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Cell Biology
Leeuwenhoek's microscope
Later, in the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoekenlightened the world to what he dubbed “animacules”such as protozoa found in standing water. He was the first to identify sperm and red blood cells
Zacharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope in 1595
Microscopes
Cell Fractionation
Fig. 4-1, p. 75
1 μm
AtomAminoacids
Protein
Ribosomes
Virus
Mitochondrion
0.1 nm
Smallestbacteria
1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 10 μm
Chloroplast
Nucleus
10 m1 m100 mmElectron microscope
Light microscope
10 mm
Typicalbacteria
Red bloodcells
Epithelialcell
Humanegg
Frog egg
Chickenegg
Somenerve cells
Adulthuman
1 mm100 μm
Measurements1 meter = 1000 millimeters (mm)1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers (μm)1 micrometer = 1000 nanometers (nm)
Human eye
Carbon Atoms
• form four covalent bonds– single, double, or triple– straight or branched chains– rings
• bond with many different elements
Fig. 3-1, p. 46
Table 3-1a, p. 49
Table 3-1b, p. 49
Figure 2.5
H2O
Polaridad
Cohesividad
Retiene calor
Solvente
Figure 2.8
Fig. 3-13, p. 58
Fatty acidsCholine
PhosphategroupGlycerol
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictail
Water
Ionización del Agua
*Escala de pH
Figure 2.9
[ H+ ] =1 X 10-7 M [ OH- ] = 1 X 10-7 M
H2O H+ + OH-
pH = 2 [H+] = 0.01
pH = 5 [H+] = 0.00001
pH = 8 [H+] = 0.000000001
pH = 10 [H+] = 0.0000000001
Moléculas orgánicasen los organismos vivos
Monómeros, Polímeros o macromoléculas
Polymers and Macromolecules
• Polymers – long chains of monomers – linked through condensation reactions
• Macromolecules – large polymers– polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA– broken down by hydrolysis reactions
Condensation and Hydrolysis
Estructura y función de las proteínas
1953 James Watson, Francis Crick y Rosalind Franklin
DNA MoleculeNucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid
• RNA
Nucleotides
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)– essential in energy metabolism
• NAD+ – electron acceptor in biological oxidation and
reduction reactions
Monosaccharides
Fig. 3-6, p. 51
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
• Long chains– repeating units of simple sugar
• Storage polysaccharides– starch in plants – glycogen in animals
• Structural polysaccharide– cellulose, cell walls of plants– chitin in arthropods
• Starch • Glycogen
Cellulose
**chitosan
Chitin
• Triglycerides = three fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol
Figure 2.15
Lipids
Triacylglycerol
Fatty acids
Figure 2.13
Fig. 3-13, p. 58
Fatty acidsCholine
PhosphategroupGlycerol
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictail
Water
Steroids• Carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings
– cholesterol, bile salts, some hormones
Figure 2.16 Steroids
Figure 2.16