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Introduction to Lithium Battery Technology
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Lithium (Ion) Hazard Focus
Gerry Flood of Lith Safe
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Battery FeaturesBattery Chemistry
Lithium Metal (Primary)
Benefits/Drawbacks
•Used one time•Discarded after use•Long shelf life•Lower self-discharge•High energy density
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Battery FeaturesBattery Chemistry
Lithium Ion (Secondary)
Benefits
•Rechargeable•Cost advantages (long term)
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Battery FeaturesBattery Chemistry
Lithium Ion (Secondary)
Benefits
•Largest energy density•High electrochemical potential•Low maintenance•Low self-discharge
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Battery FeaturesBattery Chemistry
Lithium Ion (Secondary)
Drawbacks
•Considerable fire potential•Requires safety circuitry•Questionable tolerance for aging •Transportation and storage restrictions
Battery Features
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Lithium (Ion) Focus
They have a negatively charged Carbon anode,a positively-charged Metal Oxyde Cathode and Lithium
Ion Compound as electrolyte.Lithium Ion Batteries run down and require recharging.Lithium Ion Automotive batteries hold a large amount
of potential energy!
Battery Failure and Thermal Runaway
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Lithium (Ion) Focus
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Battery Failure
Thermal Runaway
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Battery FailureEnergetic Battery Failure
The Anatomy of Thermal Runaway Propagation
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Battery Failure
Lithium metal deposits
Lithium Ion cellEnergetic Battery Failure
Electrical Abuse
•Lithium plating
a) A chemical/electrical process that basically transforms free lithium ions into lithium metal (deposits).
a) Fire and explosion risks grow substantially
Battery Fire Behavior
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Lithium (Ion) Focus
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Batteries can be “multi-classed” with some fitting comfortably into ALL four common classes!
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Lithium (Primary)
•Combustible build materials (A)•Combustible metals (D)•Possibly energized (C)
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Lithium Ion (Secondary)
•Combustible build materials (A)•Flammable Electrolyte (B)•Possibly energized (C)
Question:Can Lithium Plating add a “Combustible metals” component?
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Class A – Water works Best
Class B- Smother Effects on flammable liquid, venting gases, N2 possible
Class C - Non Conductive Agent, CO2
Class D – Metals, Dry Powder, Sand
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Battery Fire Behavior
Composed of many “ordinary
combustible” materials
Battery Fire Classes
Question: Why are lithium (ion) batteries not limited to any one class of fire?
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Question: Why are lithium (ion) batteries not limited to any one class of fire?
Contain flammable liquids in electrolyte
form
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Question: Why are lithium (ion) batteries not limited to any one class of fire?
May possess an electrical shock
hazard
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Question: Why are lithium (ion) batteries not limited to any one class of fire?
Lithium (primary) cells possess
combustible metals
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Properties
Question: What are the properties of Lithium (ion) cell burn?
Gas release (burn and no burn)
Severe:
•Skin burn•Eye irritation•Respiratory issues•Disorientation
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Battery Fire BehaviorBattery Fire Classes
Question: What are the properties of Lithium (ion) cell burn?
•Hydrogen•Carbon dioxide •Carbon monoxide •Methane •Ethylene •Ethane•Propylene
Source: Sandia National Labs. Gas release during cell venting.
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EUCAR Hazard Levels(European Council for Automotive Research)
HazardLevel Description Classification Criteria
0 No effect No effect. No loss of functionality
1 Passive protection activated
No defect; no leakage; no venting fire or flame;no rupture; no explosion; no exothermic reaction or thermal runaway. Cell irreversibly damaged. Repair is needed.
2 Defect / Damage No leakage; no venting fire or flame; no rupture; no explosion; no exothermic reaction or thermal runaway. Cell irreversibly damaged. Repair is needed.
3 LeakageΔ mass < 50%
No venting, fire or flame*; no rupture; no explosion.Weight loss < 50% of electrolyte weight (electrolyte = solvent + salt)
4 VentingΔ mass ≥ 50%
No fire or flame*; no rupture; no explosion.Weight loss ≥ 50% of electrolyte weight (electrolyte = solvent + salt)
5 Fire or Flame No rupture; no explosion (i.e., no flying parts)
6 Rupture No explosion, but flying parts of the active mass
7 Explosion Explosion (i.e., disintegration of the cell)
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Battery Fire SuppressionSuppression Methodology
Remember:
Thank You!
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