðo qum sm pridu`m motrm hismaphmedis dm smrvl`lis y his `hlmotms, msteodi dlrlnldis e setlsge`mr hesom`msldedms dm mstis ûhtlais (Nr÷oriis,5<<6). Vir ìoslnulmotm, mstmijkmtlvi pmrslnum ijtmomr uoe amkire dm mstis smrvl`lis. Mstm pumdm smruoi dm his amdlis pere hinrer uoe vmoteke ìapmtltlve sistmoljhm, ye qumamdleotm mstm ijkmtlvi sm treteráe dm eõedlr eh smrvl`li prlo`lpeh espm`tisqum sltûmo he prmste`lðo pir mo`lae dm hes mxpm`tetlves dmh `hlmotm y dmhmståoder dmh amrèdi. Dm lnueh aeomre, ‟’hes e``lioms moèaloedes eamkirer he èhlded dmh smrvl`li peseo pir setlsge`mr hes mxlnmo`les dm his`hlmotms, logiraer e`mrè dm his pridu`tis y smrvl`lis, rmdu`lr mh rlmsnipmr`ljldi pir mh `hlmotm e he bire dm ìaprer y ge`lhlter hes treose``lioms ye``lioms dm iapre’’ (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, e).

Amdlieajlmotm; ‟’he rmhe`lðo motrm amdlieajlmotm y pridu``lðo msguodeamoteh, pumsti qum he aeyiráe dm his prijhmaes dm mste oeturehmzepri`mdmo dmh årme pridu`tlve. Vir teoti, ms om`mserli qum hes maprmseslotmroehl`mo tidis his lape`tis amdlieajlmotehms qum sm nmomreo mo hesdlstlotes e`tlvldedms dm he guo`lðo pridu`tlve’’ (Gmroåodmz, Kuoqumre y Jrái,:662). Ms pir mhhi qum epister pir mh dmserrihhi sistmoljhm y mh rmspmti pir

mh amdlieajlmotm mo he e`tlvlded maprmserleh pumdm hhmner e ìovmrtlrsm mouoe vmoteke ìapmtltlve, aås mo mstis tlmapis mo his qum he ìo`lmo`le`lðosi`leh pir he ìosmrve`lðo dmh amdli be`m qum his ìapredirms vehirmo hese``lioms moèaloedes e dlsaloulr mh lape`ti amdlieajlmoteh dm hesmaprmses.

He lapirteo`le rmhetlve dm his dlstlotis ijkmtlvis oi ms ehni nmomreh y mståtl` i, sloiqum dmpmodm dm aûhtlphms ge`tirms (sm`tirms y amr edis), y edmaås mvihu`lioe ìo mhtreosùrrlr dmh tlmapi. He smhm``lðo dm uois ijkmtlvis u itris dmjmrå hhmversm e èjimo guo`lðo dm hes prlirldedms mstretìnlès, ìo mh glo dm ehèozer vmotekes ìapmtltlvessistmoljhms, pere treter dm ìosmnulr qum he ìapeõáe sijrmsehne pir mo`lae dm susìapmtldirms mo ehnûo espm`ti eh qum his `hlmotms eslnomo lapirteo`le (Zulz y

@båvmz, :665). Bey qum aetlzer qum ùeodi he maprmse sm `motre mo uo ijkmtlvi oiejeodioe his dmaås, sl oi qum e amdlde qum sm ìoslnumo his olvmhms prmvlstis pereède uoi dm mhhis, sm dlrlnmo his pheoms dm e``lðo be`le itris mo his qum heìapmtltlvlded ms amoir.




-5=-

5.4.:. Dm`lslioms mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms

His ijkmtlvis mxphlèdis eotmrliramotm ìodl`lioeo he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms ysus dm`lslioms, hes ùehms sio tiaedes pere der rmspumste e ùmstlioms ìai hes qumsm mxpiomo e ìotloue`lðo;

He Mstretmnle dm Vridu`tis. Trete dm dmtmraloer quì pridu`lr. Hesmaprmses smhm``lioeo uoe smrlm dm smrvl`lis qum ìogiraeråo hi qum smhheae èrtmre dm smrvl`lis. Hes irneolze`lioms om`mslteo y dmjmo jusèroumves ldmes pere dlsmõer, dmserrihher y heozer oumvis pridu`tis ehamrèdi i amkirer his mxlstmotms pere nereotlzer su ìotloulded mo mhalsai. Mste terme pertm dm he smhm``lðo dm ldmes prmvleamotm nmomredes,hes ùehms, uoe vmz mhmnldes y ìotrestedes, smråo aetmrlehlzedes mosmrvl`lis e trevìs dm uo pri`msi pridu`tlvi. Vere mhhi, sm piom mo aer`beuo pri`msi dm dlsmõi y dmserrihhi qum ìohhmve dlgmrmotms mtepes y mstådmgloldi ìai he `rme`lðo dm uoe oumve aeomre dm rmhe`lioer e`tlvldedms,ldmes y mhmamotis gáslìs qum ìostltuym mh puoti dm pertlde dmh pri`msipridu`tlvi (Zusmhh mt eh. 5<<6). Vir teoti, uoe vmz pesedi mste mtepe dm

smhm``lðo y dlsmõi, ms pisljhm ìamozer ìo mh pri msi dm gejrlè`lðo pere`rmer uoldedms dmh jlmo i smrvl`li.

He Mstretmnle dm Vri`msis. Trete dm rmspiodmr e he prmnuote dm `ðai pridu`lr his jlmoms y smrvl`lis, y mstejhm`mr mh ìotmoldi dm hes dlgmrmotmstermes qum ìapiomo his pri`msis. @io he Mstretmnle dm Vri`msi, heirneolze`lðo trete dm dmglolr `ðai treosgiraer rmùrsis mo jlmoms ysmrvl`lis. Mh ijkmtlvi dm dl`be mstretmnle ms moìotrer uo èaloi pereprmster his smrvl`lis qum setlsgeneo his rmqumrlalmotis dmh `hlmotm y hesmspm`lglè`lioms dmh smrvl`li, tmolmodi mo ùmote hes hlalte`lioms dm tlmapiy dm ìstm (Bmlzmr y Zmodmr, :665). Mh dlsmõi dmh pri`msi mspm`lglè `ðaism dmserrihheråo hes ipmre`lioms om`mserles pere motrmner mh smrvl`li,

nuleodi he mhm``lðo, smhm``lðo, edqulsl`lðo dm bmrrealmotes y pmrsioeh qumhhmverå e èji mste motrmne y, pir teoti, mh moùmotri ìo mh `hlmotm (Msploi,:65:).

He Mstretmnle dm @epe`lded. Trete dm dmtmraloer mh vihuamo dm prmste`lðodm smrvl`li qum pumdm smr ijtmolde mo uoe dmtmraloede uolded pridu`tlvedureotm uo `lmrti pmrlidi dm tlmapi. Mo mstm puoti, he mstrm`be rmhe`lðomotrm mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms y mh Pujslstmae @iamr`leh ms `hevm, yequm he èpe`lded sm pheolglè mo guo`lðo dm he dmaeode mstlaede. ‟’Dm`ldlrhe èpe`lded pridu`tlve rmqulmrm smnulr uo pri`msi dm pheolglè`lðo e amdliy herni phezi, y, pir teoti, oi ms uoe rmspumste e hes ghu`tue`lioms dm hedmaeode qum sm pridu`mo dáe tres dáe. Ms dm`lr sm trete dm uoe dm`lslðo dmåajlti mstretìnlì pumsti qum ìo mhhe sm dmtmraloerå he aeyir pertm dmhìapiomotm dm his ìstms glkis, dmotri dm his ìstms dm pridu``lðo, y heèotlded aåxlae dm pmrsioes qum sm pidråo etmodmr mo uo aiamotidmtmraloedi. Mste èpe`lded ms ìosldmrede e amdli i herni phezi, msdm`lr, eh amois oi sm aidlglèrå mo his prðxlais dis eõis, dm ebá sulape`ti dlrm`ti sijrm his ìstms glkis. Vir teoti, mo mste mstretmnle tlmomhuner mh pri`msi dm pheolglè`lðo y ìotrih dm he èpe`lded, qum laphlè tiaerdm`lslioms sijrm he `rme`lðo dm lostehe`lioms oumves, mo hes qum bey qumdmtmraloer su èpe`lded. Edmaås, pere maprmses qum mståo guo`lioeodi,dm`lslioms sijrm he eaphle`lðo i rmdu``lðo dm hes lostehe`lioms e`tuehmsgruti dm he mxpeoslðo i ìotre``lðo mìoðalè i dm he edip`lðo dm aìtidisdm pridu``lðo aås mgl`lmotms’’ (Bumrtes y Diaáonumz, :662).

He Mstretmnle dm Hièhlze`lðo. Trete dm rmspiodmr he prmnuote dm dðodm pridu`lr. Mo mhhe be dm tmomrsm mo ùmote ùehqulmr ge`tir hlnedi eh mspe`linminråglì qum pumde egm`ter e he e`tlvlded maprmserleh, dmtmraloåodism his




-57-

hunerms aås edmùedis pere dmserrihher he alsae. Mo hes maprmsesturástlès ms uoe dm hes dm`lslioms mstretìnlès aås lapirteotms, pumsti qumhe `mrèoáe i hmkeoáe ìo rmspm`ti e his rmùrsis turástlìs pumdm egm`ter ehis lonrmsis y e his ìstms. Dm bm`bi, uoe vmz qum sm be ediptedi uoehièhlze`lðo ìo`rmte, au`bis dm his ìstms sm mstejhm`mo y qumdeolosteuredis dm teh aeomre qum sio dlgá`lhms dm ehtmrer. Biy dáe, mhmnlr he

ujlè`lðo dm uo mstejhm`lalmoti turástlì sm be vumhti aås ìaphmki ìo henhijehlze`lðo mìoðalè y mh dmserrihhi dmh turlsai lotmroe`lioeh.‟’Vrå`tlèamotm, uehqulmr peás qum rmûoe uois rmqumrlalmotis dm smnurlded,sehujrlded y seolded pumdm ìovmrtlrsm mo dmstloi turástlì. Vir teoti, hesmùmo`le dm dmtmraloer he hièhlze`lðo ìalmoze ìo he mhm``lðo dmh peás.Aås terdm, sm dmjm ìo`rmter he rmnlðo i `luded diodm hièhlzer he maprmse.Mo mstm èsi sm ìosldmreo ge`tirms ìai mh etre`tlvi turástlì dm he rmnlðomh ìstm y he dlspioljlhlded dm smrvl`lis, lo`motlvis nujmroeamotehms, ìstmsdmh sumhi i dlspioljlhlded dm aeoi dm ijre. Vir ûhtlai, sm dmjm mhmnlr mhmaphezealmoti ìo`rmti, mo mstm èsi sm ìosldmrerå he supmrgl`lm dmhtmrrmoi y su ìstm, he e``msljlhlded, he mxlstmo`le dm rmstrl``liomsurjeoástlès, he mxlstmo`les dm privmmdirms y smrvl`lis om`mserlis y hes

ùmstlioms dmh lape`ti amdlieajlmoteh’’. (Bumrtes y Diaáonumz, :662). He Mstretmnle dm Dlstrlju`lðo mo Vheote y Dlsmõi dm hes Lostehe`lioms.

@ioslstm mo phesaer mo mh huner smhm``lioedi mh pri`msi mstejhm`ldi ìo hedlamoslðo mhmnlde. Mo mstm aiamoti sm dlsmõeråo hes lostehe`liomsìogiram mh smrvl`li igrm`ldi. Mo itres pehejres, he dlstrlju`lðo mo pheoteìaprmodm dmtmraloer he ujlè`lðo dm his dmperteamotis, dm hes mste`liomsdm trejeki, he hièhlze`lðo dm hes aåquloes y dm his puotis dmehae`moealmoti dm uoe lostehe`lðo pridu`tlve. ‟’Hes dm`lslioms sijrm `ðaism irneolze mh mspe`li y `ðai sm dlstrljuymo hes e`tlvldedms dmotri dm mstmmspe`li tlmom ouamrises laphlè`lioms mstretìnlès, pirqum mstejhm`m hesprlirldedms ìapmtltlves dm uoe maprmse dmsdm mh puoti dm vlste dm he

èpe`lded, su pri`msi, su ghmxljlhlded y sus ìstms, esá ìai dm he èhldeddm vlde mo mh trejeki, dmh ìote`ti ìo mh `hlmotm y dm he laenmo ìrpiretlve’’(Bmlzmr y Zmodmr, :665). Mh ijkmtlvi nmomreh ms dlspiomr mstis mhmamotis dmaeomre qum sm iptlal`m mh usi dmh mspe`li, sm esmnurm mh ghuki ìotloui dmtrejeki alolalzeodi mh ìstm dmh treospirtm motrm sm``lioms, sm amkirmo hesìodl`lioms dm trejeki, sm amkirm he lotmre``lðo ìo mh `hlmotm y smlo`rmamotm he ghmxljlhlded.

He Mstretmnle dm @ehlded trete dm dlsmõer mh slstmae dm nmstlðo y ìotrih dmhe èhlded om`mserli pere ijtmomr jumois olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo mo heprmste`lðo dmh smrvl`li. Mo he ûhtlae dìède, he epumste pir he èhlded sm beìovmrtldi mo uo ernuamoti lapirteotm pere sijrmvlvlr mo mh sm`tir turástlì,

treosgiraåodism mo uoe pitmotm erae ìapmtltlve pir dlvmrsis aitlvis; moprlamr huner, sm ìovlmrtm mo uo amèolsai i lostruamoti dm dlgmrmo le`lðo,ye qum he prmste`lðo dm uo smrvl`li dm èhlded qum ìrrmspiode e hesmxpm`tetlves dm his `hlmotms giamote su hmehted y amkire he laenmo dm hemaprmse ([mltbeah, Jmrry y Veresureaeo, 5<<7). Mo smnuodi huner, heèhlded pmraltm amkirer he pridu`tlvlded y rmdu`lr edmùedeamotm his ìstmsdm pridu``lðo, privièodi mgm`tis pisltlvis mo his lonrmsis. Vir ûhtlai, heamkire dm he èhlded pmraltm losteurer mo tidis his åajltis dm heirneolze`lðo uoe glhisigáe dm amkire ìotloue qum priviè lape`tispisltlvis mo he irneolze`lðo e olvmh nhijeh. Msti ûhtlai ms hi qum sm hheaeNmstlðo dm he @ehlded Titeh.

He Mstretmnle dm Vheolglè`lðo y @iotrih y Mstretmnle dm

Eprivlslioealmotis. Eajes sio dlgmrmotms pmri, pir su oeturehmze, mståormhe`lioedes. He Mstretmnle dm Vheolglè`lðo y @iotrih dm he Vridu``lðodlsmõe he girae mo he qum sm hhmve e he prå`tlè he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms,




-5>-

y, pir ìoslnulmotm, pmrslnum qum hes e`tlvldedms sm hhmvmo e èji dm heaeomre pheolglède y qum his rmsuhtedis ìoùmrdmo ìo his ijkmtlvis dmhdmperteamoti y pir teoti, dm he maprmse. Vir su pertm, he Mstretmnle dm

Eprivlslioealmotis, trete dm vlnlher y nereotlzer qum mh olvmh dm hislovmoterlis dm aetmrles prlaes y itris aetmrlehms om`mserlis pere hhmver eèji he pridu``lðo sme slmaprm sugl`lmotm pere prmster uo smrvl`liìotlouedi m lolotmrruapldi. Vir mhhi, ‟’dmglolrå mh aerì dm dl`be e`tlvlded,mstejhm`lmodi hes pihátlès y mh Dlsmõi dmh Plstmae dm @iotrih dm Lovmoterlisjeki his qum, dáe e dáe, sm dmserrihheråo y ìirdloeråo mh rmsti dm hese`tlvldedms pridu`tlves’’ (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, j).

He Mstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh sm ìrrmspiodm ìo mstejhm`mr mh aerì dmgirae`lðo, smhm``lðo, ìotrete`lðo i rmauomre`lðo (motrm itris espm`tis) dmhis rmùrsis buaeois dm he maprmse. @uehqulmr irneolze`lðo oi pumdmguo`lioer sl oi dlspiom dm uois rmùrsis buaeois aitlvedis y èpe`ms. HeDlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms ms qulmo dmtmraloe hes om`msldedms dm rmùrsisbuaeois mo su åajlti, esá ìai hes e`tltudms y eptltudms rmqumrldes mo hispumstis dm trejeki ìo`rmtis. Dm eùmrdi ìo he dmglol`lðo dm hes

mstretmnles dm pridu`ti y pri`msi, sm pmrslnum qum his Zmùrsis Buaeoissm ìovlmrteo mo uo lostruamoti èpez dm nmomrer vmotekes ìapmtltlves,sistmoljhms y dlgá`lhms dm lalter. Ms uo mhmamoti jåslì mo he nmomre`lðo dmsmrvl`lis dm èhlded y uoe girae dm dlgmrmo`le`lðo dm his alsais. Hisijkmtlvis qum pmrslne he maprmse dmtmraloeråo he mstru`ture dm heirneolze`lðo dm his rmùrsis buaeois glkeodi mh oûamri dm maphmedis glkis,ìo ìotreti tmapireh, maphmedis e tlmapi per`leh y sujìotretedis pereekuster mh pmrsioeh e his rmqumrlalmotis dm he dmaeode. Hes maprmses qumqulmrmo igrm`mr uois smrvl`lis dm èhlded dmjmo dmtmraloer pihátlès dmmstejlhlded hejireh, qum pmralteo he aitlve`lðo dm his maphmedis, esá ìaiuoe girae`lðo ìotloue qum pisljlhltm dmserrihher uoe èrrmre prigmslioeh,amkireodi he mgl`lmo`le y he pridu`tlvlded y pripir`lioeodi uoe rezioejhmèhlded dm vlde mo mh trejeki.

Gloehamotm, sm dmjm eõedlr qum tides mstes dm`lslioms mståo ìaphmteamotmìirdloedes y rmhe`lioedes motrm sá y oi ms pisljhm ìosldmrerhes dm aeomre elshede.Mo mstm smotldi y e aidi dm mkmaphi, he dlstrlju`lðo mo pheote i he èpe`lded dmhlaltehis pri`msis pridu`tlvis y vl`mvmrse. Dm lnueh aeomre, mh pmrsioeh ìodl`lioe heèhlded eh lnueh qum ìste ìodl`lioe e equmh. Msti sm pumdm vmr dm aeomre aås nråglèmo he Glnure 5.:.

Glnure 5.:. Dm`lslioms ipmretlves dmh dmperteamoti dm ipmre`lioms. Gumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm Diaáonumz (5<<=, j)




-52-

]oe vmz glkedis his ijkmtlvis, tiaedes hes dm`lslioms pere ehèozerhis y, pir teoti,girauhede he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms, sm ijtlmom mh Vheo Mstretìnlì dmIpmre`lioms i Vheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi, qum sm dlsmõe pere uo birlziotmphurleoueh ìo uo nredi dm enrmne`lðo auy mhmvedi. Dl`bi pheo ms dlgá`lh dm mkmùter sloi sm dmtehhe e amdli y ìrti phezi, ms dm`lr, e olvmh tå`tlì y ipmretlvi. Vir teoti, beyqum hhmver e èji uoe dmsenrmne`lðo qum derå ìai gruti uoe smrlm dm prinreaes y

priym`tis aås dmtehhedis, au`bi aås ipmretlvis y ûtlhms pere dmsmapmõer hesdlvmrses e`tlvldedms dm he maprmse. Mste dmsenrmne`lðo supiom ejirder uoe smrlm dmgesms qum sm mxpiodråo mo mh epertedi slnulmotm, hes ùehms sio ephlèjhms peremaprmses dm smrvl`lis (oi sðhi pere hes aeouge turmres), euoqum mo he aeyir pertm dmmhhes mh pri`msi smrå aås slaphm. Eûo esá, sm dmjm tmomr mo ùmote qum, ìai ye smmxphl`ð eotmrliramotm, his smrvl`lis pismmo `lmrtes pmùhlerldedms qum eõedmodlglùhted e tidi mh pri`msi dm pheolglè`lðo e dlstlotis olvmhms.

5.=. DMPENZMNE@LÐO DMH VHEO DM VZID]@@LÐO E HEZNI VHE[I

He prlamre gesm dm he ìo`rm`lðo dmh Vheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi smìrrmspiodm ìo mh pri`msi dm Vheolglè`lðo Tå`tlè, he ùeh sm moùmotre mo amdli dm

he Vheolglè`lðo mstretìnlè y he ipmretlve, ìapertm ère`tmrástlès dm eajes y tlmomìai guo`lðo guodeamoteh ìom`terhes. Mo mste gesm tlmom huner he Vheolglè`lðo

Enrmnede dm Vridu``lðo, he ùeh trete dm mstejhm`mr, tideváe dm uoe aeomre auyenrmnede pere pmrlidis oiraehamotm amosuehms, mh vihuamo dm pridu``lðo, mh olvmhdm lovmoterlis y mh olvmh dm aeoi dm ijre, tmolmodi mo ùmote he èpe`lded dlspioljhmm lotmoteodi qum mh Vheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi sm ùaphe eh amoir ìstmpisljhm. Mste mtepe, qum teajlìo sm dmoialoe Vheolglè`lðo e Amdli Vhezi, gloehlze ìomh mstejhm`lalmoti dm dis pheoms enrmnedis; mh dm pridu``lðo y mh dm èpe`lded.(Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, j). Mo ùeoti e mstm ûhtlai, dmjmrå tmomrsm mo ùmote qumpere mh birlziotm ìosldmredi, he èpe`lded dm hes lostehe`lioms sm ìosldmrerå glke,pmraltlìodism sðhi amdldes dm ekustm treosltirli y tmapireh, ìo hes ùehms smesmnurerå he ge`tljlhlded dmh Vheo Enrmnedi dm Vridu``lðo i, ìai sm ìoi`m mo mhåajlti dm his smrvl`lis, Vheo dm Ipmre`lioms i Vheo dm Vmrsioeh. (Diaáonumz mt eh.,5<<=, j). Pl mhhi oi ms pisljhm, sm dmjmráeo rmehlzer èajlis e olvmh mstretìnlì mo mhVheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi, rmgirauheodi hes dlrm`trl`ms mstretìnlès pereìosmnulr he vlejlhlded dmh alsai.

Hhmnedis e mstm puoti, mh nredi dm dmtehhm qum igrm`m mh Vheo dm Ipmre`lioms oi mssugl`lmotm pere hhmver e èji he Vheolglè`lðo Ipmretlve. Vir teoti, sm eìrteråo hispmrlidis (peseodi dm amsms e smaeoes) y sm ìo`rmterå au`bi aås e he bire dmbejher dm his dlgmrmotms ge`tirms pridu`tlvis y dm his mhmamotis om`mserlis pere hepridu``lðo. ‟’Mh rmsuhtedi smrå mh Vrinreae Aemstri dm Vridu``lðo, ìo uo birlziotmtmapireh qum oi sumhm supmrer mh eõi, dedi qum mh olvmh dm dmtehhm rmqumrldi rereamotmpidráe esmnurersm pere pmrlidis dm tlmapis supmrlirms (he dlgmrmo`le motrm mh Vheo

Enrmnedi y mh Vrinreae Aemstri mstå aås mo mh nredi dm dmtehhm qum mo mh birlziotmtmapireh)’’ (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, j). E pmser dm qum ye sm esmnurð he ge`tljlhlded dmhVheo Enrmnedi mo rmhe`lðo ìo he èpe`lded, bejrå qum be`mr hi alsai pere mhVrinreae Aemstri. Mhhi ms dmjldi e qum, pir uoe pertm, mh olvmh dm dmsenrmne`lðo msaeyir, y pir itre, mh bm`bi dm qum, euoqum he èpe`lded dlspioljhm pere pmrlidisamosuehms sme sugl`lmotm dm girae enrmnede, mhhi oi esmnure qum oi sm pumdeopridu`lr dmsekustms mo birlziotms tmapirehms aås ìrtis y dmtehhedis. Vir teoti, smdmjmrå rmehlzer uo eoåhlsls eprixlaedi dm èpe`lded jesedi mo hes om`msldedmsdmrlvedes dm his pri`msis pridu`tlvis dm he maprmse (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, j).

‟’Mh Vrinreae Aemstri ijtmoldi dmjmráe tmomr sugl`lmotm mstejlhlded ìai pere qumhe gejrlè`lðo pudlmsm nereotlzer su mkmù`lðo y sugl`lmotm ghmxljlhlded ìai pere

ijtmomr uoe rmspumste iapmtltlve eotm pisljhms eajlis mo he dmaeode’’ (Diaáonumzmt eh., 5<<=, j).




-5<-

Pl mh Vrinreae Aemstri be sldi ìogm``lioedi ìo ìxlti, sm pumdm hhmver e èji heVrinreae`lðo Dmtehhede (mo èotldedms y aiamotis dm tlmapi) dm his ìapiomotmsqum lotmnreo his dlstlotis pridu`tis, esá ìai he Vheolglè`lðo Dmtehhede dm he@epe`lded rmqumrlde pir his alsais. Mo mstm aiamoti, sm dmjmo mstejhm`mr hisvihûamoms gloehms dm ède pridu`ti qum sm veo e pridu`lr ède smaeoe dmh birlziotmdm pridu``lðo e ìrti phezi, jusèodi mvlter loùrrlr mo sijrmèrnes i logreutlhlze`lðodm hes lostehe`lioms. Mh rmsuhtedi dm mstm pri`msi, ms he ijtmo`lðo dmh dmoialoediVheo dm Om`msldedms dm Aetmrlehms y Pmrvl`lis (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=, j).

‟’He ûhtlae gesm dm he dmsenrmne`lðo dmh Vheo dm Vridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi ìoslstmmo he mkmù`lðo y ìotrih dmh Vheo dm Om`msldedms dm Aetmrlehms y Pmrvl`lis. Vere mhhi,ìstm sm tredu`lrå, pir uo hedi, mo uoe prinreae`lðo dm ipmre`lioms mo his `motris dmtrejeki qum tmone mo ùmote hes prlirldedms dm gejrlè`lðo i prmste lðo, y pir itri, mohes e``lioms dm ìapre dm hes aetmrles prlaes y ìapiomotms qum sm edqulmrmo mo mhmxtmrlir. Teajlìo smrå om`mserli rmehlzer equá uo ìotrih dm he èpe`lded, pmri dm tlpidmtehhedi, mh ùeh pripir`lioerå rmtriehlamote`lðo e mstm olvmh y e olvmhms supmrlirms.Bey qum be`mr oiter qum mste gesm oi ms sðhi dm mkmù`lðo y ìotrih, pums teajlìo smrmehlzeo e`tlvldedms dm prinreae`lðo e olvmh auy dmtehhedi’’ (Diaáonumz mt eh., 5<<=,

j). Mo he Glnure 5.0 qumdeo rmìnldis his dlgmrmotms pheoms y prinreaes dm hepheolglè`lðo.

Glnure 5.0. Msqumae dm his dlgmrmotms pheoms y prinreaes dm he pheolglè`lðoGumotm; Mhejire`lðo Vriple e pertlr dm Diaáonumz mt eh., (5<<=) .




-:6-




-:5-

@EVÁT]HI :

EOÅHLPLP @IZVIZETLWI

Mh prlamr èpátuhi dm mstm eoåhlsls sm rmìnm uoe jrmvm dms`rlp`lðo dm his espm`tisaås lapirteotms dm he maprmse e olvmh nhijeh, tehms ìai he dmhlalte`lðo dm sue`tlvlded, he dms`rlp`lðo dmh motiroi mo mh qum sm moùmotre i he girauhe`lðo dm hesdlrm`trl`ms mstretìnlès qum he rlnmo. Tidi mhhi supiom uo prlamr e`mrèalmoti eh bitmhqum smrvlrå dm prðhini eh slnulmotm epertedi, ye mogièdi eh mstudli dmh Pujslstmae dmIpmre`lioms.

:.5. JZMWM BLPTIZLE DMH BITMH JÌ@U]MZ

Mh bitmh Jì`qumr ms uoe maprmse gealhler dm ùerte nmomre`lðo qum nize dm uoejumoe pisl`lðo mo mh peoireae bitmhmri smvlhheoi. Mh bitmh sm be aeotmoldi sðhldi momh tlmapi nre`les e qum be dlrlnldi tidis sus msgumrzis e aidmrolzer su irneolze`lðopere edeptersm eh motiroi, supmrer his èajlis dm `l`hi mìoðalì, y sipirter hebmnmaioáe dm hes nreodms èdmoes. Tidi mhhi slmaprm ìo uoe glhisigáe jesede mo helooive`lðo dm his smrvl`lis slo pmrdmr dm vlste he èhlded dm his alsais.

Vere ìoi`mr his vmrdedmris iránmoms dm mstm mstejhm`lalmoti dm ùetri mstrmhhessltuedi mo mh èsì blstðrlì dm Pmvlhhe, bey qum rmaiotersm e 5<52, eõi mo mh qumtuvi huner he epmrture dm su prmdm`msir, mh bitmh @m`lh Irlmotm. Pu mdlgl`li smmoìotreje mo he Vheze Oumve y rmehamotm msteje dlvldldi mo dis. ]oe alted pere mhBitmh @m`lh y itre alted pere mh Bitmh Irlmotm. Mo Momri dm 5<00, ìstm ûhtlai smtrespesð y gum motio`ms ùeodi sm priduki he guslðo dm his alsais peseodi edmoialoersm @m`lh Irlmotm. Pu mxphite`lðo sm mxtmodlð beste 5<>6, eõi mo mh ùeh supriplmterle (he gealhle Aertlomz Giosmè) vmodlð mh loaumjhm pere ìaprer uoe nreo

èse sltuede mo he èhhm Zmyms @etðhlìs. Dl`bi dial`lhli gum dmrrljedi y mo 5<>0 gumìostruldi mh bitmh qum e`tuehamotm sm ìoi`m.

Biy dáe, ms uoi dm his mstejhm`lalmotis bitmhmris lodmpmodlmotms qum ùmote ìoaås bejlte`lioms dm tide he privlo`le smvlhheoe (ìo`rmteamotm 504), ìo uoe herne ydlhetede treym`tirle prigmslioeh.

:.:. GIZA]HE@LÐO DM HE MPTZETMNLE MAVZMPEZLEH

:.:.5. Dmhlalte`lðo dm e`tlvldedms y omni`lis

Plnulmodi ìo he ìotmxtuehlze`lðo dm he motlded y priguodlzeodi mo espm`tis aås

maprmserlehms, sm be`m om`mserli dmhlalter ùåhms sio his smrvl`lis turástlìs qum mhbitmh prmste, ye qum be le mhhis veo dlrlnldis tides sus e``lioms.

He e`tlvlded prlo`lpeh dmh bitmh ms mh ehikealmoti. Oi ijsteotm, he maprmse prmste uoverledi ejeolì dm smrvl`lis smùoderlis qum ìaphmamoteo mh pequmtm dm smrvl`listurástlìs. Dm mste aeomre, igrm`m uo ìokuoti dm sehioms pere he `mhmjre`lðo dmùehqulmr tlpi dm mvmotis ìai ìovmo`lioms, ìonrmsis i jeoqumtms.Itri smrvl`li sio hes vlsltes turástlès nuledes qum pertmo dmsdm he eotlnue GåjrlèZmeh dm Tejeìs sltuede mo he èhhm Peo Gmroeodi. Mh bitmh ùmote teajlìo ìo uoepls`loe ìo sihårlua lostehede mo he ezitme dmh loaumjhm, ìo vlstes be`le he @etmdrehdm Pmvlhhe.

Vmri slo dude, uoi dm his smrvl`lis qum aås vehir epirteo e he neae dm

prmste`lioms dm he irneolze`lðo ms mh PVE, sltuedi mo uoes lostehe`lioms prðxlaes ehbitmh. Mo ìh sm igrm`mo uoe smrlm dm `lrùltis y tretealmotis qum pumdmo smr dlsgrutedisteoti pir `hlmotms ehikedis ìai pir pmrsioes qum sðhi sihl`ltmo mstis pridu`tis.




-::-

Mo rmhe`lðo ìo msti ûhtlai, sm dmjm e`herer qum mh smrvl`li PVE ms nmstlioedi piruoe maprmse lodmpmodlmotm dmh bitmh, sl jlmo eajis omni`lis sm pmr`ljmo dm aeomreìokuote jeki mh oiajrm dm bitmh Jì`qumr.

Vir teoti, mh bitmh Jì`qumr igrm`m uo pequmtm dm smrvl`lis ùye e`tlvlded prlo`lpehms morlqum`lde ìo uoe ìosldmrejhm neae dm smrvl`lis qum epirteo uo ehti vehireõedldi e su igmrte nhijeh, ehni qum perm`m jåslì pere aeotmomr uo ehti nredi dmìapmtltlvlded rmspm`ti e sus ìapmtldirms.

:.:.:. Alslðo, Wlslðo y Ijkmtlvis

]oe irneolze`lðo om`mslte ìoi`mr ùåh ms su rezðo dm smr e`tueh, dm dðodm privlmomhe alsae, ùåhms smråo sus ijkmtlvis e herni, amdli y ìrti phezi y ùåhms sio hisrmùrsis ìo his qum ùmote pere lotmoter esá eh eozer mh ìxlti.

@iai ye sm mxphlèje mo mh ùmrpi tmðrlì, he Dlrm``lðo Mstretìnl e ms uo ‟’pri`msiìapumsti pir verles gesms qum dmjm ìamozer ìo mh pheotmealmoti dm his gloms yamtes qum pmrslnum he maprmse turástlè, ye qum ùehqulmr pri`msi dm dlrm``lðoìoslstm mo mh plhitekm dm uoe irneolze`lðo pere ehèozer msis puotis dm dmstloi’’

(@eseoumve y Nehhmni, :65:).Mo he prlamre gesm dm mstm pri`msi, sm pmrslnum rmspiodmr e ùmstlioms teo

mhmamotehms ìai ùåhms sio his vehirms dm he irneolze`lðo, ùåhms sio his prlo`lplisnmomrehms qum he rlnmo y, rmsualìodihi tidi mo uoe prmnuote, ¹ùåh ms he rezðo dm smrqum kustlglè tides hes e`tue`lioms9

Zmspiodmr e mste prmnuote laphlè girauher he alslðo dm he maprmse, ùyimouo`ledi ms mh slnulmotm; igrm`mr e his `hlmotms mh smrvl`li dm ehikealmoti e trevìs dmprmste`lioms dm ehlded qum setlsgeneo sus om`msldedms, pripir`lioeodi e his alsaisuoe msteo`le enredejhm y ìaphmte. Tidi mhhi, rmspmteodi slmaprm his vehirmstredl`lioehms m blstðrlìs qum moaerèo e he maprmse, smõe dm ldmotlded dm he alsae.Mo uoe motrmvlste rmehlzede eh dlrm`tir ìamr`leh dmh bitmh Jì`qumr, Dio EhmkeodriZidránumz, he ìotmste`lðo e ìste prmnuote gum jesteotm `here y smo`lhhe; -‟’]oe vmz qumhhmnes e ìosmnulr qum mh `hlmotm sm slmote ìai mo èse, tidis tus msgumrzis veo e lrdlrlnldis e aeotmomr mste iodl lðo’’-.

Mh slnulmotm pesi mo mh pri`msi dm he girauhe`lðo dm he mstretmnle pmrslnumìotmster uoe smnuode prmnuote; ¹@uåh ms he vlslðo dmh omni`li9

He vlslðo dmh bitmh Jì`qumr pese pir aeotmomr su ìodl`lðo ìapmtltlve, dlrlnlmoditidis his msgumrzis e aeotmomrsm mo he `rmste dm he bitmhmráe smvlhheoe,rmlvlodl`åodism ìai uoi dm his bitmhms lodmpmodlmotms amkir vehiredis dmhpeoireae privlo`leh y hhmveodi e èji dlvmrsis priym`tis qum ìotrljuyeo mh`rm`lalmoti dm he irneolze`lðo mo uo birlziotm tmapireh dm 4 i = eõis.

Vere ernuamoter mste vlslðo, sm dmjmo epirter ehnuois detis qum dmaumstrmo hepisl`lðo dm he qum dlsgrute he maprmse; mo tmapiredes jekes ìai vmreoi, mh bitmhìoslnum uoe i upe`lðo supmrlir eh =6% (amdle dmh sm`tir), uoe `lgre jesteotm pisltlvetmolmodi mo ùmote qum mh vmreoi mo Pmvlhhe ms uo nreo loìovmolmotm pere mh turlstequm dmsme vlslter he èplteh dm Eodehu`áe. Dm bm`bi, mo Enisti dm :65:, mhmstejhm`lalmoti èsl hinrð ìhner mh èrtmh dm ‟’ìaphmti’’ ehèozeodi uo <2,2% dmbejlte`lioms vmodldes ( Ehmkeodri Zidránumz, Dlrm`tir @iamr`leh dmh Bitmh Jì`qumr ).

Edmaås, ms ìosldmredi pir his lotmroeutes ìai mh smxti amkir bitmh dm tides hessi`lmdedms y maprmses bitmhmres dm Pmvlhhe, smnûo uo mstudli dm he ìosuhtireturástlè Ljmrehte. Msti ms gruti dmh msgumrzi qum hhmveo e èji pere èpter `hlmotms,amz`heodi ge`tirms ìai he vlsljlhlded iohlom, he hièhlze`lðo dmh loaumjhm y heedepte`lðo e hes oumves tmòihináes. ]o mkmaphi dm msti ûht lai ms he rm`lmotm `rme`lðo

dm he ephlè`lðo nretulte dm eudlinules turástlès, he ùeh sm be ìovmrtldi mo uomhmamoti dmtmraloeotm e he bire dm rmehlzer rmsmrves.




-:0-

@ueodi his rmspiosejhms dm he maprmse beo ìaprmodldi y esualdi ùåh ms healslðo y vlslðo dm he maprmse, tlmom huner he tmr`mre gesm mo mh pri`msi dm Dlrm``lðoMstretìnlè mo he qum sm girauheo his ijkmtlvis e herni phezi qum pmraltmo ìodu`lr ehe irneolze`lðo be`le sus pripðsltis gloehms.

Vere mhhi, be`m gehte rmaltlrsm dm oumvi e he motrmvlste rmehlzede e Ehmkeodri

Zidránumz. Mo mhhe, mh dlrm`tir ìamr`leh mxpusi ùåhms mreo his prlo`lpehms ijkmtlvisdmh bitmh;

Amkirer he prmsmo`le Io-hlom (qum hms pripir`lioe mh 46 ð =6% dmh titeh dmrmsmrves), egrioteodi esá uoi dm his aås nreodms loìovmolmotms qumprmsmote he èdmoe dm vehir turástlè ìotmapiråome; he dmslotmramdle`lðopripl`lede pir mh usi aeslvi dm Lotmromt.

Vir itri hedi, smnulr ìajloeodi mh Coiw-Biw ìo he looive`lðo mo hissmrvl`lis y pridu`tis pere aeotmomr mse èhlded qum teoti hms ldmotlglè y esátreter dm gldmhlzer e his `hlmotms.

Mxpeodlr he motlded be`le oumvis omni`lis bitmhmris. @io`rmteamotm, smmstå nmsteodi uo oumvi priym`ti ìoslstmotm mo ejrlr uo bitmh-jiutlqumsltuedi mo mh Vesmi @ihðo mo uoe èse qum he gealhle Aertlomz Giosmèedqulrlð mo :656.

@ulder eh aåxlai sus rmhe`lioms ìo enmotms mxtmrois ìai maprmsesìapmtldires i motldedms lotmrmsedes, treosaltlmodi treospermo le m lo`husiìhejireodi ìo mhhis pere priym`tis ìokuotis (e`tltud auy prmsmotm motide he irneolze`lðo).

:.:.0. Dlenoðstlì dm he sltue`lðo dmh Bitmh Jì`qumr

]oe vmz rmehlzedes hes trms gesms eotmrlirms, ms mh aiamoti dm der uo ûhtlai pesieotms dm mhmnlr y girauher he mstretmnle maprmserleh dmgloltlve; be`mr uo dlenoðstlì dm

he sltue`lðo dm he maprmse ldmotlglèodi sus ìodl`lioms lotmroes y his mhmamotis dmhmotiroi qum pumdmo loghulr mo mhhe. Vere mhhi, sm hhmverå e èji uo eoåhlsls DEGI(Dmjlhldedms, Eamoezes, Girtehmzes y Ipirtuoldedms). @iosldmreodi mh ìotmxti mo mhqum sm aumvm mh Bitmh Jì`qumr, esá ìai sus prlo`lpehms èpe`ldedms lotmroes, mheoåhlsls DEGI rmehlzedi sm rmìnm mo he Tejhe :.5.;

Tejhe :.5. Eoåhlsls DEGIGumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm he logirae`lðo sualolstrede pir mh Bitmh Jì`qumr.

Dmjlhldedms

-Hmkeoáe dmh bitmh ìo rmspm`ti eh emripumrti.-@epe`lded hlaltede ìo rmspm`ti e susprlo lpehms ìapmtldirms.-Jeke ghmxljlhlded dm sus lostehe`lioms, esá ìaidm su èpe`lded.

Eamoezes

-@rlsls mìoðalè.-Bmnmaioáe dm hes nreodms èdmoes.-@eajlis mo mh sm`tir (Pi`lehms,mìoðalìs, dmslotmramdle`lðo…). -Vìrdlde dm turlstes oe`lioehms.

Girtehmzes

-Looive`lðo y edepte`lðo e hes tmodmo`les(Mkmaphi; Eudlinuáes).-]jlè`lðo dmh bitmh mo mh èsì blstðrlì.-Lotmo`lðo y pisljlhlded dm mxpeoslðo.-Oi pmrtmom`m e olonuoe èdmoe, hi qumpripir`lioe uoe Lodmpmodmo`le qum nereotlze`lmrte eutioiaáe.-Pmrvl`lis dm èhlded y sejmr be`mr.-Vrmstlnli dmh bitmh.-Vmrsioeh èpe`ltedi, prigmslioeh y hmeh e he

maprmse.

Ipirtuoldedms

-@iipmre`lðo y jumoe rmhe`lðo ìo hisìapmtldirms.

-Nreo eghumo`le dm turlstes lotmroe`lioehmsqum vlslteo Pmvlhhe.-Vitmo`leh dm dmserrihhi dm Pmvlhhe.-Pmvlhhe @ionrmss eod @iovmotlio Jurmeu.-Edqulsl`lðo dm oumvi loaumjhm mo Vesmi@ihðo.




-:4-

Mo vlrtud dmh eoåhlsls DEGI, ms pisljhm vlsuehlzer ùåhms sio his puotis gumrtms ydìjlhms dm he maprmse, esá iai uåhms sio sus prlo`lpehms ipirtuoldedms y eamoezesìo mh glo dm amkirer hes èpe`ldedms qum prmsmote he irneolze`lðo ìo mh sm`tir.

:.:.4. He Mstretmnle Maprmserleh dmh bitmh Jì`qumr

@iai ye sm `ltð eotms, he mhejire`lðo dm uoe mstretmnle ms mh amdli ìo mh ùeh uoemaprmse tiae mh aeodi dm sus rmùrsis y his dlrlnm be`le uoe dmtmraloede dlrm``lðoìo he gloehlded dm ehèozer hes amtes qum sm pripiom.

]oe vmz rmehlzedis tidis his pesis prmvlis e he girauhe`lðo mstretìnlè, hhmne mhaiamoti dm nmomrer y mhmnlr he mstretmnle nhijeh qum be aitlvedi mstm jrmvm mstudliìrpiretlvi. Mo mstm smotldi, sm pumdm eglraer qum mh bitmh Jì`qumr hhmve e èji uoeMstretmnle dm Dlgmrmo`le`lðo jesede mo he @ehlded, jusèodi qum sus smrvl`lis smeoìosldmredis ìai ûolìs nre`les e hes jumoes ìodl`lioms mo hes qum sm prmsteo,ùldeodi eh aåxlai ède dmtehhm y vmheodi pirqum he msteo`le dm his buìspmdms smeaås qum setlsge`tirle. Mste mstretmnle sm ìovlmrtm mo he ûolè aeomre dm sijrmvlvlr ehes nreodms èdmoes, ìosldmreodi qum mh pidmr gloeo`lmri, mh dmsphlmnum dm rmùrsis

y he mxtmoslðo qum pismmo mstis nreodms omni`lis dlglùhte he terme dm ìosmnulrvmotekes ìapmtltlves ìo rmspm`ti e mhhis. Vir mhhi, he looive`lðo, he edepte`lðotmòihðnlè y he utlhlze`lðo mgl`lmotm dm his rmùrsis dlspioljhms smråo guodeamotehmspere hhmver e èji dl`be mstretmnle.

Dm mste aeomre, his ge`tirms qum pisljlhlteo mh ùaphlalmoti dm mste mstretmnle siohis slnulmotms;

Mo prlamr huner, he maprmse dmjm mxprlalr eh aåxlai sus èpe`ldedms, peredmserrihher su pitmo`leh y aeotmomrsm mo uoe jumoe pisl`lðo ìapmtltlve. Momstm smotldi, mh prlamr mhmamoti e oiajrer ms he edepte`lðo tmòihðnlè,rmglrlìodism ìste e his rmùrsis tmòihðnlìs dm he maprmse. He motlded ìoi`mqum uoi dm sus èoehms dm dlstrlju`lðo aås lapirteotms ms mh dm ‟’Lotmromt’’. E

mstm rmspm`ti, uoe jumoe nmstlðo dm he rmpute`lðo y vlsljlhlded Io-hlom smeotike jåslè pere aeotmomr uo jumo olvmh dm vmotes y uoe gumrtmìapmtltlvlded. Mstes dis prmalses sio hes qum beo mstedi prmsmotms e he biredm mhejirer he ephlè`lðo dm he eudlinuáe, mstudler his ehnirltais dm hesdlgmrmotms pånloes ^mj mo hes qum sm moùmotreo prmsmotms i lovmstlner tideshes verlejhms qum loghuymo mo tìòlès dm pisl`lioealmoti mo jusèdirms ìaiPMI (Pmer b Monlom Iptlalze`lio) y PMA (Pmer`b Monlom Aercmtlon).

Itri dm his mhmamotis lapirteotms e `lter ms mh Zmvmoum Aeoenmamot , utlhlzedipere iptlalzer he nmstlðo dm his prlo`lpehms e`tlvis dm uo omni`li bitmhmri; hesbejlte`lioms. Pm dmjm rmìrder qum mh Zmvmoum sm pidráe dmglolr ìai ‒“vmodmr

he bejlte`lðo ìrrm`te, eh `hlmotm ìrrm`ti, eh prm`li ìrrm`ti mo mh aiamotiìrrm`ti““ (Eamrlèo Elrhloms Eooueh Zmpirt, 5<2>). Tmolmodi prmsmotm msti, hisdlrm`tlvis sm rmûomo mh huoms dm ède smaeoe pere be`mr uoe rmvlslðo dm hisprm`lis e ùetri amsms vlste y ijtmomr mh aåxlai rmodlalmoti pir èdebejlte`lðo. Dl`bi dm itri aidi, hi qum pmrslnumo ìo mhhi ms mvlter‟’aehvmodmr’’ hes uoldedms dm ehikealmoti.

Mo smnuodi huner, he maprmse ìosldmre he ìipmre`lðo ìo ìapmtldirmsdlrm`tis y ìo itris Ptecmbihdmrs (irneolze`lioms y enmotms qum egm`teo ipumdmo egm`ter e hes e`tlvldedms dm he irneolze`lðo mo ùmstlðo) ìai ge`tirdm`lslvi mo he `rme`lðo dm smrvl`lis qum eõedeo vehir teoti eh dmstloi ìai e hemsteo`le dm sus buìspmdms. @io mhhi, prmtmodmo ijtmomr rmsuhtedis pisltlvis ydm mste girae nmomrer vmotekes ìapmtltlves qum smráeo loe``msljhms dmaeomre lodlvldueh. ]o mkmaphi dm mhhi ms he lol`letlve qum hhmverio e èji kuotieh bitmh @iogirtmh Vumrte dm Trleoe (sltuedi kusti mogrmotm), e pertlr dm he ùehmstejhm`lmrio uo al`rijûs ìaûo pere treospirter e his buìspmdms dm eajismstejhm`lalmotis be`le he Gmrle dm Ejrlh. ‐‟’Pl bujlìsmais ìosmnuldi be`mrhi




-:=-

motrm verlis bitmhms, hm msteráeais deodi uo vehir eõedldi lo`rmájhm ehdmstloi’’- eglrae Ehmkeodri Zidrlnumz.

E ìotloue lðo, mo he Tejhe :.: sm pumdm ijsmrver uoe losteotåome dm hisprlo`lpehms Ptecmbihdmrs ìo his qum aeotlmomo uoe smrlm dm eùmrdis dmìhejire`lðo y rmhe`lioms dlrm`tes;

Maprmse Lotmrìs/E`tlvlded

]OL@MG

Eùmrdi dm ìhejire`lðo y eyude e gevir dm olõis mo sltue`lðo dmpijrmze. Mh bitmh rmehlze uoe smrlm dm e`tlvldedms mo su lotmrlir qum

laphlè e tidis his trejekedirms pere giamoter mh rmspmti pir his dmrm`bisdm he logeo`le.

Guode`lðoWl`motm Gmrrmr

Eùmrdi dm ìipmre`lðo e t revìs dmh ùeh dmstloeo uo pir`motekm dm èdermsmrve pere priym`tis jmoìglìs, ìai binerms pere dlsèpe`ltedis i

ìostru``lioms dm msùmhes.Lostltuti

TmòihðnlìBitmhmri

Motlded e he qum pmrtmom`m pir mhmamotis ìai he rmpute`lðo iohlom i heephlè`lðo dm eudlinuáes. Ms uoi dm his 5: bitmhms mspeõihms amkir

vehiredis pir his vlekmris dm uoe hlste dm 7=6.Esi`le`lðobitmhmre dm

Pmvlhhe.

Motlded e he ùeh pmrtmom`mo y aeotlmomo uoe slajlisls e he bire dmbejher dm priai`lðo y ìapmtltlvlded dmh dmstloi.

Tejhe :.:. Ptecmbihdmrs dmh Bitmh Jì`qumrGumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm he logirae`lðo sualolstrede pir mh Bitmh Jì`qumr.

Mo tmr`mr y ûhtlai huner sm mo umotre mh usi dm he èhlded ìai bmrrealmote dmgldmhlze`lðo dm his `hlmotms. His jumois rmsuhtedis mo hes moùmstes dmsetlsge``lðo y he nreo mstlae qum hm tlmom he `hlmotmhe eh mstejhm`lalmoti oi siogruti dm he èsuehlded. Aeotmolmodi uois jumois olvmhms dm èhlded y

prmsteodi jumois y edmùedis smrvl`lis, sio èpe`ms dm gldmhlzer e uo nreooûamri dm `hlmotms. Mstis olvmhms sm ìoslnumo e trevìs dm his vehirms qumdmsdm mh prlamr aiamoti sm hm loùhèo e ède uoi dm his trejekedirms dmhbitmh, tredu`lìodism msti e treosaltlr uoe mapetáe qum ìohhmve e pripir`lioeruo treti mxqulslti e tidis sus buìspmdms, prlo`lpeh ge`tir dm su ìxlti. Edmaås,he jumoe y ùldede ìodl`lðo dm hes lostehe`lioms ìaphmte he mxpmrlmo`le dmehte èhlded qum mh bitmh igrm`m.

@iai rmsuhtedi dm he ìajloe`lðo motrm rmùrsis buaeois y smrvl`lis, smijtlmom uo nreo olvmh dm setlsge``lðo qum, e amdli y herni phezi, sm vmotredu`ldis mo rmotejlhlded y prmstlnli.

]oe vmz eoehlzedis his resnis aås nmomrehms dm he Mstretmnle @irpiretlve dmh Bitmh

Jì`qumr, sm ejirderå mo mh tmr`mr èpátuhi dm mstm mstudli mh eoåhlsls dmh Pujslstmaedm Vridu``lðo. Mo ìh sm eoehlzereo his ijkmtlvis y dm`lslioms qum ìapiomo heMstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms, y `ðai he Mstretmnle Nhijeh dm he maprmse loghuymdlrm`teamotm mo su girauhe`lðo, pums he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms ms he alslðo qumsm hm moìalmode eh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms pere epiyer he ìosmù`lðo dm hisijkmtlvis nhijehms dm he irneolze`lðo.




-:7-




-:>-

@EVÁT]HI 0

EOÅHLPLP MPTZETÌNL@I DMH ÅZME DM IVMZE@LIOMP

Mo mstm èpátuhi sm eoehlzeråo, dm uoe aeomre aås dmtehhede qum mo mh eoåhlslsìrpiretlvi, tidis his mhmamotis qum ìapiomo mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms dmhBitmh Jì`qumr. Plo majerni, mh irdmo hðnlì dm mste pertm smrå jesteotm slalher ehsmnuldi mo mh èpátuhi eotmrlir. Mo prlamr huner sm rmehlzerå uoe mouamre`lðo dm hisprlo`lpehms ge`tirms rmhe`lioedis ìo he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms, tehms ìai hesère`tmrástlès dm he neae dm smrvl`lis i mh eoåhlsls dm he aeoi dm ijre.Pmnuldeamotm, pertlmodi dm his ijkmtlvis y prlirldedms ìapmtltlves dmh dmperteamoti(slmaprm dmstloedis e ìotrljulr e he ìosmù`lðo dm his ijkmtlvis nhijehms), sm hhmveråe èji uo eoåhlsls dm hes Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms qum aistreråo`ðai prmtmodm he irneolze`lðo ìosmnulr msis gloms. Tidi mhhi sm berå rmehlzeodimspm`leh bloèplì mo he vloùhe`lðo qum his Ijkmtlvis dm Vridu``lðo aeotlmomo io hisIjkmtlvis Nhijehms.

0.5. HE MPTZETMNLE DM IVMZE@LIOMP

@iai ye sm be mxpumsti, he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms ìirdloe hes amtes dmpridu``lðo dm he glrae ìo hes amtes dm he irneolze`lðo mo su ìokuoti, e uo olvmh aåsmstretìnlì y nhijeh. Mo mhhe sm rmìnm mh Vheo Mstretìnlì dm Ipmre`lioms i Vheo dmVridu``lðo e Herni Vhezi, qum rmsuam tidis his espm`tis tìòlìs y irneolzetlvisqum ìo`lmromo e he prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis y qum, edmaås, be dm smr ìo`rmtedi eolvmh tå`tlì y ipmretlvi.

Vir mhhi, pere ìoi`mr his espm`tis dmh pheo, sm be`m om`mserli rmehlzer uoeprmsmote`lðo dm his mhmamotis tres`modmotehms qum ìoglnureo mh Pujslstmae dm

Vridu``lðo, pere ijtmomr uo dlenoðstlì nmomreh dm he sltue`lðo dmh dmperteamoti qumsmrvlrå pere mstejhm`mr sus ijkmtlvis e herni phezi.

0.5.5. Espm`tis mstretìnlìs dmh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms

His espm`tis qum ìapiomo mstm epertedi mståo epiyedis mo uo ùmstlioerlipripumsti pir Equlheoi y @besm (5<<5, p.p. 726 y 720). Mh ijkmtlvi qum pmrslnum mstebmrrealmote oi ms itri qum mhejirer uo eoåhlsls lotmroi dmh Dmperteamoti dmIpmre`lioms qum pmralte ijtmomr uoe losteotåome dmh mstedi dmh alsai.

Pijrm he jesm dmh `ltedi ùmstlioerli, sm be mhejiredi mh qum sm pripiom mo mh Eomxi L, ùyi ìotmoldi, slnulmodi uo `rltmrli dlgmrmotm eh dm A`Helo y Tbiaes5,

pumdm mstru`turersm mo trms nreodms jhiqums; Neae dm pridu`tis; mh bitmh prmste uoe eaphle èrte dm smrvl`lis

edeptedis e he dmaeode. Ms dm`lr, mh dlsmõi dm sus pridu`tis y smrvl`lismståo irlmotedis eh `hlmotm, pere hi ùeh ms guodeamoteh msù`ber susiplolioms y prmgmrmo`les. Mo mstm espm`ti, mh Pujslstmae @iamr`leh tlmomuoe lapirteo`le vlteh mo mh pri`msi, ye qum ms mh rmspiosejhm dm eoehlzer hesom`msldedms dmh amrèdi y dm rmìnmr y treter he logirae`lðo qum privlmom

5Pmnûo Equlheoi y @besm, his espm`tis aås lapirteotms dmh eoåhlsls lotmroi dm he maprmse rmhe`lioedis

ìo he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms mreo ùetri; Eoåhlsls dm hes Háomes dm Vridu`tis, Eoåhlsls dm hes

Lostehe`lioms, Eoåhlsls dmh Plstmae dm Vheolglè`lðo y @iotrih dm Ipmre`lioms y Eoåhlsls dm he Aeoi dmIjre. Mstis ùetri ge`tirms mreo mh ijkmti dm mstudli dmh ùmstlioerli. Plo majerni, mo 5<<:, A`Helo yTbiaes eaphlerio mste lotmrprmte`lðo eõedlmodi dis ètmniráes aås e hes ùetri ye mxlstmotms; Eoåhlslsdm he ìirdloe`lðo ìo itres årmes guo`lioehms y Eoåhlsls @iapmtltlvi.




-:2-

dlrm`teamotm dm his ìosualdirms, sijrm he ùeh sm jese mh dlsmõi dm hissmrvl`lis dmh bitmh.

Plo majerni, qum he igmrte mstì irlmotede e his `hlmotms y dlsmõede eìrdmìo sus prmgmrmo`les oi slnolglè qum his smrvl`lis prmstedis mo mh BitmhJì`qumr smeo pmrsioehlzedis y dlsmõedis dm aeomre mx`huslve pere èdepmrsioe qum sm ehike mo mh bitmh. Ms dm`lr, mh `hlmotm pumdm mhmnlr motrm uoeverlmded dm smrvl`lis ìaphmamoterlis eh dm ehikealmoti pere dlsgruter dmuoe msteo`le aås ìaphmte, pmri mstis smrvl`lis mståo prmvleamotmdlsmõedis. Mo mstm smotldi, sm hhmve e èji uo tlpi dm msteoderlze`lðohheaedi Dlsmõi Aiduher, e trevìs dmh ùeh mh `hlmotm ìoglnure su ìapre mojesm e sus prmgmrmo`les, ijtmolmodi uoe ìajloe`lðo e amdlde qumdmsveom`m he smose`lðo dm grlehded y dmsepmni qum e vm`ms treosaltm hepure msteoderlze`lðo.

Lostehe`lioms; e hi herni dm hes smls pheotes qum pismm mh bitmh smmoùmotreo verles lostehe`lioms mo hes qum sm prmsteo his dlgmrmotmspridu`tis y smrvl`lis. Dm ìste aeomre, mh mstejhm`lalmoti ùmote ìo ùetriårmes dm trejeki; he rm`mp`lðo, mh rmsteureotm, mh jer-pls`loe y mh PVE.

Ìstis maphezealmotis mståo dlstrljuldis mo jesm e he ìovmolmo`le dm hisbuìspmdms pere qum su msteo`le sm dmserrihhm mo uo eajlmotm eìnmdir yìogirtejhm, hi qum ìotrljuym oitejhmamotm e qum he pmr`mp`lðo dmh smrvl`liùaphe ìo hes mxpm`tetlves dm èhlded esi`ledes eh bitmh. Edmaås, ùldeomh espm`ti dm tides hes zioes dmh mstejhm`lalmoti ùye dmìre`lðo mståslmodi siamtlde e uo pri`msi dm aidmrolze`lðo eìrdm ìo he mded amdledm his hlmotms (46-4= eõis).

Oi ijsteotm, dmjldi e he eotlnømded dmh bitmh (qum eotmrliramotm mre uoeèse rmsldmo`le), mh mdlgl`li ùmote ìo uoe mstru`ture erqultm`tðolèprmdmtmraloede qum priviè mo hes lostehe`lioms verles hlalte`liomslapirteotms, sijrm tidi e he bire dm ehtmrer su èpe`lded (ghmxljlhlded), ehniguodeamoteh pere he lotridu``lðo dm oumvis smrvl`lis qum, mo ièslioms,rmqulmrmo dm dmtmraloedis mspe`lis. E pmser dm tidi msti, sm dmjmdmsteèr he mgl`lmo`le y iptlalze`lðo ìo hes qum mståo dlsmõedis ymxphitedis his maphezealmotis dmh bitmh, qum ùjrmo mstes hlalte`lioms ypmraltmo e he maprmse ehiker `lmotis dm buìspmdms e hi herni dm tidi mh eõi.

Zmùrsis buaeois; ìostltuymo uoi dm his aås vehlisis e`tlvis dm hemaprmse. He rmhe`lðo ìrdleh qum aeotlmomo his trejekedirms motrm sá y, ehalsai tlmapi, ìo his dlrm`tlvis, pripl`le uo eajlmotm dm trejeki dmìogleoze y ìrdlehlded mo mh qum tidis vmheo pir his lotmrmsms dm heirneolze`lðo, msteodi mstis mqulhljredis e su vmz ìo his lotmrmsmspmrsioehms dm ède trejekedir. Mh bitmh Jì`qumr ùmote ìo uoe pheotlhhe

rmdu`lde pmri sugl`lmotm, eìrdm ìo sus dlamoslioms. Edmaås, hisprigmslioehms qum he lotmnreo tlmomo uo olvmh dm girae`lðo ehti, hi qum hmspmraltm smr pihlvehmotms, ye qum uo alsai trejekedir be dm dialoer ìodmstrmze hes termes priples dm verlis dmperteamotis.

Mstis mhmamotis smråo mxphlèdis aås dmtehhedeamotm mo mh smnuodi epertedi dmmstm èpátuhi, diodm sm mxpiodråo hes Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms qum hemaprmse dmjm tiaer pere ìosmnulr sus ijkmtlvis y setlsge`mr sus prlirldedmsìapmtltlves. Mste Mstretmnle dmtmraloerå teajlìo he irdmoe`lðo y utlhlze`lðo dm mstisrmùrsis pere ehèozer dl`bes prlirldedms.

0.5.:. Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms

@iai ye sm mxpusi mo mh prlamr èpátuhi, verlis sio his ijkmtlvis nhijehms qumprmtmodmo ehèozer his sujslstmaes dm pridu``lðo mo nmomreh; ìstm, motrmnes,ghmxljlhlded, smrvl`li, èhlded y amdlieajlmotm;




-:<-

@istm; Pm rmglmrm eh vehir dm his rmùrsis ìosualdis pir he maprmse mo mhdmserrihhi dm su e`tlvlded. Oi be sldi pisljhm ijtmomr detis rmehms e`mrèdm mhhi. Plo majerni, mh bitmh Jì`qumr igrm`m prm`lis auy ìapmtltlvis ymstå ìosteotmamotm rmehlzeodi oumves lovmrslioms, dm hi qum sm pumdmdmdu`lr qum sio èpe`ms dm ijtmomr jumois aårnmoms dm jmomgl`li yaeotmomr uois olvmhms dm ìstms e`mptejhms. Eûo esá, he logirae`lðodlspioljhm oi pmraltm eglraer qum sme uoe dm hes prlirldedms dmh bitmh.

Motrmne; Be`m rmgmrmo`le e he èpe`lded dm motrmner his pridu`tis e tlmapiy mo he gm`be pe`tede. Teajlìo sm rmglmrm e he logirae`lðo qum sm hmpripir`lioe e his `hlmotms e`mrè dm his pridu`tis, he èhlded ìo he qum smmotrmneo his alsais y he ghmxljlhlded y ge`lhlded ìo hes qum mh `hlmotm rmehlzemh pmdldi (Diaáonumz mt eh. 5<<=, j). Msti, qum ìjre mspm`leh smotldi mohes maprmses aeouge`turmres qum rmehlzeo pmdldis pir moèrni, tlmom uoenreo lapirteo`le mo his smrvl`lis dm ehikealmoti. @iosldmreodi ìaiprlo`lpehms pridu`tis pere uo bitmh hes bejlte`lioms, aeotmomr uo jumoolvmh dm dlspioljlhlded ms lapirteotm, ye qum ùeodi mh `hlmotm hhmne eh bitmhsm dmjm tmomr dlspioljhm su bejlte`lðo pere qum ìstm sm pumde ehiker mo mhhe

mo he gm`be y ìodl`lioms pe`tedes. Mo mstm smotldi, sm pumdm eglraer qum hemaprmse ye dlsgrute dm jumois olvmhms dm ùaphlalmoti pere mstm ijkmtlvi,tmolmodi ûolèamotm qum aeotmomrhis. Vir mhhi, hes motrmnes teapiììostltuymo uoe prlirlded (euoqum pumdm qum mo uo aiamoti pesedi sá higumreo) pere mh bitmh, dmjldi e qum pir oirae nmomreh, his smrvl`lis sioprmstedis uaphlmodi y rmspmteodi hes gm`bes dm rmsmrve.

Ghmxljlhlded; Pm rmglmrm prlo`lpehamotm e he pisljlhlded dm ekuster heèpe`lded pridu`tlve qum pismm he maprmse eotm his èajlis, oiraehamotmdm dmaeode. Eotmrliramotm sm bejheje dmh prijhmae qum pismáe mhmstejhm`lalmoti pere ìosmnulr mste ghmxljlhlded, dmjldi mo pertm e heoeturehmze erqultm tðolè dmh loaumjhm. Plo majerni, he pihlvehmo`le dm he

pheotlhhe ìotrerrmste mstm prijhmae, pumsti qum pmraltm e his trejekedirmsrmspiodmr råpldeamotm e his èajlis mo mh tlmapi dm prmste`lðo y mo mhìotmoldi dm sus termes privièdis pir mste verlejlhlded dm he dmaeode.Teajlìo mxlstm uo tlpi dm ghmxljlhlded rmhe`lioedi ìo mh dlsmõi dm hispridu`tis qum eyude e mhlaloer mstm prijhmae. E trevìs dmh Dlsmõi Aiduherdm his smrvl`lis dmh bitmh, his buìspmdms pumdmo ìoglnurer su msteo`le mojesm e sus prmgmrmo`les, ijtmolmodi esá uo smrvl`li aås ghmxljhm y edeptedi.

Uulzås he ghmxljlhlded sm ìovlmrte mo su prðxlae prlirlded ìapmtltlve,be`lmodi ìo msti rmgmrmo`le eh epertedi :.:.4 mo mh ùeh sm bejheje dm helotmo`lðo dm ejrlr uo oumvi bitmh. Eûo esá, dm aiamoti oi ìostltuym uoijkmtlvi prlirlterli `heri, i eh amois prmsmotm, dmjldi e qum mo he e`tuehlded,mh priym`ti sm moùmotre mo gesm dm nmste`lðo y su dmserrihhi tmodrå hunermo uo birlziotm tmapireh tideváe hmkeoi y mxtmosi.

@ehlded; Mh ijkmtlvi dm èhlded pmrslnum rmehlzer uoe amkire ìotloue dm hesprmste`lioms jusèodi ìosmnulr he aåxlae setlsge``lðo dm his `hlmotms ytmolmodi mo ùmote hes hlalte`lioms lapumstes pir his rmùrsis. Vere mh bitmhJì`qumr, ìstm smrå uo ijkmtlvi prlirlterli pere ìosmnulr he Mstretmnle dmDlgmrmo`le`lðo qum sm pheotme he maprmse, esá ìai pere ìosmnulr hegldmhlze`lðo dm his `hlmotms. Mh jumo treti, he smrlmded y he èhlded dm sussmrvl`lis be`mo qum he irneolze`lðo ijtmone ehtis olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo. Etrevìs dm he logirae`lðo qum sm pismm y dmh dmserrihhi dmh prmsmotm eoåhlsls,sm ìaprmodm qum he èhlded oi sðhi ms he prlo`lpeh prlirlded ìapmtltlve dmmstm bitmh, sloi qum edmaås be ìosmnuldi be`mr dm mhhe uoe vmotekeìapmtltlve sistmoljhm mo mh tlmapi.

Pmrvl`li; Be`m rmgmrmo`le e he e`tltud dm amkire ìotloue `ltede mo mhpårregi eotmrlir y eh bm`bi dm eõedlr eh smrvl`li prlo`lpeh espm`tis qum sltûmo




-06-

he prmste`lðo pir mo`lae dm hes mxpm`tetlves dm his `hlmotms y his mståodermsdmh amrèdi. Mstm ìo`mpti ms he jesm pere ìosmnulr ùaphlr ìo his ehtisolvmhms dm èhlded `ltedis eotmrliramotm y, pir ìosmùmotm, ìo hedlgmrmo`le`lðo. Mo mste dlrm``lðo, dl`be amkire sm `motre mo dis espm`tisguodeamotehms; pir uo hedi, mo setlsge`mr hes mxlnmo`les y om`msldedms dm hedmaeode e trevìs dm uois jumois olvmhms dm smrvl`lis, y pir itri, mo treter

jlmo e his `hlmotms. Edmaås, he nmomre`lðo dm ldmes y he e`tltud `rmetlve dmhis rmùrsis buaeois dm he maprmse be`mo qum he neae dm smrvl`lis smmstì rmlovmoteodi (mo he amdlde dm hi pisljhm) ìotloueamotm, ìo `herismkmaphis dm mhhi ìai he `rme`lðo dm he eudlinuáe, hes bejlte`liomsmqulpedes ìo Vheystetlios, DWD y @iggmm&Tm Aecmr , mt`. Vir teoti, mhijkmtlvi Pmrvl`li mo mh Bitmh Jì`qumr sm pidráe ìosldmrer ìaphmamoterlieh ijkmtlvi dm @ehlded.

Amdlieajlmotm; Pm rmglmrm prlo`lpehamotm e he amdlde mo qum he maprmsedlrlnm sus msgumrzis e ìotrljulr eh dmserrihhi sistmoljhm y alolalzer hislape`tis sijrm mh amdlieajlmotm qum pumdeo smr privièdis pir mh amridmserrihhi dm he e`tlvlded. Mo mstm smotldi, mo he ûhtlae rmgirae dmh bitmh

Jì`qumr sm loìrpirerio ouamrises amdldes dm ebirri momrnìtlì mo heslostehe`lioms (ìai mhmamotis dm rmnuhe`lðo y ìotrih dm he huz i mqulpisìo aeyir mgl`lmo`le momrnìtlè) lotridu`lìodism esá mh vehir dm rmspmti ehamdlieajlmotm mo he glhisigáe maprmserleh.

Mo guo`lðo dm mstes prlirldedms ìapmtltlves, he irneolze`lðo irlmoterå susmsgumrzis mo uois u itris ijkmtlvis, ìo mh glo dm ìosmnulr `lmrtes vmotekesìapmtltlves. E amdlde qum sm ìoslnumo olvmhms edmùedis dm uo ijkmtlvi ìo`rmti(tmolmodi slmaprm mo ùmote mh ehèozedi pir his ìapmtldirms), his pheoms dm e``lðodm he maprmse sm dlrlnmo be`le itris mo his qum ms aeyir mh dmsgesm. Esá, mo mh èsidmh Bitmh Jì`qumr, ye sm ehèozerio olvmhms setlsge`tirlis dm ùaphlalmoti dm hisijkmtlvis Amdlieajlmotm y Motrmne. Vir mhhi, e`tuehamotm he irneolze`lðo tlmom ìaiprlirlded ìapmtltlve he @ehlded y he amkire dm his Pmrvl`lis, qum ìostltuymo mh aerìmo mh qum sm tiaeråo hes dm`lslioms, slo ihvlder his olvmhms ehèozedis ìo his itrisijkmtlvis.

Tmolmodi prmsmotm tidi hi eotmrlir, y qum he dlspisl`lðo dm logirae`lðo ms hlaltede,sm eoehlzeråo tides hes Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès qum tlmomo huner mo mh Dmperteamotidm Ipmre`lioms, ìosldmreodi, pir teoti, qum he @ehlded y he amkire dm his Pmrvl`lissio his ijkmtlvis qum he irneolze`lðo prmtmodm ìosmnulr mo mstm åajlti dm ère e derrmspumstes e he mstretmnle nhijeh dm dlgmrmo`le`lðo.

0.5.:.5. He mstretmnle dm Jlmoms y Pmrvl`lis

He lotridu``lðo dm oumvis pridu`tis sus`mptljhms dm vehire`lðo pir his `hlmotms, esá

ìai su amkire ms uo lapirteotm ge`tir pere nereotlzer mh `rm`lalmoti dm heirneolze`lðo.

He mstretmnle dm pridu`tis trete, ìai sm rmìrderå, dm rmspiodmr e prmnuotesìai quì pridu`ti sm gejrlèrå, quì smrvl`lis ìapiodråo he èrtmre dm pridu`tis yhis pequmtms dm smrvl`lis i `ðai sm dlgmrmo`leråo dm he ìapmtmo`le his smrvl`lis yemxlstmotms.

Mo mste mstretmnle tlmom huner he mhm``lðo y mh dlsmõi dm his pridu`tis. Mo mh bitmhJì`qumr he nmomre`lðo dm ldmes ms uoe dm hes pertms aås lapirteotms dm mstmpri`msi, msteodi ìste, ìai ye sm dlki eotms, auy vloùhede eh Dmperteamoti@iamr`leh pir he amre om`mslded dm ìoi`mr ùåhms sio hes tmodmo`les dm ìosuaidm his `hlmotms y setlsge`mr esá hi qum sm ìoi`m ìai tlrðo dm dmaeode. Dm ìstmaidi, ùeodi mh bitmh dmtm`tð qum his `hlmotms dmaeodejeo uo aidi prå`tlì perermehlzer hes rutes pir he `luded mvlteodi his tredl`lioehms aepes aerèdis e jihánregipir his rm`mp`liolstes, mhejirerio he eudlinuáe. Dm lnueh aeomre, eh be`mr uo mstudli




-05-

dm amrèdi y vmr qum his prlo`lpehms bitmhms dm he ìapmtmo`le loìrpirejeo (i tmoáeolotmo`lðo dm be`mrhi) mh smrvl`li PVE motrm su èrtmre dm pridu`tis, sm pheotmerio heom`mslded dm be`mr hi alsai pere smnulr slmodi iapmtltlvis.

Mo mstm pri`msi dm nmomre`lðo dm ldmes ms guodeamoteh qum sm lovihu`rm teoti he Ehte Dlrm``lðo ìai tides hes årmes qum lotmnreo mh bitmh, e`tltud e he qum ye sm blzi

rmgmrmo`le eotmrliramotm ùeodi sm `lteje qum, mo mstm bitmh, tides hes pmrsioesìotrljuymo e `rmer.

Vir itri hedi, sm dmjm motmodmr qum ùeodi sm bejhe dm uo pridu`ti turástlì, smbe`m rmgmrmo`le e uo pridu`ti nhijeh, ms dm`lr, uo Vequmtm dm Pmrvl`li ìostltuldi moouamrises ièslioms pir verlis smrvl`lis ìajloedis motrm sá. Msti ìaphlè mo`lmrti nredi mh dlsmõi dm his pridu`tis, ye qum laphlè mhmamotis loteonljhmssus`mptljhms e he sujkmtlvlded dmh `hlmotm. Mh pequmtm dm smrvl`lis sm ìapiomoiraehamotm dm his ùetri mhmamotis rmìnldis mo he Glnure 0.5.

Glnure 0.5. @iapiomotms dmh Vequmtm dm Pmrvl`li.Gumotm; Mhejire`lðo Vriple

Ephl eodi mstis ìo`mptis eh Vequmtm dm Pmrvl`lis nhijeh qum igrm`m mh bitmh, ìstmqumde dlsmõedi dm he slnulmotm aeomre;

Lostehe`lioms dm Epiyi; Pio his rmùrsis gáslìs ìai hes logremstru`turesy mqulpealmotis ìo his qum sm dmjm ìoter pere qum mh smrvl`li pumde smrigrm`ldi. Mo mh prmsmotm èsi, hes Lostehe`lioms dm Epiyi sio hesbejlte`lioms, he pls`loe y su jer, he rm`mp`lðo, he ì`loe y mh PVE.

Vridu`tis dm Epiyi; Be`m rmgmrmo`le e equmhhis jlmoms qum pumdmo smrìosualdis i maphmedis dureotm mh e`ti dm smrvl`li. Mo mh bitmh Jì`qumr,his pridu`tis dm epiyis mxlstmotms sio; his lonrmdlmotms om`mserlis peremhejirer ède pheti dmh rmsteureotm, his pridu`tis dmh @iggmm&Tm Aecmr , hisaetmrlehms utlhlzedis mo mh PVE, his eamoltlms dm hes bejlte`lioms y hes

jmjldes y ìaldes utlhlzedes mo mh jer-pls`loe. Pmrvl`lis Mxphá`ltis; Pio his jmomgl`lis dlrm`teamotm pmr`ljldis ìo his

smotldis y qum ìapiomo his resnis msmo`lehms dm his smrvl`lis. Equá smmoùmotreo mh ehikealmoti y he eaphle igmrte dm smrvl`lis ìaphmamoterlisqum pismm mh bitmh.

Pmrvl`lis Laphá`ltis; @iotresteodi ìo hi eotmrlir, his smrvl`lis laphá`ltissio his jmomgl`lis pslìhðnlìs qum sio pmr`ljldis dm aeomre sujkmtlve pirmh `hlmotm. He ìaidlded, he lotlalded, mh phe`mr, he treoqulhlded, mh ìogirt, hesmnurlded qum treosaltm ehikersm mo uo bitmh ìo jumoe rmpute`lðo, mh jumotreti y he eaejlhlded sio his prlo`lpehms smrvl`lis laphá`ltis qum sm pumdmomoìotrer equá.

Mh edmùedi mqulhljrli motrm ède uoi dm mstis mhmamotis ms guodeamoteh perediter eh pequmtm dm smrvl`li dm ìoslstmo`le, pere ìosmnulr qum mh `hlmotm pmr`lje heèhlded dmh smrvl`li dm aeomre nhijeh.

Vequmtm dmPmrvl`li

Lostehe`liomsdm Epiyi Vridu`tis dmEpiyi

Pmrvl`lisMxphá`ltis

Pmrvl`lisLaphá`ltis




-0:-

Vir itre pertm, he Mstretmnle dm Vridu`ti pmrslnum ùaphlr ìo mh ijkmtlvi dmMotrmnes mo su dijhm dlamoslðo; pir uo hedi, priùreodi qum he logirae`lðo dm mstissmrvl`lis sm moùmotrm dlspioljhm mo tidis his amdlis logiraetlvis dm he irneolze`lðodm aeomre dmtehhede, pere qum his `hlmotms pumdeo e``mdmr e mhhe mo ùehqulmraiamoti, y pir itri hedi, pripir`lioeodi hljmrted eh `hlmotm e he bire dm rmehlzer heìajloe`lðo dm smrvl`lis qum ìoglnureråo su msteo`le :, hi qum rmgumrze he

ìosmù`lðo dmh ijkmtlvi dm Ghmxljlhlded. Pm dmjm eõedlr qum mh dlsmõi dm oumvis pridu`tis sm be`m auy dlgá`lh mo uo

omni`li ìai ìstm3 mo prlamr huner pir he oeturehmze dm his smrvl`lis turástlìs, y mosmnuodi huner pir hes lapirteotms hlalte`lioms mstru`turehms ìo hes qum ùmote mhbitmh. Uulzås, ìo he epmrture dmh oumvi omni`li bitmhmri mo his prðxlais eõis, msteshlalte`lioms dmsepermzèo, hi qum lodlèráe qum mh ijkmtlvi Ghmxljlhlded bejráe msèhedipisl`lioms mo hes prlirldedms ìapmtltlves dm he maprmse. Beste motio`ms, hisge`tirms qum beo sldi guodeamotehms pere su ìxlti, ìai he prmste`lðo dm hissmrvl`lis, he looive`lðo tmòihðnlè, he nmstlðo dm prm`lis y he `rmetlvlded perm`mo mhèaloi e smnulr be`le he prispmrlded y mh `rm`lalmoti dmh bitmh.

0.5.:.:. He mstretmnle dm pri`msis

]oe vmz dms`rltis, smhm``lioedis y dlsmõedis his smrvl`lis qum sm prmsteo mo heirneolze`lðo, sm dmjm etmodmr e he ùmstlðo dm `ðai treosgiraer his rmùrsispridu`tlvis mo smrvl`lis, ms dm`lr, `ðai sm veo e rmehlzer ìstes prmste lioms.

His pri`msis dm prmste`lðo dmh bitmh sio rmhetlveamotm smo`lhhis. Tidi mståprinreaedi y ìotrihedi dm aeomre qum ède prigmslioeh sejm dm quì girae y mo quìaiamoti rmehlzer hes termes pmrtlomotms. Vir mhhi sm pumdm dm`lr qum, eh lnueh qum heneae dm smrvl`lis, his pri`msis mståo msteoderlzedis, sl jlmo ms `lmrti qum msti sðhism pmr`ljm e olvmh lotmroi mo he irneolze`lðo, dmjldi e qum mxlstmo uoe smrlm dmge`tirms (sijrm tidi hlnedis e he mapetáe, `mrèoáe y prigmslioehlded dm his ZmùrsisBuaeois) qum eyudeo e ehmker mste smose`lðo dm he pmr`mp`lðo dm his `hlmotms.

Edmaås, mstis trejekis mståo dlsmõedis pere smr rmehlzedis mo `l`his ìrtis ysu`mslvis, dm aeomre qum tidi tlmom qum be`mrsm dm he girae aås råplde y mgl`lmotmpisljhm pere prmster uo smrvl`li dm èhlded lolotmrruapldi. Dm mste aeomre, mh smrvl`lidm hlaplmze sm dmjm rmehlzer mo piès bires mo tides hes pheotes, `mr`liråodism dmqum his `hlmotms beo sehldi dm he bejlte`lðo y dm qum mh trejeki sm tmraloerå eotms dmqum mstis vumhveo. Dm uo alsai aidi, mh pridu`ti @lrùlti Tmraeh dmh PVE sm prmstemo uoe bire y, mo uo nreo oûamri dm ièslioms, mh tlmapi qum bey motrm mh smrvl`liqum sm eèje dm prmster y mh slnulmotm ms auy pmqumõi, pir hi qum sm dmjm hlapler,prmperer his e``msirlis y ìhièr his eamoltlms råpldeamotm. Vir ûhtlai, ùeodi uo`hlmotm rmehlze mh @bm`c-Iut ejeodioeodi he bejlte`lðo, ìste be dm mster titehamotmepte pere he eìnlde dm oumvis buìspmdms dis bires dmspuìs ìai aåxlai.

Zmehamotm, hes ìodl`lioms dm mstis pri`msis sio om`mserles pere ìosmnulr yaeotmomr uois jumois olvmhms dm Motrmne. Pl oi gumsm dm mste aeomre, mh smrvl`li smlotmrruaplráe y oi sm pidráeo prmster mo he gm`be pe`tede, pums mh `hlmotm, eh hhmner ehpuoti dm prmste`lðo, sm moìotreráe ìo qum oi smráe pisljhm ìosualr mh smrvl`li momsm aiamoti dmjldi e qum oi msteráeo prmperedis his mhmamotis om`mserlis peremhhi. Edmaås, sl msti iùrrlmre, his olvmhms dm @ehlded dm he maprmse sm vmráeoamraedis dm aeomre oitejhm, ehni qum lráe mo ìotre dm sus Vrlirldedms Mstretìnl es.

Oiraehamotm, tidi pri`msi maplmze ìo uoe rmsmrve mo mh bitmh Jì`qumr. @ueodihis trejekedirms ìosuhteo mh rmnlstri y vmo qum uo buìspmd hhmnerå mo hes prðxlaesbires i dáes (ye sme pere mh PVE i pere hes bejlte`lioms), rmehlzeo tides hes termesom`mserles pere qum ùeodi ìstm lonrmsm tidi mstì prmperedi pere su usi y dlsgrutm.Mo he glnure :.0 sm pumdm vmr, e aidi dm mkmaphi, uo ghukinreae qum rmìnm mh pri`msi

: Zmìrder mh ìo`mpti dm Dlsmõi Aiduher qum sm mxphl`ð mo he pånloe :2.




-00-

dm uoe pmrsioe qum rmsmrve Io-hlom uoe bejlte`lðo pere trms oi`bms y mh pridu`ti@lrùlti Tmraeh mo mh PVE. Pu dms`rlp`lðo ms he slnulmotm; mh `hlmotm motre mo he wmj yamdleotm mh aitir dm rmsmrves dmh bitmh Jì`qumr smhm``lioe hes terlges, bejlte`lioms ysmrvl`lis ìaphmamoterlis qum dmsme (sl gumre mh èsi). Pmnuldeamotm, sm ìoglrae hermsmrve, sm rmehlze mh dmpðslti ìrrmspiodlmotm, sm ìauolè e his ipmrerlis dmhdmperteamoti dm rmsmrves hes gm`bes dm hhmnede y dm sehlde y sm ehae`moeo his detise`mrè dm hes prmgmrmo`les dmh `hlmotm pere gutures mstedástlès y eoåhlsls. ]oe vmzhhmnede he gm`be dm he rmsmrve, hes bejlte`lioms y dmpmodmo`les mståo hlstes pir hi qumsm pumdm hhmver e èji mh pri`mdlalmoti dm @bm`c Lo. @ueodi he msteo`le gloehlze, smrmehlze mh pri`msi dm @bm`c Iut, mh buìspmd pene hi qum be ìosualdi y mstm dlomrism treosaltm eh dmperteamoti gloeo`lmri y ìotejhm. ]oe vmz mh `hlmotm dmsehike hebejlte`lðo y ejeodioe mh bitmh, mh Dmperteamoti dm Vlsis piom e puoti heslostehe`lioms dm oumvi pere gutures eìnldes.

Glnure 0.:. Ghukinreae dmh pri`msi dm rmsmrve y ehikealmoti

Gumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm he logirae`lðo pripir`lioede pir mh Bitmh Jì`qumr.

0.5.:.0. Mstretmnle dm @epe`lded

Mstm tlpi dm dm`lslðo mstretìnlè pese pir dmtmraloer he dlamoslðo edmùede peresetlsge`mr hes dmaeodes loamdletes y gutures, ìo mh glo dm mvlter loùrrlr mo ìstms pirlogreutlhlze`lðo y/i sijrmutlhlze`lðo dm hes lostehe`lioms.

Mo mh epertedi 0.5.5, sm mxpioáe he hlalte`lðo mstru`tureh qum sugráe he maprmse moùeoti e su èpe`lded, ìodl`lioede mo su aeyir pertm pir he eotlnømded y oeturehmzedmh loaumjhm. Tmolmodi mo ùmote mstm prijhmae, sm dmjm ìamozer rmìrdeodi qumhe èpe`lded dlspioljhm dmh bitmh Jì`qumr ms rmdu`lde y piì ghmxljhm, pir hi qum uoe

nmstlðo mgl`lmotm dm he alsae sm eotike laprms`lodljhm pere pitmo`ler eh aåxlai surmodlalmoti.

Lol`li pri`msi dm

rmsmrveE``msi e he ^mj

Pmhm``lðo dm terlges

y bejlte`lðo

¹Pmrvl`lis

ìaphmamoterlis9 @iotrete`lðo (PVE)

Mgm`tue`lðo dm

rmsmrve

PL

OI

@ioglrae`lðo dm

rmsmrve y dmpðslti

Ehae`moealmoti dm detis

Glo rmsmrve/Lol`li

Zm`mp`lðoMotrede buìspmd

@bm`c-Lo

Hhevm, tl`cmts

rmsteureotm,

rmsmrve PVE…

EhikealmotiMsteo`le

Vlsis y PVEVrmpere`lðo

Glo dm msteo`le/Lol`li

Pehlde

@bm`c Iut

Dmvihu`lðo dm hhevm y

Venis

Dptati.

gloeo`lmri

Ghuki

aiomterli

Pehlde buìspmdVumste e puoti

bejlte`liomsGlo dmh pri`msi




-04-

Mo mstm smotldi, mh Dmperteamoti @iamr`leh ms, uoe vmz aås, uo enmotm auylapirteotm mo he girauhe`lðo dm mste mstretmnle, pumsti qum mh eoåhlsls dm amrèdi msguodeamoteh pere dmtmraloer his olvmhms dm dmaeode mo his dlgmrmotms birlziotmstmapirehms. Edmaås, mh Dlrm`tir @iamr`leh, kuoti ìo his itris dlrm`tlvis dmh bitmh,utlhlze mste logirae`lðo pere hhmver e èji he nmstlðo y ekustm dm he èpe`ldedlapheotede amdleotm he tìòlè dmh Zmvmoum Aeoenmamot. E trevìs mhhe, sm ìapereo

he @urve Blstðrlè dm Zmsmrves (rmsmrves rmehlzedes mo his amsms/eõis eotmrlirms) iohe @urve dm Girmèstlon (gutures mstlae`lioms) pere lotmoter prmvmr y ekuster hesèpe`ldedms e he dmaeode hi aåxlai pisljhm.

Ehni lapirteotm e ìosldmrer mo rmhe`lðo e hi eotmrlir ms he Vihátlè dm Ivmrjiiclondm he irneolze`lðo, he ùeh ipmre ìo uois olvmhms aáolais qum supiomo : ð 0bejlte`lioms mo sijrmvmote. Msti ms esá pirqum eh smr nreo pertm dm sus rmsmrves`hlmotms lodlvlduehms y oi nrupis, his olvmhms dm èo`mhe`lðo sio èsl lomxlstmotms. Hesdlrm`trl`ms dm mste Vihátlè dm Ivmrjiiclon mståo pheotmedes eìrdm ìo dis dm hisijkmtlvis prlo`lpehms dm he maprmse3 pir uo hedi, ìotrljuym e aeotmomr his olvmhms dm@ehlded , ye qum uo mx`msi dm dmaeode sijrm he igmrte egm`te dm aidi omnetlvi e heèhlded pmr`ljlde pir mh `hlmotm, y pir itri hedi, eyude e ijtmomr jumois olvmhms dm

Motrmne, pumsti qum sl uo `hlmotm oi pumdm be`mr mgm`tlve su rmsmrve dmjldi e uo èsidm sijrmìotrete`lðo, slnolglè qum bey uo smrvl`li ìotretedi qum oi sm pumdm prmstermo hes gm`bes y ìodl`lioms pe`tedes. Edmaås, his ehtis olvmhms dm iùpe`lðo qumpismm mh bitmh Jì`qumr be`mo qum mh rlmsni dm trejeker ìo sijrmvmote lo`rmamotm, ehdlspiomr dm piès bejlte`lioms pere be`mr grmotm e he dmaeode mo èsi dmsijrmìotrete`lðo. Vir mhhi, he irneolze`lðo mvlte loùrrlr mo ìstms pir Ivmrjiiclon etrevìs dm uo jumo slstmae dm prmvlslðo, hi qum e amdli y herni phezi privièråmgm`tis jmomgl`lisis mo his mstedis iotejhms.

Gloehamotm, e he vlste dmh teaeõi e`tueh dmh bitmh, qum hlalte su èpe`ldedpridu`tlve, sm be dm`ldldi lo`rmamoter he èpe`lded dm dis aeomres; pir uo hedi, hemxtmroehlze`lðo dmh smrvl`li PVE qum pmraltm rmdu`lr ìstms y iptlalzer rmùrsis e hevmz qum eaphler he neae dm smrvl`lis3 pir itri hedi, he mxpeoslðo qum he maprmsepriym`te pere his prðxlais eõis. @iai ye sm ìamotð eotmrliramotm, he si`lmdedbitmhmre tlmom prmvlsti ejrlr uo oumvi bitmh-jiutlqum mo mh Vesmi @ihðo dm Pmvlhhe mohis prðxlais eõis, ehni qum lodudejhmamotm euamoterå he èpe`lded dm heirneolze`lðo y he Ghmxljlhlded dm he alsae. Beste motio`ms, hes lostehe`lioms smnulråoslmodi mxphitedes dm he alsae aeomre pere mvlter sijrmvmodmr i logreutlhlzer hesèpe`ldedms dmh bitmh.

0.5.:.4. Mstretmnle dm hièhlze`lðo

Mste mstretmnle ìjre mspm`leh lapirteo`le mo his omni`lis turástlìs mo his qum heprispmrlded dm he maprmse y mh vehir dm he alsae veo hlnedis e he sltue`lðo qum tlmom

ìo rmspm`ti e his rmùrsis turástlìs. He Mstretmnle dm Hièhlze`lðo sm `motre modm`ldlr mo quì zioe nminråglè sm ve e pridu`lr.

He ujlè`lðo dmh bitmh be sldi pripl`lede pir he blstirle, dmsdm qum he gealhlepriplmterle dmh @m`lh Irlmotm vmodlmre mh hièh qum tmoáe mo he Vheze Oumve pereìostrulr mh e`tueh bitmh sltuedi mo he èhhm Zmyms @etðhlìs. Nre`les e he mhm``lðohhmvede e èji pir he prlamre dm hes ùetri nmomre`lioms dm mste si`lmded bitmhmre,his dlrm`tlvis dmh bitmh sm beo vlsti dlrm`teamotm jmomgl`ledis pir mste hièhlze`lðo,pumsti qum nreo pertm dm sus `lgres dm vmote y dm su rmpute`lðo sm dmjmo e mhhe. Beyuoe nreo dlgmrmo`le motrm he ìpiè mo he qum mh bitmh sm ìostruyð (5<>6) ùeodi heeghumo`le turástlè mo Pmvlhhe y he ìo`mp`lðo dmh turlsai tideváe mstejeo mo uosmnuodi pheoi, y he ìpiè e`tueh mo he qum utlhlzeo mste hièhlze`lðo ìai váe pereìosmnulr pir`motekms dm iùpe`lðo ehtis nre`les e his alhms y alhms dm turlstes qumvlslteo he eplteh eodehuze ede eõi.

He ujlè`lðo e`tueh dmh bitmh Jì`qumr ùmote ìo hes slnulmotms vmotekes;




-0=-

Pm moùmotre mo phmoi `motri blstðrlì dm Pmvlhhe y pir teoti, `mrè dmhpetrlaioli aiouamoteh dm he `luded (he ùeh ms he zioe turástlè aåsvlsltede). Mste ìodl`lðo teajlìo pmraltm e his turlstes vlslter his hunermsaås etre`tlvis dm he `luded e plm i mo jl`l`hmte, hi qum ìostltuym uo e`lètmaås e he bire dm rmsmrver.

Nize dm uoe jumoe e``msljlhlded mo eutièr y i`bm. Pm moùmotre mrèoi e he zioe ìamr leh dm he luded.

Pus lostehe`lioms pripir`lioeo jumoes vlstes dm he `luded y su èsìblstðrlì. Vir mkmaphi, dmsdm he pls`loe, sltuede mo su ezitme, sm pumdm vmrhe @etmdreh dm Pmvlhhe, esá ìai he Nlrehde.

Beste ebire, hes ùmstlioms rmhe`lioedes ìo he hièhlze`lðo oi bejáeo ìostltuldiuo prijhmae pere his e`tuehms dlrm`tlvis, pumsti qum mstes dm`lslioms ye bejáeo slditiaedes pir sus prmdm`msirms. Plo majerni, ìo he ìostru``lðo dmh oumvi bitmh mo mhVesmi @ihðo beo surnldi oumvis ge`tirms e reáz dm his ùehms beo tmoldi qumpheotmersm oumvis espm`tis mstretìnlìs;

Mo prlamr huner, his ge`tirms ìosldmredis pere hhmver e èji he edqulsl`lðodmh oumvi loaumjhm beo sldi dis; mh prlamri, sm dmjm e he om`mslded dmeuamoter he èpe`lded dmh bitmh qum sm be mxphlèdi eotmrliramotm, y mhsmnuodi, sm dmjm e he gevirejhm sltue`lðo qum pismm mh loaumjhm, grmotm ehpumotm dm Trleoe y ìo vlstes eh rái Nuedehqulvlr, mo jesm e hi ùehprmtmodmo `rmer uo bitmh ìo moèoti qum hms pmralte igrm`mr uo pridu`timx`huslvi.

Mo smnuodi huner, e pertlr dm dlvmrsis eoåhlsls rmehlzedis, beo ìo`huldi qumhe dlsalou`lðo dm turlstes oe`lioehms mo Pmvlhhe sm be vlsti ìapmosede piruo euamoti dm vlslteotms mxtreokmris, sijrm tidi greo`msms, lonhmsms mltehleois. Mstis turlstes, pir oirae nmomreh, jusèo ehikealmoti `mrèoi eh

`motri blstðrlì, hi qum supiom uoe jumoe ipirtuolded dm omni`li pere hesmaprmses turástlès.

Vir ûhtlai, ìo mste mxpeoslðo prmtmodmo euamoter su prmsmo`le mo mh`motri blstðrlì ìai smõe dm ldmotlded, utlhlzeodi mh etre`tlvi turástlì qumìstm supiom pere euamoter he eghumo`le dm `hlmotms. Edmaås, mh BitmhJì`qumr pidráe euamoter su Ghmxljlhlded ìo rmspm`ti e he dmaeode (mo mhsmotldi dm euamoter he verlmded dm pridu`tis, ye qum his nustis dm histurlstes mxtreokmris sio dlstlotis e his nustis dm his turlstes oe`lioehms) yìo rmspm`ti e su pripli vihuamo dm e`tlvlded.

0.5.:.=. Mstretmnle dm Dlstrlju`lðo mo Vheote

Pm trete ebire dm phesaer his pri`msis qum sm hhmveo e èji dmotri dm he maprmse mohes lostehe`lioms dlspioljhms. Mstes lostehe`lioms beo dm mster dlsmõedes ìogiram ehsmrvl`li igrm`ldi, tmolmodi mo ùmote qum su espm`ti be dm smr eìrdm e ìh.

Mh dlsmõi dm hes lostehe`lioms y he irneolze`lðo dmh bitmh Jì`qumr vlmomoìodl`lioedis pir su oeturehmze, ye qum eh smr uoe maprmse dm smrvl`lis tlmomo uotreti ìo his `hlmotms dlrm`ti y ìai teh, sm pmrslnum ìosmnulr he setlsge``lðo dm hisalsais. Vir teoti mh ìogirt, he e``msljlhlded y he eperlmo`le dm hes lostehe`liomsloghulråo dm aeomre oitejhm mo he pmr`mp`lðo dm he èhlded pir pertm dm his `hlmotms.Dl`bi dm itri aidi, ms auy ìovmolmotm qum his smrvl`lis qum prmste mh bitmh Jì`qumrsm dmserrihhmo mo uo motiroi edmùedi, dlsmõedi y dmìredi ùldediseamotm pereìotrljulr e ùaphlr ìo his ijkmtlvis dm @ehlded dm he maprmse. Esá, jusèodi he

ìaidlded dmh buìspmd, he rm`mp`lðo sm moùmotre kusti e he motrede dmh mdlgl`li ìo mhijkmtlvi dm ge`lhlter mh e``msi eh mstejhm`lalmoti dm his buìspmdms, he ì`loe y he sehedm mster sm sltûeo `mrèois e his es`mosirms qum ìom`teo hes bejlte`lioms ìo mstes




-07-

zioes, pere alolalzer mh rmìrrldi motrm eajis sltlis, y he pls`loe y mh jer-pls`loe smmoùmotreo mo he ezitme dmh loaumjhm, hi qum hlalte mh e``msi sðhi pere hes pmrsioesehikedes y aeotlmom he prlve`lded dm hes alsaes. Vir teoti, he dlstrlju`lðo mo pheotedmh bitmh mstå enrupede dm uoe aeomre hðnlè pere dlsaloulr mh rmìrrldi dm his`hlmotms, trejekedirms y aetmrlehms motrm hes dlgmrmotms lostehe`lioms y ìotrljulr ehìogirt dm his buìspmdms.

Edmaås, mh espm`ti dmh loaumjhm mstå sugrlmodi uo pri`msi dm rmaidmhe`lðo,moèaloedi e edepterhi e his nustis dm uois `hlmotms qum sio aeyirlterleamotm

kðvmoms (dm pri`mdmo le lonhmse, greo`mse, ehmaeoe m ltehleoe) y prmglmrmo uoedmìre`lðo aås eìrdm e his tlmapis e`tuehms. Dm mste girae, he ge`bede, `håslèbeste be`m msèsis eõis, gum aidmrolzede pir he maprmse Tm`boeh sustltuymodiau`bis dm sus mhmamotms `håslìs eotmrlirms pir nreodms pheès dm ehualoli yvmoteoehms. Verehmheamotm, teajlìo priym`teo hhmver e èji rmgiraes mo mh lotmrlir dmhbitmh pere aidmrolzerhi dm lnueh aeomre qum he ge`bede y, esá, hinrer uoe ìosioeo`ledm mstlhis motrm mh lotmrlir y mh mxtmrlir dmh mstejhm`lalmoti. Oi ijsteotm, mh bitmhJì`qumr sm moùmotre eotm uo rmti e he bire dm hhmver e èji mste aidmrolze`lðo,pumsti qum au`bis dm sus mhmamotis, tehms ìai rmkes i vldrlmres, pmrtmom`mo e he

eotlnue @ese Vehe`li dm his Aerqumsms dm hes Tirrms, sijrm mh ùeh be sldi ìostruldipistmrliramotm mh mstejhm`lalmoti. Vir mhhi, he terme dm rmaidmher mh loaumjhm smìaphlè, pums aidmrolzer hes lostehe`lioms iosmrveodi mstis mhmamotis håslìs teohlnedis eh èrå`tmr tredl`lioeh m blstðrlì dmh bitmh, oi ms gå`lh.

Vir ûhtlai, sm dmjm dm`lr qum, ìo mh dlsmõi dm hes lostehe`lioms, mh bitmh prmtmodmqum his smrvl`lis sm prmsmotmo mo uo eajlmotm `åhldi y ìogirtejhm pere his `hlmotms,ìo mh ijkmtlvi dm qum ìstis pmr`ljeo su msteo`le ìai uoe mxpmrlmo`le eìnmdire y`mrèoe, eyudeodi e dlslper he smose`lðo dm msteoderlze`lðo dm his pri`msis y hissmrvl`lis.

0.5.:.7. Mstretmnle dm @ehlded

Pm rmglmrm eh dlsmõi dmh Plstmae dm Nmstlðo y @iotrih dm he @ehlded y e hes pihátlès dm@ehlded dm he maprmse om`mserles pere ijtmomr jumois olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo mo heprmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis.

Ms slo dude, uoe dm hes mstretmnles aås lapirteotms mo mste maprmse. Dm bm`bi,mxlstm uo dmperteamoti dmdlèdi mx`huslveamotm e ìosmnulr y aeotmomr jumoisolvmhms dm èhlded qum slrvm ìai plher dm epiyi pere tides hes årmes qum ìogiraeohe maprmse. Mo ìh teajlìo sm hhmve e èji he guo`lðo dm Zmhe`lioms Vûjhlès pir he qumsm rmehlzeo he aeyiráe dm hes e``lioms dm ìauolè`lðo dmh bitmh, mstejhm`lmodiváoùhis y ghukis dm logirae`lðo motrm he irneolze`lðo y sus Ptecmbihdmrs. Ms mo msteterme diodm sm `rme uo gmmdje`c i rmtriehlamote`lðo logiraetlve ìo mh `hlmotm qumpmraltm ìoi`mr sus nustis m lotmre``lioer ìo ìh, ehni guodeamoteh pere he

irneolze`lðo.He èhlded sm dmglom ìai mh ‟’ìokuoti dm ère`tmrástlès dm uo pridu`ti, pri`msi i

smrvl`li, qum hm ìoglmrmo su eptltud pere setlsge`mr hes om`msldedms dmh usuerli’’ (Eamrlèo Pi`lmty ig Uuehlty @iotrih). Mo mh prmsmotm èsi, e mste dmglol`lðo bey qumeõedlr `lmrte ìaphmklded dmjldi e qum his smrvl`lis turástlìs jusèo setlsge`mr e his`hlmotms e trevìs dm mxpmrlmo`les jesedes mo ehni teo verlejhm ìai he pmr`mp`lðo ysujkmtlvlded dm hes pmrsioes. Vir mhhi, he lapirteo`le dm he Nmstlðo dm he @ehlded sme`motûe mo maprmses ìai he prmsmotm, mo he qum he @ehlded ìostltuym uo ijkmtlviprlairdleh.

His prlo`lpehms ijkmtlvis dm he Mstretmnle dm @ehlded dmh bitmh Jì`qumr sio hisslnulmotms;

Vrmster smrvl`lis qum sm ìrrmspiodeo ìo hes mxpm`tetlves dm his `hlmotms,pere, e trevìs dm mhhis, giamoter he hmehted dm his alsais y su gldmhlze`lðo.




-0>-

Aeotmomr y amkirer he laenmo ìrpiretlve dmh bitmh Jì`qumr ìai uoemaprmse dm prmstlnli y èhlded.

Loìrpirer he e`tltud dm amkire ìotloue mo he ùhture dm he maprmse,egm`teodi e he titehlded dm he irneolze`lðo, dmsdm hes guo`lioms jåslèsmaprmserlehms beste he prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis.

@iosmnulr, mo ìosioeo`le ìo he Mstretmnle Nhijeh dm he maprmse, uoevmoteke ìapmtltlve jesede mo he dlgmrmo`le`lðo, be`lmodi qum he prmste`lðodm sus smrvl`lis, he etmo`lðo eh `hlmotm, mh oiajrm y, mo nmomreh, he èhldedtiteh dm he maprmse sme pmr`ljlde ìai ûolè pir his `hlmotms.

Mo eres dm ìosmnulr ùaphlr ìo mstis ijkmtlvis, he maprmse dmjmrå nmstlioer he@ehlded dm uoe aeomre lotmnreh y ìrpiretlve, egm`teodi e tidis sus olvmhms

kmrårqul is y e he nreo èotlded dm mhmamotis qum he ìapiomo. Msti sm ìoslnumguodeamoteodi mste nmstlðo mo uo prlo`lpli jåslì; he Nmstlðo dm he @ehlded Titeh(TUA).

Pl uoi dm his ijkmtlvis dmh Dmperteamoti dm @ehlded ìoslstáe mo loìrpirer mstmìo`mpti e he titehlded dm he maprmse, he Nmstlðo dm he @ehlded Titeh supiom uoemstretmnle irlmotede e `rmer mste ìo`lmo`le e olvmh ìrpiretlvi y, pir teoti, eìosmnulr mh `ltedi ijkmtlvi. Vere mhhi, ms om`mserli mh ìaprialsi dm he Dlrm``lðo, esáìai he dm tidi mh pmrsioeh qum pertl`lpe mo mh pri`msi dm prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis.

Edmaås, he Nmstlðo dm he @ehlded Titeh be dm mster irlmotede teoti e his `hlmotms dm hemaprmse ìai e tidis his enmotms dm lotmrìs dm he alsae (Ptecmbihdmrs). He Nmstlðodm he @ehlded titeh sm jese mo i`bi prlo`lplis, qum sm mouamreo e ìotloue`lðo(Muripmeo Giuodetlio gir Uuehlty Aidmh ,:650);

5. Ehèozer rmsuhtedis qum setlsgeneo phmoeamotm e tidis his nrupis dmlotmrìs dm he irneolze`lðo. Mh jumo mstedi dm hes rmhe`lioms qum mh bitmhJì`qumr aeotlmom ìo sus Ptecmbihdmrs ms smõeh dm he lapirteo`le qum mstitlmom pere sus dlrm`tlvis, supiolmodi he pihátlè dm rmhe`lioms mxtmroes uoe

prlirlded mo his pheoms mstretìnlìs dm he maprmse. Dm mste aeomre, tmolmodimo ùmote hes mxpm`tetlves qum mstis nrupis dm lotmrìs tlmomo pumstes sijrm heirneolze`lðo, mh bitmh hhmve e èji mo sus lostehe`lioms uoe phetegirae dmìauolè`lðo y aivlhlze`lðo irlmotede e `hlmotms y maphmedis pere giamoter mhrmspmti pir his dmrm bis dm he logeo`le, gruti dm uo eùmrdi glraedi ìo]OL@MG0. Dm lnueh girae, mh bitmh dmstloe uo pir`motekm glki dm ède rmsmrve eijres jmoìglès ìai he ìostru``lðo dm binerms pere dlsèpe`ltedis i dmmsùmhes sltuedes motirois dm dlglùhtedms mìoðalès, mo ìhejire`lðo ìo heGuode`lðo Wl`motm Gmrrmr. Tidi msti oi ms aås qum uoe aumstre dm `ðai hisijkmtlvis y dlspisl`lioms dm his nrupis dm lotmrìs mståo prmsmotm mo hee`tlvlded dm he maprmse, euoqum teajlìo dmoiteo he lapirteo`le qum pere heirneolze`lðo tlmom aeotmomr uoe Zmspiosejlhlded Pi`leh @irpiretlve, ìai smmxpiodrå aås edmheotm. Teajlìo sm dmjm amo`lioer equá he treospermo`lelogiraetlve qum treosaltmo, pripir`lioeodi mo hi aåxlai pisljhm logirae`lðo etmr`mris lotmrmsedis y ìhejireodi mo dlvmrsis mvmotis ìai ìonrmsis ypiomo`les.

:. Irlmoter he e`tlvlded motiroi eh `hlmotm. He irneolze`lðo sm msgumrze pirìoi`mr e giodi hes prmgmrmo`les y mxpm`tetlves dm sus `hlmotms. Heìaprmoslðo qum aumstreo ìo rmspm`ti e hes om`msldedms dm his alsaistreosaltm uoe mapetáe qum pmraltm setlsge`mrhes dm he aeomre aås ekustede ypmrsioehlzede pisljhm. Ìste mapetáe ms uoi dm his ijkmtlvis qum pmrslnum heMstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh eh aeotmomr prå`tlèamotm loverlejhm su pheotlhhe, ìo mhglo dm qum his trejekedirms eèjmo ìoi`lmodi e he pmrgm``lðo mh pmrglh dm

`hlmotms ìo mh qum trete mh bitmh, ge`lhlteodi he terme dm piomrsm mo su huner y

0 @iosuhter Tejhe :.:. pere vmr his Ptecmbihdmrs dmh bitmh Jì`qumr.




-02-

dm setlsge`mr, dm uoe girae aås `mrèoe, sus om`msldedms. Vir mhhi sm loslstm ehi herni dm tidi mh mstudli mo he lapirteo`le qum pismm mh Dmperteamoti@iamr`leh e he bire dm rmìnmr y treter he logirae`lðo dmh amrèdi, ye qum msguodeamoteh pere dlrlnlr mste irlmote`lðo eh `hlmotm. Esá, ùeodi dmtm`terio qumhe tlpihináe dm he dmaeode bejáe èajledi, peseodi dm smr mo su aeyiráeturlstes dm pri`mdmo`le oe`lioeh e smr prå`tlèamotm mo su titehlded

mxtreokmris, he maprmse rmirlmotð su ìo`mpti dm omni`li, èajleodi ìo mhhihes ère`tmrástlès dm sus pridu`tis (ìai he utlhlze`lðo dm aerès dm ìaldesy jmjldes táplès mo his peásms dm irlnmo dm his turlstes), motrm itris mhmamotis.

Edmaås, hhmveo e èji uoe smnamote`lðo dm amrèdi pere amkirer he mgl e`ledm su rmspumste, eslnoeodi dm aeomre aås mgl`lmotm his prmsupumstis yekuståodism e hes pmùhlerldedms dm ede smnamoti.

0. Nmstlioer ìo Hldmrezni y ìbmrmo`le pir pertm dm his dlrm`tlvis. Hishádmrms dm he irneolze`lðo dmjmo treosaltlr he glhisigáe dm he alsae e tidis histrejekedirms y aitlverhis. Edmaås, beo dm derhms mkmaphi y trejeker ìo mhhisìokuoteamotm mo e`tlvldedms dm amkire. He e`tueh dlrm``lðo dmh bitmh Jì`qumrìostltuymo he ùerte nmomre`lðo dm uoe gealhle qum be nmstlioedi, dmsdm sus

lol`lis, mstm omni`li bitmhmri. Vir teoti, msti lapiom uoe aerède glhisigáetredl`lioeh qum, dm aeomre mgm`tlve, his dlrm`tlvis beo sejldi treosaltlr e tidissus trejekedirms ìo he lotmo`lðo dm ìotlouer ìo his vehirms irlnloehms dm hemaprmse. Vismmo uoe ehte mxpmrlmo`le e he bire dm nmstlioer mh bitmh, teotisltue`lioms dmsgevirejhms, ìai he qum tuvi huner be`m msèsis eõis, mo hisqum he iùpe`lðo mreo auy jeke, iai sltue`lioms dm prispmrlded.

4. Nmstlioer pir pri`msis y bm`bis. Vere ijtmomr uoe Nmstlðo dm he @ehldedTiteh, ms om`mserli dlsmõer m lapheoter uo slstmae dm nmstlðo pir pri`msisjesedi mo hes om`msldedms dm his `hlmotms y Ptecmbihdmrs. His dlgmrmotmspri`msis qum lotmnreo mstm slstmae beo dm mster lotmrìom`tedis motrm sá.Vrm`lseamotm, uoi dm his prlo`lpehms jmomgl`lis qum pismmo his bitmhmslodmpmodlmotms grmotm e his mstejhm`lalmotis lotmnredis mo èdmoes bitmhmres,ms he ghuldmz dm he logirae`lðo motrm his dlgmrmotms dmperteamotis y olvmhms dmhe maprmse, rmdu`lmodi he dlstirslðo qum ìste pumdm sugrlr mo itresirneolze`lioms ìo uoe mstru`ture kmrårqulè aås ìaphmke. E pmser dm qum oibe sldi pisljhm moìotrer logirae`lðo ìo`rmte e`mrè dm he nmstlðo pirpri`msis dm he irneolze`lðo, sm pumdm eglraer qum he mkmù`lðo y mstru`ture dmhis alsais beo sldi dlsmõedes jusèodi he lotmrrmhe`lðo motrm mhhis. ]omkmaphi dm msti pumdm vmrsm mo mh pri`msi phesaedi mo mh ghukinreaemxpumsti eotmrliramotm (vmr glnure 0.:, p.00).

=. Dmserrihher m laphlèr e hes pmrsioes. Pm dmjm aexlalzer he ìotrlju`lðo dmhis maphmedis e trevìs dm su dmserrihhi m laphlè`lðo, prmpereodi e hespmrsioes pere supmrer y edeptersm e ùehqulmr èajli. Mo mh bitmh Jì`qumr, he

girae`lðo dm his trejekedirms mstå jesede mo he ìotloulded dm he vlde hejirehdm his trejekedirms y mo he jeke rite`lðo dm he pheotlhhe, prmtmodlmodi ìo mhhiqum tidi mh pmrsioeh ìaprmode, e trevìs dm he prå`tlè y he mkmù`lðormltmretlve dm hes termes, quì pri`msis dmh omni`li sio his aås lapirteotmspere he irneolze`lðo, eprmodlmodi e mkmùterhis dm aeomre ìrrm`te y mglèz.

Edmaås, sm hms igrm`m he pisljlhlded dm rmehlzer èrrmre prigmslioeh pere qumdmsmapmõmo hes termes dm dlgmrmotms pumstis dm trejeki, hi qum priviè qumhis trejekedirms smeo ehteamotm pihlvehmotms.

Mstm prlo`lpli sm ùaphm mo smotldi mstrl`ti, prlo`lpehamotm nre`les e trmsge`tirms; mo prlamr huner, dedes hes dlamoslioms y he oeturehmze dmh bitmh, uosihi trejekedir dmjm dmsmapmõer termes priples dm dlstlotis dmperteamotis

ekmois eh suyi, hi qum hms de `lmrte èpe`lded pere edeptersm e his pisljhmsèajlis mstru`turehms qum sm pumdeo der mo he maprmse. Vir teoti, sm bejhe dmpmrsioeh ehteamotm ùehlglèdi èpez dm dmsmapmõer sus termes ìopihlvehmo`le. Mo smnuodi huner, mxlstm uo gevirejhm mqulhljrli motrm his lotmrmsms




-0<-

dm his dlrm`tlvis y his dm his ipmrerlis qum pmraltm qum tidi trejekedir vmeùjlmrtes sus om`msldedms pmrsioehms, hi qum e su vmz ìotrljuym e qumtrejekmo ìo mapmõi pir mh jmomgl`li dm he motlded. Gloehamotm, y rmhe`lioediìo msti ûhtlai, mh trejeki sm dmserrihhe mo uo eajlmotm eaejhm y dmìrdlehlded, hi qum slo dude lo`rmamote mh ìaprialsi y he gldmhlded dm histrejekedirms io he irneolze`lðo.

7. Eprmodmr, looiver y amkirer ìosteotmamotm. @iai ye sm be vlsti, he ehteùehlglè`lðo dm his rmùrsis buaeois dmh bitmh Jì`qumr vlmom pripl lede pir heìotloulded (dm nmomre`lioms mo mh èsi dm his dlrm`tlvis y dm hes hernesèrrmres prigmslioehms qum hhmveo e èji dmotri dm he maprmse mo mh èsi dmhis ipmrerlis). Vir teoti, sl mh eprmodlzekm sm jese mo he mxpmrlmo`le, y mste esu vmz mo mh tlmapi, oi ms dm mxtreõer qum ède dm`lslðo qum sm tiam mo mhbitmh mstì rmspehdede pir sðhldis y mstudledis ernuamotis, grutis dm mstemxpmrlmo`le. Mstm prlo`lpli jåslì teajlìo sm rmglmrm e he e`tltud dm jusèr yprivièr mh èajli, lo`huymodi ìosteotms amkires qum eõedeo vehir e hissmrvl`lis y, mo ìosmùmo le, e he motlded. Pl sm ìapere mh bitmh Jì`qumr dmbe`m 56 eõis eh e`tueh, ms gå`lh eprm`ler qum be amkiredi oitejhmamotm, dmjldi

e his ìotlouis èajlis y e he ìosteotm looive`lðo dmserrihhedis e hi herni dmhis eõis. Mkmaphis dm mhhi sio he ûhtlae rmgirae qum bl`lmrio eh bitmh, helooive`lðo y edepte`lðo dm his pridu`tis be`le uoe dmaeode aåslotmroe`lioeh, he epmrture dmh PVE, he `rme`lðo dmh Dmperteamoti @iamr`leh qumeotms oi mxlstáe iai teh i mh priym`ti dm epmrture dmh oumvi omni`li.

>. Dmserrihher ehleozes ìo itres irneolze`lioms. Mo mh èpátuhi : sm mxpioáemstm prlo`lpli ìai uoi dm his plherms jåslìs dm he Mstretmnle nmoìrlè dm hemaprmse. Trejeker kuoti e itres maprmses pere ehèozer ijkmtlvis ìauoms,epiyåodism eajes mo mxpmrlmo`le, rmùrsis y ìoi`lalmotis, y ìostruymodiuoe rmhe`lðo duredmre jesede mo he ìogleoze autue y he treospermo`le,ìostltuym uoe dm hes prlo`lpehms smões dm ldmotlded dmh bitmh. He jumoe

rmhe`lðo qum aeotlmomo ìo tidis his bitmhms dm Pmvlhhe y hes ehleozes qumrmehlzeo ìo mhhis, ìai he qum hhmverio e èji ìo mh bitmh vm`loi @iogirtmh, hiìrrijireo.

2. Aeotmomr uoe Zmspiosejlhlded Pi`leh @irpiretlve. Mstm prlo`lpli vemstrm`beamotm hlnedi eh prlamri dm mste hlste, qum ìoslstáe mo ehèozerrmsuhtedis qum setlsgeneo phmoeamotm e tidis his nrupis dm lotmrìs dm heirneolze`lðo. Pl jlmo oi ms uoe maprmse qum èusm lape`tis edvmrsis e hesi`lmded, sio ìos`lmotms dm he om`mslded dm ìhejirer ìo mhhe mo he amdldedm hi pisljhm. ]oe vmz aås, sm pumdm `lter equá mh eùmrdi qum aeotlmom ìo]OL@MG i ìo he Guode`lðo Wl`motm Gmrrmr, esá ìai hes amdldes dm ebirrimomrnìtlì y dm alolalze`lðo dm lape`ti amdlieajlmoteh qum he motldedloìrpirð mo sus lostehe`lioms y pri`msis pridu`tlvis dureotm he ûhtlaermgirae. Tides mstes lol`letlves aumstreo he `here epumste dmh bitmh Jì`qumrpir smr uoe irneolze`lðo si`lehamotm rmspiosejhm.

Mxlstmo verlis Aidmhis dm Nmstlðo dm he @ehlded Titeh `mrtlglèdis, slo majerni,ìai iùrrm ìo itris åajltis dmh mstudli, oi be sldi pisljhm ijtmomr logirae`lðoe`mrè dm mstes `mrtlglè`lioms, esá ìai dm itres dm dlgmrmotm áodihm.

He ìo`mp`lðo qum his `hlmotms tlmomo dmh bitmh Jì`qumr pmraltm vmr mh jumo olvmh dmsetlsge``lðo qum igrm`mo. @iai sm be mxphlèdi, his prlo`lpehms rmspiosejhms dm mhhisio his trejekedirms lovihu`redis mo he prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis ùye girae`lðo yprigmslioehlded ìostltuymo mh prlo`lpeh ge`tir dm`lslvi e he bire dm su ìotrete`lðo.

Espm`tis vehiredis pir his buìspmdms ìai he jumoe hlaplmze, mh ìogirt y mh jumo

mqulpealmoti dm hes bejlte`lioms, mh jumo treti dmh pmrsioeh i mh aeotmolalmoti dm heslostehe`lioms, sio teajlìo terme dm mstm dmperteamoti y supiomo edmaås he rezðo dmsmr dm nreo pertm dmh trejeki y dm hes ìosteotms lovmrslioms qum sm hhmveo e èji momste maprmse.




-46-

Vere ìrrijirer tidi msti, e ìotloue`lðo sm mxpiom uo Aepe Mstretìnlì dm heVmr`mp`lðo dm he @ehlded, mo mh qum sm phesae uoe rmhe`lðo motrm he setlsge``lðo y helapirteo`le dm his etrljutis qum, mo iplolðo dm his `hlmotms, dmglom he pmr`mp`lðo dm heèhlded dm uo smrvl`li. Mh aepe be sldi mhejiredi e reáz dm his ìamoterlis qum uotiteh dm 566 buìspmdms beo ms`rlti dmh bitmh Jì`qumr mo his ûhtlais amsms. Mh pmsiqum ède verlejhm tlmom sijrm he èhlded nhijeh be sldi dmtmraloedi sujkmtlveamotm mo

jesm e uo `rltmrli pripli, ìosldmreodi qum mo uo omni`li turástlì he e`tlvldedprlo`lpeh he ìapiom tidi equmhhi om`mserli pere prmster mh smrvl`li dm ehikealmoti,ìai he ujlè`lðo dmh bitmh, he eaphltud m lhualoe`lðo dm hes bejlte`lioms i heeaejlhlded y treti dmh pmrsioeh, y motmodlmodi mh rmsti dm verlejhms tehms ìai hepls`loe, mh PVE, his eamoltlms i mh ^lgl ìai ìaphmamotis om`mserlis pmri oilaprms`lodljhms pere teh glo. Mo he Tejhe 0.0 sm pumdmo ijsmrver dl`bes vehire`lioms.Mo he Glnure 0.4 sm pumdmo vmr rmprmsmotedes mo uoe smo`lhhe aetrlz.

Etrljuti Lapirteo`le Petlsge``lðo5.Hlaplmze dm bejlte`lioms < <:.Hièhlze`lðo dmh bitmh < 560.Teaeõi dm hes bejlte`lioms < >

4.Treti dmh pmrsioeh < 2=.@ehlded-Vrm`li 2 27.Dlspioljlhlded dm he pheotlhhe 2 >>.Pmrvl`li dm bejlte`lioms 2 =2.Teaeõi dm hes zioes ìauoms 2 7<.E``msi > >56.Dmìre`lðo > 455.Lhualoe`lðo dm bejlte`lioms > 75:.@ehlded dmh ìamdir 7 =50.Losioirlze`lðo bejlte`lioms > 0

54.PVE = 25=.Eamoltlms 0 >57.Nerekm 0 45>.Lotmromt 0 252.Teaeõi dm he pls loe : 0

Tejhe 0.0. Wehire`lioms dm his prlo`lpehms etrljutis dmh bitmhGumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm ìamoterlis rmìnldis mo hes pånloes wmj dm Etråpehi,

Trlp Edvlsir y Dmstlole.

Glnure 0.4. Aepe mstretìnlì dm he èhlded Bitmh Jì`qumrGumotm; Mhejire`lðo priple e pertlr dm ìamoterlis rmìnldis mo hes pånloes wmj dm Etråpehi,

Trlp Edvlsir y Dmstlole.




-45-

@iai sm pumdm ijsmrver, mh Aepe Mstretìnl i dm @ehlded de ìai rmsuhtedi uoe smrlmdm puotis rmpertldis mo ùetri ùedreotms. @ede uoi dm mhhis rmprmsmote uoe e`tltud etiaer grmotm e his olvmhms dm lapirteo`le y setlsge``lðo dm his ge`tirms (puotis) qum smmoùmotrmo mo su lotmrlir. Esá, dms`rljlmodi ède ùedreotm, sm pumdm ìo`hulr qum;

@uedreotm 5; Pio equmhhis ge`tirms ìosldmredis ìai lapirteotms pere

his `hlmotms pmri ìo uois olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo jekis. His aåsdmsteèdis mo mstm èsi sio he dmìre`lðo dmh bitmh, he ùeh his `hlmotmspmr`ljmo ìai auy eotlnue y ‟’sise’’, y he losioirlze`lðo dm hesbejlte`lioms, ge`tir auy lapirteotm mo ùeoti e he lotlalded y prlve`lded.

Edmaås, bey `hlmotms qum eglraeo qum mh smrvl li dm hlaplmze ejrlð he pumrtedm sus bejlte`lioms eûo tmolmodi mh èrtmh dm ‟’oi aihmster’’ ìhnedi, y qummo verles ièslioms, gumrio jesteotm hmotis mo be`mr he bejlte`lðo. Mo mstessltue`lioms, mh bitmh dmjmráe tmomr ìai prlirlded he amkire dm his olvmhms dmsetlsge``lðo dm dl`bis ge`tirms.

@uedreotm :; Pio equmhhis mhmamotis dm au`be lapirteo`le qum nizeo dmuo ehti olvmh dm setlsge``lðo, slmaprm smnûo he pmr`mp`lðo dm his `hlmotms.

Equá sm moùmotreo he aeyiráe dm his mhmamotis lo`huldis mo he aetrlz, ìaihe ujlè`lðo, he hlaplmze dm hes bejlte`lioms y dmh bitmh, he prigmslioehlded ydlspioljlhlded dm he pheotlhhe i he rmhe`lðo èhlded-prm`li. He e`tltud dm hemaprmse mo mstis èsis pese pir vlnlher mh jumo mstedi dm mstis ge`tirmspere aeotmomr su olvmh dm èhlded y `motrersm mo amkirer ge`tirms dmhùedreotm : y ìai sm vmrå e ìotloue`lðo, dmh ùedreotm 0.

@uedreotm 0; Pl his ge`tirms dmh ùedreotm 5 supioáeo uoe prlirlded pere hemaprmse, his pmrtmom`lmotms e mstm smnamoti sm moùmotreoloamdleteamotm dmtrås, ye qum oi sio laprms`lodljhms pere he e`tlvlded dmhe maprmse pmri sá ìostltuymo ge`tirms lapirteotms e he bire dm ìosmnulrmsm vehir eõedldi qum teoti pmrslnum mh bitmh mo sus smrvl`lis. @esl tidishis `hlmotms beo moìotredi mh teaeõi dm he pls`loe dmaesledi pmqumõi (sljlmo he pls`loe ùmote ìo vlstes e he Nlrehde, pir hi qum e pmser dm suteaeõi he beo ìosldmredi ìai ‟’guo`lioeh’’). Edmaås, moùmotreo mhnerekm dm e``msi iaphlèdi y io terlges eres. Euoqum mstis smrvl`lis sioìaphmamoterlis, ìotrljuymo e he pmr`mp`lðo nhijeh dmh bitmh, pir hi qum hemaprmse dmjmráe e`tuer pere amkirerhis io lmrte repldmz.

@uedreotm 4; Mo mste ûhtlae zioe dm he aetrlz, sm moùmotreo his ge`tirmsamois lapirteotms pere his `hlmotms pmri ìo jumois olvmhms dmsetlsge``lðo. Mh e``msi e Lotmromt y his eamoltlms sm moùmotreo lo`huldisequá.

0.5.:.>. Mstretmnle dm pheolglè`lðo y ìotrih y Eprivlslioealmoti.

He lapirteo`le qum ìohhmve dlspiomr dm uo slstmae dm ìotrih qum sm moèrnum dmvlnlher qum hes e`tlvldedms sm hhmvmo e èji dm he aeomre pheolglède, esá ìai dmnmstlioer his olvmhms dm aetmrles prlaes dm aeomre ðptlae pere pidmr dmserrihher uoeprmste`lðo dm smrvl`lis lolotmrruaplde, ms vlteh pere mh jumo guo`lioealmoti dm hemaprmse. Plo majerni, oi be sldi pisljhm ijtmomr detis mo rmhe`lðo ìo mhhi, dmjldi ehe ìogldmo`lehlded qum mstm tlpi dm logirae`lðo pismm.

0.5.:.2. Mstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh

Hhmnedis e he ûhtlae dm hes Dm`lslioms Mstretìnlès dm Ipmre`lioms, sðhi qumde pirdms`rljlr he Mstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh, ehni dm nreo lapirteo le mo tides hes maprmses dmèrå`tmr turástlì. @iai sm be `ltedi mo verles ièslioms, hes pmrsioes ìostltuymo mhprlo`lpeh e`tlvi dmh bitmh Jì`qumr, pir hi qum mstejhm`mr uoe mstretmnle qum giram,




-4:-

smhm``liom, ìotretm m lo`motlvm e his rmùrsis buaeois sm eotike guodeamoteh pere mhedmùedi guo`lioealmoti dmh bitmh y he jumoe setlsge``lðo dmh buìspmd.

Huls Alnumh Aertlomz, ìosmkmri dmhmnedi dmh bitmh, mo uoe motrmvlste mo Dlerli dmPmvlhhe eglraeje qum he `hevm dmh ìxlti dm he mapr mse sio his rmùrsis buaeois; ‟’Mhpriplmterli y mh maprmserli oi ms oede slo su pmrsioeh, eh qum dmjm amkirer sugirae`lðo ìotloueamotm. Verm`m qum msi oi hi motlmodmo au`bis maprmserlis, pmriyi hi vmi esá’’.

Mo mstm smotldi, sm dmjm bejher dm he Mstretmnle dm Vmrsioeh tmolmodi mo ùmotetrms mhmamotis; Mh slstmae dm Zm`hutealmoti y Pmhm``lðo, he Vihátlè dm Vmrsioeh qumaitlvm e his maphmedis y mh Plstmae dm Girae`lðo dmh Vmrsioeh.

@iamozeodi pir mh prlamri dm mstis mhmamotis, sm pumdm eglraer qum mh Plstmaedm Zm`hutealmoti y Pmhm``lðo dmh pmrsioeh ms jesteotm smo`lhhi, pumsti qum teoti histrejekedirms glkis ìai his tmapirehms, sio nmomrehamotm his alsais, pmrlidi trespmrlidi. Vir teoti, msti slaphlglè jesteotm he terme dm rm`hutealmoti y smhm``lðo dmhpmrsioeh, dmjldi e qum sm hhmve e èji mspirådlèamotm, ìoi`mo dm eotmaeoi e histrejekedirms, sejmo dm sus èpe`ldedms y mståo eh teoti dm sus eptltudms pere trejeker

mo mh bitmh.Vir itri hedi, he Vihátlè dm Vmrsioeh qum hhmve e èji mh bitmh Jì`qumr prmtmodm

aitlver e his trejekedirms mo jesm e trms ge`tirms;

Mo prlamr huner, e trevìs dm he jumoe rmhe`lðo qum mxlstm motrm histrejekedirms y his dlrm`tlvis, `rmeodi uo jumo `hlae dm trejeki y uoeprmdlspisl`lðo mo ède ipmrerli qum hms mapuke e dmsmapmõer sus termesìo motuslesai y mgm`tlvlded.

Dm 76 pmrsioes qum ìogiraeo he pheotlhhe bejltueh, =6 sio pmraeomotms y mhrmsti veráe mo guo`lðo dm hes om`msldedms dm dmaeode, hi qum moìapere`lðo ìo hes tmodmo`les dmh sm`tir, ms dmsteèjhm. Dl`be mstejlhldedms priviède, epertm dm he glhisigáe dm he maprmse, pir hes ehtes teses dm

iùpe`lðo qum mh bitmh aeotlmom dureotm tidi mh eõi, ye qum he mstru`turehejireh pumdm aeotmomrsm ìosteotm slo loùrrlr mo uoe logreutlhlze`lðo dm hepheotlhhe qum nmomrm bires i`lises y dmseprivm`bealmoti dm èpe`ldedms.Mste loverlejlhlded privi e qum tidis his trejekedirms eèjmo ioi`lìodismmotrm sá, pumsti qum hhmveo verlis eõis iùpeodi sus pumstis dm trejeki,dmserrihhåodism mo ehnuois èsis hezis dm ealsted qum ìotrljuymo e heaitlve`lðo y jlmomster dm his maphmedis.

Mo smnuodi huner, uo jumo slstmae dm rmtrlju`lðo. E tuehamotm, mstmslstmae sm hhmve e èji sijrm bioirerlis (sumhdis jesm) y bires mxtres. Plomajerni, mo mh prðxlai pmrlidi loìrpireråo he pisljlhlded dm ìjrer pirvmotes, hi qum ìostltulrå uo mhmamoti aitlvedir aås.

Mo tmr`mr y ûhtlai huner, uoe ehte eutioiaáe mo mh trejeki dm his ipmrerlis,dmjldi e he prigmslioehlded y pihlvehmo`le dm mstis qum pmraltm qum hestermes sm hhmvmo e eji io eutidmtmraloe`lðo, slo om`mslded dm supmrvlslðopir pertm dm supmrlirms. Esá, he ìogleoze qum sm dmpislte mo mhhis eh dmhmnerrmspiosejlhldedms, ìotrljuym e qum his trejekedirms sm slmoteoeutisugl`lmotms y io uoe mhmvede eutimstlae, mvlteodi smotlrsm prmslioedisy euamoteodi su pridu`tlvlded.

Gloehamotm, sm dmjm bejher dm he Girae`lðo dmh pmrsioeh. Euoqum oi sm dlspiom dmlogirae`lðo ìo`rmte e`mrè dm mhhi, sm pumdm eglraer qum, ìai ye sm mxphlèje mo heMstretmnle dm @ehlded, he girae`lðo dm his maphmedis sm jese mo dis espm`tis; pir uohedi, mo he ìotloulded dm he vlde hejireh dm his trejekedirms qum hms pmraltm, e trevìs

dm he mxpmrlmo`le, eprmodmr y mkmùter his prlo`lpehms pri`msis dm he irneolze`lðo dmgirae mgl`lmotm y prå`tlèamotm eutiaåtlè, sejlmodi `ðai e`tuer mo hes dlvmrsessltue`lioms pisljhms3 pir itri hedi, mo he pisljlhlded dm rmehlzer èrrmre prigmslioeh




-40-

dmotri dm he maprmse, peseodi pir his dlgmrmotms pumstis dm trejeki y eprmodlmodisus termes.

Mstis dis ge`tirms, sm ìaphmteo ìo he mstejlhlded dm he mstru`ture hejireh `ltedeeotmrliramotm, msteodi he pheotlhhe ìapumste slmaprm pir his alsais trejekedirms, yesmeo glkis i tmapirehms. @io tidi mhhi sm ìoslnumo trms ijkmtlvis;

Uum his trejekedirms esuaeo his vehirms, he glhisigáe y hes pihátlès dm hemaprmse, pere qum hes dm`lslioms qum dmje tiaer ùehqulmr maphmedi mstìonuledes pir his alsais `rltmrlis, slnulmodi uo pmrglh dm e`tue`lðo slalher.@io mhhi sm ìoslnum qum dlgmrmotms trejekedirms tiamo dm`lsliomssmamkeotms eh egrioter termes y sltue`lioms perm`ldes.

Uum mh pmrsioeh ìoizè e he `hlmotmhe pere ìosmnulr he mapetáe yeaejlhlded qum teoti beo eprm`ledi tidis his buìspmdms ye ehikedis mo mhbitmh, mo sus ìamoterlis dm vehire`lðo. Dm mste aeomre y e aidi dmmkmaphi, sl mh pmrsioeh dm rm`mp`lðo ìoi`m jlmo ùåhms sio hes prmgmrmo`lesdmh `hlmotm esá ìai sus prlo`lpehms nustis, he pmrsioehlze`lðo mo mh tretismrå au`bi aeyir qum sl his trejekedirms sm eèjeo dm loìrpirer mo he

pheotlhhe dmh bitmh. Hi alsai iùrrm ìo mh pmrsioeh dmh Dmperteamoti@iamr`leh, qum userå dm aeomre aås mgl`lmotm his rmùrsis dm aercmtlon,ìai he edepte`lðo dm prm`lis pir smnamotis i he dlstrlju`lðo dm hissmrvl`lis. Vir teoti, mste `mrèoáe y gealhlerlze`lðo dm his trejekedirms ìohis `hlmotms sio guodeamotehms pere ìosmnulr he Dlgmrmo`le`lðo qum smpmrslnum io he mstretmnle dm @ehlded.

Vir ûhtlai, qum his trejekedirms, amdleotm he rmehlze`lðo dm hes èrrmresprigmslioehms, eèjmo slmodi pihlvehmotms, ehni qum ìotrljuymoitejhmamotm e euamoter he Ghmxljlhlded dm slstmae pridu`tlvi.

E pmser dm hes mvldmotms vmotekes qum he pihátlè dm pmrsioeh smnulde pir mh BitmhJì`qumr epirte eh ùaphlalmoti dm he mstretmnle ìrpiretlve, bey qum smõeher qum

dl`be pihátlè prmsmote teajlìo uo loìovmolmotm qum, biy mo dáe, pumdm smrlapirteotm y egm`ter e he ghmxljlhlded y nmstlðo dm he èpe`lded pridu`tlve e amdli yìrti phezi. Dedi mh nreo ìapiomotm dm trejekedirms glkis qum lotmnre he pheotlhhe, hepisljlhlded dm privièr ekustms mo he alsae pere edeptersm e pisljhms èajlis (ìaidlsalou`lðo dm hes vmotes, pìrdlde dm `hlmotmhe i om`mslded dm rmdu``lðo dm ìstms) smdlglùhte, pudlmodi msti privièr mgm`tis omnetlvis pere he maprmse, ìai euamoti dmhis ìstms pir dmspldis dm trejekedirms glkis i pìrdlde dm èplteh lotmhm`tueh, ye qum,ìai sm be vlsti, nreo pertm dmh sejmr be`mr dm his trejekedirms dmh bitmh be sldiedqulrlde dmspuìs dm hernis pmrlidis dm girae`lðo.




-44-




-4=-

@IO@H]PLÐO GLOEH

Mh mstudli rmehlzedi be ìaprmodldi mh eoåhlsls dm he irneolze`lðo dm ehikealmotiturástlì ìai uo slstmae ìaphmki dm mhmamotis lotmrrmhe`lioedis motrm sá m

loghumo`ledi e su vmz pir mh motiroi qum hi ridme. E pmser dm qum ìalmozeebiodeodi mo ùmstlioms nhijehms dm he motlded, mh ìogesls be sldi pumsti mo mh årmedm Ipmre`lioms, eoehlzeodi su pri`msi dm dlrm``lðo y priguodlzeodi mo his mhmamotisqum ìogiraeo he Mstretmnle dm Ipmre`lioms. Tmolmodi mo ùmote his ijkmtlvis qum smpheotmejeo eh prlo`lpli dmh trejeki, y ìosldmreodi e su vmz qum he logirae`lðormèjede be sldi hlaltede, sm pumdm eglraer qum he iosmù`lðo dm his alsais be sldihhmvede e èji dm girae ìaphmte y setlsge`tirle, ernuamoteodi, mo he amdlde dm hipisljhm, hes dlgmrmotms rmspumstes qum sm beo ldi mhejireodi pere ède ùmstlðopheotmede e hi herni dmh mstudli.

Mo prlamr huner, sm beo ìoi`ldi his espm`tis mstretìnlìs aås nmomrehms dmhe irneolze`lðo, hhmneodi e he ìo`huslðo dm qum he mstretmnle hhmvede e èji mstå

jesede mo heDlgmrmo`le`lðo

. Mh bitmh Jì`qumr ùmote ìo uoe lapirteotm hlalte`lðo dmrmùrsis qum hi sltûe mo uo amrèdi diodm he ìapmtmo`le mstå lotmnrede pir hisbitmhms lodmpmodlmotms dm Pmvlhhe, dmjldi e qum mh vihualoisi dmsphlmnum dm amdlis yrmùrsis dm hes nreodms èdmoes ìaphlè ìapmtlr ìo mhhes. Plo majerni, y e pmserdm mstes hlalte`lioms, mh bitmh be sejldi dmserrihher su pitmo`leh dmsdm mh prlo`lpli dmsu e`tlvlded. Dm bm`bi, mo mh eoåhlsls DEGI rmehlzedi, sm be pidldi ìaprijer `ðaimh oûamri dm girtehmzes dm he irneolze`lðo supmre oitejhmamotm eh oûamri dmdmjlhldedms. Vir teoti, ms ipirtuoi ìo`hulr qum he mstretmnle dm Dlgmrmo`le`lðo ediptede pir he irneolze`lðo ms edmùede y ìovmolmotm dm eùmrdi ìo susère`tmrástlès y oeturehmze, slmodi uoe dm hes amkirms aeomres pere sijrmvlvlr e hebmnmaioáe dm hes nreodms èdmoes bitmhmres y pmraltlmodi eh bitmh `motrer hee`tlvlded mo uo amrèdi ìo`rmti y dmserrihher his ìo`mptis dm hmehted y gldmhlded pir

pertm dm his `hlmotms be`le he aerè.]oe vmz dmtmraloede he Mstretmnle @irpiretlve dm he maprmse, sm be pumsti dm

aeolglmsti `ðai mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms ìoglnure sus prlirldedmsìapmtltlves ìo he lotmo`lðo dm ìosmnulr his ijkmtlvis nhijehms dm he alsae. He Dlgmrmo`le`lðo, tmolmodi he setlsge``lðo dmh `hlmotm ìai prlo`lpeh prlirlded, sm jesemo he prmste`lðo dm smrvl`lis ûolìs y dm èhlded, esá ìai mo he mxpmrlmo`le y sejmrbe`mr dm he irneolze`lðo, ùldeodi eh aåxlai ède dmtehhm y jusèodi ìo mhhidmsteèr sijrm hes maprmses ìapmtldires. Esá, tmolmodi mo ùmote mstm ijkmtlvinhijeh, mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms dmh Bitmh Jì`qumr ìotrljuym e su ìosmù`lðoe trevìs dm;

He prmste`lðo dm smrvl`lis dm èhlded, hi qum supiom hhmver e èji uoe Nmstlðo

Lotmnrede dm he @ehlded Titeh qum irlmotm he maprmse be`le mh `hlmotm, dlsmõmpridu`tis looivedirms y dm èhlded y mstejhmzè pri`msis pridu`tlvismgl`lmotms y ìirdloedis motrm sá. @iai sm rmìnáe mo mh Aepe Mstretìnlì dmhe @ehlded, mh nredi dm ùaphlalmoti dm dl`bi ijkmtlvi ms auy setlsge`tirli pirpertm dmh bitmh. Plo majerni, e pmser dm mhhi, bey espm`tis jåslìs qum, elosteo`les dmh Dmperteamoti dm @ehlded, dmjmo amkirersm sl dmsmeo smnulreuamoteodi his olvmhms dm setlsge``lðo pere ìosmnulr oumves vmotekesìapmtltlves qum hms slneo dlgmrmo`leodi dmh rmsti. @io`rmteamotm, smijsmrveje `ðai mxlstm uoe om`mslded dm amkire mo equmhhis ge`tirms qum sioìosldmredis ìai ‟’auy lapirteotms’’ pir his `hlmotms pmri tlmomo uois jekisolvmhms dm setlsge``lðo. Hes amdldes moèaloedes e mhhi dmjmo peser pire``lioms ìai amkirer his lonrmdlmotms y pridu`tis dm ehlamote`lðo

maphmedis mo he e`tlvlded rmsteuredire (pir mkmaphi, mo he èrte dm zuais ygrute, ehlamotis dm his qum sm beo ijtmoldi aås `rltlès), ìo`lmo`ler mlo`motlver eh pmrsioeh dm hlaplmze pere mvlter lo`ldmotms i loìrpirer mo hes




-47-

prðxlaes rmgiraes mstru`turehms dmh mstejhm`lalmoti uoe amkire mo helosioirlze`lðo dm hes lostehe`lioms.

He `rme`lðo dm vehir eõedldi mo sus pridu`tis, ehni guodeamoteh pereìosmnulr he dlgmrmo`le`lðo dm he irneolze`lðo. Vere mhhi, ms om`mserli ijtmomrlogirae`lðo glejhm e`mrè dm hes prmgmrmo`les y tmodmo`les dm ìosuai dm his`hlmotms ìo mh glo dm dlsmõer his pridu`tis y setlsge`mr sus om`msldedms dm heaeomre aås ekustede y pmrsioehlzede pisljhm e he dmaeode. Vir mhhi, mhPujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms dmh bitmh Jì`qumr mstå áotlaeamotm rmhe`lioediìo mh Pujslstmae @iamr leh, pumsti qum ms ìstm ûhtlai qulmo sm moèrne dmrmìnmr y treter he logirae`lðo pri`mdmotm dm his amrèdis, qum humni utlhlzeopere ìoglnurer y edepter su igmrte.

He smhm``lðo y girae`lðo dm his Zmùrsis Buaeois dmh bitmh, pumsti qum sijrmmhhis rmèm, mo nreo pertm, he èhlded dm he prmste`lðo dm his smrvl`lis. Esá, hemstejlhlded hejireh y msèse rite`lðo dm he pheotlhhe, mh jumo `hlae dm trejekimxlstmotm, he ìogleoze y eutioiaáe qum his dlrm`tlvis dmpislteo mo histrejekedirms y, he mxpmrlmo`le y pihlvehmo`le dm his alsais, be`mo qum hissmrvl`lis sm prmstmo ìo eaejlhlded y mapetáe, dm aeomre auy `mrèoe eh

`hlmotm. Edmaås, ìo mhhi sm pmrslnum qum his trejekedirms esuaeo mlotmrlirl`mo his vehirms y glhisigáe dm he maprmse, slmodi glmhms y hmehms e heirneolze`lðo.

E he vlste dm hi eotmrlir, mh bitmh Jì`qumr ms uo mkmaphi dm `ðai he Dlrm `lðo dmIpmre`lioms, (slo mx`hulr eh rmsti dm årmes guo`lioehms) sm ìovlmrtm mo uo lostruamotijåslì pere he ìapmtltlvlded dm he maprmse y su supmrvlvmo`le mo mh tlmapi, pumstiqum he pridu``lðo y dlstrlju`lðo dm smrvl`lis ìostltuym he rezðo dm smr dm hesirneolze`lioms turástlès y, e mhhis, dmjmo nreo pertm dm su ìxlti i greèsi. HeDlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms pmrslnum lo`rmamoter he èhlded y mgl`lmo`le dm heirneolze`lðo, irlmotåodihe be`le he mx`mhmo`le, esualmodi qum slmaprm mxlstlråoaårnmoms dm amkire. Esá, ms laprms`lodljhm rmehlzer uoe irdmoede nmstlðo dm his

rmùrsis mo eres e ìosmnulr vmotekes ìapmtltlves. Pl mh bitmh Jì`qumr dmkesm dmlooiver y eõedlr vehir e sus smrvl`lis, smhm``lioesm pmrsioeh oi ùehlglèdi mloedmùedi i, mapmzesm e loùaphlr mo hes gm`bes y tlmapis dm rmehlze`lðo dm hissmrvl`lis, sus rmodlalmotis sm vmráeo egm`tedis omnetlveamotm, rmdu`lmodi suèpe`lded pere nmomrer mhmamotis dm dlgmrmo`le`lðo teo dlgá`lhms dm ìosmnulr, vlmodiamraede su `hlmotmhe, y mo dmgloltlve, pmrdlmodi ìapmtltlvlded. Edmaås, he aeyiráedm his rmùrsis dm uoe maprmse sm ìosuamo mo mh Pujslstmae dm Ipmre`lioms, pirhi qum pitmo`ler eh aåxlai his rmùrsis hlaltedis dmh bitmh amkireodi he pridu`tlvldeddm sus pri`msis lo`ldlrå dm aeomre pisltlve mo sus rmsuhtedis.

Vere ìo`hulr, y e he vlste dm tidi hi mxpumsti mo mstm trejeki, perm`m ipirtuoismõeher qum pere smnulr gevirm`lmodi mh dmserrihhi dm su mstretmnle nhijeh dmdlgmrmo le`lðo, eh Bitmh Jì`qumr, e kul`li pripli, hm smráe dm utlhlded;

Giamoter he looive`lðo mo su pequmtm dm smrvl`lis priguodlzeodi mo mhìoi`lalmoti y eoåhlsls dm sus `hlmotms, esá ìai, ìai e trevìs dm he rmìnldedm ldmes y sunmrmo`le qum pumdeo epirter su pmrsioeh.

E he vlste dm he om`mslded dm lo`rmamoter su èpe`lded, smnulr uoe mstretmnledm hièhlze`lðo jesede mo he jûsqumde dm hunerms ìo lotmrmseotm etre`tlviturástlì, pere ìosmnulr pisl`lioersm mo mh amrèdi ìai uoe irneolze`lðomspm`lehlzede mo igrm`mr e his `hlmotms ehikealmoti mo bitmhms ‘ìo moèoti‑.Msti ûhtlai rmgirzeráe su smhhi dlgmrmo`ledir dm aeomre ìbmrmotm ìo hemstretmnle nhijeh smnulde.

Eveozer mo mh dmserrihhi dm eùmrdis dm ìhejire`lðo ìo irneolze`lioms

dlvmrses dmh sm`tir, ìo mh glo dm jusèr slomrnles motrm mhhes eyudeodi, dm mstmaidi, e pitmo`ler he laenmo dm he `luded ìai uo dmstloi turástlì dm lotmrìs yehteamotm iapmtltlvi.




-4>-

Jljhlinregáe

Esi`le`lðo dm Bitmhms dm Pmvlhhe y Vrivlo`le, (:650); ‟’Amairles dmh bitmh Jì`qumr’’, Piaisturlsai, 6:, :4-:=.

Jeyðo Aerloì, G.3 Aertlo Ziki, L. (:664); Ipmre`lioms y pri`msis dm pridu``lðo mo mh sm`tirturástlì, Mdltirleh Páotmsls, Aedrld.

Jumoi, M.; (5<2>); Dlrm``lðo Mstretìnlè dm he maprmse, amtidihináe, tìòlès y èsis .Mdl`lioms Vlråaldm, Aedrld.

@eseoumve Zi`be, @.3 Nehhmni Ånumde, A.E. (:65:); Dlrm``lðo mstretìnlè dm irneolze`liomsturástlès, Mdl`lioms Vlråaldm, Aedrld.

@besm, Z.3 Zijmrt, K.G.3 Equlheoi, O, (:667); Ipmretlios Aeoenmamot gir @iapmtltlvm Edveotenm, A`Nrew Blhh, Lrwlo.

@iuslos, K. (5<<:); ‟’Aidmro bispltehlty ipmretlios vmrsus mduètlioeh tredltlios’’ , Lotmroetlioeh

Kiuroeh ig Bispltehlty Aeoenmamot , (p.p. :2<-:<:).

Dmh Jrli Niozåhmz, K. E.; Kuoqumre @laedmvlhhe, J. (:662); Lol`le`lðo e his omni`lis pere

lonmolmris; espm`tis guo`lioehms, Mdl`lioms Vereologi, Aedrld.

Diaáonumz Ae`buè, K.E.3 Ner`áe Niozåhmz, P.3 Zulz Klaìomz, E.3 Diaáonumz Ae`buè, A.E3 Ehvermz Nlh, A.K. (5<<=, e); Dlrm``lðo dm ipmre`lioms; espm`tis tå`tlìs y ipmretlvis mo he pridu``lðo y his smrvl`lis, A`Nrew-Blhh, Aedrld.

Diaáonumz Ae`buè, K.E.3 Ner`áe Niozåhmz, P.3 Zulz Klaìomz, E.3 Diaáonumz Ae`buè, A.E3 Ehvermz Nlh, A.K.(5<<=,j); Dlrm``lðo dm ipmre`lioms; espm`tis mstretìnlìs mo he pridu``lðoy his smrvl`lis, A`Nrew-Blhh, Aedrld.

Msploi Zidránumz, T.G. (:65:); Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms mo hes maprmses turástlè;Wl`mrrm`tiredi dm Irdmoe`lðo Eèdìalè y Mspe`li Muripmi dm Mduè`lðo Pupmrlir, Nr eo@eoerles.

MuripeVrmss (:650);‟’ Mh Bitmh Jì`qumr heoze uoe eudlinuáe turástlè nretulte pere dlspisltlvisaðvlhms’’, Muripeprmss.ms, :4 dm Dl`lmajrm, bttp;//www.muripeprmss.ms/eodehu`le/turlsai-664>7/oitl`le-bitmh-jm`qumr-heoze-eudlinule-turlstlè-nretulte-dlspisltlvis-aivlhms-:65:5::4540=06.btah, (@iosuhtedi; 4/60/:650)

Ner`áe Eyusi, A. (:65:); ‟’ Bitmh Jì`qumr dm Pmvlhhe, Bitmh Ealni dm ]OL@MG’’, ]ol`mg.ms, :<dm kuhli, bttp;//www.uol`mg.ms/e`tuehlded-diùamote`lio/oitl`les/bitmh-jm`qumr-dm-smvlhhe(@iosuhtedi; :2/6:/50)

Nr÷oriis, @. (5<<4); Aercmtlon y nmstlðo dm smrvl`lis; he nmstlðo dm his aiamotis dm he vmrdedy he ìapmtmo`le mo his smrvl`lis, Dlez dm Peotis Mdltirleh, Aìxlì.

Blzmr, K.3 Zmodmr, J, (:665); Ipmretlios Aeoenmamot , Vrmotl`m Behh, Alhweucmm.

Bumrtes Ner`áe, Z.3 Diaáonumz Neh`mråo, Z. (:662); Dm`lslioms mstretìnlès pere he dlrm``lðodm ipmre`lioms mo maprmses dm smrvl`lis y turástlès, Vujhlè`lios l mdl`lios dm he]olvmrsltet dm Jer mhioe, Jer`mhioe.

Auõiz Iõetm, G.3 Zidrlni Aiye, J. (:660); Dlrm``lðo dm Ipmre`lioms mo Ehikealmoti yZmsteure`lðo, Mdltirleh ]olvmrsltes Lotmroe`lioeh P.H, Aedrld.

Aurdl`c Z.N.3 Zmodmr, J.3 P.Zusmhh, Z. (5<<6); Pmrvl`m Ipmretlios Aeoenmamot, Ehhyo & Jeìo,Jistio.

Oeveki, V. (:66<); Vheolglè`lðo mstretìnlè mo irneolze`lioms oi hu`retlves , Oer`me P.E dmmdl`lioms, Aedrld.

Zulz Klaìomz, E.3 @båvmz Alreode, A.M. (:665); ‟’Dlrm``lðo y Nmstlðo dm he Vridu``lðo moMaprmses dm Pmrvl`lis’’, Oumvis dmsegáis dm he Mìoiaáe dm he Maprmse (p.p. ><>-26<).

Peloz Aertáomz, M. (:66<); ‟’Edalolstre`lðo, nmstlðo y edalolstre`lðo dm he pmqumõe maprmse’’,tlmapisaidmrois.mu,bttp;//lssuu.ìa/mstbmrYgih/di`s/ tmaeYllYen`pmYguo`liomsYdmYheYmaprmse




-42-




Eomxis

EOMRI L

@]MPTLIOEZLI VEZE MH EOÅHLIPLP LOMZOI DMH DMVEZTEAMOTI DMIVMZE@LIOMP DMH BITMH JÌ@U]MZ

@]MPTLÐO E J @

5.Eaphltud dmh Pmrvl`li Mståoder Alxti Vmrsioehlzedi

:.Werlejlhlded dm he dmaeode dmsmrvl`li dm his hlmotms

Jeke Amdle Ehte

0.Neae dm Pmrvl`lis Puphmamoterlis Zmdu`lde Amdle Eaphle

4.Mx`huslvlded dmh smrvl`li rmspm`ti ehe ìapmtmo`le rmnlioeh

Viì Ehni Au`bi

=.Lotridu``lðo dm oumvis smrvl`lis Zere Ièslioeh Grmùmotm

7.@epe`lte`lðo pere ehtmrerråpldeamotm he èpe`lded dmh smrvl`li

Viì Ehni Au`bi

>.Nredi dm amèolze`lðo dmh smrvl`li Viì Ehni Au`bi

2.@eotlded dm trejeki dm prmpere`lðopere ijtmomr uoe uolded dm smrvl`li

Viì Ehni Au`bi

<.Ìogesls mo he mgl`lmo`le dm hedlstrlju`lðo dm he lostehe`lðo

Vmqumõi Aidmredi Nreodm

56.Ìogesls mo he mstìtlè dm hedlstrlju`lðo dm he lostehe`lðo

Vmqumõi Aidmredi Nreodm

55.Nredi dm mspm`lehlze`lðo dmhmqulpi Viì Ehni Au`bi

5:.Oûamri dm `motris dm smrvl`lis ]oi Viìs Au`bis

50.He hièhlze`lðo mspm`áglè dm his`motris sm dmjm mspm`lehamotm e

@iovmolmo`le`hlmotm

@iovmolmo`lemaprmse

Itris

54.@iai prlo`lpeh lovmoterli smìosldmre

Mspe`li Vmrsioes Pualolstris

5=.Mstretmnle dm smrvl`li Aeotmomrolvmh dmsmrvl`li

Alxte Ekustede ìo hedmaeode

57.Oûamri dm olvmhms dm supmrvlslðo Viìs Werlis Au`bis5>.Oûamri dm dmperteamotis dm steggdm epiyi eh smrvl`li

Olonuois Ehnuois Au`bis

52. ]tlhlze`lðo dm jumoisprigmslioehms mo he `rme`lðo dmsmrvl`lis

Olonuoi Ehnuois Au`bis

5<.@iotmoldi dm he aeyiráe dm histrejekis

@l`hi ìrti @l`hi Amdli @l`hi Herni

Documents

Estudio y análisis de las decisiones estratégicas de Operaciones en organizaciones de alojamiento