JUAN GOYTISOLO Paisajes de Guerra Con Chechenia Al Fondo 010796 Red

8/6/2019 JUAN GOYTISOLO Paisajes de Guerra Con Chechenia Al Fondo 010796 Red

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/juan-goytisolo-paisajes-de-guerra-con-chechenia-al-fondo-010796-red 1/27

[én" 9

C|ib Ngvo}gag

[io}icl} fl n|lxxi mgb M`lm`lboi ia egbfg ' 9

(Ifoý} i vä! fla x|}g }|moi {ivxoi(

Mgb la flxx|dhl fl ai \X]] ai b|lui {xgmaidimoýb fl ai obfl{lbflbmoi m`lm`l$

bi! ai ò}vgxoi xlovlxi }|} momag}

;9';>'9??5

Ai ò}vgxoi fl ai od{aibvimoýb x|}i lb M`lm`lboi }|} iavohicg} f|xibvl mi}o fg} }onag}ì gxonobifg |bi hohaognxieäi l}mi}i lb m|ibvg ia bódlxg fl {|haomimogbl}! {lxg fl nxibmiaofif" Lb ai {xodlxi ghxi fl xlelxlbmoi }ghxl la vldi! V`l X|}}oib Mgby|l}v ge Mi|$

mi}|}! C"E" Hifflal lp{gbl fl egxdi {gxdlbgxosifi ai} fo}vobvi} lvi{i} fl ai lp{ib$

}oýb sixo}vi ìmoi la }|x ai} ivxgmofifl} fl ai n|lxxi mgagboia mgbvxi ag} dgbviùl}l}o}aidosifg} |bi mlbv|xoi ibvl}" La nlblxia _lxdýagu! mgdibfibvl lb clel fla lcïxmovgod{lxoia lbvxl 9095 908> $ m|i! l}viv|i {xl}ofäi ai {aisi digx fl Nxgsbo ì}vi }|flxxohg lb 9??;$! }l ìhäi {xg{|l}vg! mgdg la lpdobo}vxg fl Flelb}i! [éula Nxim`gu! ailaodobimoýb {|xi }od{al fl ag} (hibfofg} m`lm`lbg}(" Ai xl}o}vlbmoi vlbis fl ag} {|l$hag} dgbviùl}l}! ulxvlhxifi {gx ai} mgexifäi} }|eä} $l}{lmoiadlbvl ai Bijm`hibfäi aiJifoxäi$! }l lpvolbfl fl}fl ai }ln|bfi fïmifi fla }onag POP i 90<?! elmì fl ai flxxgvi lpoaog i V|xy|äi fla odid ]ìdoa" Ag} d|xof} g doldhxg} fl ai} mgexifäi}! fl}mxovg}{gx doaovixl}! e|bmogbixog} mxgbo}vi} fl ai ï{gmi lb vïxdobg} d| }odoaixl} i ag} flag} {gxviugml} mgxvl}ibg} fla (fldýmxivi( Hgxä} _lav}ob! a|mìxgb mgb {gxeäi {gx }|obfl{lbflbmoi }|exolxgb i ag} flui}vifgxl} lelmvg} fl ai l}vxivlnoi fl (volxxi y|ldi$

fi( i{aomi fi `g }ob xlhgsg {gx ag} idg} fla Jxldaob" Gvxg aohxg fl nxib obvlxï}! Al}g|eo lv al mgddo}}ioxl! fl Ialpibfxl Hlbbobn}lb! vxisi {gx }| {ixvl |b m|ifxg lpì|}$voug fl ag} v|x|j {a|xia fl vixoji! mgexifäi/ y|l ina|vobib lbmixbib ai uga|bvif fl}|{lxuoulbmoi fl |b {|lhag fl |b doaaýb {omg fl iadi} lbexlbvifg i |b lbldong obeo$bovidlbvl }|{lxogx" La mgbgmodolbvg mihia fla vlxxlbg {gx ag} m`lm`lbg}! l}{äxov| fl}imxoeomog! m|avg ia onov hxiu|xi/ {xémvomi mgalmvoui fla sojx ${xlml} mgalmvoui} hioal}lpvévomg} y|l vibvg! }gx{xlbflb l oby|olvib ia obui}gx$ al} {lxdovolxgb }ghxluouox {xl$}lxuix }|! oflbvofif! iavlxbibfg ai n|lxxi }ibvi mgb la jlvdéb $fo}od|ag }|do}oýb i{i$xlbvl$ i ai l}{lxi fl ai} moxm|b}vibmoi} {xg{omoi} ia xlvgxbg i ai {xodlxi! mgdg imilmoývxi} ai Xluga|moýb fl 9?9>! m|ibfg {xgmaidixgb ai obfl{lbflbmoi fla Ldoxivg fla Bgxvlfla Mé|mi}g hicg ai i|vgxofif fl |b uolcg odid bijm`hibfo"

I|by|l ai xlhlaoýb e|l eobiadlbvl i{ai}vifi lb 9?86! ag} d|xof} lpvlbfolxgb }| ob$ea|lbmoi i ag} {|lhag} ulmobg} fl Obn|}lvoi Fin|l}véb! }| n|lxxoaai ibvo}guoïvomi!{l}l i ai fl}vx|mmoýb! }o}vldévomi fl (bofg} fl hibfofg}( lclm|moýb fl }|} clel}! }l{xgagbný ì}vi ai} nxibfl} {|xni} fla =5 ai {g}vlxogx obui}oýb biso! mgb ai }|h}on|olb$vl fl{gxvimoýb fl ai vgviaofif fla {|lhag m`lm`lbg i I}oi

Ai} n|lxxi} fla Mé|mi}g fla }onag POP $ai fla odid ]ìdoa ai y|l al }|mlfoý lbvxl9056 90>>! lbmihlsifi {gx la (n|äi( jifoxo J|bvi @ipo$ v|uolxgb |b lelmvg fl}i}vxg}glb la obvlxogx fl ai }gmolfif x|}i3 mgdg ai obui}oýb fl Ienibo}véb |b }onag dé} vixfl!{xgugmixgb la fl}mgbvlbvg fla {|lhag aaibg! mib}ifg fl lbuoix i }|} òcg} ia diviflxg! }ldhxixgb |b l}{äxov| fl f|fi i|vgmxävomi lb |bi {ly|lùi {lxg }lalmvi dobgxäi fl geo$

moial} }gafifg} y|l {ixvomo{ixgb lb laai}" Ai mxlimoýb fla m|lx{g {ixidoaovix mg}imgexlbvl i ag} (hibfofg} m`lm`lbg}( e|l |b lp{lfolbvl oflifg {gx ag} dibfg} sixo}vi} {ixi



[én" 8

luovix ai} mgb}lm|lbmoi} {laonxg}i} fla mib}ibmog flxxgvo}dg fl ai {ghaimoýb" Fl}{|ï}fl ai i|fis obm|x}oýb fl ]ìdoa Hi}éolu lb H|flbgu}j lb c|bog fl 9??<! i}o}vodg} i|bi xlìhoaovimoýb xlimvouimoýb fl fom`g m|lx{g! od{xlnbifg fl |bi dä}vomi vxifomog$biao}vi gfog i ag} {|lhag} mi|mé}omg}! ihgaofg {gx ag} }guoïvomg} {gx }| mgaihgximoýbmgb ag} x|}g} haibmg} f|xibvl ai n|lxxi mouoa"

Mgb la flxx|dhl fl ai \X]] ai b|lui {xgmaidimoýb fl ai obfl{lbflbmoi m`lm`lbi {gxla nlblxia F|féolu! ai ò}vgxoi xlovlxi }|} momag}3 la {i}ifg u|laul i }lx {xl}lbvl! }ob y|l}|} idixni} almmogbl} }l i}odoalb" ]o |b xl}{gb}ihal fl ai {gaävomi fl ({imoeomimoýb( flM`lm`lboi flmaixihi lb 90=6 (ag óbomg y|l }l {|lfl ìmlx mgb l}vl {|lhag l} hgxxixagfl ai eis fl ai volxxi(! ai} xlmolbvl} {iaihxi} fl Hgxä} _lav}ob! (ì y|l lpvlxdobixag} Ziag} (hibfofg}(T mgdg i {lxxg} xihog}g}(! {x|lhib la ixxiong }lm|aix fl |bg} maom`ï}dgxväelxg} lbvxl |b id{aog }lmvgx fla bimogbiao}dg {ibl}aiuo}dg x|}g}! {ixi la y|l(|b m`lm`lbg }ýag {|lfl divix: }o bg l} mi{is fl divix! l} hibfofg ivximi: }o bgl} mi{is fl l}vg! xghi: }o bg! lbvgbml} bg l} m`lm`lbg( uïib}l ai} flmaiximogbl} flanlblxia Hix}|jgu! |bg fl ag} eiugxovg} fl _lav}ob! xlmgnofi} {gx la mgxxl}{gb}ia fl LA[IÄ] la 89 fl lblxg fl 9??5/" Obóvoa iùifox y|l la |}g ih|}g fl l}l albn|icl {xleon|xifl egxdi gdobg}i la xlm|x}g i ai aod{olsi eobia("

Ai fl}ulbv|xifi l{g{li fl ag} dgbviùl}l} ivxicg ai ivlbmoýb }od{iväi} fl ian|bg}l}mxovgxl} x|}g} fla POP" Lb }| c|ulbv|f! ìhäib {ixvofg uga|bvixog}! {gx ieéb fl iulb$v|xi! g e|lxgb lbuoifg} fl dgfg egxsg}g i ({imoeomix( la Mé|mi}g ify|oxolxgb iaaä |bmgbgmodolbvg foxlmvg fl ag} `lm`g} fla ébodg mgdhivoug fl ag} {xl}|bvg} {imoeomi$fg}(" Lbvxl ag} vl}vodgbog} dé} g dlbg} bgulaifg}! fl}vimib ag} fl fg} nxibfl} dil}$vxg}3 Dociäa Aïxdgbvgu 9096$9069/ Alýb Vga}vgo 9080$9?9;/" Ag} }|ml}g} lugmifg}lb }|} xlaivg} gexlmlb |b m|ifxg d| uoug fl }|} {xlc|omog}! ldgmogbl}! }od{iväi}! if$doximoýb {gx la lbldong! l}vg l}! fl ag} }lbvodolbvg} mgbvxi{|l}vg} y|l nlblxixgb lb}|} i|vgxl}" Ai xlhlafäi xgdébvomi fl Aïxdgbvgu mgbvxi la i|vgxovixo}dg x|}g fo}vihi

d|m`g fl ai imvov|f dé} xlealpoui! {gx laag dé} leomis fldgalfgxi! fl}fl ai iviaiixlvxg}{lmvoui fla uolcg Vga}vgo"

Lb ai hxlul bixximoýb vov|aifi Hlai! {xodlx mi{äv|ag fl }| bgulai \b `ïxgl fl b|l}vxg

vold{g! Aïxdgbvgu a|ml |b mgbgmodolbvg i{xgpodivoug fl ai} volxxi} xlmoïb obmgx{gxi$fi} ia od{lxog ai} allbfi} mihiaalxl}mi} fl }|} ìhovibvl}! dgvli }| {xg}i $mgdgVga}vgo$ fl ugmihag} exi}l} fl ai} albn|i} mi|mé}omi} ${xgmlflbvl} lb nxib {ixvl flav|xmg la éxihl$ foelxlbmoi m|ofifg}idlbvl ag} foulx}g} mgd{gblbvl} ïvbomg} fl aixlnoýb3 bg }ýag m`lm`lbg}! }obg vidhoïb g}lvobg}! m`lxjl}l}! jiaihixfobg}! véxvixg}! }g$dlvofg} i ia mgby|o}vifgx x|}g g lpoaoifg} ia vlxxovgxog gvgdibg" Ai vxidi fl Hlai }l|xfl lb vgxbg ia foéagng fla bixxifgx |b ulvlxibg fl ai} n|lxxi} mi|mé}omi} y|l! ia

ihxong fl |bi vg}mi {xodovoui {g}ifi! al xleolxl i vxg{lsgbl} ai ò}vgxoi fla xi{vg flHlai {gx [lm`gxob! `ïxgl fla xlaivg! la eobia fxidévomg fl ai iulbv|xi fl idhg}! xl}|la$vi i hiaisg} mgbegxdl ia mýfong fl `gbgx vxohia" D|m`g} fl ag} obnxlfolbvl} fl l}vlmi{äv|ag lugmib! lb la almvgx l}{iùga ag} fl ai bgulai dgxo}mi! Ai} n|lxxi} mouoal} fl

Nxibifi! fl Nobï} [ïxls fl @ovi! g la V|sibo fl ai Ia{|cixxi! fl Miaflxýb3 i `gxmici$fi} fla fl}{xlmog l ofliaosimoýb fla" lbldong! mgb |b egbfg fl lpgvo}dg gxolbvia g dg$x|bg |b `gdlbicl od{aämovg i ai vldlxofif lbvlxlsi fl |b {|lhag ulbmofg {gx la}ihlx ai} ixdi} fla (mouoaosifgx("

La {lx}gbicl fla ulvlxibg |}i fl |b albn|icl i vxgy|laifg ia xlelxox}l i ag} m`lm`lbg} fldé} {|lhag} xlhlafl}3 (\bg} hibfgalxg} |bg} fl}mido}ifg}( y|l volbflb ldhg}mi$fi} ia lcïxmovg (bg} ai} ìmlb {i}ix blnxi}(! {|l} |bg b|bmi }ihl! foml! }o ia id{ixg flai exing}ofif fla" vlxxlbg volbl i (ianób fldgbog nxlù|fg fl ï}g} imlm`ébfgal(" ]o ui iflmox ulxfif! la uolcg däaovl }oxul ia {xg{ý}ovg fla {glvi fl lp{xl}ix la {|bvg fl uo}vi!



[én" =

ìhov|ia fl }|} mgd{ivxogvi} mgb xl}{lmvg ia lbldong (i}oévomg(! i ai diblxi fl molxvg}{lx}gbicl} mlxuibvobg} lxonofg} lb {gxviugml} fl ai g{oboýb mgdób mxo}voibi uolci3

(L}vg} i}oévomg} }gb fl ag dé} i}v|vg" ·\}vlf mxll y|l is|sib i ag} h|ll} mgb }|} nxo$vg}7 ·_ mýdg foihag} }ihl ag y|l nxovib7 Lb midhog! ag} h|ll} }ä al} lbvolbflb" ]oy|olxl! {|lfl |}vlf dibfix y|l lbnibm`lb 9; |bvi}: {lxg! dolbvxi} nxovlb i ag} h|ll}lb }| albn|i! bg }l dgulxéb fl }ovog""" ]gb |bg} hxohgbl} vxldlbfg}" _! ·y|ï {|lflìmlx |bg7"""

Al} n|}vi xlhiùix ag} m|ixvg} i ag} uoiclxg}" Bg}gvxg} do}dg} `ldg} img}v|dhxifg diai l}vg} v|bibvl}" _i ulxé mýdg vgfiuäi al {oflb {ixi ugfji" _g ag} mgbgsmg d| holb"I dä bg dl lbniùib("

Bg gh}vibvl ai luia|imoýb blnivoui $`lxdibi nldlai fl ai fl d|m`g} x|}g} fl `g$! laulvlxibg bg iamibsi i gm|avix }| i}gdhxg ibvl la ixxgcg ébodg n|lxxlxg fl ag} xlhla$fl}3

(]gb |bg} hibfgalxg} f|xg} fl {laix" @l uo}vg i ian|bg} lb immoýb! ag} ì y|l! imxo$

hoaaifg} i higblvisg}! vgfiuäi ixxldlvlb mgb }| }ihal("Ghuoidlbvl! la hiy|lvlifg doaovix bg }l {aibvli ai} xisgbl} fla `lxgä}dg }|omofi fl ag}d|xof} fla odid" ]ìdoa" _ Aïxdgbvgu! vid{gmg" Ag} vold{g} y|l mgxxäib bg eiugxlm$äib l}i mai}l fl {xln|bvi}" Di}! {ixi mgbgmlx la l}vifg fl ébodg fla nxib {glvi }lxédlcgx flcix fl aifg }| mibmoýb fl m|bi mg}imi ai xlelxlbmoi vý{omi ia (diauifg m`l$m`lbg( flvlblx}l lb ai }ghxlmgnlfgxi diafomoýb mgbc|xg i ai difxi}vxi {ivxoi3 |bimgd{g}omoýb y|l mi|voui iui}iaai ia almvgx fl ilx fl `g }im|fofg {gx ai uogalbmoifl Aïxdgbvgu mgbvxi ai l}maiuov|f fl m|lx{g} iadi} od{|l}vi {gx ai }ld{ovlxbi vxifo$moýb i|vgxovixoi x|}i3

(Ifoý} i vo! fla x|}g }|moi {ivxoi! Bimoýb fl lbmgdlbflxg} fl l}maiug}! Ifoý} i l}i}

n|lxxlxi} is|aifi}! Ifoý} ia {|lhag {gx laai} diboivifg"— Y|osé g! vxi} la Mé|mi}g lxn|ofg! L}mgbflxdl {gfxï fl v|} voxibg}! Fl }| gcg! y|l vgfgag mgbvld{ai! Fl }| gäfg! y|l bifi l}m|mì lb uibg("

(Ulx}oýb fl Ibvgbog [ïxls$Xidg}/"

Ag} xlaivg} vl}vodgbog} fl ag} dguoaosifg} {gx |bi {ivxoi (}|moi(! {|haomifg} lb aiexénoa idlbisifi {xlb}i obfl{lbfolbvl x|}i! xlhg}ib fl ofïbvomi idixn|xi }iùi" Aivlxi{ï|vomi }|exofi {gx la {iä} vxi} la fl}{agdl fl ai \X]] }| mgbulx}oýb i e|lxsi fliamiafifi} l}vxivinldi} divxlxi} i ag} (uiagxl} fldgmxévomg} fl lmgbgdäi fl dlx$mifg( ì }onboeomifg! lb mgxvg {gx flxlm`g! la `|bfodolbvg fl vgfg} ag} }|lùg}! aimgbeo}mimoýb fla {gflx uimibvl {gx midixoaai} vioei}! `|bfodolbvg fla boula fl uofi{gx |bi obeaimoýb niag{ibvl! miäfi ulxvomia fl ai {xgf|mmoýb! l}{lm|aimoýb }ob vxihi}!l}vid{i} fl fomjlb}oibi do}lxoi! hgxxim`g} fl lpvxldofifl} id{|vifi} {gx mgbnlai$moýb! ibmoibg} fl}{gcifg} fl }|} uouolbfi}! nib}vlxo}dg! hl`lvxäi! xouiaofif fl dieoi}"M|ibvg ì }|xnofg vxi} ai} leädlxi} l}{lxibsi} fl midhog ai xlf|mmoýb fl ai} aohlxvi$fl} {óhaomi} i ai} fl |b mi}obg fl c|lng fl i{{ixévmòjo fl }olvl uofi} eia}g} ld{xl}i$xog} fl ai (l}m|lai fl Mòming( mgb oby|olvibvl} n|ixfil}{iafi} y|l }ä ag }gb! ì y|l$hxibvifg ai dgxia mo|fifibi {|l}vg i X|}oi ia hgxfl fla iho}dg" D|m`g} cýulbl}i{g}vxgeib mgdg Aïxdgbvgu i ag} l}maiug} mgxvl}ibg} fla fï}{gvi diafomlb ai} n|l$xxlxi} fla lcïxmovg ai {gaomäi! fl fo}vobvg mgagx di} fl ixhovxixolfif ofïbvomi" Ai X|}oifla eob fla doalbog xlm|lxfi lb d|m`g} i}{lmvg} i ai }gdlvofi lb la {i}ifg }onag i ag}

lbmgdlbflxg} fla |mi}l od{lxoia" ·Y|ï vldohal xlflbvgx g dl}äi} i{ixlmlxé {ixi }ia$uixai7



[én" 6

C\IB NG_VO]GAG

[io}icl} fl n|lxxi mgb M`lm`lboi ia egbfg '8

Vga}vgo ai n|lxxi fla Mé|mi}g

La i|vgx mgd{ixi la mgbeaomvg m`lm`lbg mgb ai }ov|imoýb y|l la l}mxovgx x|}g uouoý xlvxivý lb .@ipo D|xif.

;8';>'9??5

Alýb Vga}vgo uouoý ai n|lxxi fla Mé|mi}g lbvxl 90<9 90<= mgdg e|bmogbixog l}vivia geomoia fl ixvoaalxäi" La miaifg {lxlbbofif fl l}vi lp{lxolbmoi }l dofl lb ai bixximoýby|l ld{lsý i xlfimvix ia mihg fl dé} fl m|ivxg fïmifi} i|b i }iholbfi} fl y|l b|bmi}lxäi i{xghifi {gx ai mlb}|xi" La ai{}g fl flmibvimoýb fl }|} ofli} ldgmogbl} {xodl$xosi} al {lxdovoý i`gbfix lb la mgbgmodolbvg ò}výxomg fl ag} `lm`g}! vxi} ai }ln|bfi l

on|iadlbvl }ibnxolbvi ({imoeomimoýb( fl M`lm`lboi" Ghxi dif|xifi! mgd{|l}vi mg$xxlnofi i }iavg} f|xibvl ai ulcls fla i|vgx! @ipo D|xif bg uog ai a|s }obg fl}{|ï} fl }|d|lxvl" Ai {xodlxi lfomoýb x|}i fl 9?98 }|exoý iób fl ag} voclxlvisg} mg}v|xgbl} fl ag}mlag}g} mox|cibg} fl ofli}3 la vlpvg äbvlnxg v|ug y|l }lx {|haomifg lb Hlxaäb" [ixi y|olbìi }ln|ofg mgb ivlbmoýb ag} imgbvlmodolbvg} fl M`lm`lboi fl}fl ai {xgmaidimoýb flai obfl{lbflbmoi {gx nlblxia Fs`gcix F|féolu ì}vi ai obvlxulbmoýb doaovix ({gx |bi}`gxi}( lb fomoldhxl fl 9??6 ai b|lui obvlxdobihal ({imoeomimoýb(! |b xlmgxxofg fl ai}{énobi} fla xlaivg l} }|didlbvl l}maixlmlfgx3 nlblxi |bi uo}oýb lb {xge|bfofif fl ag}`lm`g} y|l all foixoidlbvl lb ai {xlb}i ï}vg} i }| uls od{xlnbib ai almv|xi fl ai ghxifl |bi {|nbis fgagxg}i od{xl}oýb fl imv|iaofif"

Lb vgxbg i ai }lf|mvgxi mgbvxifomvgxoi eon|xi fl @ipo D|xif! a|nixvlbolbvl fla odid]ìdoa $m|i e|nis fl}lxmoýb i ag} x|}g} d|lxvl i dibg} fl laag} vxi} |bi ex|}vxifivlbvivoui fl lui}oýb }l e|bfi lb |b mi}g xlia! iuiaifg {gx e|lbvl} ò}výxomi} Vga}vgo vxi$si |b m|ifxg }ghxog! }ob mgbml}oýb {ivxogvlxi ian|bi! fl ai mgby|o}vi x|}i fla Mé|mi}g"Ai hx|viaofif fl ai xl{xl}oýb sixo}vi exlbvl i ai xl}o}vlbmoi mgxoémli fl ag} m`lm`lbg}! ai}xouiaofifl} lb ag} mäxm|ag} fla {gflx }|} vémvomi} mgbvxifomvgxoi}! la vxo|beiao}dg nxg$vl}mg! obmgd{lvlbmoi fl ag} dibfg} mgxx|{moýb fl }|} clel} geomoial} }gb fl}mxovg} iu|lai {a|di {lxg }ob {olfif" I}ä! bg} lbvlxidg} fl y|l ai hxoaaibvl ìsiùi fla lcïxmovgx|}g( mlalhxifi lb ai {xlb}i l} lb xliaofif |bi ldhg}mifi m`lm`lbi lb ai y|l {lxlmol$xgb flmlbi} fl }gafifg}! miäfg} `lxgomidlbvl (lb flelb}i fla Six! ai [ivxoi ai El Gx$vgfgpi(" Dolbvxi} òauibi ai hlaai bixximoýb fl ai lbvxlni mi|voulxog fgxifg fla `ïxgl!

la i|vgx miaoeomi fl {i}ifi i ag} doaovixl}! {gx hgmi fl |bg fl laag}! fl aifxgbl} }iavli$fgxl}(! mi{iml} fl ulbflx }|} ixdi} i ag} xlhlafl} {ixi {inix }|} fl|fi} fl c|lng:dlbmogbi ai lpo}vlbmoi fl geomoial} y|l }l i{xg{oib fla foblxg fl}vobifg i ai vxg{i fl|b mgxgbla idlbisifg fl mgb}lcg fl n|lxxi {gx diaulx}imoýb lb la }|dobo}vxg fla xlno$dolbvg: }lùiai ag} l}vxing} fla ugfji fl}eiamg} fl ag} xl}{gb}ihal} fl obvlbflbmoi:l}hgsi |b m|ifxg h|xal}mg }gdhxäg fl ai {oxédofl fl mgxx|{moýb nlblxia xlobibvl fl}$fl ai hi}l i ai modi" Mgdg _lav}ob! la nxib Bomgaé} O l}vihi mgbulbmofg fl y|l lb l}vi({oxédofl fla e|bmogbixoifg dgbvifg }ghxl la {|lhag mgbvxi la {|lhag(! fl}mxovi nxéeo$midlbvl `g {gx ]lxn|ïo Jguiaogu! vgfg la d|bfg xghihi" (]ihäi y|l lxi obfo}{lb}ihalmi}vonix i ag} mg`lmìfgxl} aifxgbl} {lxg on|iadlbvl y|l laag bg od{lfoxäi ìmlxlpimvidlbvl ag do}dg i y|olbl} uobolxib i xlld{aisixag}" Ag {xg{og fl ag} e|bmogbixog}

lxi xghix! }| flhlx fl six }ibmogbixag} ! {gx ei}vofog}g y|l e|lxl! m|d{aäi fl dgfgmihia mgb }| mgdlvofg ·[|lfl ìaaix}l |bi fl}mxo{moýb dé} ic|}vifi lb }| }ghxlmgnlfg$



[én" <

xi mgbvob|ofif ai y|l bg} {xgm|xib `g ag} mgxxl}{gb}ial} lpvxibclxg} imxlfovifg} lbDg}mó ag} ýxnibg} fl ai {xlb}i obfl{lbfolbvl x|}i bg imiaaifg} vgfiuäi {gx ai mlb}|xifla b|lug six7

Ai i|folbmoi fl Bomgaé} O i }| dobo}vxg fl N|lxxi M`ldo}`gu $©m|iay|olx }ldlcibsi mgb[éula Nxim`gu g la obleihal Dociäa Hix}|jgu l} }od{al mgobmoflbmoi)$ fi i Vga}vgo aig{gxv|bofif fl xlmxlix ai ivdý}elxi fl xi}vxlxi xi`ls if|aimoýb y|l xgfli ia i|vixmi3la uiagx fl }|} mgb}lclxg} `gdhxl} fl mgbeoibsi }l dofl! mgdg i`gxi! {gx la nxifg flobmaobimoýb fla l}{obisg lb }|} xlulxlbmoi} ai ghlfolbmoi molni i }|} ýxflbl} mgbvxi$fomvgxoi} ulx}évoal}" Fl b|lug! la almvgx mxll uouox l}mlbi} xl{xl}lbvifi} {gx imvgxl}mgbvld{gxéblg}3 uinixg}i} {xgdl}i} fl {is fl mixi ia h|lb {|lhag lbvxlulxifi} fl{xgmaidi} lpvlxdobifgxi}! }lnób ag} `|dgxl} fla fï}{gvi"

(La }lxuoao}dg fl }| }ïy|ovg $mgbvob|g! diboeol}vl" mgbvxixog i ai luoflbmoi$ al aaluihiia lpvxldg fl bg ulx }|} {xg{oi} mgbvxifommogbl}! fl bg mgvlcix }|} imvg} {iaihxi} mgbai xliaofif! mgb ai aýnomi bo }oy|olxi mgb la }lbvofg mgdób: l}vihi {albidlbvl mgb$ulbmofg fl y|l vgfi} }|} fo}{g}omogbl}! vib ob}lb}ivi}! obc|}vi} g{|l}vi} lbvxl }ä! xl$

}|avihib }lb}ivi}! c|}vi} ly|oaohxifi} {gxy|l lxib }|i}("La {xgnxidi fl Bomgaé} O $ixxi}ix uouolbfi}! fl}vx|ox mg}lmì} `g}vonix }ob vxln|i i ag}hibfofg}$ }l m|d{al ia {ol fl ai alvxi3

(Lb ai iafli bg y|lfihi |b }gag ìhovibvl" Ag} }gafifg} vlbäib ýxflbl} fl {xlbflx e|l$ng ia vxong! ia `lbg l obma|}g i ai} }ijaoi} Zmi}i}T" \b `|dg gmxl }l lpvlbfäi {gx vgfg la{ghaifg ! lbu|lavg} lb ïa! ag} }gafifg} }l i{gflxihib fl m|ibvg lbmgbvxihib lb ai}uouolbfi}! ivxi{ihib divihib i voxg} i ai} niaaobi} y|l ag} dgbviùl}l} bg {|folxgbaaluix mgb}ong("

Dlcgx obegxdifg y|l Dociäa Aïxdgbvgu }ghxl ai äbfgal xlaonog}g${ivxoývomi fl ai xl}o}$vlbmoi m`lm`lbi! Vga}vgo xleolxl mgb {obmlaifi} {xlmo}i} la {xg}laovo}dg fl ag} d|xof } }| {xïfomi fla nisi|lv g n|lxxi }ibvi lb ai} iafli} fla ulmobg Fin|l}véb {lxg! m|xog}i$dlbvl! bg }lùiai }| if`l}oýb i ag} {xobmo{og} xlnai} fl ai ui}vi iób obfldbl mgexif$äi bij}`hibfäi m|g n|äi lxi ]ìdoa" Ai }ldhaibsi y|l hg}y|lci fl ï}vl bg volbl bififl ao}gbclxi3 }| i|vgxovixo}dg! mgdg la fla nlblxia F|féolu 96; iùg} dé} vixfl! iaodlb$vihi la fl}mgbvlbvg fl |b }lmvgx fl }| {|lhag eiugxlmäi fl}lxmogbl} mgdg ai fla `ïxglfl ai bixximoýb di} }| mgbfomoýb fl clel l}{oxov|ia }| l}vxomvi i{aomimoýb fl ai }ìxoi ina|vobihib i }| iaxlflfgx i vgfg} ag} dgbviùl}l} xlimog} i ai aýnomi od{lxoia ag} hl$bleomog} fla {xgnxl}g fla (mouoaosifgx( x|}g" Ag} (mxodobial}! dieog}g}! vlxxgxo}vi} i}l$}obg}( flb|bmoifg} xln|aixdlbvl {gx _lav}ob Nxim`gu $i y|olbl} ìhxé y|l lpvox{ix(mgdg |b v|dgx mibmlxg}g( mgb hgdhixflg} iïxlg} di}oug}! aibsido}oal} fl mg`lvl}

dóavo{al}! dimìy|lg ixvoaalxg! vémvomi} fl (volxxi y|ldifi( i}iavg} fl ag} m|lx{g} flïaovl$ }gb ag} fl}mlbfolbvl} fl l}vg} m`lm`lbg} ifdoxihaldlbvl xlvxivifg} {gx ai {a|di c|}vomolxi fl Vga}vgo3

(Ag} ibmoibg} }l ìhäib xl|bofg lb ai {aisi ! }lbvifg} lb m|maoaai}! c|snihib ai }ov|i$moýb" Bifol ìhaihi fl gfog i ag} x|}g}" Ag y|l }lbväib ag} m`lm`lbg}! mòmg} nxibfl}!lxi iang dé} e|lxvl y|l la gfog" Bg gfog! }obg i}mg! xl{|a}oýb! {lx{alcofif ibvl l}g} {l$xxg} x|}g} }| blmoi mx|lafif! la fl}lg fl lpvlxdobixag} mgdg }l lpvlxdobib ai} xivi}!ai} ixiùi} ulblbg}i} ag} aghg}! |b }lbvodolbvg! lb eob! vib biv|xia mgdg la ob}vobvg flmgb}lxuimoýb("

Ai obfonbimoýb dgxia fl {lx}gbiaofifl} mgdg ]lxn|ïo Jguiaogu! lp clel fl ai Mgdo}oýb

fl Flxlm`g} @|dibg} if}mxovi i ai [xl}oflbmoi! fl _lalbi Hgbblx! uo|fi fl ]écixgu! fl b|dlxg}g} obvlalmv|ial} fldýmxivi} {|lfl {xluialx}l i}ä fl ai obfo}m|vohal i|vgxo$



[én" 5

fif fl Vga}vgo }| obea|lbmoi {lxf|xihal lb la {|lhag x|}g" @ipo D|xif bg mil lb dg$fg" ian|bg lb la mivéagng fl ag} {ibealvg} flb|bmoifgxl} fl ag} ivxg{laag} fla mgagboi$ao}dg: l} |bi lpmlalbvl bixximoýb! }|voa divosifi! y|l hxobfi ai {iaihxi i ag} foelxlbvl}{xgvingbo}vi} fla mgbeaomvg3 i g{xl}gxl} g{xodofg}! i geomoial} }lf|mofg} {gx ai uofi mg}v|dhxl} {xodovoui} fla Mé|mi}g $mgdg H|valx! {xghihaldlbvl |b iavlx lng fla i|vgx$

i {lx}gbicl} aalbg} fl xlmgulmg} mi}o obfl}moexihal} mgdg la y|l fi väv|ag ia aohxg"Ai hiaifi mibvifi i @ipo D|xif {gx |bg fl }|} eolal}! mgb }| alul {|bsibvl obugmi$moýb i ai d|lxvl! mgb}vov|l |bg fl ag} {i}icl} dé} mgbdgulfgxl} fl l}vi ghxi hxlul!{lxg fl xomi lbc|bfoi"

Mgb ai xluga|moýb fl 9?9>! ag} m`lm`lbg} }l imgnolxgb i ai} {xgdl}i} aohlxifgxi} flAlbob i ag} {|lhag} }gdlvofg} ia |ng sixo}vi" Di} la Ldoxivg fla Bgxvl fla Mé|mi}ge|l {xgbvg flb|bmoifg! mgdhivofg i{ai}vifg mgdg lb vold{g} fl ]ìdoa J|bvi@ipo" Fl}fl 9?86! ai a|mì mgbvxi ag} (hibfofg}( (eibévomg}(! i{lbi} dlbmogbifi lbai {xlb}i! {xg}on|oý fl diblxi od{aimihal ì}vi dlfoifg} fl ai }on|olbvl fïmifi" Bgì vl}vodgbog aovlxixog fl laai3 }ýag l}mxovg} fl {xg{inibfi geomoia fgm|dlbvg} obvlx$bg} fla Lcïxmovg ag} gxnibo}dg} fl ]ln|xofif" Vxi} ai fl{gxvimoýb di}oui fl ag} m`l$m`lbg} i Jisic}véb la 8= fl elhxlxg fl 9?66! vlbldg} bgvomoi fl laag} nximoi} i ai} {éno$bi} fl ]gas`lbov}ob lb la vlxmlx uga|dlb fla Ixmò{oïaing n|ain" Ai lp{lxolbmoi mgd${ixvofi fl ag} mid{g} {ai}dý lb |b xlvxivg ifdoxivoug fl l}vl {|lhag mi|mé}omg |bofglb ai ifulx}ofif in|lxxofg lb dé} fl |b }onag fl a|mì}! bg gh}vibvl }| fl}mxo{moýbmx|fi fl ai} mg}v|dhxl} maé}omi} ai ulbnibsi fl `gbgx eidoaoix y|l vxlobvi iùg} fl}guolvosimoýb bg iamibsixgb i fl}ixxionix3

([lxg ìhäi |bi bimoýb Zlb la n|ainT y|l b|bmi mlfoý! b|bmi ifg{vý la `éhovg dlbvia flai }|do}oýb $bg }ýag |b {|ùifg fl xlhlafl} }obg ai bimoýb fl mihg i xihg$ Dl xleolxg iag} m`lm`lbg}""" ZÏ}vg}T b|bmi h|}mixgb inxifix! mgbnximoix}l mgb! ag} clel}: }| imvov|flxi iavoui ! lb ulxfif! iholxvidlbvl `g}voa" Z"""T \bi mg}i lpvxigxfobixoi dlxlml }lx }l$

ùiaifi" Bifol {gfäi od{lfoxal} uouox mgdg uouäib" La xïnodlb y|l ìhäi nghlxbifg aivolxxi f|xibvl vxl} fïmifi} bg {gfäi egxsixal} i xl}{lvix }|} all}("

Vxi} la xlnxl}g ia Mé|mi}g lb ai lxi fl Cx|}m`gu! ai} i}m|i} fla e|lng obfl{lbflbvo}vi{lxdiblmolxgb m|holxvi} fl mlbosi}3 |b aixng {lxogfg fl jlvdéb lb la y|l ag} }|eä} ji$

foxä} dibv|uolxgb }|} l}vx|mv|xi} }lmxlvi} obvimvi}" @g! la obmlbfog }l {xg{ini ai bl$moi mx|lafif fl ai ò}vgxoi }l xl{ovl" Ag} ]ìdoa Hi}éolu! ]iadib Xifóolu! aghg} }gaovi$xog} bolvg} fla odid ]ìdoa! {ixlmlb ixxibmifg} fl ai} {énobi} fl Aïxdgbvgu Vga}$vgo" Vidhoïb ag} i}iavg} ia (bofg fl hibfofg}( fl F|féalu }|lbib eidoaoixdlbvl lbb|l}vxg} gäfg}3 }l vxivi fl ai iafli fl Ulflbý! hi}voýb xle|nog fla odid ]ìdoa"

Ai ghxi fl Vga}vgo }l ihxl }l molxxi mgb ai dob|mog}i fl}mxo{moýb fl |b mixfg }oaul}vxlfl eagxl} fl mgagx exidh|l}i" La ld{lùg fla bixxifgx lb mgxvixai} iniuoaaixai} lb |bxidoaalvl }l xlulai ixf|g l obóvoa" La viaag l}{obg}g {obmì mgdg |b lxosg! }| eohxi l}mgxxlg}i f|xi ai} vlbvivoui} fl fl}mihlsixag mgbma|lb lb eoi}mg" (Aidlbvibfgìhlx fl}vx|ofg |bi eagx vib `lxdg}i! ai voxï" ©[lxg y|ï egxvialsi! y|ï lblxnäi uovia)! dlfocl ia lugmix la l}e|lxsg y|l dl ìhäi mg}vifg ixxibmixai" ©Mýdg }l fleolbfl m|ébmixi ì ulbfofg }| uofi)(! l}mxohl"

Ai divi fl mixfg vxgbmìfi! mgb d|ùgbl} fl hxisg} d|voaifg}! viaag} xgvg} eagxl} lb$blnxlmofi}! i{ai}vifi {gx la {l}g fl |b mixxg! l} ai {xodlxi odinlb y|l uolbl i ai}dolbvl} fla uoiclxg y|l {gbl ag} {ol} lb M`lm`lboi3 di} la mixfg ì u|lavg i iasix}l !i|by|l ao}oifg diavxlm`g! }l dibvolbl lxlmvg" Mgdg gh}lxuý in|fidlbvl Vga}vgo! }|

}iuoi bg }l xobfl"



[én" >

C\IB NG_VO]GAG

[io}icl} fl n|lxxi mgb M`lm`lboi ia egbfg '=

La six Hgxo}

La i|vgx lbm|lbvxi {ixialag} }odoaov|fl} lbvxl la .fldýmxivi. _lav}ob ag} aäflxl}}lxhog}

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I ai }iaofi fla ilxg{|lxvg obvlxbimogbia fl Dg}mó! ai vxib}egxdimoýb ulags fla {io}icl|xhibg lb la ai{}g fl ag} óavodg} mobmg iùg} fl}gxolbvi ì}vi la iv|xfodolbvg" Lb aib|lui i|vg{o}vi y|l mgbf|ml i ai mi{ovia! ib|bmog} fl ]vlaai Ixvgo} Dixahgxg maiuifg}lb ai} eixgai} fib ai holbulbofi ia uoiclxg" [xgbvg al} }|mlflxéb ag} fl E|co! A|mj ]vxo$jl! ]ibo}|bn! Mid{ixo! Midla gvxg} {xgf|mvg} x|}g} gmmoflbvial}" [lxg! mgbegxdl la

vipo }l obvlxbi lb ai mo|fif! }| {|haomofif l} lmao{}ifi {gx mixvlal} obdlb}g}! |hom|g}!{aibvifg} i ag aixng fl {i}lg} iulbofi}" Hgxä} _lav}ob! od{lmihaldlbvl ul}vofg fll}vifo}vi! l}vxlmì ai dibg fla {g{|aix {g{|ao}vi iamiafl fl Dg}mó! _|xo A|s`jgu!y|l ì aod{oifg leomisdlbvl la mlbvxg fl ai mo|fif fl obfl}lihal} dlbfong}! xlf|mofgai ob}ln|xofif miaalclxi }ob vgmix |b {lag i ai dieoi! mgbvxgaifg mgb dibg eïxxli i ag}ìhovibvl} fl gxonlb mi|mé}omg! lfoeomifg nxibfl} hagy|l} fl uouolbfi} fl mai}l dlfoi mgd{alvifg la eaidibvl iboaag fl i|vg{o}vi} y|l xgfli ai mi{ovia" Ai} }oa|lvi} fla {xl}o$flbvl la iamiafl! }ghxlod{xl}i} lb |b egbfg fl d|xiaai} fla Jxldaob mó{|ai} flonal}oi} fgxifi}! }l xluo}vlb i}ä fla xl}{lvg l odibvimoýb fla }ädhgag fla {gflx ih}ga|vg fl |bi Onal}oi bimogbia! eola }lxuofgxi f|xibvl }onag} fl ai ixo}vgmximoi lp{ib}oýbod{lxoia fl ag} sixl}" Ag} m|ifxg} fl do}lxoi fl 9??; }gb dlbg} uo}ohal}3 la iamiafl aiì hixxofg hicg ai iaegdhxi" I`gxi! la 0;, fl ai {ghaimoýb x|}i miäfi lb ai {ghxlsifl}dlfxi lb ai obdlb}i {lxoelxoi fl obf|}vxoi} fl}dibvlaifi} eéhxomi} lb x|obi" Mgbvgfg! ag} mgbvxi}vl} hx|vial} }|h}o}vlb3 ag} lp nxibfl} iadimlbl} l}vivial} N|d! lb ai[aisi Xgci! ìb }ofg mgagbosifg} {gx ag} {lxe|dl} exibml}l} \bovlf Mgagx} ge Hlblv$vgb" ]|} maolbvl} lugmib i dlb|fg ag} fl m|iay|olx mo|fif gmmoflbvia" Lclm|voug} x|}g}mgb }| mgxxl}{gbfolbvl dialväb blnxg odovib ai obf|dlbvixoi fl }|} mgalni} bgxvlidlxo$mibg}! di} }| vxisi dgfial} fl b|lug} aohxl} b|lug} xomg} flaivib ai ho}gùls fl }|}viv|}3 mgdg ai} d|mìmì} y|l xlmgxxlb ai} ixvlxoi} fla mlbvxg! mg{oib ag} ifldibl} nl}vg} fl ag} dgflag} xlvxivifg} lb Mg}dg{gaovib i|by|l }ob }gavix iób fla vgfg la {lagfl ai fl`l}i3 }gb ag} b|lug} x|}g}" @gxi} dé} vixfl! al} ivo}hixï lb ai {ibviaai fo}exisi$

fg} fl c|nifgxl} fl vlbo}! mgb ag} ivxoh|vg} fla c|nifgx fl ngae! }|fgxg}g} vgx{l}! idibgvisg aod{og mgb }|} xiy|lvi} g fibfg {iag} fl molng i ai hgai i l}mi}g} dlvxg} fla`gg la|}oug h|xaýb y|l moexi }|} ib}oi} fl lbm|dhxidolbvg xl}{lvihoaofif" Mgdgl}mxohäi la nlblxia Ialpibfx Aïhlf! |bg fl ag} mibfofivg} i ai lalmmoýb {xl}oflbmoia!ibvl} fl }| xlmolbvl obul}vof|xi fl flaeäb {gx _lav}ob {ixi i}ln|xix}l ai uomvgxoi lb ai}ln|bfi u|lavi fl ag} mgdomog}3 (Lb X|}oi ì {xémvomidlbvl fg} ngholxbg}" \bg mgb|b {xl}oflbvl lbulclmofg Z """ T gvxg fl l}vx|mv|xi vgviadlbvl fo}vobvi! dé} f|xg! dé}xl}|lavg" Vlbldg} doaagbl} fl obfonlbvl} mgb {lb}ogbl} do}ïxxodi} bobn|bi mgd{lb$}imoýb {gx }| uofi fl vxihicg" [lxg ag} mxodobial} uoulb mgb }|} Dlxmlfl}! }|} uoaai}!}|} uimimogbl} lb Mibixoi}" La Ngholxbg mghxi od{|l}vg} i ag} `gdhxl} fl blngmog} ai dieoi {lxmohl vidhoïb }| {ixvl fl m|ibvg} bg y|olxlb }iavix mgb }| i|vgdýuoa {gx ag}

ioxl} Z """ T ·Mýdg {|lfl |bi {lx}gbi `gbl}vi }ghxluouox lb |b {iä} i}ä7(" (V`l Dg}mg~Vodl}! 9 fl c|bog fl 9??5/"



[én" 0

[i}ix fla ul}väh|ag }iagbl} fla `gvla D $mgb }|} `|ï}{lfl} lpvxibclxg} x|}g} i}gmoi$fg} lb ai mgd{xi ugxis fl x|obg}i} ld{xl}i} l}vivial}! dl}i} vxl}oaag} gm|{ifg} {gxaaidivoug} n|ixfil}{iafi} mgbmolxvg} fl dó}omi fl médixi lclm|vifg} {gx |b m|ixvlvgfl {la|mi} bäuli} vxicl} folmogm`l}mg}$ ia h|aaomog inovimoýb fl ag} cixfobl} l}{i$mog} ialfiùg} i ai ulmobi l}vimoýb fl dlvxg }ghxlmgnl i y|olbl} uo}ovixgb ai mi{ovia lb

ag} nagxog}g} i xldgvg} vold{g} fl ai (mgb}vx|mmoýb fla }gmoiao}dg("Ia ivixflmlx fl ag} aixng} fäi} fla ulxibg x|}g! ag} c|hoaifg} uämvodi} fl }| xlmgbulx$}oýb i ai lmgbgdäi fl dlxmifg fl}{agdl ulxvonobg}g fla x|hag }l iaoblib i l}mi}ifo}vibmoi fl ai [aisi Xgci mgb }| `lvlxýmaovg d|l}vxixog fl dlxmibmäi}" Lb aäbli xlmvimgb fo}mo{aobi mi}o m|ixvlalxi! mgdg lb ag} h|lbg} vold{g} fl ai {ivxoi }guoïvomi"

]o ian|bg }l iflaibvi xgd{l ai eoai! |b mihg od{xguo}ifg! i}vxg}g mgdg ïa! al aaidiobdlfoividlbvl ia gxflb" Ai l}mlbi dl xlm|lxfi |b l{o}gfog fl ai {xodlxi dé} hlaaibgulai fl ]gas`lbov}ob" Ih|lai}! uolcg} mgb {ivïvomi} mgb flmgximogbl} fl `ïxgl} flavxihicg! e|bmogbixog} ulbofg} i dlbg}! d|clxl} eaimi} mgb miamlvobl} nx|l}g} si{ivo$aai}! cýulbl} fl i{ixolbmoi lbelxdosi gexlmlb ia uoibfibvl hga}i} fl {aé}vomg! |bi aovxgbi

nonibvl fl [l{}o$Mgai! hgvlaai} fl |b aäy|ofg }g}{lm`g}g l obfleobofg! ugfji hixivg!{ib! monixxoaag}! dixmifg} mgb la }onbg obflalhal fl ai flmxl{ov|f fl}fomì! mgb la xlb$mgx idixn|xi if`lxofg} ia xg}vxg"

\b {gmg dé} alcg}! ulbflfgxl} miaalclxg} {xlngbib {lxoýfomg} xluo}vi} mgb xlvxivg} fl]viaob! {|haomimogbl} egaalvg} bimogbiao}vi} ibvo}ldovi}" Uixog} mgxxg} fo}m|vlb imi$agxifidlbvl fl {gaävomi! mgd{ixib ag} (dïxovg}( xl}{lmvoug} fl ai} mibfofiv|xi} fl Sò$xobgu}jo So|nébgu" Hicg la ixmg y|l obvxgf|ml i ai {aisi! d|clxl} mgb mx|moeocg} mga$nifg} fla m|laag }l }ibvon|ib {i}ib la ml{oaag fl ai} aodg}bi}" Ian|bg} elaonxl}l}!n|oifg} {gx |b {g{l! {i}ib exlbvl i ai} b|lui} onal}oi} xlmgb}vx|ofi} exlbvl i ai} d|xi$aai} fla Jxldaob la mai|}|xifg di|}galg fla [ifxl fl ai Xluga|moýb"

Fl u|lavi ia `gvla! }ong ai} obmoflbmoi} fl ai mid{iùi lalmvgxia lb ag} obegxdivoug} fl aivlaluo}oýb x|}i" Dolbvxi} ag} fldé} mibfofivg} i{ixlmlb e|nisdlbvl! mxgbgdlvxifg}mgb momivlxäi! la Six Hgxä} ngsi fl |b vxividolbvg dinbébodg! ivlbvg if|aifgx" ]|ml$}ouidlbvl al ifdoxg hioaibfg! eaiby|lifg fl n|ixfil}{iafi}! mgb |bi {xlmog}i boùix|hoi ul}vofi mgb |b vxicl egamaýxomg: lb }| {i{la fl hgbfifg}g i|vixmi g [i{é Bgla!{xgdlvolbfg doxäeomg} i|dlbvg} fl {lb}ogbl} }iaixog} ivxi}ifg} i ld{alifg} ghxl$xg}: fl {xgbvg! mgb }|} gcg} iuol}g} mixi fl diai} {|ani} ixlbnibfg i |bi i|folbmoifl doaovixl}: lb |b mgbmolxvg c|ulboa fl xgmj! mgbvgblébfg}l mgb ai nximoi iaänlxi fl |bCl}ó} Noa lb dlfog fl |b nx|{g fl òbmì}" [lxdiblsmg ia imlm`g fla hxgm`l eobia ·La

aing fl ag} mo}bl}! lb ïd|ag fl B|xlolu7/ di} la }|lùg dl ulbml dl y|lfg mgb ai}nibi}"

La uoao{lbfog foeidimoýb fla e|v|xg xlg! laldlbvg maiul fl ai {xg{inibfi |avxibimog$biao}vi }lxhoi {ixi c|}voeomix la nlbgmofog fl ag} d|}|adibl}! ì }ofg |voaosifg ì}vi la{ixgpo}dg {gx _lav}ob }|} i}l}gxl}! mgdg mòug lp{oivgxog fl }| fl}i}vxg}i {gaävomilmgbýdomi! nib}vlxosimoýb fl ai }gmolfif `|bfodolbvg fl ai digxäi fla {|lhag x|}glb iho}dg} fl do}lxoi eä}omi dgxia y|l vxilb i ai} dlbvl} ag} fl}mxovg} {gx Fg}vgolu}$jo Ngxjo" Ai fleobomoýb fla m`lm`lbg mgdg (hibfofg(! (mxodobia( (dieog}g( c|}voeomiai} ivxgmofifl} fl |bi n|lxxi fl lpvlxdobog mgbvxi |b {|lhag y|l im|d|ai vibvi ihlm$moýb l obeidoi" Mgdg l}mxohäi xlmolbvldlbvl la {lxogfo}vi _lun|lbo Ocagu3 (I ai }gmol$fif x|}i Z"""T }l al ì gexlmofg lb hibflci! lb la dgdlbvg g{gxv|bg! |b ifulx}ixog oflia!mgd{|l}vg fl dieoi mi|mé}omi .e|bfidlbviao}dg o}aédomg." \bi mgbexgbvimoýb lbvxl

.x|}g}. .mi|mé}omg}.! }ob ai dlbgx {xg{|l}vi fl foéagng m|av|xia lbvxl idhg}! mgbf|mli}ä i |bi mgbma|}oýb xé{ofi3 ai fl y|l fl}i{ixlsmib Zag} gvxg}T fl b|l}vxi uo}vi("



[én" ?

Ai xlmlvi fl Doag}luom }|} mgd{ifxl} }lxhghg}bog} fl (ugaulx }g}{lm`g}i i ai uämvo$di! ld{iùix }| odinlb! mgb}vx|ox |bi eon|xi fl lbldong ag }|eomolbvldlbvl v|xhoi mgdg{ixi i}ln|xix la xl{g}g dgxia fla vl}vong alcibg( l} lb lelmvg $mgdg ìb gh}lxuifg d|holb Uïxgboy|l Bi`g|d$Nxi{{g l _ul} Mi`lb$! ai fl _lav}ob Nxim`gu" Gmmoflbvl!l}miafifg {gx la x|dhg fl ag} imgbvlmodolbvg} lb Ienibo}véb lxxýblidlbvl mgbulbmo$

fg fl ai blml}ofif fl {xl}lxuix ai} (mgby|o}vi} fldgmxévomi}( fla {xl}oflbvl x|}g ìmoi|bi lmgbgdäi fl dlxmifg! bg obvlxuolbl bo obvlxulbfxé" Bifol g mi}o bifol xlimmogbixémgdg la {lx}gbicl fl Vga}vgo! Dixi Fdovxolubi! m|ibfg i{g}vxgei i }|} {io}ibg} fl}${|ï} fl |bi g{lximoýb fl aod{olsi mgbvxi ag} (egxicofg}( fla odid ]ìdoa lb ai bgulaiibvl} movifi" (·Y|ï n|lxxi7 ]gb |}vlfl} |bg} i}l}obg}! l}vg l} vgfg("

Di} ag} {ixialag} }odoaov|fl} lbvxl la fldýmxiv i _lav}ob ag} foxonlbvl} }lxhog} bgmgbma|lb iy|ä3 fla do}dg dgfg y|l Doag}luom {ixiaosý la e|bmogbidolbvg fl ai Elfl$ximoýb |ng}aiui ag uimoý fl }| mgbvlbofg i eob fl fl}ìmlx}l fl }| {xl}oflbvl IbvlDixjguom lxonox}l lb clel {iaifäb fl ai Nxib ]lxhoi! _lav}ob }l uiaoý fla mgd{aýdoaovix fl ing}vg fl 9??9 {ixi fl}dgbvix ai mgd{alci ixdisýb fl ai \X]] aoy|ofix iNgxhim`gu" ]o i`gbfidg} iób l}vl mgvlcg! fl}m|hxoxldg} y|l _lav}ob ì i{xlbfofg d|$m`g vidhoïb fla fghal albn|icl fl }|} idong} Doag}luom Jixifsom $xlmolbvldlbvlmgbflmgxifg {gx ïa mgb ai Mx|s fl ]ib Ibfxï} {l}l i }| lbc|omoidolbvg {gx mxädlbl} fln|lxxi {gx la Vxoh|bia fl Ai @ii$ m|ibfg d|avo{aomi }|} uinixg}i} {xgdl}i} fl mgb$mgxfoi dolbvxi} g{vi {gx ai }ga|moýb doaovix mgd{alvi ai flui}vimoýb fl M`lm`lboi"

Lb uä}{lxi} fl ai m|dhxl fla N$> lb Dg}mó! la {xl}oflbvl x|}g m|hxoý e|nisdlbvl }| eisihgvini fi fl midgxxo}vi mgb |bi di}mixoaai fl mga|dhobi obgmlbmoi! fl}vobifi i }lf|$mox i }|} `|ï}{lfl}" Ai} divibsi} hgdhixflg} {xg}on|olxgb! {lxg la uolcg i{{ixév$

mòj! f|m`g lb la ixvl fl dlbvox }iholbfg y|l }l dolbvl! }l }imý fl ai dibni obl}{lxi$fg} {aibl} fl {is l od{xguo}ifi} {xgdl}i} fl vxln|i mgb la fl}onbog fl ìmlx l}mixfoaag fl}a|dhxix fl dgfg leädlxg! {lxg lb la h|lb dgdlbvg! i ag} mgalni} gmmoflbvial} fl

m|i i|fi fl{lbfl"Fl}fl la 8> fl dig! elmì fl ai eoxdi fla {xgvgmgag fl}vobifg i {ixix ai mgbexgbvimoýbixdifi {xgmlflx ia obvlxmidhog fl {xo}ogblxg} mgb ai flalnimoýb m`lm`lbi lbmihlsifi{gx la {xl}oflbvl Slaocdéb _ibflxholu! ì}vi la im|lxfg iamibsifg lb Bisxéb! lb ai ul$mobi Xl{óhaomi fl Obn|}`lvoi! lbvxl la dobo}vxg fl Bimogbiaofifl} x|}g! Uoim`l}aiu Do$

cioagu! la clel fla L}vifg Digx fl ai} e|lxsi} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}! I}aéb Di}céfgu $im|lxfg y|l {xluï ai xlvoxifi fla Lcïxmovg x|}g i eobl} fl ing}vg la i{aisidolbvg fl ai}lalmmogbl} {ixaidlbvixoi} m`lm`lbi} gxnibosifi} {gx la xïnodlb vävlxl fl Fgj| Siun$éolu! {lxg! gdovl ai m|l}voýb mx|moia! fl ai obfl{lbflbmoi$! _lav}ob ì iavlxbifg }|} fl$maiximogbl} i{imon|ifgxi} hlaomo}vi} lb e|bmoýb fla {óhaomg i y|olb }l foxonäi" Mgb$

egxdl i }| biv|xia {xg{lb}oýb i ai ulx}ivoaofif! vib holb fl}mxovi {gx Vga}vgo lb }| xlvxivgfl Bomgaé} O! }g}volbl }ob xlhgsg bo i{ixlbvl ldhixisg fg} {g}omogbl} oxxlf|mvohaldlbvlibvinýbomi}3 {xl}lbvix}l mgdg |b `gdhxl fl {is ibvl }|} {gvlbmoial} lalmvgxl} cýulbl}dolbvxi} fl}mixnihi lb ag} `gdhxg} fl }| od{g{|aix lp dobo}vxg fl Flelb}i ai vixli fl{xlfomix (la i{ai}vidolbvg fl ag} hibfofg}("

Ai mgbe|}oýb {ixlmoý imaixix}l |b vibvg la 80 fl dig3 vxi} xlvlblx mgxbg xl`ïb lbDg}mó ia {xl}oflbvl m`lm`lbg! _lav}ob ugaý i G}lvoi fla Bgxvl fl iaaä lb `laomý{vlxg iailxg{|lxvg doaovix fl ]ïulxbo! mlxmi fl Nxgsbo! hi}l fla Xlnodolbvg Dgvgxosifg 8;<"(@ihïo} nibifg ai n|lxxi(! focg i ag} clel} geomoial} fla Lcïxmovg" (@ldg} fl}vx|ofg laxïnodlb mxodobia(" [iaihxi} foxonofi} i miadix! maixg l}vé! ai mýalxi fl ag} dibfg}! mi}ovgfg} laag} {ixvofixog} fl Sòxobgu}jo So|nébgu! ia hgxfl fla idgvobidolbvg vxi} lalbm|lbvxg lb la Jxldaob mgb la }|ml}gx fl F|féolu" La|folbfg ioxg}idlbvl la {laonxg©}old{xl {gx ag} ioxl})/ fl }| mid{iblifi uo}ovi i Nxgsbo $lb m|g bómalg ivxobm`lxifg



[én" 9;

ìhäib fo}{|l}vg i{xo}i mgxxolbfg |b {ly|lùg `lao{|lxvg xlfgbfg mgdg |bi {o}vi flhioal$! la {xl}oflbvl }l aodový i l}vxlmìx ai} dibg} i ag} mg}img} fl |bi iafli m`lm`lbi {xgmaidix fl dgfg }galdbl3 (Ai Xl{óhaomi fl M`lm`lboi l}vé lb X|}oi bg lb gvxi{ixvl("

Lb ag} }on|olbvl} fäi}! lb vibvg y|l ag} im|lxfg} fl iavg la e|lng $mgdg la ib|bmoifg|boaivlxiadlbvl {gx ïa la =9 fl dixsg$ bg }l m|d{aäib {xg}ln|äib ai} g{lximogbl}

l}{lmoial}! _lav}ob aibsý ai ofli fl (|bi id{aoi i|vgbgdäi( }odoaix i ai fl Vivix}véb ialbvý ai} {xluo}vi} mgbulx}imogbl} fl {is! {xodlxg lb Fin|l}véb $ex|}vxifi} {gx la }ovogfl ai mo|fif fl ]ìaä la i}l}obivg fla mgdibfibvl obfl{lbflbvo}vi Xi}òf Hixn|o}`lum|ibfg im|fäi i {ixaidlbvix mgb ag} i}lfoifgxl}$ a|lng lb Obn|}`lvoi" [lxg ai od{l$xog}i blml}ofif fl iaixnix ai} blngmoimogbl} luovix |b b|lug fl}miaihxg ia Lcïxmovg ieob fl od{|a}ix fix hxäg} i ai mid{iùi {xl}oflbmoia m|icý eobiadlbvl lb la im|lxfg fl{is fla 9; fl c|bog" Ai} b|dlxg}i} mgbml}ogbl} i ai} lponlbmoi} m`lm`lbi} $}|}{lb}oýbfl ai} lalmmogbl} {ixaidlbvixoi} hicg mgbvxga x|}g! aluibvidolbvg fla mlxmg fl iafli}!fl}dibvlaidolbvg fl ag} {|l}vg} fl uonoaibmoi l ob}{lmmoýb fl ai} mixxlvlxi}! lvmïvlxi$bg ob}{oxib lpml}oui mgbeoibsi i ag} dibfg} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}" Ag} {imvg} fla =; fl c|$aog fl 9??<! eoxdifg} vxi} ai i|fis obm|x}oýb fl ]ìdoa Hi}éolu lb H|foýbbgu}j $lb ag}y|l }l l}vo{|aihi vidhoïb ai xlvoxifi nxif|ia fla Lcïxmovg la fl}ixdl m`lm`lbg! lpml{$vg la fl {ly|lùg} nx|{g} fl i|vgflelb}i lb ai} iafli}$! }l mgbuoxvolxgb {xgbvg! mgdg la{xl}|bvg iavg la e|lng {g}vlxogx fl _lav}ob! lb alvxi d|lxvi" La dibvlbodolbvg fl ag}mì{|mlxg} mgdomog} {ixaidlbvixog} {gx la ngholxbg {xgxx|}g fl Siunéolu! lb eainxibvluogaimoýb fl ag} im|lxfg}! l} |b {xodlx }onbg obfomivoug fla mgbvob|g fghal c|lng flDg}mó"

La ghclvoug fl _lav}ob fl nibix i vgfi mg}vi ai} lalmmogbl}! al e|lxsi i ixxgcix ai}vxl mlflx lb i{ixolbmoi! {lxg ·y|ï gm|xxoxé fl}{|ï} fl }| {xghihal uomvgxoi lb ai }ln|bfiu|lavi7 ·Iml{vixéb ag} m`lm`lbg} ai fl}doaovixosimoýb fl }| dobó}m|ai xl{óhaomi }ob

dé} nixibväi} y|l ai uga|hoaofif exlm|lbvl} midhog} fl `|dgx fla idg fla Jxldaob7·Bg lbvxixé lb c|lng |bi b|lui }lxol fl midhog} }ldébvomg} mgdg ag} y|l vxib}d|vixgbai} gelb}oui} }ibnxolbvi} fla Lcïxmovg lb g{lximogbl} l}{lmoial} ag} }obol}vxg} mid{g}fl obvlxbidolbvg! vgxv|xi i}l}obivg lb {|bvg} fl eoavximoýb7 [ixi xosix la xosg! |b vxo|b$eg lulbv|ia fl So|nébgu! lb g{oboýb fl d|m`g} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}! fixäi iniaai} i ag}

clel} geomoial} dé} {lbflbmolxg} inxiuixäi ai }ov|imoýb"

La i{gg fl LL \\ ai \L i _lav}ob xlulai |bi uls dé} y|l ai} mibmoaalxäi} gmmoflbvi$al} }imxoeomib ag} {xobmo{og} fldgmxévomg} flxlm`g} `|dibg} lb ixi} fl }|} obvlxl}l}"Ai ifdo}oýb fl X|}oi lb la Mgb}lcg fl L|xg{i! ag} b|lug} mxïfovg} fla Egbfg Dgblvi$xog Obvlxbimogbia EDO/! ai} uo}ovi} fl i{gg i ag} foxonlbvl} fl [ixä}! Agbfxl}! Hgbb

î}òbnvgb {ivlbvosib |b {xge|bfg fl}mgbgmodolbvg fl ai xliaofif x|}i fla {i{la fl_lav}ob mgdg }|{|l}vg `lxiafg fl ai lmgbgdäi fl dlxmifg! }g}vïb fl fldýmxivi} dix$voaag fl mgd|bo}vi}"

·Y|ï od{gxvi |b {ly|lùg {|lhag fl |b doaaýb {omg fl iadi} m|g óbomg mxodlb! i}lm|aix! l}vxohi lb }| dlxi lpo}vlbmoi lb la éxli l}vxivïnomi fl |bi nxib {gvlbmoi mgb(ugmimoýb od{lxoia(7 La EDO }on|l eobibmoibfg |bi ld{xl}i hïaomi m|g mg}vg foixog }lmoexi lb doaagbl} fl fýaixl}" ·L} la nlbgmofog |b i}|bvg {|xidlbvl obvlxogx x|}g vgfimgbflbi lpvlxogx |bi obclxlbmoi obifdo}ohal `|doaaibvl7 La aaididolbvg foxonofg ìml|bg} dl}l} {gx ai uo|fi fl ]écixgu! _lalbi Hgbblx! ia }lmxlvixog nlblxia fl ai GB\ }llalui mgbvxi l}vl ldhgvidolbvg dgxia3 (I|by|l bg i{x|lhg bo la vgbg bo la l}voag flaZa|lng i}l}obifgT nlblxia F|féolu! volbl xisýb lb ag l}lbmoia" Ai xl}{gb}ihoaofif flab|lug nlbgmofog lb M`lm`lboi obm|dhl i _lav}ob("



[én" 99

C\IB NG_VO]GAG


\xhomofog! divibsi}! eg}i} mgd|bl}

;6';>'9??5

La 99 fl fomoldhxl fl 9??6! la Lcïxmovg x|}g obuifoý ai Xl{óhaomi fl M`lm`lboi ({ixixl}vi|xix la gxflb mgb}vov|mogbia( laodobix |b xïnodlb (fl mxodobial} hibfofg}("]lnób la lp dobo}vxg fl Flelb}i [éula Nxim`gu! ai g{lximoýb flhäi f|xix |bi} `gxi}3 |b}od{al {i}lg vxo|beia" Folmo}olvl dl}l} fl}{|ï}! la ({i}lg( ì mi|}ifg iaxlflfgx fl6;";;; uämvodi} mouoal} $lbvxl laai}! b|dlxg}g} x|}g} ob}viaifg} lb Nxgsbo$! ai} hici} flaLcïxmovg gm|{ibvl }l moexib lb |bg} 9;";;; d|lxvg} fl}i{ixlmofg} lb immoýb ai fl$

ui}vimoýb fl ai mi{ovia! {ghaimogbl} dlbgxl} iafli} m`lm`lbi} l} }gaidlbvl! mgd{i$xihal! lb lpvlb}oýb l obvlb}ofif! i ai gmi}ogbifi lb ian|bi} mo|fifl} x|}i} ialdibi}f|xibvl ai ]ln|bfi N|lxxi D|bfoia" Lb {gmg dé} fl |b iùg dlfog fl mgby|o}vi! laLcïxmovg ì }|exofg mi}o vibvi} {ïxfofi} mgdg lb ag} 98 iùg} fl }| iulbv|xi fl}i}vxg}ilb Ienibo}véb" Mgdg lb Ienibo}véb! ag} b|lug} foxonlbvl} fla Jxldaob obvlbvixgb {xo$dlxg diy|oaaix ai g{lximoýb mgdg ghxi fl |b nx|{g fl ({ivxogvi}( xl}|lavg} i fl}ìmlx$}l fl ai voxibäi mgxx|{moýb fl F|féolu" Lb bguoldhxl fl 9??6! ag} viby|l} lbvxixgb{gx {xodlxi uls lb Nxgsbo }g mi{i fl |bi (i|fi exivlxbia( i ag} m`lm`lbg} `gbl}vg}{lxg ai obm|x}oýb mgbma|ý fl diblxi mivi}vxýeomi" Ag} haobfifg} e|lxgb fl}vx|ofg} mgbaibsi nxibifi} ! {l}l i ag} fl}dlbvofg} geomoial} fl Dg}mó! y|l ivxoh|äib ai oxx|{moýb ido}vlxog}g} dlxmlbixog}! ag} dibfg} doaovixl} x|}g} v|uolxgb y|l vxinix}l ai `|doaai$moýb fl ìmlx}l mixng fl ag} {xo}ogblxg} nlblxg}idlbvl flu|lavg} {gx F|féolu" Bo laxlm|lxfg òxolbvl fl ai flxxgvi fl Ienibo}véb y|l vibvg mgbvxoh|ý i ai miäfi fla xïnodlb}guoïvomg bo la fl ai} n|lxxi} }|ml}oui} mgb ag} m`lm`lbg} fl}fl ai ï{gmi fla odid Di}$}|x vxicg i ai} dolbvl} fl _lav}ob [éula Nxim`gu ai lulbv|iaofif fla ivi}mg {i|aivobg fl}|} vxg{i} lb |b agfisia! fl }| lbuo}midolbvg lb |bi aoni fl ai y|l foeämoadlbvl {gfxäibsieix}l" Fl i`ä ag} l}e|lxsg} {ivïvomg} fl ai vlaluo}oýb {xlb}i l}vivial} {gx gm|avix ai{lbg}i ulxfif fl ag} `lm`g}! lbm|hxox ai hixhixol! vgx{lsi fl}gxnibosimoýb fl ai} g{l$ximogbl} doaovixl}! vxib}d|vix ag} fl}miaihxg} lb immogbl} `lxgomi}! xl{lvox ai alvibäixov|ia fl ai (aoy|ofimoýb obdoblbvl fl ag} óavodg} bofg} fl hibfofg}(" [l}l i vibvg ld${lmobidolbvg lb ai vlxnoulx}imoýb i|vglbniùg $`lxlbmoi foxlmvi fla foe|bvg xïnodlb fl

ai \X]]$! ai} oxx|{mogbl} fl ]ìdoa Hi}éolu lb H|fogbbgu}j fl Xifóolu lb Joaoixmgb ai u|lavi vxo|beia fl idhg} i M`lm`lboi bg gh}vibvl |b foa|uog fl e|lng fla Lcïxmovgy|l gmi}ogbý dé} hici} {xg{oi} y|l lb ai} eoai} ifulx}i}! ihxolxgb ag} gcg} i |b }lmvgxfl ai g{oboýb {óhaomi imxlmolxgb la bódlxg fl ag} mo|fifibg} g{|l}vg} i ai n|lxxi"[gmg}! d| {gmg} }gafifg} fl xlld{aisg geomoial} g }|hgeomoial} fl}ihi}vlmofg} dia {inifg} fl}lib `g c|nix}l ai uofi milx nagxog}idlbvl lb la mid{g fl `gbgx"M`lm`lboi! }ob f|fi! bg uial |bi do}i"

Ai {xgmaidimoýb fl ai obfl{lbflbmoi fl l}vi xl{óhaomi i|výbgdi fl 9=";;; joaýdlvxg}m|ifxifg} la 8> fl gmv|hxl fl 9??9 {gx la nlblxia fl Iuoimoýb fla Lcïxmovg }guoïvomgFs`ýcix F|féolu xlm|lxfi lb d|m`g} i}{lmvg} i ai fla odid bijm`hibfä Bipd|fäb flNgv}g lb ing}vg fl 9?9>! lbmihlsifi a|lng doaovixdlbvl {gx la cly|l \sób @ipo3 lb

idhg} mi}g} }|} i|vgxl} i{xgulmìxgb ai g{gxv|bofif fla flxx|dhl sixo}vi la fl}$dldhxidolbvg {xluo}ohal fl ai \X]]" [xlm|x}gx }onboeomivoug fl F|féolu! |b mgxgbla



[én" 98

fla Lcïxmovg fl Bomgaé} OO fl gxonlb m`lm`lbg! Jiovdi} Iaäcibgu! {ixvomo{ý imvouidlbvllb ai a|mì obfl{lbflbvo}vi! {xodlxg mgbvxi ag} mg}img} x|}g} haibmg} fl Flbojob a|lng mgbvxi ag} hgam`luoy|l}" Ai n|lxxi e|l fl |bi elxgmofif lpml{mogbia ag} d|xof}! foxonofg} {gx Dgìdlf fl Hiajibo! m|i v|dhi g disix lb Fin|l}véb l} ghclvg fl {l$xlnxobicl lb vold{g} dlbg} f|xg} y|l ag} b|l}vxg}! iboy|oaixgb! i |bi hxonifi lbvlxi fla

Lcïxmovg Xgcg lb la uiaal fl Ixjéb! i l}mi}i fo}vibmoi fl) a|nix lb la y|l la 9< fl ihxoafl l}vl iùg |b mgbug fla Xlnodolbvg fl Obeibvlxäi Dgvgxosifi 86< e|l mgd{alvidlbvlfl}vx|ofg ai fgvimoýb fl }|} viby|l} miamobifi" Ai n|lxxi mgbma|ý! {xguo}ogbiadlbvl!lb 9?8< mgb ai mi{v|xi fla odid Bipd|fäb }|} a|nixvlbolbvl} lb }|} xlf|mvg} dgbvi$ùg}g} fla Mé|mi}g" Mgdg lb ai imv|iaofif lb ai ï{gmi fla odid ]ìdoa! ai} iafli} flUlflbý Hid|v }|m|dholxgb vxi} |b i}lfog {|nbis fl}{oififg"

[lxg! i foelxlbmoi fla odid ]ìdoa ag} clel} xlaonog}g} fla Ldoxivg fla Bgxvl fla Mé|$mi}g! F|féolu bg agnxý ina|vobix lb vgxbg i }| aoflxisng i |bi digxäi mgd{imvi xl$}|lavi fl m`lm`lbg}" ]| mgbml{moýb {ivxodgboia fla L}vifg! ai exindlbvimoýb maýbomi }| {i}ouofif $ian|bg} aaidib mgd{aomofif$ mgb ai dieoi agmia mgbmovixgb fo}mgxfoi} aidiay|o}vixgb mgb foulx}g} }lmvgxl} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}" F|xibvl ag} vxl} iùg} fl }| {xl}o$flbmoi! ai }ov|imoýb xlobibvl lb M`lm`lboi lxi fl hl`lvxäi! ih|bfihib ag} ic|}vl} flm|lbvi} eagxlmäi ai mgxx|{moýb" ]lnób dl mgbeoý G}déb Odéolu! lp eo}mia nlblxia fl aiXl{óhaomi doldhxg fl ai flalnimoýb y|l fo}m|voý mgb ag} x|}g} la iavg la e|lng fla =;fl c|aog fl 9??<! {i}ixgb {gx }|} dibg} b|dlxg}g} lp{lfolbvl} fl fl}i{ixlmofg} lb ag}lbexlbvidolbvg} fl maibl} xouial}" La vxisifg fla galgf|mvg fla Mi}{og ia dix Blnxg {gxvlxxovgxog m`lm`lbg }|}movihi on|iadlbvl ai mgfomoi n|lxxi aixuifi fl obvlxl}l} mgbvxi${|l}vg} Di} ag y|l bg ghv|ug F|féolu {gx }| {lx}gbiao}dg eaiy|lsi! ag iamibsixgb lb|bg} fäi} ag} x|}g} mgb }| hx|via obvlxulbmoýb fl fomoldhxl ixxi}idolbvg fl ai mi{ovia3ai |bibodofif mi}o vgvia fl ag} m`lm`lbg} lb flelbflx }| obfl{lbflbmoi"

@ihaix fl Albobnxifg g Fxl}fl! m|i} odénlbl} fl fl}gaimoýb lb haibmg blnxg }l

nxihixgb {ixi }old{xl lb do dldgxoi! bg {lmi fl lpinlxifg" La mlbvxg fl Nxgsbo e|laovlxiadlbvl iaaibifg {gx ai immoýb mgbc|bvi fl ai ixvoaalxäi {l}ifi! la e|lng fl ag} vib$y|l}! ag} {xglmvoal} hgdhi} ixxgcifg} {gx iuogbl} `laomý{vlxg}" La [iaimog [xl}o$flbmoia lb m|g} }ývibg} xl}o}väi F|féalu! la [ixaidlbvg! la Ob}vov|vg fl Molbmoi} [l$finýnomi}! la Hibmg Bimogbia fl ai Xl{óhaomi! la Ob}vov|vg ]|{lxogx fla [lvxýalg! la D|$}lg fl Ihflxxi`déb Iuv|xcébgu! la vlivxg Aïxdgbvgu! la D|}lg fl Hlaai} Ixvl}! la`gvla Mé|mi}g! lvmïvlxi! fl}i{ixlmolxgb fl ai eis fl ai volxxi" [ixi gm|avix ai dinbov|ffla |xhomofog! dgbviùi} fl l}mgdhxg} e|lxgb i{oaifi} ixxgcifi} lb d|aifixl} `gb$fgbifi} e|lxi fl Nxgsbo" Ai aihgx fl fl}l}mgdhxg {xg}on|l ag} i|vgxl} fl ai (ìsiùi(ìb lxonofg uiaai} dlvéaomi} iaxlflfgx fl ai sgbi ielmvifi {ixi ulaixai i gcg} obfo}mxlvg}"I vxiuï} fl }|} xlbfoci} in|clxg}! }l {|lfl uo}a|dhxix iób `g ai imvouofif obml}ibvlfl aod{oivlxxlbg} vxov|xifgxi}" ]ýag ian|bg} ixhgaoaag} ixh|}vg} }iauicl} }ghxluoulb iai flui}vimoýb" Lb ag} alcg} fla m|ifxg! fg} {lbim`g} fl `|dg blnxg mgxgbib ag} {gsg}fl {lvxýalg obmlbfoifg} fl ai} ie|lxi}3 }| onbomoýb lbvlblhxlml vgfiuäi ai ivdý}elxi}gdhxäi fla a|nix ! i xivg}! }l iuo}vi la e|angx ugxis fl ai} aaidi} mgdg }ädhgag uouolb$vl fla obeolxbg y|l! via |b iul fl {xl}i! }l ihivoý }ghxl ai mo|fif"

Lb ai} sgbi} ulmobi}! la l}{lmvém|ag l}! }o mihl! dé} fl}gaifgx3 lfoeomog} `|lmg}! fl lb$blnxlmofg} gmlag} hgmi} fl}flbvifi}: mi}i} }ldoe|bfofi} x|ng}i}! mgb }|} eimìfi}imxohoaaifi} fl `g|lag} fl uox|lai: oxxo}gxoi} }lùial} fl vxéeomg: nxói} eibvi}dial} }|}${lbfofi} lb la uimäg" \b lfoeomog fl uouolbfi} xg}ifg! gm|{ifg ibviùg {gx ai bgdlbjai$

v|xi agmia! lpòhl }|} mga|dbi} fýxomi}! cýbomi} mgxobvoi} uinidlbvl vgxmofi}! hiamg$

bl} fl hiai|}vxl} mìd|}mifg} hiamgbmoaag} }odoaixl} i {iamg} ihaibfifg} mgdg dl$xlbn|l}" ]lnób dl xlulai do imgd{iùibvl! |bi eidoaoi x|}i }ghxluoul inisi{ifi lb



[én" 9=

|bg fl ag} }ývibg} vxi}lxg}" Bg} imlxmidg} i ulxai3 |b `gdhxl }ldoobuéaofg! }| difxl{lxv|xhifi |bi mòy|oaai fl b|lul iùg} gm|{ib |bi ìhovimoýb mgmìdhxg}i lp{|l}$vi i ai obvld{lxol! }ob vxihicg! }iaixog bo i|fi" ]|h}o}vlb! mgdg d|m`g} x|}g} ibmoibg} fl}uiaofg}! fl ai mixofif fl ag} m`lm`lbg}" Dolbvxi} ag} mi|mi}oibg} dibvolblb uoug}ag} uäbm|ag} fl }gaofixofif eidoaoix maébomi! ag} x|}g} }|exlb fl |b fl}vobg dé} vxéno$

mg3 la ihibfgbg l obfoelxlbmoi fl ag} mgd{ivxogvi} mi|}ibvl} fl }| fl}nximoi" Ai} uolci}y|l dlbfonib lb ai} mlxmibäi} fla dlxmifg d|l}vxib y|l ai }iùi fl}vx|mvoui fl ag} ob$ui}gxl} bg {lxfgbý }oy|olxi i }|} mgbmo|fifibg}"

Lb |b {ixy|l ulmobg ia éxli uiaaifi! lbvxl ag} éxhgal} ixxoivl} fl xg}i}! fl}m|hxg ail}viv|i obmgbnx|lbvl fl |b g}g lb homomalvi lb ag y|l flhoý fl }lx ìml fg} iùg} |b

cixfäb obeibvoa" La! {ly|lùg dgb|dlbvg mgxxoý dlcgx }|lxvl y|l la lxonofg i Albob molbdlvxg} dé} alcg}! fla y|l }ýag }l mgb}lxui la {lfl}via" \bg} fäi} dé} vixfl! lb |b }gaixihibfgbifg mgbvon|g i ai fl}i`|moifi l}vimoýb fl elxxgmixxoa! ìaaï |bi l}viv|i lbgxdl ixxobmgbifi fla clel fl ag} ]ýuolv}! mlaifi {gx ai l}{l}|xi fla ixhgaifg y|l ai lbu|la$ul3 iaaä! Uaifädox Oaom` \aoibgu {ixlml {xlfomix mgb ifldéb lbïxnomg eolxg i ai exgbfg$}i ulnlvimoýb moxm|bfibvl |bi b|lui vidhoïb od{aimihal xluga|moýb lmgagno}vi/"

La xl}vg fl ai mo|fif hxobfi la do}dg l}mlbixog fl lbmgbg flmxl{ov|f3 lfoeomog} lbx|obi! viby|l} miamobifg}! ixdisgbl} fl vlcifg} uimäg}! uoni} mganibvl}! hixxog} lbvlxg}fl}lxvifg} {gx }|} dgxifgxl}" I ulml}! lb |b obd|lhal fl}`lm`g! |b xýv|ag ifuolxvl i{g}ohal} dlxgflifgxl} (Iy|ä uoul nlbvl( g! mgb digx aimgbo}dg! (@i uoug}(" La b|l$ug mlbvxg |xhibg! mgb la lfoeomog fl ai [xl}oflbmoi fla Ngholxbg {xgxx|}g |b m|ixvlafla Lcïxmovg! l} |b i|vïbvomg mid{g ivxobm`lxifg3 {|l}vg} egxvoeomifg}! viby|l} lb vgfi}ai} l}y|obi}! bofg} fl idlvxiaaifgxi} lb ag} vlcifg} fl ag} {xobmo{ial} lfoeomog}! obeobo$fif fl }gafifg} {gaomäi} lb {ol fl n|lxxi" M|ibvg} a|nixl} `l uo}ovifg $la Mlbvxg fl[xlb}i! ai} geomobi} lb fgbfl ghv|ul do imxlfovimoýb fl {lxogfo}vi {xodlxg x|}i a|lngfl ai ifdobo}vximoýb vävlxl fl Siunéolu$ }l ìaaib {xgvlnofg} {gx }img} vlxxlxg} mlbvo$

blai} mgb e|}oa idlvxiaaifgx" [l}l i vib od{xl}ogbibvl fl}{aoln|l fl e|lxsi! ai mi{oviamgby|o}vifi lb fg} dl}l} i }ibnxl e|lng miý lb {gmi} `gxi} la {i}ifg 5 fl dixsg lbdibg} fl uixog} mlbvlbixl} fl obfl{lbflbvo}vi} ixdifg} mgb aibsinxibifi}" Mgdg{x|lhi la ïpovg fl }| obm|x}oýb xlaéd{ing! ai {imoeomimoýb vibvi} ulml} ib|bmoifi {gxag} x|}g} l} dlxidlbvl oa|}gxoi"

Mgdg vlbfxï gmi}oýb fl ulxoeomix fäi} dé} vixfl! ai bgm`l {lxvlblml i ag} m`lm`lbg} ag} obb|dlxihal} {|l}vg} fl mgbvxga hi}l} doaovixl} ob}viaifg} lb la aaibg vlýxomidlbvli{imon|ifg }l mgbuolxvlb i dlb|fg lb o}agvl} i}lfoifg}! lp{|l}vg} i |b }óhovg nga{l fldibg fl ai obuo}ohal e|lxsi lbldoni"

Ia bódlxg obflvlxdobifg fl d|lxvl} mouoal} mi|}ifi} {gx ai n|lxxi $mgdlbvixo}vi} lp{lxvg} x|}g} m`lm`lbg} iuibsib ai moexi fl 6;";;;$ ì y|l iùifox ai fl ag} fl}i{i$xlmofg} xln|aixdlbvl lb xlfifi} lbuoifg} i ag} }obol}vxg} {|bvg} fl eoavximoýb" Lbmgd{iùäi fl Xomixfg Gxvlni! mgxxl}{gb}ia lb Dg}mó fl Ibvlbi =! lbvxluo}vg ia {xl}o$flbvl fl ai Mx|s Xgci lb Nxgsbo! @|}lob Cidäfgu" Ai uofi fl l}vl {oagvg fl iuoimoýbmouoa midhoý hx|}midlbvl fl x|dhg la fäi lb y|l lbmgbvxý ag} miféulxl} fl fg} fl }|}òcg} lb |bi eg}i mgdób! |bi} }ldibi} fl}{|ï} fl }| (fl}uiblmodolbvg( i eobl} fl lbl$xg fl 9??<" Fl}fl lbvgbml}! Cidäfgu! {|amxidlbvl ul}vofg mgb |b vxicl nxo} mgxhivi!}l mgb}inxi lbvlxidlbvl i ai aihgx fl fl}m|hxox ag} diviflxg} g}ixog} fo}{lx}g} lbvgfg la vlxxovgxog m`lm`lbg egvgnxieoix i ai} uämvodi}" ]lbvifg lb }| fodob|vi geomobi!bg} d|l}vxi |b xodlxg fl mixvgbl} mgb ai} egvg} m|ofifg}idlbvl {lnifi}" Mifi d|lxvgeon|xi dixmifg mgb |b bódlxg ì}vi ai moexi {xguo}ogbia fl 9"=9=" Fl laag}! ìb }ofgoflbvoeomifg} 685 b|dlxg}i} {lx}gbi} im|flb i }| fl}{im`g i h|}mix xlmgbgmlx i}|} fl|fg}" Dolbvxi} mgbulx}idg}! i{ixlml |b `gdhxl mgb 99 fl}i{ixlmofg} lb }| ei$



[én" 96

doaoi y|l uolbl i foixog mgb ai l}{lxibsi fl y|l b|lug} (ìaaisng}( al {lxdovib ob$`|dix i ian|bg fl laag}"

Ai oflbvoeomimoýb l} foeämoa3 lb d|m`g} mi}g} }l vxivi fl mxéblg} mi}o dgbfg} g miamobi$fg} {gx aibsiaaidi}! fl miféulxl} ixximodifg} lb mici} fl d|bomoýb lb {g}v|xi lbmgx$uifi g elvia" Mi}o vgfg} xlulaib }lùial} fl vgxv|xi ! lclm|moýb }|dixoi3 fo}{ixg} i y|l$dixxg{i lb ag} gcg}! ai exlbvl! ai b|mi! dibg} ivifi} mgb m|lxfi} g iaidhxl}" Lb obdo}l$xomgxfl }|ml}oýb fl l}vid{i} fl `gxxgx! mgbvld{ag i uämvodi} fl ýxhovi} gm|aixl} uimäi}!gxoeomog} bi}ial} `|lmg}! miaiulxi} mgb nl}vg fl i|aaix! hgy|lix fl i}eopoi! {xgvl}vix flobfonbimoýb! mgb d|l}vxi} fl i}gdhxg! obflmohal fgagx! i ulml} fl obgmlbmoi }gx{xlbfo$fi! xixidlbvl fl }lxlbofif" Bg gh}vibvl ai ob}o}vlbmoi fl ai Mx|s Xgci! ai} i|vgxofifl}doaovixl} x|}i} bg ìb iholxvg obul}vonimoýb ian|bi }ghxl ai} `gi} {gsg} xl{alvg} flmiféulxl}" Bobnób vxoh|bia c|snixé i ag} i|vgxl} fl ai divibsi"

F|xibvl b|l}vxi l}vibmoi lb ai Mx|s! Xgci! |b midixýnxieg m`lm`lbg bg} {xglmvi |buäflg mgb odénlbl} fla hgdhixflg fl Jifox _|xv la 80 fla {i}ifg dl} fl dixsg3 98boùg} d|lxvg}" La Iavg Dibfg x|}g fl}dobvoý ai lpo}vlbmoi fla iviy|l imìmý ai fl}ob$

egxdimoýb i |bi diboghxi {xg{inibfä}vomi fl (ag} hibfofg}("I|by|l ai digxäi fl ai} lclm|mogbl} }l xldgbvib i dixsg ihxoa fl 9??<! ai} xlfifi} flvlbmogbl} ixhovxixoi} mgbvobóib" Lb la {|bvg fl eoavximoýb fla fo}vxovg fl ]vixg$[xgdo}aguo! fl{lbfolbvl fla Dobo}vlxog fla Obvlxogx fl ai Elflximoýb X|}i lb M`lm`lboi!}l ìmobihib i {xodlxg} fl c|bog mlbvlbixl} fl flvlbofg} mifi m|ixvla fo}{gbl fl }|}{xg{og} miaihgsg} fl obvlxxgnivgxog vgxv|xi" \b cgulb aaidifg ]iadéb bixxý ibvl aimédixi }| uoicl l}vibmoi lb |bg fl laag}" Lb la midoýb lb la y|l al vxib}{gxvihib!ìmobifg mgb fgmlbi} fl }g}{lm`g}g}! ag} }gafifg} x|}g} divixgb i gm`g fl }|} mgd${iùlxg} {gx {xgvl}vix mgbvxi ai} mgbfomogbl} fla vxi}aifg hlholxgb ugfji }lbvifg} lb}|} miféulxl}" La Dibfg Doaovix mgd|bomý dé} vixfl y|l ag} i}l}obifg} e|lxgb uämvodi}

fl ag} fo}{ixg} fl ai n|lxxoaai obfl{lbflbvo}vi"Lb la }ln|bfg {xgvgmgag fl ag} im|lxfg} eoxdifg} la 9; fl c|bog lb Bisxéb! }l l}vo{|aiai mxlimoýb fl |bi mgdo}oýb mgd{|l}vi fl }lo} x|}g} }lo} m`lm`lbg} {ixi ai h|}mi loflbvoeomimoýb fl ag} fl}i{ixlmofg} flvlbofg} lb 9> dl}l} fl n|lxxi" Gvxi maé|}|ai flado}dg mgbuolbl lb la molxxl fleobovoug fl ag} {|bvg} fl eoavximoýb" [lxg fl}{|ï} fl vib$vg} {imvg} obm|d{aofg} {xgdl}i} xgvi}! ag} m`lm`lbg} in|ixfib la xl}|avifg fl ag}mgdomog} x|}g} }ob egxcix}l fldi}oifi} oa|}ogbl} }ghxl ai} obvlbmogbl} xlial} fl So|né$bgu _lav}ob" Vgfg {|lfl }ln|ox mgdg ibvl} ai} ib}oi} fl fl}y|ovl fl ag} dibfg}doaovixl} mgdg Uaifädox ]ìdébgu Uoim`l}aiu Vocgdoxgu! `|doaaifg} {gx la eximi}gfl }| hx|via {imoeomimoýb ai fl}gxnibosimoýb hici dgxia fl }|} vxg{i}! bg i|n|xibfl}fl a|lng bifi b|lug" (Ai n|lxxi(! dl foxé }ob cimvibmoi" ian|bi |bg fl ag} mgdib$fibvl} obfl{lbflbvo}vi} mgb y|olb dl lbvxluo}vixï dé} vixfl! (f|xi i fg} }onag}"·Y|oïb }ihl }o f|xixé vgfiuäi m|ixlbvi g mobm|lbvi iùg}7("



[én" 9<

C\IB NG_VO]GAG

[io}icl} fl n|lxxi mgb M`lm`lboi ia egbfg ' <

Exgbvlxi} dgulfosi}

Ag} mgdhivolbvl} m`lm`lbg} {i}ib }ob foeom|avif i ai} sgbi} hicg mgbvxga fl ag}}gafifg} x|}g}

;<';>'9??5

Mgbvxixoidlbvl i ag imilmofg lb Hg}boi! lb fgbfl ai {lb|xoi fl vgfi mai}l fl iaodlbvg} holbl} fl mgb}|dg inxiuihi ai} mgbfomogbl} fla i}lfog! M`lm`lboi {lxdiblml lb agl}lbmoia holb ihi}vlmofi" I ag aixng fl ai} mixxlvlxi} l}vxlmìdlbvl uonoaifi} {gx laLcïxmovg x|}g! lb l}{lmoia lb ag} {|lhag} lbmx|mocifi}! }l iaoblib vlbflxlvl} {|l}$vlmoaag} fl ulbvi fl d| foulx}i äbfgal3 xlfgdi} fl ni}gaobi! {olsi} fl xlmidhog!

bl|dévomg} |}ifg}! y|og}mg} fl xlexl}mg}! mixbomlxäi}! dl}oaai} mgb ex|vi} ulxf|xi}!obb|dlxihal} fl}{im`g} fl mlxulsi! ugfji monixxoaag}" Ai {aïvgxi mgbvon|i i ag} {|l}$vg} fl mgbvxga $egxvobl} imgamìfg} mgb }img} vlxxlxg}! bofg} fl idlvxiaaifgxi}$ {xgf|mllb la ébodg fla egxi}vlxg |bi lbniùg}i od{xl}oýb fl bgxdiaofif" Lb ag} hixxog} dlbg}flxx|ofg} fl Nxgsbo }|} miaal} mlbing}i} g ob|bfifi} {gx ai} xlmolbvl} aa|uoi} $vgfi aixlf fl iamibvixoaaifg! mgdg la }|dobo}vxg fl in|i! ìb flcifg fl e|bmogbix$! la l}{lmvé$m|ag l} la do}dg3 mgd{xiulbvi fl ixväm|ag} fl d| id{aog xlno}vxg! dlxmlf i ai m|ia ag}m`lm`lbg} }ob vxihicg bo hxóc|ai! y|l ìb g{vifg {gx ai xl}o}vlbmoi {i}oui! }ghxluoulb iai f|xlsi fl ai gm|{imoýb" La `gxdon|lg fla dlxmifg fl Nxgsbo l} la fl ai} mo|fifl}{xguobmoibi} fl Ibivgaoi l Oxéb3 ag} cýulbl} midho}vi} inovib eicg} fl fýaixl}: ai d|avo$v|f ea|l lbvxl ag} mìdosg} fl mgdofi xlexl}mg}! hgxfli ai} mi}lvi} fl ulbvi fl uäfl$g}! xifog}! mobvi} dinblvýegbg}! fo}m|vl lb vgxbg i ag} xodlxg} fl mixvgbl} fl monixxo$aag} idlxomibg}! }l ixxldgaobi xlnivli ag} {xlmog} fl {ibviagbl}! mìy|lvi}! eiafi} ha|}i} fl mgbelmmoýb v|xmi" ©Do imgd{iùibvl dl d|l}vxi |b {iy|lvl fl dinfialbi}gxo|bfg fl L}{iùi) Vgfg la d|bfg mixni mgb hga}i} fl {aé}vomg Gijaibf! Dlb} ^lix" Ai dlsmai inovimoýb fla a|nix odibvi i}odo}dg ia ìd{i agmia ag} dia}obl} fla Ng$holxbg vävlxl" F|xibvl la xlmgxxofg! xlno}vxg dlbviadlbvl ai vxisi fl |b bgvihal fl xg}vxgh|aafgn ul}vofg fl dieog}g ·g }lxé ia xluï}7/! vgmifg mgb |b haibmg! iami{gbl}mg }gd$hxlxg ealpohal! y|l }|}|xxi$ ýxflbl} hibmixoi} g fl gvxg vo{g/ mgb la vlaïegbg mla|aix{lnifg ia gäfg" ·Xliaofif g! l}{lco}dg7

L}vi do}di {xln|bvi im|moi ia uo}ovibvl! ifgxdlmofg {gx ai uo}oýb fla vxicäb foixog la

{io}icl ofäaomg fl ai} sgbi} }|{|l}vidlbvl ({imoeomifi}(" Ai obb|dlxihal }|ml}oýb flmgbvxgal} lb ai} mixxlvlxi} y|l aaluib LA Nxgsbo nixibvosib! }lnób ai vlaluo}oýb l}vivia!ai bgxdiaosimoýb nxif|ia fl ai uofi" Lb do} vxilmvg} {gx fo}vobvg} fo}vxovg} fl M`lm`l$boi `l vg{ifg mgb vgfi }|lxvl fl hixxlxi} {i}g}! {gx lbvxl ag} m|ial} ag} ul`äm|ag} mouo$al} flhlb mgaix}l lb sonsin3 hagy|l} fl mldlbvg fo}|i}gxog}! {olfxi}! {g}vl} dlvéaomg}!mihiaag} fl exo}i! iaidhxifi}! uoni}! vxgbmg} fl éxhga! gx|ni} gpofifi} fl viby|l" Ai}mxlflbmoial} }gb lpidobifi} mgb a|{i la dialvlxg fla i|vgdýuoa ob}{lmmogbifg lbmifi iavg" Vib egxdofihal fo}{g}ovoug! ·molxxi `lxdïvomidlbvl ai lbvxifi fl ag} mgdhi$volbvl} m`lm`lbg} i ai} (sgbi} }ln|xi}(7

Bifi dé} alcg} fl ai ulxfif" La Dobo}vlxog fl Flelb}i x|}g bg {ini }obg mgb dl}l} fl

xlvxi}g la }|lafg fl ai} |bofifl} fl geomog ï}vi} uoulb mgb exlm|lbmoi fl lp{lfolbvl}!}ghgxbg {oaaicl" Lb ai} uäi} {xobmo{ial}! ag} }gafifg} ulbflb i ag} m`lm`lbg}! la {lvxý$



[én" 95

alg fl }|} viby|l} ! lb éxli} dlbg} uo}ohal}! }|} e|}oal} idlvxiaaifgxl}! ixdidlbvg d|bomoýb" Ai} exgbvlxi} }gb {lxdlihal}! midhoibvl}3 ag} doaovixl}! y|l vldlb |b i}iavgbgmv|xbg fl ag} n|lxxoaalxg}! {i|vib mgb ai} iafli} ulmobi} aluibvib ai} hixxlxi} flmgbvxga" Laag imaixi ai eimoaofif mgb y|l ag} obfl{lbflbvo}vi} }l obeoavxib lb mo|fifl}(}ln|xi}( mgdg N|flxdï} ]lxbgugf}j! ghaonibfg ia Lcïxmovg i mlxmixai} fl b|lug

xlmgby|o}vixai} mgb |b foa|uog fl e|lng i mg}vi fl |bi obnlbvl fl}vx|mmoýb" Lb la {xg{ogNxgsbo! ai }ov|imoýb l} ob}ln|xi3 la 8 fl c|bog l}viaaý |bi dobi ia {i}g fl |b haobfifg m|ivxg }gafifg} {lxfolxgb ai uofi" ]lo} fäi} dé} vixfl l}m|m`ï la vihalvlg fl idlvxiaai$fgxi} uogalbvi} dgxvlxifi} m|ibfg ibgm`lmäi3 fg} x|}g} dé}! miäfg} lb |b g}m|xg lb$exlbvidolbvg mgb ai n|lxxoaai g! }lnób goxé} e|lbvl}! {gx ag} fo}{ixg} fl ai {gaomäi m`l$m`lbi geomoiadlbvl iaoifi mgb laag}" I ulml}! }gb ag} mgd{gblbvl} gal ai fgvimoýb fl |bviby|l y|olbl} voxib! ia ioxl {ixi idlfxlbvix i ai {ghaimoýb g ihivlb i mouoal}! }ob xisýbian|bi! hicg ag} lelmvg} fla iamg`ga" Mgdg ulxoeomixï uixoi} ulml} f|xibvl do l}vibmoi!|bi} m|ibvi} hgvlaai} fl ugfji }gb la dlcgx }iaugmgbf|mvg {ixi {lblvxix lb ai} sgbi}{xgòhofi}"

(Ai} iafli} {ghaimogbl} bgdobiadlbvl mgbvxgaifi} luim|ifi} {gx la Lcïxmovg {i}ibfo}mxlvidlbvl i dibg} fl ag} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}(! dl foml la mgdibfibvl X|}aéb Bi}xlf$vobgu! |bg fl ag} vlbiml} flelb}gxl} fla {|lhag fl Nýo}jgl f|xibvl }| aixng flui}vi$fgx i}lfog" (I dlb|fg! ag} x|}g} u|laulb i i}ln|xix}l fla gxflb xlobibvl y|olbl} al}imgd{iùib vxiby|oaosib }gb ag} {xg{og} doaovixl} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}! vld{gxiadlbvlxlobvlnxifg} lb ai uofi mouoa" M|ibfg ml}ib ag} mgdhivl} lb ai} éxli} y|l aaidib {imoeo$

mifi}! b|l}vxg} n|lxxoaalxg} xlnxl}ib mgb ai} ixdi} i }|} mi}i} y|lfib lb }ov|imoýb flfo}{gbohoaofif ì}vi y|l xlmohlb ai gxflb fl xlinx|{ix}l a|mìx("

B|l}vxi lbvxluo}vi }l lelmvói lb J|aixä! la fäi }on|olbvl i ai mlxldgboi fla soj x! i ai y|li}o}vä {gx dlfoimoýb fla lp eo}mia nlblxia fl M`lm`lboi clel fl ai flalnimoýb y|l eoxdýag} im|lxfg} fl iavg la e|lng fla =; fl ing}vg fl 9??<! G}déb Odéolu" X|}aéb }| mg$

alni _im|h $y|l ì {lxfofg <; eidoaoixl} fl}fl la obomog fl ai n|lxxi! 9> fl laag} (fl}$i{ixlmofg}($ }gb fg} d|xof} doldhxg}/ fla ~ox f xidi/ fl ai mgexifäi jifoxo fl J|xovi@ipo3 idhg} uo}vlb fl {io}ibg! mgb vlcibg} vóbomi} g}m|xi}! uib mgb ai mihlsi m|holxvimgb ngxxg} fl ai vixoji mgexifäi/ miasib si{ivg} fl fl{gxvl" _im|h! m|i {gflxg}ihixhi blnxi ixfgx lb ai lclm|moýb fl ai mlxldgboi} }|e ä aaidixgb do ivlbmoýb! dl lp${gbl i }| uls ai }ov|imoýb lb ai M`lm`lboi ({imoeomifi( dolbvxi} mgd{ixvodg} dl}i dibvlal}3 lb xliaofif! |b {ib idisimgvifg y|l}g fl gulci"

(Ag} x|}g} h|}mib |b lbvlbfodolbvg vémovg mgb ai} iafli}" [gx lcld{ag! b|bmi ìb {|l}$vg ag} {ol} iy|ä" Lb. ulxfif! mgbuoulb mgb |bi ifdobo}vximoýb obfl{lbflbvo}vi" @i |bg}m|ivxgmolbvg} {ghaifg} lb M`lm`lboi" ]o y|o}olxib mgby|o}vixag} nghlxbixag} vgfg}!

·m|ébvg} iùg} blml}ovixäib7 ]ýag }o ifuolxvlb |bi nxib mgbmlbvximoýb fl n|lxxoaalxg}!mgdg imv|iadlbvl }|mlfl lb ]ìaä! }ovoib ia {|lhag g mo|fif {xgmlflb i g{lximogbl}fl mi}vong! {ixi fix |b lcld{ag i ai} iafli} ulmobi}" Mxllb y|l i}ä lpvlxdobib i y|olbl}aaidib (vlxxgxo}vi}(! {lxg bg}gvxg} mx|sidg} fl bgm`l }|} eoai} bg} ob}viaidg} lb gvxga|nix"

(Lb Nýo}jgl ld{alixgb ai ixvoaalxäi! `laomý{vlxg} iuogbl}! }l }oxuolxgb fl ixdi}{xgòhofi}" Ai {ghaimoýb mouoa `|ý ag} mgdhivolbvl} in|ibvidg} dé} fl |b dl} flmlxmg3 fla 6 fl ihxoa! ia 0 fl dig {i}ifg}" [gx egxv|bi! d|mì} hgdhi} bg lp{agvixgb ai} xlm|{lxidg} {ixi |voaosixai} mgdg dobi} mgbvxi }|} haobfifg}" Vidhoïb laag} }|$exolxgb d|mì} hici}—" Ai moexi i{xgpodivoui fl doaovixl} x|}g} miäfg} lb immoýb l} mgb$vxgulxvofi y|olxg mgbgmlx }| mýd{|vg {lx}gbia"



[én" 9>

(Bifol {|lfl xl}{gbflx mgb lpimvov|f! {lxg ì y|l d|avo{aomix i ag dlbg} {gx mobmg aimoexi geomoia fl 8"<;;" Lb ai digx {ixvl fl ag} mi}g} ag} lbvolxxib lb eg}i} mgd|bl}{ixi bg }gaouoibvix i ai {ghaimoýb mgdg gm|xxoý f|xibvl ai n|lxxi fl Ienibo}véb" I gvxg}ag} aaluib i X|}oi lb exongxäeomg} g }gb flugxifg} {gx ag} {lxxg}"

(La ?;, fl! ag} nlblxial} bg gm|avib }|} }od{iväi} mgd|bo}vi} vx|lbib mgbvxi _lav}ob"Vgfi} ai} hibflxi} y|l gbflib lb }|} hi}l} {|l}vg} fl mgbvxga a|mlb la xgcg fl ai\X]]! bg ag} mgagxl} fl ai Elflximoýb" Bg}gvxg} c|nidg} mgb laag} mgdg la vgxlxg mgbla vgxg3 al} mi{lidg} ! }o {gfldg}! maiuidg} ai} hibflxoaai}" Y|olbl} ai} ìb {i}ifgblnxi} lb Ienibo}véb! mgdg la nlblxia Hxýdgu! }l g{gblb i l}vi n|lxxi" ]gb xl}l} y|lìb ify|oxofg lp{lxolbmoi bg y|olxlb flcix}l vgxlix("

La c|lul} 5 fl c|bog mgd{x|lhg fl b|lug ai {xlmixolfif fla fgdobog x|}g lb ag} fo}vxo$vg} fla aaibg geomoiadlbvl hicg mgbvxga" Fl}{|ï} fl ivxiul}ix |bi sgbi gxflbifi! mgb{gaomäi} fla ngholxbg {xgxx|}g! bg} iulbv|xidg} lb |bi volxxi fl bifol! mgb ag} mgb}iho$fg} {|l}vlmoaag} fl ulbvi fl ni}gaobi xlexl}mg}! lb ai y|l ag} iaflibg} uimib i }|}gm|{imogbl}" M|ibfg aalnidg} i Ialxgo! |b nx|{g fl }gafifg} obfl{lbflbvo}vi} bg}

l}mgavib ia fgdomoaog fl C|bjix [i}`é O}xi{oagu! clel fla exlbvl }|xl}vl y|l! mgb X|}aébNlaélu! clel fla exlbvl }|xgl}vl! ]ìdoa Hi}éolu! clel fla exlbvl mlbvxia! mgd{gblb laL}vifg Digx fl I}aéb Di}oéfgu! clel fl ai} E|lxsi} Ixdifi} m`lm`lbi} blngmoifgxfla im|lxfg fl Bisxéb la 9; fl c|bog" C|bjix [i}`é l} |b `gdhxl iób cgulb! flanifg fl i}{lmvg exénoa! fl xi}ng} xln|aixl} lp{xl}oug}" Aalui la hxisg osy|olxfg ulbfifg bg} obuovi i {i}ix i |bi ìhovimoýb mgb |bg fl }|} ifc|bvg}3 |b if|avg fl gcg} ulxfl}!obul}vofg fl ai hlaalsi inxl}vl! vib mgdób lb V|xy|äi! fl ian|bg} ìhovibvl} fla Mé|mi$}g" Dl fomlb y|l l} |}vlf la clel fla exlbvl }|xl}vl! al fong" [lxg imihidg} fl aalnix i }|lbm|lbvxg }ob gh}vém|ag ian|bg" ·Fl y|ï mai}l fl exlbvl }l vxivi7 @i |bi {i|}i f|xibvlai" m|ia bg} }oxulb la vï"(Vlbldg} ai gxflb fla {xl}oflbvl _ixofixholu fl obvlxx|d{oxvgfi} ai} immogbl} doaovixl} dolbvxi} f|xib ai} mgbulx}imogbl} doaovixl} fl {is("Dl

d|l}vxi ai gxflb/"([lxg ag} x|}g} }on|lb fo}{ixibfg(! iùifl" (L}vi do}di bgm`l hgd$hixflixgb ai iafli mgb }| ixvoaalxäi" Ibvlilx! ai iuoimoýb ivimý i Himò _|xv Nib}ga$mò! fg} {|lhag} fl b|l}vxi sgbi" _ foixoidlbvl xliaosib u|lag} xi}ibvl} mgb `laomý{vl$xg}! {lxg b|l}vxi nlbvl bg xl}{gbfl i l}vi} {xgugmimogbl} bo i ai} fl ag} dlxmlbixog} ia}lxuomog fl X|}oi("(_lav}ob }l uial fl vgfg} ag} dlfog} fl {xg{inibfi i }| iamibml {ixidgvlcixbg} fl eibévomg}! e|bfidlbviao}vi} hibfofg}" Fl l}vl dgfg! L|xg{i }l mx|sifl vxisg} }l i{xgulmì fl ag} hlbleomog} y|l al {xgm|xib la fl}dldhxidolbvg }|hi}$vi fl ai \X]]("(Bg}gvxg} }ýag {lfodg} ai obfl{lbflbmoi! la flxlm`g fl lalnox i b|l}vxg{xl}oflbvl mgb}vov|ox |b L}vifg {ghxl {ly|lùg! {lxg aohxl" \b L}vifg fl mo|fifibg}!obfl{lbfolbvldlbvl fl }| gxonlb ïvbomg" [i}ï fg} iùg} lb I}vxijéb! lbvxl x|}g}! bgifdovoxäi bobn|bi {lx}lm|moýb mgbvxi laag} }o iml{vib uouox lb {is mgb bg}gvxg}" Di}! }o{xg}on|lb ai n|lxxi! n|lxxi vlbfxéb" Ld{alixldg} vgfi} ai} ixdi} {ixi flelbfldg}" Bgiml{vixldg} cidé} }| v|vlai"

(Bg} y|olxlb od{gblx }| m|av|xi mg}v|dhxl}! uogaib }ob xlmivg ag} flxlm`g} `|dibg}"Fl}fl boùg}! bg} ìhäib obm|amifg lb ai \X]] la gfog ia biso}dg bg} in|lxxäib mgb$vxi ïa" [lxg i`gxi fl}m|hxoxbg} y|l la biso}dg }l ì obeoavxifg lb ai Elflximoýb X|}i }| Lcïxmovg" ·Mýdg miaoeomix ia {xl}lbvifgx fl ai vlaluo}oýb l}vivia y|l lb ai `gxi fl di$gx i|folbmoi lbvxluo}vi i fg} uga|bvixog} y|l lpòhlb gxn|aag}idlbvl gxlci} mgxvifi}fl mgdhivolbvl} m`lm`lbg}7(

(Ai n|lxxi mgxxl la xol}ng fl {xg{inix}l ia xl}vg fla Mé|mi}g" ]o bg {gfldg} {xg}ln|oxai a|mì lb b|l}vxg }|lag! ai lpvlbflxldg} e|lxi" Bg }gavixldg} ai} ixdi} ì}vi y|l bg}flu|lauib ai aohlxvif ai volxxi("



[én" 90

(Foni |}vlf holb iavg lb }| {iä} y|l }gdg} d|}|adibl} y|l a|mìb {gx }lxag fl}fl ìmlfg}molbvg} iùg}" Vgfg} ag} }gafifg} i do dibfg fleolbflb |b oflia3 uouox aohxl}! mgb$egxdl i b|l}vxi} vxifomogbl} all}("

La vldi fl ai mgbulx}imoýb xlmil gvxi uls lb la bódlxg fl hici} fla lbldong"

(Y|olxlb lbniùix i ai g{oboýb {óhaomi gm|avib ai} moexi} xlial}" Lb ]òxo _|xv! fo}vxovgfl ]ìvgo! lpo}vl |b mxldivgxog {ixi obmoblxix i ag} miféulxl}" Bg ag} lbvolxxib! ag}y|ldib" ; ag} lbuäib lb exongxäeomg} i Xg}vgu |b ixväm|ag fla lbuoifg l}{lmoia fl Aohï$

xivogb i l}vi mo|fif x|}i mgbeoxdi l}vl lpvxldg" Uïi}l Al} }gafiv} obmgbb|} fl ai n|l$

xxl fl Vm`ïm`lbol! fla 98 fl c|bog/" Lb ai óavodi g{lximoýb xlaéd{ing lb Nxgsbo! aimoexi geomoia fl 0? d|lxvg} fo}exisihi ai xlia3 dé} fl vxl}molbvg}("

(Ag} }gafifg} fl xlld{aisg volblb dolfg }l xobflb }ob a|mìx" @ldg} mi{v|xifg i|bg fl laag} vxl} ulml} ai} vxl} ulml} al }gavidg}" Mifi uls aagxi diafoml i }|} clel}!{lxg bg volbl la mgxicl fl fl}lxvix" Bg}gvxg}! lb midhog! bg ghaonidg} i bifol i {lxdi$blmlx lb b|l}vxg lcïxmovg3 y|olb y|olxi ugaulx i ai uofi mouoa {|lfl ìmlxag m|ibfg al fïai nibi—" Ibvl} fl fl}{lfox}l fl bg}gvxg}! C|bjix [i}`é O}xi{oagu dl fomvi |bi ao}vi fl

iafli} {ghaimogbl} ixxi}ifi} $]vixo$Im`cgo! Gxïcgug! Nýo}jgl! ai} vxl} lb la fo}vxovgfl Im`cý$Dixvéb: ]lxs`lb _|xv! fo}vxovg fl ]ìaä: Sgbic! lb la fl ]ìvgo$ dl mgbuofii uo}ovixai}! i mgd{xghix fl uo}| ai }iùi mx|lafif fl }| flui}vimoýb" Nýo}jgl l} |bh|lb lcld{ag fl ai {gaävomi fl volxxi y|ldifi! `lxlfifi fl ag} xlnädlbl} sixo}vi }g$uoïvomg! {ixi }gdlvlx i ag} m`lm`lbg}" @i}vi ìml |bg} dl}l} uouäib lb la {|lhag =;;eidoaoi}! l}vg l}! iaxlflfgx fl 9"<;; {lx}gbi}" La i}lfog obomoifg la 6 fl ihxoa {ixi mi{$v|xix i |b fl}vimidlbvg n|lxxoaalxg $la lbmihlsifg {gx X|}véb Bi}xlfvoxgu _im|h$f|xý =< fäi}" La Lcïxmovg |voaosý ai ixvoaalxäi! iuoimoýb! `laomý{vlxg} mgb aibsimg`lvl}Nxif @|ximéb! hgdhi} fl exindlbvimoýb" @i mxévlxl} fl 5 dlvxg} fl foédlvxg = fl{xge|bfofif3 ai dlsy|ovi e|l fl}m|icifi fl nga{l" Bg y|lfi |bi mi}i lb {ol3 }ýag {ixl$

fl}! lfoeomog} fl}ulbvxifg}! vxgsg} fl vlai dlvéaomi xl}of|g fl ai onbomoýb" Dolbvxi} uing{gx la {|lhag! fouo}g ag} xl}vg} fl i|vg} fl}n|isifg}! dgbviùi} fl l}mgdhxg}! mihal}xlvgxmofg}! |b vximvgx miamobifg! |b }gdhxlxg! |bi blulxi }ob {|lxvi! |bi vlvlxi xgvi! |bdib|ia fl aovlxiv|xi x|}i! coxgbl} fl iaegdhxi}! dixmg} fl {|lxvi} ulbvibi}! hivlxäi flmgmobi imxohoaaifi fo}{lx}i" I`dlv Hi}olu! |b `gdhxl digx fl i}{lmvg mid{l}obg!uoul lb ag} xl}vg} fl ag y|l e|l }| mi}i! hicg |b }ialfosg mgb |bg} d|lhal} vx|bmg} iaegdhxi}"(Ï}vi l} do xoy|lsi! foml l}egxsébfg}l lb }gbxläx" X|}oi dg}vxý }| {gvlbmoiiboy|oaibfg i eidoaoi} lbvlxi}! mlhébfg}l lb d|clxl} boùg}" Vibvi hixhixol dlxlmlxäila mi}vong fl |b Nlbno} Jib—" Dolbvxi} ìhaidg}! vxl} `laomý{vlxg} }ghxlu|laib ai sgbi!mgdg h|ovxl} lb h|}mi fl mixxgùi" @olxhi} ixh|}vg}! xg}ial} mgadifg} fl eagxl}! m|$hxlb {oifg}idlbvl la l}mlbixog fl ai fl}gaimoýb"



[én" 9?

C\IB NG_VO]GAG


Ai} mgexifäi} }|eä}

Ag} m`lm`lbg} mgb}lxuib }| dldgxoi ò}výxomi! vxib}dovofi mgdg |b vl}gxg flnlblximoýb lb nlblximoýb

;5';>'9??5

La i}l}obivg fl iavi vlmbgagnäi fonovia fla {xl}oflbvl obfl{lbflbvo}vi Fs`gcix F|féolu!uämvodi fl |b mg`lvl ioxl$volxxi n|oifg {gx ai ldo}oýb fla vlaïegbg uäi }ivïaovl dolbvxi}mgbulx}ihi mgb la dlfoifgx x|}g fo{|vifg Mgb}vibvob Ugxgbgo! mgxxl}{gbfl i ai aýno$mi nib}vlxoa fla lbvgxbg fl _lav}ob xlmolbvldlbvl fl{|xifg }l iùifl i ai i aixnibýdobi fl clel} n|äi} {gaävomg xlaonog}g} m`lm`lbg}! ic|}vomoifg} g d|lxvg} lb méxmlal}

x|}i} ibvl} fl}{|ï} fl ai Xluga|moýb" La odid Dib}|x \}`|xdi! ixfolbvl {xlfomifgxfl ai n|lxxi }ibvi mgbvxi ai mgby|o}vi fla Mé|mi}g! {lxlmoý lb 9>?= lb ai egxvialsi sixo}$vi fl ]màõ}lah|xn: J|bvi @ipo! ulblxifg `g mgdg n|äi {gx ag} mgdhivolbvl} d|xof} fl M`lm`lboi! }l lpvobn|oý lb 905> lb |bi disdgxxi fl Ialcibfxg OO: lbvxl ag} }|ml}g$xl} fla odid ]ìdoa lb ai }oa}oai miflbi obomoévomi/ bijm`hibfäi y|l bg fl{|}olxgb ai}ixdi}! la cly|l Ihf|xxi`déb fl ]gnxiva! mihlsi fl ai }|haluimoýb fl 90>>! imihý }|}fäi} lb ]ohlxoi: ag} a|nixvlbolbvl} fla ~oxf! alvibäi fl ai xidi Hivia @ipo! }|m|dholxgblb ai méxmla g fl{gxvimoýb f|xibvl ai} óavodi} fïmifi} fla }onag POP" Vxi} ai Xluga|moýbfl Gmv|hxl la leädlxg Ldoxivg fla Bgxvl fla Mé|mi}g! ag} }guoïvomg} e|}oaixgb i vgfg}ag} cly|l} bijm`hibfä} jifoxä} y|l bg milxgb lb mgdhivl3 Bipxxo|fäb fl Ngv}g ag}mi|foaag} obfl{lbflbvo}vi} fl ai n|lxxi fl 9?89$8=! mi{v|xifg} lb 9?8< lb ai} dgbviùi}fla Mé|mi}g! e|lxgb {i}ifg} {gx ai} ixdi}: la clel Iaä Dovélu! òcg fla e|bfifgx fla~oxf fl Hidiv Noxi! mgxxoý! ai do}di }|lxvl {l}l i ìhlx obvlnxifg bgdobia dlbvl laMgdovï Xluga|mogbixog M`lm`lbg mxlifg {gx ag} hgam`luoy|l}: vgfg} ag} {xgdgvgxl} flai xlhlaoýb fl 9?=;! i|by|l idbo}voifg} {gx |b im|lxfg fl {is mgdg la eoxdifg la 9;fl c|bog! e|lxgb lclm|vifg} la iùg }on|olbvl" La mxgbo}vi }guoïvomg I" D" V|véolu dlb$mogbi y|l mobmg fl ag} }lo} òcg} gm`g bolvg} $idïb fl obmgbvihal} {xodg}! }ghxobg} lxbg}$ fla (hibfofg( Hivia Hga`gxýolu d|xolxgb e|}oa lb dibg g e|lxgb aoy|ofifg} }ob{olfif" La óbomg }|{lxuouolbvl! J|xiäm`! dibv|ug |b egmg fl n|lxxoaai ibvo}guoïvomi ì}$vi 9?6>! elmì fl }| mi{v|xi fl{gxvimoýb" La óavodg ihxlj hibfofg fl `gbgx/ y|l `g}$voný lb }gaovixog ia gm|{ibvl! {xgvlnofg {gx la xl}vg fl ai {ghaimoýb i y|olb ai xluo}vi

S`|xbiao}v imìmihi ai d|lxvl fl 6; ({ivxogvi}( f|xibvl ai ï{gmi fl Cx|}m`gu Hxïsblu!miý lb |bi mlaifi! mgdg F|féolu! lb 9?0; mgb}óavl}l ai ghxi fl Hlbbon}lb Aldlx$molx$Y|lay|lci! i}ä mgdg la ixväm|ag fl ai óavodi lb Al} ugol} f.Iaai`! [ixä}! 9??</"Laïpovg }odhýaomg fl ai iboy|oaimoýb fla clel lbldong vxi} ag} fl}i}vxl} `|doaaimogbl}}|exofg} {gx la Lcïxmovg {|lfl ìhlx mgbvxoh|ofg ia l}{lmvim|aix i|dlbvg fl {g{|aixofiffl _lav}ob }ivo}elm`g la ieéb fl ulbnibsi fl ag} dibfg} fla L}vifg Digx fla mäxm|$ag fl äbvodg} fla {xl}oflbvl x|}g flelbl}vxifg} {gx Ialpibfx Aïhlf! di} bg mgbvxoh|li xl}gaulx! }obg vgfg ag mgbvxixog! ai} mi|}i} fla mgbeaomvg" Ia }ln|ox ag} {i}g} fl }|}{xlflml}gxl} sixo}vi} }guoïvomg}! _lav}ob }l molxxi ai} {|lxvi} fl |bi }iaofi `gbgxihal!ivxi{ifg lb la foaldi fl |bi xlvoxifi y|l gelbflxäi ia lalmvgxifg {ibl}aiuo}vi g fla lp$vlxdobog vgvia fl ai} m|miximì} m`lm`lbi}! [éula Nxim`gu fäpov/"

D|lxvg la {lxxg }l imihý ai xihoi! xlsi la xlexéb" Di} ai im|d|aifi {gx ag} m`lm`lbg}vxi} fg} }onag} fl n|lxxi! vémvomi} fl volxxi y|ldifi! fl{gxvimoýb di}oui lclm|mogbl}



[én" 8;

}|dixoi} bg" }l ingvi mgb |bi d|lxvl dé}" I c|snix }lnób ai xlimmoýb fl }| }|ml}gx clel} doaovixl}! ì mxlmofg! ia xluï}! lb obvlb}ofif" Ai miflbi holb lbnixsifi fl ic|}vo$moidolbvg} lpvobmoýb lb disdgxxi} mid{g} fl ]ohlxoi fl }|} odidl} n|äi} l} la}ädhgag fl ai aixni a|mì! }old{xl flelb}oui! mgbvxi ag} ivxg{laag} }iùi fla obui}gx" Lamixfg vlbis! i{ai}vifg {gx |b mixxg! fl ai bgulai fl Vga}vgo! xlulxflml bg }l xobfl"

Ai idbl}oi fl ag} imv|ial} foxonlbvl} x|}g} lb l}vg} nxiul} dgdlbvg} fl mgbe|}oýb ofl$gaýnomi mxo}o} fl oflbvofif $diboeol}vi}! {gx lcld{ag! lb ai mid{iùi lalmvgxia flSo|nébgu! mgb }|} xlelxlbmoi} i Mxo}vg ]viaob! movi} fla I{gmiao{}o} ai fo}vxoh|moýbnxiv|ovi lb ag} dävobl} fla {ibealvg ibvo}ldovi! lbnlbfxg fl ai {gaomäi sixo}vi! [xgvgmgag

fl ag} }ihog} fl ]oýb$ }l vxif|ml lb |bi {ïxfofi fl ai dldgxoi ò}výxomi y|l al} mgbflbii xl{lvox ag} lxxgxl} mxädlbl} fl |b {i}ifg ofliaosifg eiais" Ag} m`lm`lbg}! lb mid$hog! mgb}lxuib m|ofifg}idlbvl ai }|i! vxib}dovofi mgdg |b vl}gxg {xlmog}g fl nlblxi$moýb lb nlblximoýb" D| }onboeomivouidlbvl! m|ibfg ai} moxm|b}vibmoi} od{gbäib la ml}lfl ai n|lxxi }ibvi ai {xémvomi fla jlvdéb }|do}oýb i{ixlbvl/! la l}{äxov| fl iy|ïaai}ghxluouäi lb la ihxlaoj g hibfoficl fl `gbgx" Ag} ihxlj}! mgdg ag} dgbeäl} dgxo}mg}!{lx{lvóib ai aaidi fla mgdhivl! xlmgxfivgxog uouolbvl fl y|l la l}{äxov| fl xl}o}vlbmoi bg}l ì lpvobn|ofg m|iay|olx mò}{isg {|lfl lbmlbflxag fl b|lug" (La m`lm`lbg! $dlfocg |b d|xof fl Sijéb _|xv$! biml mgb la }onbg fl ai d|lxvl ob}mxovg lb ai exlbvl" ]ihly|l |b fäi | gvxg dgxoxé mgb la ixdi lb ai dibg" L} }| fl}vobg! }l {xl{ixi fl}fl boùg{ixi l}vl fäi fl nagxoi lb la y|l }| l}{äxov| }l |boxé i }|} ibvl{i}ifg}("

La {i{la fl}ld{lùifg {gx ai} mgexifäi} }|eä} lb ai ò}vgxoi fl X|}oi l} d|m`g dé} od${gxvibvl fl ag y|l la {xgeibg lb ai divlxoi }|{gbl" [gx |b aifg! mgdg }lùiaib ag} i|vg$xl} fl ai ghxi movifi ai} n|lxxi} fla Mé|mi}g mgbvxoh|lxgb i ai x|obi divlxoia dgxiafla od{lxog sixo}vi {xlmo{ovixgb ai miäfi fl ai fobi}väi fl ag} Xgdibgu ai ob}vi|xi$moýb fla xïnodlb hgam`luoy|l(: {gx gvxg! gxonobixgb |bi }ov|imoýb obulx}i i ai gmi}ogbi$fi {gx ai obui}oýb mgagbosimoýb fl ag} {iä}l} d|}|adibl} lb Éexomi I}oi {gx ai}

nxibfl} {gvlbmoi} l|xg{li} i ag aixng fla POP {xodlxi dovif fla PP3 dolbvxi} lb aidigxäi fl iy|ïaag}! la o}aid geomoia! dé} g dlbg} v|vlaifg {gx ag} mgagbosifgxl}! xlf|$

cg ì}vi ixxobmgbý i ai} mgexifäi} }|eä}! lb ai \X]] }l {xgf|cg l elbýdlbg obulx}g"Folsdifg {gx ag} hgam`luoy|l} g lbvlxidlbvl }|do}g ia xïnodlb }guoïvomg! la o}aidgeomoia e|l ih}gxhofg {gx ai} mgexifäi}! mga|dbi ulxvlhxia fl ag y|l ag} l}{lmoiao}vi}}guoïvomg} flbgdobihib o}aid {ixialag" Bg" gh}vibvl ai xl{xl}oýb od{aimihal fl}vx|m$moýb fl dlsy|ovi} $ìhäi dé} fl ?;; lb la vlxxovgxog fl ai} imv|ial} Xl{óhaomi} fl Ob$n|}`lvoi M`lm`lboi lb 9?9> }ýag b|lul lb 9?06$ la }|eo}dg bg fl}dlfxý" Fl}fleobl} fla }onag PUOOO! ai flelb}i fl ai xlaonoýb }l mgbe|bfl mgb ai {xl}lxuimoýb }|h}o}$vlbmoi fl ai mgd|bofif bimogbia"

La lbmixbosidolbvg fla xïnodlb }guoïvomg mgb ag} xlhlafl} bg {lxfgbý i ag} d|lxvg}3 lbvibvg y|l ag} m`lm`lbg} lxib fl{gxvifg} i Jisic}véb! }|} mldlbvlxog} e|lxgb ixxi}ifg} ag} mo{g} g vl}vong} fl }|} v|dhi} |voaosifg} lb X|}oi mgdg divlxoial} fl ifgxbg mgb}vx|mmoýb" Ag} y|l lpo}vlb imv|iadlbvl fivib fl ai ï{gmi fl }| xlvgxbg ia {iä}! i eo$bl} fl ag} mobm|lbvi" Lb ag} fo}vxovg} fla mlbvxg }|x! {|fl m|xog}lix dlfoi fgmlbi fllaag}3 ai} }l{|av|xi} }l lxn|lb mgb |bi} l}vlai} fl {olfxi g diflxi! {obvifi} fl mgagxl}uoug} $is|a! ulxfl! haibmg$! mgb |b vlcifoaag fl fg} in|i} xldivifg mgb ai dlfoia|bi"Ian|bi} xl{xgf|mlb lb miximvlxl} éxihl} la bgdhxl fl Iaé g iali} fl ai Eévoì" Gvxi}!la bgdhxl {ivxgbädomg fla foe|bvg ai} elmì} fl }| bimodolbvg g fle|bmoýb"

Ag} disix} g lxdovi} lxonofg} lb xlm|lxfg fl |b d|piòf déxvox/ g |b {lx}gbicl }ibvgly|ouialb i ag} dgxihg} fla o}aid {g{|aix dinxlhä" Ag} doldhxg} fl ai} mgexifäi} eolal} }l xlóblb lb vgxbg i laag} i xlmovix }|} alvibäi} l od{agxix }| hiximi" Ai {lx}lm|$moýb ibvoxxlaonog}i }|exofi lb M`lm`lboi ì}vi Dociäa Ngxhim`gu! }l mlhý lb laag}3 lb }|



[én" 89

digxäi e|lxgb iaaibifg} }|}vov|ofg} {gx mlbvxg} fl {xg{inibfi (ibvog}m|xibvo}vi( ivli" [lxg! ia dlbgx fl}m|ofg fl ai} i|vgxofifl}! xli{ixlmäib fl }óhovg! mgbnxlnibfg lbvgxbg i laag} i d|avov|fl} fl xgdlxg}! ©obma|ofg} d|m`g} doldhxg} fla {ixvofg mgd|$bo}vi)

Ai {xlb}i }guoïvomi fl ai} óavodi} fïmifi} ih|bfi lb fl}mxo{mogbl} flb|bmoi} fl l}vg}(egmg} fl {xg{inibfi xlimmogbixoi( dibo{|aifg} {gx (uinih|bfg}(! ({ixé}ovg}( (mxo$dobial}(" Ag} {lxlnxobicl} dé} mgbm|xxofg} lxib ag} fl ai} v|dhi} fl \s|b @ipo fl aidifxl fl J|bvi @ipo! lb ai iafli fl Ulflbý" M|ibfg dl xl|bä mgb ag} d|xof} fl Sijéb_|xv! v|ul ai g{gxv|bofif fl mgbexgbvix ai ao}vi laihgxifi {gx Hlbbon}lb Aldlxmolx$Y|lay|lci mgb ai dldgxosifi {gx laag} ai} foelxlbmoi} xl}|avixgb däbodi}" Ag} d|$xof } onbgxihib y|l |bg} obul}vonifgxl} lpvxibclxg} }l gm|{ihib fl laag} ioxlihib }|a|mì dl xgnixgb y|l al} vxib}dovolxi }|} {xlml} nxivov|f"

]o ai vixoji bijl`hibfäi lbmixbi ai ò}vgxoi fl ai xl}o}vlbmoi m`lm`lbi lb la {i}ifg }o$nag! ai jifoxäi fgdobi obmgbvl}vihaldlbvl ai fla imv|ia" E|bfifi {gx Ihflajiflx _oaibolb la }onag POO! ai mgexifäi }l lpvlbfoý {gmg i {gmg i vgfg la édhovg fla o}aid! fl}fl

Mòbi i Dixx|lmg}" ]| {xl}lbmoi lb la Mé|mi}g }l xldgbvi vib }ýag ia }onag POP }lmoexi lb ai eon|xi mixo}dévomi fl J|bvi @ipo! m|i {xlfomimoýb dä}vomi ivxicg i b|dlxg$}g} {ivxogvi} dgbviùl}l} d|xof} fl}bgxvifg} vxi} ai flxxgvi fl ]ìdoa" I foelxlbmoifla sojx }oalbmog}g fl ag} bijmìaibfä}! J|bvi @ipo obvxgf|cg la sojx ugmia! imgd{iùifgi ulml} fl dó}omi hioal}3 }| allbfi la do}vlxog fl }| d|lxvl $}|} fo}mä{|ag}! vgfiu$äi `g ai fl}dolbvlb$! al mgbeolxlb ai i|vgxofif fl {gag l}{oxov|ia fla bgxvl fla Mé|mi}g"

G}déb Odéolu! lp Eo}mia Nlblxia fl M`lm`lboi! xlmohoý |bi lf|mimoýb {|xidlbvl }g$uoïvomi m|x}ý l}v|fog} }|{lxogxl} lb ai \boulx}ofif fl Dg}mó! lb ai y|l i{xlbfoý iìhaix mgxxlmvidlbvl la l}{iùga" I`gxi xl}ofl lb la {|lhag fl J|aixä! lb fgbfl dibvol$bl l}vxlm`g} uäbm|ag} mgb ag} mgdhivolbvl} obfl{lbflbvo}vi}: l}vihalml! }ob nxibfl} l}$

{lxibsi} lb ag} xl}|avifg}! |bi ao}vi fl mxädlbl} fl n|lxxi fla gm|{ibvl mgd{ixvl aiuofi fl ag} doldhxg} fl ai xidi jifoxä fl J|xovi @ipo" La do}dg }l mgbeol}i |b bguomoglb ai divlxoi! {lxg mggxfobi ai} imvouofifl} fl ag} d|xof} ! mgdg mgd{xghixï {gmgfl}{|ï}! gxnibosi }|} mlxldgboi}"

(La sojx l} la }ädhgag fl ai xl}o}vlbmoi m`lm`lbi!$dl foml$" La < fl }l{voldhxl fl 9??<!ag} x|}g} y|o}olxgb lbvxix lb la {|lhag {lxg i ai uo}vi fl ag} d|xof} y|l! gxihib hioai$hib lb la {|lbvl }ov|ifg i ai lbvxifi! fl}o}volxgb fl }| ld{lùg" ]ihäib {gx lp{lxolbmoiy|l |b iviy|l mgbvxi bg}gvxg} {xgugmixäi |b iasidolbvg lb d|mì} gvxi} iafli}("

Ai mgbulx}imoýb }l fl}lbu|laul lb |b ìbnix! mgb xlelmvgxog! mgmobi |b fgxdovgxogmgb aovlxi} }|{lx{|l}vi}! ulaifg {gx |bi h|xai mgxvobi! lb la y|l {lxbgmvib |bi fgmlbi

fl xlhlafl}! imv|iadlbvl lb fo}{gbohoaofif" [gmg i {gmg aalnib ag} doldhxg} fl ai mg$exifäi mifi nx|{g fl xlmoïb ulbofag} lbvgbi |b mébvomg vxifomogbia ({ixi i`|lbvix iafoihag( $|bi }|lxvl fl }ia|fg ghaonifg fla egxi}vlxg! ia mx|six la |dhxia fl |bi mi}i$3}gb ag} mgexifl} fl J|bvi @ipo fl ai iafli fl Sijéb _|xv"

Mgbma|ofg} {xl}lbvimogbl} }ia|fg}! bg} foxonodg} i ai dlsy|ovi3 |b lfoeomog xlmolbvl!iaegdhxifg! mgb |b `|lmg y|l uial i ai uls fl iadodhix iay|ohai! |b xlagc fl {ixlf fg} egvgnxieäi} lbm|ifxifi} fl Ai Dlmi f|xibvl ai {lxlnxobimoýb" Ag} i}o}vlbvl}! ob$ma|ofg do ibeovxoýb! }l {gblb lb m|maoaai} ì}vi egxdix |b mäxm|ag C|bvg ia do`xih3 i dä dl gexlmlb |b vih|xlvl {ly|lùg! {lxg {xleolxg imgdgfixdl lb la }|lag {xl}lbmoixfl}fl iaaä la xov|ia"

@l i}o}vofg i ai} {xlml} jifoxä} lb Dixx|lmg}! Lno{vg ]ixiclug! lb ai }ldibi y|l {xl$mlfoý la hgdhixflg fl ai GVIB la eobia fla i}lfog" Ai} fl ag} m`lm`lbg} {g}llb |bi



[én" 88

obvlb}ofif ldgvoui y|l! mgdg }lùiaib d|m`g} o}aidýagng}${gaomäi} }guoïvomg}! mgb$d|lul obma|}g i {xgeibg} l obmxïf|ag}"

\bi uls mlxxifg la mäxm|ag! ag} d|xof}! vgmifg} mgb }|} hoxxlvl}! obomoib }|} xlsg} al$vibäi}! g}moaibfg aluldlbvl la m|lx{g" [xodlxg la ~oxf ai gximoýb lb `gbgx fl J|xävi@ipo/! la viàoa (bg ì dé} fog} y|l Fog}(/ a|lng ai Eévoì! lbvgbifg} mgb ugs nxi$ul! y|l {ixlml i}mlbflx foaivix}l mgb ai `gbf|xi elxugx fla mibvg nxlngxoibg" La n|äifl ai mgexifäi lb ai iafli! la v|xcä! dixmi |bi {i|}i3 ag} {ixvomo{ibvl} obvlxmidhoib }ia|$fg} }l xlmgnlb lb ai bisdi gximoýb/ ibvl} fl {i}ix i ai ei}l {g}vlxogx fl }| i}mlb}oýbnxif|ifi" Xlmovifgx mgxg xl{ovlb la mibvg dé} e|lxvl! mgb ugml} y|l hxgvib! mgdg nl$dofg}! fla egbfg fl ai nixnibvi" Fl od{xguo}g! ld{olsib i hivox xävdomi dlbvl ai} {ia$di}! ai oaiì oaai aai`! mifi uls mgb digx hxäg eolxlsi! }l {gblb fl {ol! fib u|lavi}lb }lbvofg obulx}g i ai} in|ci} fla xlag c! {xodlxg i {i}g albvg! fl}{|ï} mgb nxib uoulsi!imlalxib! mgxxlb! }ob flcix flelxox {iadi}! la lmg fl }|} cim|aivgxoi} uohxi lb la ioxl mgadi la l}{imog fl ai dlsy|ovi fl }| ob}ýaovi {alidix" ]óhovidlbvl |b iavg! gvxi i}lb$vifi! mgb xlsg} l obugmimogbl} {xl{ixivgxoi} i J|bvi @ipo" G}déb Odéolu ag} ibmoi$bg} y|l bg obvlnxib la sojx xlvoxib ai} iaegdhxi} ! vxi} l}vi {i|}i y|lfi! flaomifi ih$}gxvi! ai mlxldgboi lbvxi lb }| b|lui ei}l" Ag} d|xof } xlld{xlbflb }| hioal! i`gxi flflxlmì i osy|olxfi $|bi bgulfif lb la o}aid$! mgxxlb! hxobmib! }ob obvlxx|d{ox la xovdgfl ai} cim|aivgxoi}! lb iboaag mifi uls dé} {xolvg! mifi m|ia xgsibfg ai l}{iafi fla mgd${iùlxg! nga{libfg x|ofg}idlbvl la }|lag mgb ai} {aibvi}" \bg fl laag} }ial fla mäxm|ag noxi mgb digx ulagmofif y|l ag} xl}vibvl}! ag} od{|a}i mgb e|lxsi dinbïvomi! mgdgobul}vofg fl do}vlxog}i lblxnäi lýaomi3 {xodlxg la mgdibfibvl _im|h a|lng |b cgulbhixh|fg! ul}vofg mgb |bi vóbomi blnxi vgmifg mgb |b ngxxg fl f|lbfl! fl nlbog }|xno$fg fl ai} l}vid{i} fl |bi allbfi" ]| l}väd|ag vxib}d|vi ai x|lfi lb ulxvonobg}g voguo$ug" Ag} {ol} fl}b|fg} xlv|dhib fl dgfg lb}gxflmlfgx lb la lbvixodifg! ai mgdhobi$moýb fl {alnixoi}! vxibmg}! mixxlxi gxhom|aix iamibsi la {|bvg fl }|}{lb}oýb lb la y|l la

d|xof! fl}i}ofg fl m|ibvg al xgfli! bg ìaai! {ixi ld{alix la albn|icl fl b|l}vxg digxdä}vomg! (ixxodg lb la lbvlbfodolbvg! bo c|ng lb ai uga|bvif! bo fo}m|x}g lb ai dldgxoi("

Imihifg la xovg! ag} mgexifl} }l im|maoaaib fl b|lug lb mäxm|ag! xlmovib i ugs mgxg (bgì dé} fog} y|l Fog}( fl}nxibib ai} ?? m|lbvi} fl }| xg}ixog" @ib vxib}m|xxofg |bi}fg} `gxi} fl}fl y|l lbvxï! {lxg la vold{g ì flcifg fl mgxxlx" La molag ì l}mid{ifglbvxl vibvg! a|mlb ai} l}vxlaai} ! {gx uls {xodlxi fl}fl do aalnifi i M`lm`lboi! gong lamibvg fl |b {écixg" Ag fong }ob {|fgx3 aluovï lb |b gmïibg fl }lxlbofif" Bg lb |b ob}$vibvl fl lpiavimoýb bo lmao{}l e|nis fl ag} }lbvofg}3 {gx ai hlaalsi {lxelmmoýb fla ob}$vibvl" Ai dgf|aimoýb fla mibvg lb dlfog fla }oalbmog bgmv|xbg! ·bg dl mgd{lb}ihi! bge|lxl dé} y|l {gx |bg} }ln|bfg}! lb vibvi im|d|aimoýb fl hixhixol7

La {écixg miaaý! ugauoý la gxflb fla d|bfg3 uouäi! lb |b {io}icl fl n|lxxi! ai d|nxolbvi mx|la xlovlximoýb fl ai ò}vgxoi"



[én" 8=

C\IB NG_VO]GAG

[io}icl} fl n|lxxi mgb M`lm`lboi ia egbfg ' >

@imoi ai} dgbviùi}

Ai obfonbimoýb fla i|vgx ibvl ai flui}vimoýb fl M`lm`lboi }l dlsmai ia eobia fl }|uoicl mgb |b }lbvodolbvg fl mgbdo}lximoýb {gx la fl}vobg fl X|}oi

;>';>'9??5

I eobl} fl dig! lb uä}{lxi} fla lbm|lbvxg fl _lav}ob la {xl}oflbvl m`lm`lbg Sl$aocdéb _ibfixhälu! la Lcïxmovg mgxvý vgfg} ag} imml}g} i ai uoaai fl ]ìaä! }ov|ifi i |bivxlobvlbi fl joaýdlvxg} fl Nxgsbo3 ag} dibfg} ìhäib flvlmvifg ai {xl}lbmoi lb laai fl

|bi nxib mgbmlbvximoýb fl n|lxxoaalxg}! xl}|lavg} i fl}hixivix ai eix}i lalmvgxia fla clel {xgxx|}g Fgj| Siunéolu" Ai xl}{|l}vi fl ag} i}lfoifg} mgb}o}voý lb {gblx }ovog i }| ulsia m|ixvla fl ai {gaomäi la dibfg doaovix fla fo}vxovg! xl{aomibfg ia gm|{ibvl mgb }|}do}di} ixdi}3 mlxmg {gx mlxmg" Ai vlb}oýb }l inxiuý iób la =; fl dig! mgb la i}l}obi$vg fla mgdibfibvl obfl{lbflbvo}vi lbuoifg i {ixaidlbvix! fl}ie|lxg y|l ex|}vxý ai} {xg$lmvifi} mgbulx}imogbl} fl {is lb Fin|l}véb! obomoifi} fäi} fl}{|ï} lb Obn|}lvoi" La 8fl c|bog! la nlblxia |avxi ]ìdébgu! ai dibg flxlmì fla xlmoïb (fodovofg(" dobo}vxgx|}g fl Flelb}i lb M`lm`lboi! lponoý i ag} ibmoibg} fla fo}vxovg ai lbvxlni fl ag} xlhla$fl} }g {lbi fl {xgagbnix la i}lfog }g dlvlx i ai mo|fif i |b lcld{aix mi}vong" Bg`|hg lbvxlni bo {|bomoýb! {lxg mgbvob|ý la }ovog" ]ìaä lxi |bi sgbi {xgòhofi i egxi}vl$xg} {lxogfo}vi}"

La c|lul} 5 fl c|bog do vlbvivoui fl aalnix i laai eximi}ý" Fl}{|ï} fl }gxvlix ag} obb|dl$xihal} mgbvxgal} fl ai mixxlvlxi mgb i|fi fl xluo}vi}! lbmlbflfgxl} {iy|lvl} fl moni$xxoaag}! bg} l}vxlaaidg} mgbvxi la óavodg3 |b geomoia mgbvxgaý do} mxlflbmoial} ai} fl doimgd{iùibvl bg} mgbdobý i ugaulx {ixi ivxé}"

La fäi }on|olbvl xl{lvodg} la obvlbvg3 la geomoia fl }lxuomog ìhäi midhoifg ! dlxmlf ia}iaugmgbf|mvg leomis fl |bi} hgvlaai} fl ugfji! bg} exiby|lý la {i}g3 la hiy|lvlifgi|vgdýuoa lb la y|l uoicéhidg} {lblvxý }lùgxoia lb ai volxxi fl bifol! |bi exibci fl fg}g vxl} joaýdlvxg} lb ai y|l lb i{ixolbmoi ai uofi }l fl}lbugauäi mgb bgxdiaofif3 vlbfl$xlvl} {|bvg} fl ulbvi fl ni}gaobi xlexl}mg} }l }|mlfäib xln|aixdlbvl ì}vi ]ìaä" Iai lbvxifi fl ai mo|fif! gädg} la x|ofg }gxfg fl |bi} lp{ag}ogbl}! mx|sidg} }ob vxihi} ai

hixxlxi fl mgbvxga obfl{lbflbvo}vi fl}ldhgmidg} lb ai lp{aibifi g {aisi digx lbfgbfl xlobihi |bi inovimoýb i {xodlxi uo}vi obmgd{xlb}ohal" Fgmlbi} fl n|lxxoaalxg}ixdifg} dgbvib n|ixfoi lb ai} l}y|obi} i{g}vifg} lb ai} ulbvibi} vlcifg} fl ag}lfoeomog} ulmobg}" C|bvg i ai dlsy|ovi! |b nx|{g fl d|clxl} ibmoibg} l}nxodl! fl}i$eoibvl! |bi egvgnxieäi lbdixmifi fl F|féolu gxbifi mgb odénlbl} fla odid ]ìdoa fl J|bvi" @ipo" Xl}|lbi! i nxovg `lxofg! la iaicó ijhix (Fog} l} la dé} nxibfl/" L}vi$dg} lb la do}dg a|nix lb y|l la 90 fl lblxg fl 9056! m|ivxg doa d|xof} oblxdl}! fo}mä${|ag} fl J|bvi @ipo! e|lxgb uämvodi} fla e|lng nxiblifg fl ag} n|lxxlxi} is|al} i{g}$vxgeifg} {gx Aïxdgbvgu3 |bi elm`gxäi y|l gmi}ogbý fg}molbvg} d|lxvg} |b doaaix fl`lxofg}"

@ib vxib}m|xxofg fl}fl lbvgbml} mi}o molbvg vxlobvi iùg} di} ai }ov|imoýb l} ofïbvomi ag} {xgvingbo}vi} ag} do}dg}" [lxg! ·y|l }ihlb ]ìdébgu! Vocgdoxgu fldé} lbmg$



[én" 86

dlbflxg} fla Jxldaob fl ai} vxo}vl} (ìsiùi}( fl }|} {xlflml}gxl}! xl}lùifi} {gx Hif$flal lb V`l X|}}oib Mgby|l}v ge Mi|mi}|}7

Bg gh}vibvl la iavg la e|lng eoxdifg gbml fäi} ibvl}! |b `laomý{vlxg imihi fl hgdhixfl$ix ai cleiv|xi fl ai ]ln|xofif m`lm`lbi" Ai mýalxi fla nlbväg ixxldgaobifg lb ai {aisi l}ai ifdoxihaldlbvl fl}mxovi {gx Vga}vgo" Ia fl}m|hxox ai aalnifi fl |b {lxogfo}vi $|b vl}$vong lpvlxogx$! d|clxl} ibmoibg} al xgflib" Vxib}mxohg iy|ä la mgxg fl }|} ugml}! via mgdg dl ai} vxif|cg Ugagfoi! do imgd{iùibvl l obvxgf|mvgx"

(Siunéolu {xlvlbfäi ulbox imé! {lxg dlcgx y|l }l aixn|l i X|}oi" ©Bg y|lxldg} }| Ng$holxbg oalnia) Bg} l}véb divibfg fl}fl ìml fg} iùg}" ·[gx y|ï7 Óbomidlbvl xlmaidi$dg} b|l}vxi Xl{óhaomi( |bi d|clx vgmifi mgb |b {iù|lag/"

(Diboel}vidg} {imäeomidlbvl voxib }ghxl bg}gvxg}" Ag} x|}g} fomlb y|l }gdg} |bg}mxodobial}" Doxl |}vlf3 iy|ä bg ì mxodobial} bo hibfofg}! }ýag nlbvl y|l {ofl ai aohlx$vif( |bi ibmoibi/""

(Ag} |shljg}! viojg}! jixic}vibg} volblb }| {ivxoi" Bg}gvxg} }gdg} mgdg laag}" Bg

y|lxldg} }lx }olxug} fl ag} x|}g}" ©Aohlxvif l obfl{lbflbmoi)( |b }lùgx digx! vgmifgmgb |b }gdhxlxg ixdifg fl |bi l}mg{lvi/"

(Ag} x|}g} od{oflb y|l ulbni! ai {xlb}i! {ixi y|l la d|bfg bg }l{i ag y|l gm|xxl" Foniy|l {xlelxodg} dgxox fl ìdhxl exäg i }g{gxvix }| l}maiuov|f( |b uolcg fl i}{lmvgmid{l}obg/"

]|lbib |bi} xéeini} fl idlvxiaaifgxi xlmohodg} ai gxflb fl fo}{lx}ixbg}" Do imgd${iùibvl dl mgbf|ml ia {gd{g}g lfoeomog mga|dbixog fl ai Mi}i fl M|av|xi! y|l i`gxi`gxdon|li fl n|lxxoaalxg}" Ia {gmg! i{ixlml Ihó Dgu}éolu! clel fl ]ln|xofif fl ai!Xl{óhaomi M`lm`lbi fl Om`jlxoi i}ä flbgdobib ag} m`lm`lbg} i }| {iä}/! eaiby|lifg flI}aibhla O}diäagu! mlxlhxg mg{ixvämo{l fl ai ixxol}nifi obm|x}oýb fl ]ìdoa Hi}éolu

lb H|fogbbgu}j! lb la mgxisýb fl X|}oi" Ihó Dgu}éolu uo}vl |b vxicl fl fl{gxvl mgbmìalmg ibvohiai} aalui ia `gdhxg |b e|}oa idlvxiaaifgx" Lbvxl }| l}mgavi! ifuolxvg ai{xl}lbmoi fl fg} n|lxxoaalxi}"

(Siunéolu ag} }|g} y|lxäib xl|box iy|ä |b .mgb}lcg fl dobo}vxg}! }l y|lfý mgb ai}nibi}(! lp{aomi" ([gx l}g ag} x|}g} ld{xlbflb immogbl} fl xl{xl}iaoi" @iml |bg} dob|$vg} hgdhixflixgb do cleiv|xi xl}{gbfodg} ia e|lng("

(Ai mgdibfibmoi la m|ixvla fl ai {gaomäi l}véb mlxmifg} {gx b|l}vxg} mgdhivolbvl}" Bgfidg} la i}iavg3 y|lxldg} blngmoix {ixi y|l aluibvlb la mlxmg" [lxg mxlg y|l {xl{ixib|b iviy|l {ixi ulbnix}l("

Ihó Dgu}éolu }l lpm|}i fl ag i{xl}|xifg fl ai mgbulx}imoýb ! f|xibvl |bg} dob|vg}!xlmgxxg ag} ialfiùg} fl ai {aisi ibgvibfg ai} {obvifi} y|l dl vxif|ml Ugagfoi3 (©UouiOm`jlxoi)(! (D|lxvl i ag} vxiofgxl}(! ob}|avg} i _lav}ob ag} x|}g}"

Fl u|lavi i Nxgsbo {gx ai mixxlvlxi fl}olxvi $bg flcib Moxm|aix bobnób ul`äm|ag }ýag{lxdovlb la {i}g fl d|clxl}! ibmoibg} boùg}$! mx|sidg} ag} mgbvxgal} fla Lcïxmovg bg} flvlbldg} lb |bg fl laag}! lb la y|l ai ìhov|ia hibflxi xgci i{ixlml gxbifi mgb|bi aaidivoui odinlb fl Hxïsblu" Ugagfoi lbvxi lb la xlmobvg {xgvlnofg {gx }img} vlxxl$xg} ! nximoi} ia! }iaugmgbf|mvg ìhov|ia! ]gdg} imgnofg} {gx ag} }gafifg} mgb ag} hxi$sg} iholxvg}"

]l vxivi fl uga|bvixog}! lbniùifg} {gx la fo}m|x}g geomoia fl ai flelb}i fl ai {ivxoi lb

{laonxg ! }lnób la m|ia! y|olbl} milb lb la mid{g fl `gbgx! ag (ìmlb mgb ai }gbxo}i lbag} aihog}( [éula Nxim`gu fäpäv/" ]| lpo}vlbmoi foixoi l} do}ïxxodi" Dl d|l}vxib |bi



[én" 8<

dl}i {xgvlnofi fla }ga {gx |b }gdhxicg3 }| ximoýb fl mgdofi foixoi }l xlf|ml! i |bi`gnisi fl {ib dibvlmi! mgb |bi {osmi fl {odolbvi }ia" @ihaidg} fl ai} {xýpodi}lalmmogbl} x|}i}3 lpml{v|ibfg i |b {ixvofixog fl Aïhlf! ai} }od{iväi} fl ag} fldé} }lxl{ixvlb lbvxl So|nébgu Sòxobgu}jo" La ugfji fl}ivi }|} albn|i} lp{ib}ouofifielmvoui3 al} n|}vi L}{iùi }|lbib lb ai} Mibixoi}" \bg iavg flanifg! mgb |b folbvl

lb dlbg}! fleolbfl i Sòxobgu}jo fl}li mgbgmlx do g{oboýb }ghxl ïa" ]l ai fg }obxlhgsg dlbmogbg }| (gxonobia( {xg{|l}vi fl |b b|lug xl{ixvg fl [gagboi }| {xgdl}ifl y|l ag} }gafifg} x|}g} aod{oixéb }|} hgvi} lb ai} {aii} fla Äbfomg("

([gx y|ï bg7! xl}{gbfl" [gagboi ì }ofg }old{xl |b {iä} xl{ixvofg lbvxl Ialdiboi b|l}vxg} sixl}" ]ob ag} vxiofgxl} fl flbvxg! l}vixäidg} i lb ai} mg}vi} fl ai Obfoi langaeg [ïx}omg"

(B|l}vxg} dibfg} fl iy|ä bg uialb bifi" @ldg} }|exofg {gx }| m|a{i dé} fl fols doahici}" ·Miam|ai |}vlf m|ébvi} ìhxé }o ai n|lxxi f|xi fols iùg}7 Sòxobgu}jo foml3 {gx |bx|}g d|lxvg! divif i molb m`lm`lbg}: {gx mifi ldhg}mifi! ixxi}if molb iafli}" _! }o bgl}mixdolbvib! ld{alixldg} la ixdi b|malix("

]img i xla|mox ai almmoýb fl Uolvbid! {lxg bg fi }| hxisg i vgxmlx" (Ag} idlxomibg} bgvolblb b|l}vxg in|ibvl" ·Ag} odinobi uouolbfg lb ai} mgbfomogbl} lb y|l uouodg}7("Bg} fl}{lfodg}! }iaodg} fla {|l}vg! flcébfgal} lbvxl bg}véanomg} ia|dhxifg}! hicg aihibflxi mgb ai eis xl}|movifi fl Hxïsblu"

Ai dlsmai lp{ag}oui fl |avxibimogbiao}dg! }|lùg} od{lxoial} mgd{lb}ivgxog} fl ag}xlul}l} doaovixl} }|exofg} gfog i ag} m`lm`lbg} i y|olbl} (ìhxäi y|l iboy|oaix mgdg ieolxi}(! mgbegxdl i ag} lbvxluo}vifg} lb la" {g{|aix {xgnxidi Fäi} {gx la fo{|vifg fl aiF|di Blusýxgu$ d|l}vxi ag} iho}dg} fl mgbe|}oýb lb ag} y|l ì miäfg |b nxib }lmvgx fl ai {ghaimoýb l obvlalmv|iaofif x|}i}! ]gas`lbov}ob obma|ofg! miafg fl m|avoug fl dl}oi$bo}dg} }iauäeomg}! oflbvoeomimogbl} fl ]viaob mgb Mxo}vg eagxlmodolbvg fl nx|{g} biso}

mgdg la fl Gxflb X|}g! m|i mgb}onbi! vxib}dovofi {gx }| {gxviugs! Ialpibfx Hixji}$`gu! l} (laodobix i ag} c|fäg} novibg} ag ibvl} {g}ohal("

Ai hici dgxia fla Lcïxmovg fl}{alnifg lb M`lm`lboi fl}m|hxl ai} vlb}ogbl} lpo}vlbvl}lbvxl ag} dibfg} {ixvofixog} fla flelbl}vxifg dobo}vxg fl Flelb}i [éula Nxim`gu ag}g{|l}vg} i ïa3 ai hxlmì iholxvi lbvxl ai} eibeixxgbifi} fl |b {|ùifg fl nlblxial} aluga|bvixog} ximo}vi} ag} }gafifg} fl xlld{aisg! vl}vong} foxlmvg} fl ai obmgd{lvlbmoi!hixhixol mgxx|{moýb }ob aädovl} fl |bi n|lxxi y|l uoulb mgdg mgbflbi! lb |bi} mgbfo$mogbl}" fl {lb|xoi fonbi} fl mgd{i}oýb" ]o ag} geomoial} }|hgeomoial} }l mgbvlbvib mgbugfji! mgdg lb ai ï{gmi fl Bomgaé} O! la i{lvovg fl }|} }|{lxogxl}! mgbegxvihaldlbvlob}viaifg} lb Dg}mó! l} d|m`g dé} ugxis" (La {lxoýfomg Osul}voi! l}mxohäi ai mgxxl}{gb$

}ia fl LA [IÄ] [oaix Hgblv la 85 fl dig! ì xlulaifg ai lpo}vlbmoi fl lbgxdl} fl}eia$mg} lb ai Foxlmmoýb fl Mgdlxmog fla Dobo}vlxog fl Flelb}i y|l! }lnób ai obul}vonimoýbeo}mia! ni}vý doal} fl doaagbl} fl x|hag} lb ai mgd{xi fl hlhofi} iamg`ýaomi}(" Fl"im|lxfg mgb ai do}di mgxxl}{gb}ia! la xl}{gb}ihal fl eobibsi} fla dobo}vlxog! Ui}oaoUgxgulu! e|l ml}ifg {gx (mxi}i} oxxln|aixofifl}( dolbvxi} y|l la nlblxia S`lxlhv}gu!ixväeoml fl ai od{g{|aä}odi alui gvxg} fl }| xibng }l ìhxäib mgb}vx|ofg (a|cg}i} fi$mì} i mg}vi fla {xl}|{|l}vg fl Flelb}i("

Lb l}vi} mgbfomogbl}! dl xl}|avi lpvxiùg y|l! mgdg flmaixihi la (b|lug ${gx i`gxi$}iauifgx fl ai {ivxoi(! Ialpibfx Aïhlf! |b =;, fl ag} }gafifg} }l {aibvlixi iholxvidlb$vl (}o bg lxi `gxi i fl y|l midhoixib ai foxlmmoýb fl ag} miùgbl}( gvxg =;, {lb}ixiag do}dg! {lxg bg ag foclxi"



[én" 85

Lb ai ivdý}elxi flalvïxli fl eob fl xlobg mgb}{oximoýb {lxdiblbvl lb vgxbg i _lav}ob!vgfg l} {g}ohal3 ai dieoi ag} e|bmogbixog} mgxx|{vg} l}véb fo}{|l}vg} i }imxoeomix labódlxg blml}ixog fl uofi} `|dibi} mgb via fl {xl}lxuix }| egxv|bi {xouoalnog}! iclbg}ia l}{lmvém|ag fl ag} xlma|vi} y|l lb ai} sgbi} dgbviùg}i} fl iavg xol}ng fl M`lm`lboidlbfonib i ag} ul`äm|ag} |bi `gnisi fl {ib"

La fgdobng ? fl c|bog! hicg |bi aa|uoi vgxxlbmoia! bg} foxonodg} ia }|x" Do {xg{ý}ovg l}iamibsix ai sgbi exing}i fl Ulflbý Hid|v lbvxluo}vix ia clel doaovix fla }lmvgx!]ìdoa Hi}éolu" [lxg ai} mixxlvlxi} iblnifi} {o}vi} ob|voaosihal} {gx la eibng bg} ul$fixéb! {l}l i ai {lxomoi fla m`ýelx! }ln|ox dé} iaaé fl ]ivg"

[i}ifg} ag} {xodlxg} mgbvxgal}! mgb la mgxxl}{gbfolbvl xl{ixvg fl monixxoaag} idlxomi$bg}! ai mixxlvlxi }lx{lbvli fl}molbfl ìmoi la ibm`g l od{lv|g}g mi|fia fla xäg Ixnób"La {ibgxidi l} l}{aïbfofg3 ai} dgbviùi} inxl}vl} fla Mé|mi}g iflaibvib }|} mgbvxie|lx$vl} hg}mg}g} ulaifg} i vxlm`g} {gx coxgbl} fl bolhai" Lb ihx|{vg mgbvxi}vl mgb ai hlaalsifla }ovog! ag} }gafifg} fl ag} egxvobl} {|l}vg} fl uonoaibmoi y|l }l }|mlflb i ag aixngfla ovoblxixog hxobfib |b m|ifxg fl obmxlähal {ghxlsi fl}id{ixg3 flvolblb i ag} l}mi$

}g} i|vgdýuoal} bg {ixi ob}{lmmogbix ai fgm|dlbvimoýb fl ag} ulmobg} fl ai} iafli} }obg{ixi {lfox monixxoaag} }|lavg}! {ib! iang fl mgdlx" [xln|bvib i do imgd{iùibvl }o }lìhai fl fl}dguoaosimoýb! }l obvlxl}ib {gx ai dixmì fl ai} mgbulx}imogbl} mgb I}aébDi}céfgu! clel fla L}vifg Digx obfl{lbflbvo}vi! lb Obn|}lvoi" Bifol ìhai fl uomvgxoi}obg fl {is" Mx|sifg la {|lbvl! iuo}vidg} ag} xl}vg} fl ai ldhg}mifi dgxväelxi fla 95fl ihxoa3 viby|l} dé} viby|l} miamobifg}! {olsi} fl ixvoaalxäi `lxx|dhxg}i} l}{ixmofi}{gx ai aiflxi! |bi {ly|lùi mx|s {aibvifi {gx ag} }gafifg} mgdg |bi }oalbmog}i {lxg lag$m|lbvl {xgvl}vi mgbvxi ai ob|voaofif fl }| obdgaimoýb" Ai {o}vi l} |bi xlvi`äai fl mgbvxg$al}! mid{idlbvg} `ódlfg} fl}vixviaifg}! bofg} fl idlvxiaaifgxi} mgb cýulbl} vxib}$ofg} fl exäg! uo}vi} fl xlma|vi} fl}ihi}vlmofg} dia ihxonifg}! y|l }l miaolbvib ai} di$bg} lb vgxbg i dlsy|obi} egnivi}" Fl uls lb m|ibfg! flhldg} flvlblxbg} mlflx {i}g

i |bi aixni mga|dbi fl mixxg} fl mgdhivl V?;! }lxuofg}! mifi |bg fl laag}! {gx |bi fg$mlbi fl viby|o}vi}" Ai aa|uoi bg ml}i lb laai }l l}{gbcib ag} `lalm`g} {aibvi} xi}vxl$xi} fl `gci} mgdg blbóeixl} y|l dlfxib c|bvg i ai m|blvi" ]gb ag} {io}icl} ifdoxihal$dlbvl fl}mxovg} {gx Aïxdgbvgu Vga}vgo3 {lbfolbvl} ixxg{ifi} fl ihlvg}! l}mix{i}!hx|di}! |bi ob}ýaovi vgxxl fl uonoaibmoi! `gxififi fl vxgblxi}! y|l }oxuoý {xghihaldlbvlfl iviaii i ag} d|xof} fl Dib}|x ]ìdoa" Ai} d|l}vxi} fl ai {gaävomi fl volxxi y|l$difi }gb vidhoïb ai} do}di}3 mi}i} obmlbfoifi} fl Sgbic! lfoeomog} flxx|ofg} y|l xl$s|dib vxo}vlsi xlbmgx"

]ìvgo gexlml ofïbvomi fl}gaimoýb3 lb }| dlxmifg mlbvxia! mgb}vx|ofg {gx ag} sixl}! }|h$}o}vlb dlfoi fgmlbi fl vlbflxlvl} lb |b egbfg fl x|obi}" Ai {aisi mlbvxia! ai iamiafäi!

vgfg ì }ofg {i}vg fl ai} aaidi}" \bi {obvifi lb miximvlxl} éxihl} maidi mgb fl}l}{lxg3iaai`| ijhix" Vxl} fäi} fl aa|uoi obobvlxx|d{ofi! éxli} iblnifi}! hixxosial}! xäg} }iaofg}fl difxl {i}g} mgxvifg} {gx flxx|hog} dl e|lxsib i ihibfgbix la {xglmvg" Xlnxl}idg}i Nxgsbo"

Do obfonbimoýb ibvl ai flui}vimoýb ivxgmofifl} fla gm|{ibvl }l lbvxlulxib ia eob fl dol}vibmoi mgb |bg} }lbvodolbvg} fl oby|olv|f mgbdo}lximoýb {gx la fl}vobg fl X|}oi"Ag} ulxf|ng} }gb i ai {g}vxl uämvodi} fl }|} }|lùg} |vg{äi} fl}`lm`g}! fl }| xl}onbi$moýb ibml}vxia i ai ixhovxixolfif fl }|} fï}{gvi} dl}äi}"

Mgdg l}mxohäi xlmolbvldlbvl la foxlmvgx mobldivgnxéeomg Ibfxïo Jgb}ìajgu}jo! (aidlbviaofif gxvgfgpi mgbeon|xi |bi mgbmolbmoi mgalmvoui" Ai nlbvl bg }l }olbvl obfouo$

f|iadlbvl xl}{gb}ihal fl }|} imvg}" ]old{xl lbm|lbvxi ianób gvxg y|l ag }li3 Fog}! laNgholxbg! la Six! ]viaob! Hxïsblu" Bifol y|olxl ifdovox y|l iang l} m|a{i }|i(" ·Iml{$



vixéb ianób fäi ag} x|}g} }| ihx|difgxi xl}{gb}ihoaofif lb la i{ai}vidolbvg hx|via flM`lm`lboi7

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